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Photos courtesy of R.O. Megard Photos courtesy R.O. Megard
Ecological Principles of Algal Crop Protection
Val H. Smith, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
Mass cultivation of algae for biofuels production
Nutrients and light
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Phosphate
(PO4-3)
Light Nitrate
(NO3-)
Modified from www.fish.washington.edu/classes/fish210/data/Lectures/Lecture%2013.ppt
Silicate
(SiO2)
This is the vision:
kmle.co.kr
http://brae.calpoly.edu/CEAE/biofuels.html
And this is what the algal crops will be cultivated in:
Closed photobioreactors
Open pond systems
Daphnia and other
cladocerans
Herbivorous
copepods
Nutrients and light
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Phosphate
(PO4-3)
Light Nitrate
(NO3-)
Modified from www.fish.washington.edu/classes/fish210/data/Lectures/Lecture%2013.ppt
Silicate
(SiO2)
But contamination is inescapable, and the world is full of aquatic herbivores…
Rotifers Protozoa
Robert L. Wallace
calanoid-copepod-NOAA.jpg
calanoid-copepod-NOAA.jpg
Alan Wilson
Pests and pathogens are a problem!
Disease (-)
Bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens
Cause cellular losses
Hydrothermal liquefaction, processing
Pesticides potentially have a role…
Crop not treated
Insecticide applied
kconline.kaskaskia.edu
…but their use creates new capital and operating costs…
… and Biological Control of pests is widely-used in agriculture
(After Van der Bosch et al. 1982)
自然科学の英語-ENS-L7; Miller, 17th Ed.
Herbivorous zooplankton can be biologically controlled !
Hydrothermal liquefaction, processing
Carnivorous rotifers
Herbivorous zooplankton can be biologically controlled !
Hydrothermal liquefaction, processing
Carnivorous copepods
Alternative Cultivation Methods
From: carrollenvironmentalscience.wikispaces.com/.../agriculture+notes+ppt.ppt.Algae photos: R.O. Megard
Multiple Species Polycultures
Single Species Monocultures
Polyculture may have benefits for algal biofuels production as well
Number of plant species (species richness)
Over-yielding Reduced variance in yield
From Silva-Benavides and Torzillo. 2012. J. Applied Phycology 24:267–276
Biomass over-yielding indeed can occur with algae!
ww.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/home.htm www.botany.natur.cuni.cz
Polyculture may have benefits for algal biofuels production as well
Number of algal species (species richness)
Over-yielding Reduced variance in yield
Additional benefits of algal polycultures
ww.nies.go.jp/biology/mcc/home.htm www.botany.natur.cuni.cz
• Compensatory dynamics: • Reductions in losses to
grazing herbivores • Reductions in losses to
specialist pathogens
Where do we go from here?
• Design optimal food web structure to maximize algal biomass and biofuel production
• Explore new, non-chemical methods to control the growth of algal pathogens
• Further examine the effects of algal biodiversity on biomass yield and biofuel production capacity
Acknowledgments
• Bob Honea, Director, KU TRI
• KU Feedstock to Tailpipe team
• Tim Crews, The Land Institute
• U.S. DOE and NSF EPSCoR
The fish predation hypothesis was tested
HRT = 10 days; TP = 3.7 mg P/L, Predicted Chla = ~ 1,000 µg/L
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 50 100 150 200
Ch
loro
ph
yll a
(µ
g/L
)
Time (Days)
Control
Fish
Photos from http://www4.samford.edu/schools/artsci/biology/zoology/vertzoo-05s/pages/50.htm; http://outdoornebraska.ne.gov/blogs/2010/02/hang-time/
Mosquitofish added
No fish
Adding a predator indeed enhanced algal biomass yields!