2011

Hannah Oliver

Prepared for: Restoration of Natural

Systems Program

ER 390, Directed Studies

Supervisor: Dr. Val Schaefer

University of Victoria

June 2011

Ecological Restoration of the Riparian Ecosystem at Mystic Vale/ Hobbs Creek

Victoria, BC

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FIGURE 1 Aerial photograph of Mystic Vale………………………………………………………………….…..…………...i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………………………………………ii

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iii 1.0 OBJECTIVE…………………………….…………………………………………………………….................................1

2.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………….………............1

2.1 SITE DESCRIPTION…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………...2 2.1.1 Hydrology…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...….….4

2.2 SITE ISSUES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 2.2.1 Funding and Resources………………………………………………………………………………………...……….…....….4 2.2.2 Invasive Species………………………………………………………………………………………...………….…….……….5 2.2.3 Human/Animal Use………………………………………………………………………………………...………...….……….5 2.2.4 Improperly placed trails………………………………………………………………………………………...…..…….…....6 2.2.5 Lack of awareness…….………………………………………………………………………………………...……….….…….6

3.0 METHODS AND MATERIALS……………….…………………………………………………………………………....…..7

3.1 DATA COLLECTION……………………………………………………………………………………..…….…………...7 3.2 RESTORATION……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………...10

4.0 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION……………….………………………………………………………………….......…..13

5.0 DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……15

5.1 DATA ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……15 5.2 SOURCES OF ERROR………………………………………………………………………………………………………17

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………19

7.0 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………21

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………….………………………………………………22

Appendix I Native Plants of Mystic Vale……………………………………………………………………………………..31 Apppendix II Mystic Vale wildlife/vegetation………………………………………………………………………………..34 Appendix III Hillcrest proposal/vegetation…………………………………………………………………………………...36

List of Figures

FIGURE1. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH (SOURCE CRD)………………………………………………………………………………..I FIGURE 2. ENGLISH IVY………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 FIGURE 3. HUMAN/ANIMAL USE OF TRAILS…………………………………………………………………………………….5 FIGURE 4. EROSION IN REACH 8………………………………………………………………………………………………..8 FIGURE 5. WOODY DEBRIS IN REACH 8……………………………………………………………………………….………..8 FIGURE 6. PRE-RESTORATION IMAGES OF REACH 7...…………………………………………………………………………..9 FIGURE 7. PRE-RESTORATION IMAGES OF REACH 6………………………………………………………….………………..10 FIGURE 8. POST-RESTORATION OF REACH 8…………………………………………………………………………………..11 FIGURE 9. POST-RESTORATION OF REACH 6………………………………………………………………………...………..12 FIGURE 10. MYSTIC VALE RESTORATION POINTS……………………………………………………….………………........14 FIGURE 11. BROKEN WEIR…….………………………………………………………………………………………….…..14 FIGURE 12. EUTROPHICATION AT START OF CANOE POND………………………………………………………………..…..14 FIGURE 13. SPROUTED COTTENWOOD CUTTING………………………………………………………………………………16

List of Tables

TABLE 1. WATER QUALITY FIELD CARD ……………………………………………………………………………….…….24 TABLE 2. WATER QUALITY FIELD CARD…………………………………………………………………………..…..………27 TABLE 3. VEGETATION OF MYSTIC VALE AND HOBBS CREEK.…………………………………………………..….……….29

Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek

Figure 1: "sensitive ecosystem" of old second-growth forest

ImportantThis map is for general information purposes only.The Capital Regional District (CRD) makes norepresentations or warranties regarding the accuracyor completeness of this map or the suitability of themap for any purpose. This map is not for navigation.The CRD will not be liable for any damage, loss orinjury resulting from the use of the map orinformation on the map and the map may bechanged by the CRD at any time.

Printed Tue, Jun 14, 2011

Regional Community AtlasCapital Regional District

gis@crd.bc.cahttp://www.crd.bc.ca

Hobbs Creek

Mystic Vale-a "sensitive ecosystem" ofold second-growth forest

30015075Metres

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Nancy Turner and her ES 481 class for their help with the restoration activities; I could not have done it without you! Thanks to Dr. Val Schaefer, who proposed this project to me and provided crucial support throughout the process. And thanks to MaryAnn Backstrom, Elaine Dolan, Sonya Rokosh and the students at Hillcrest Elementary who allowed me to assist in planting native vegetation at their school, and use their site as a comparison in this project.

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Abstract

The literary review, ecological assessment and restoration of Mystic Vale/Hobbs Creek were conducted over a six-month period from January to June 2011 in Victoria, B.C. Mystic Vale has been deemed a “sensitive ecosystem” and is made up of old second-growth forest, primarily of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Broadleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum). This ecologically significant site lies between the University of Victoria campus and the urban environment, making it a biological reservoir and environmental corridor for various species. Threats to the ecosystem include the spread of invasive species, particularly English Ivy (Hedera helix), runoff from the surrounding urban environment, and erosion and soil compaction from human and dog traffic. The primary goal of this study was to assess the functionality of the riparian ecosystem and threats to ecological health, while implementing the appropriate restoration techniques through student involvement. The results of this study show that invasive species are slowly dominating the forest understory and are posing a threat to tree species, while erosion caused by the high volume of water and human traffic is significantly deteriorating the ecosystem. Three reaches (6-8) were the main focus of this study in which the initial steps to restoration included the transplanting of sword ferns along the eroded creek edge, addition of willow wattles along an undercut bank, and removal of invasive species. These initial stages of restoration are additions to previous attempts at restoration, and can serve as a launching point for future sustained action.

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1.0 Objective:

To assess the ecosystem health of Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek in Victoria, B.C. and determine

the initial steps towards restoration, as well as applying these restoration techniques to serve as a

basis for continual and future implementation.

2.0 Introduction

The analysis of the ecological and functional health of Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek was

conducted to assess the efficacy of previous restoration techniques, and determine possible

threats to the ecosystem. Past restoration efforts (specifically the implementation of weirs) have

clearly lessened the strain placed on the Hobbs Creek channel. The thirty log weirs were put in

place in 2001-2002 to increase dissolved oxygen levels and disperse the energy flow within the

stream channel, by creating riffle-pool areas (Aqua-Tex 2009). However, despite these past

restoration attempts, the loss of riparian vegetation and activities of people and dogs in the

riparian area have contributed to the continual erosion and undercutting of the banks. In some

places the past restoration techniques have failed (Figure 11), as many have failed to be

monitored or maintained. Soil compaction, erosion, and resulting spread of invasive species and

build up of sediment in the creek can all be contributed to increasing human usage. This project

focuses primarily on the previously identified reaches 6-8, and is aimed at restoring parts of

Mystic Vale in an attempt to bring it closer to its original trajectory, as well as spread awareness

of these issues through student and volunteer involvement.

As increasing urbanization is rapidly replacing and creating great strain on old-growth

and mature forests as well as the surrounding watersheds, it is critical that continual monitoring

and ecological assessments of streams and forests in urban areas is done to ensure the continued

health of these environments. The assessment and restoration of Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek

has been an on-going process over a six-month period, from January to June. Dr. Valentin

Schaefer has been an important consultant during this time, and restoration activities have been

conducted with the help of Nancy Turner‟s ES 481 class. A second restoration site at Hillcrest

Elementary School forest was done in May with the help of elementary students, and serves as a

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comparison to this project in restoration techniques and means of directing different age groups

in the field of restoration.

The overall goal for this project is to assess the current health and functionality of the

ecosystem in Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek and ascertain the necessary restoration methods that

need to be implemented or reinforced in a time and cost effective way. By starting the initial

phases of restoration in Mystic Vale, a more comprehensive picture of what factors sill remain a

threat to the overall biodiversity of the area, as well as a better understanding of the steps needed

to ensure the continual monitoring of the ecosystem, has been reached.

2.1 Site Description

Mystic Vale (Figure 1) makes up 4.7 hectares and is located on the University of

Victoria campus in two municipalities, in the District of Saanich as well as Oak Bay. It is

comprised of old-growth and second-growth forest, as well as the Hobbs Creek ravine (Aqua-

Tex 2009). The coordinates for Mystic Vale are located at 48o 27‟35”N and -1230 18‟24”W. This

site is within the Coastal Douglas-fir moist maritime (CDFmm) biogeoclimatic zone, site series

13 (western red-cedar –Indian plum, strongly fluctuating water table) (McDadi and Hebda 2008).

The region gets about 700mm of rain annually, with mild and wet winters and dry summers

(McDadi and Hebda 2008). The mild climate allows for a diversity of ecosystems and high

productivity, making a significant contribution to the overall biodiversity values of the province

(Harrop-Archibald 2007). (Wildlife use and images of some of the vegetation of Mystic Vale can

be seen in Appendix II). As Mystic Vale is an old second-growth forest, it has been disturbed at

one point by logging and development. It acts as a buffer between the urban and the riparian

environment, and provides connectivity to other ecosystems while promoting the spread of

biodiversity (Harrop-Archibald 2007).

The creek channel and surrounding banks have been severely eroded due to improperly

placed trails, loss of riparian vegetation, and high amounts of human and animal (dog) traffic

(Aqua-Tex 2009). The stream bed erosion has resulted in a build-up of sediments further down

the creek, as well as soil compaction and loss of native vegetation. Another issue that is affecting

the health of Mystic Vale is the spread of invasive species, such as English ivy (Hedera helix),

Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor), and holly (Ilex aquifolium). Mystic Vale is classified as

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a “sensitive ecosystem”, and the portion that lies in the District of Saanich is protected from

development in perpetuity, while the portion within the District of Oak Bay has a 10-year

development moratorium (UVic 2003).

Historically, the land that now makes up the University of Victoria campus made up part

of the traditional territories of First Nations, such as the Straits Coast Salish people, and

communities such as the Senchalhen and Lekwungen peoples (Harrop-Archibald 2007). First

Nations people utilized a number of management techniques such as controlled burns to enhance

and maintain resources (McDadi and Hebda 2008). Burning would often promote the

productivity of culturally important plant species such as camas (Camassia ssp) and other edible

plants such as bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) (McDadi and Hebda 2008). With First Nations

management techniques, the ecosystem would have had more open spaces with less densely

packed vegetation (Harrop-Archibald 2007).

Since the mid-1800‟s, the local ecology has been significantly altered in and around

what is now Mystic Vale, mainly due to European settlers (Lucey et al. 2002). The area has been

cleared for development, farming, and military activities (Harrop-Archibald 2007), contributing

to the stress and degradation of the environment. The high moisture level and floodplain in

Mystic Vale suggests that Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) would typically populate the area,

although presently the over-story is made up mostly of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii),

grand fir (Abies grandis), and broadleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) (Aqua-Tex 2009). Stroh (et.

al 2008), note that increased deer populations and the resulting changes in species competition

might be one reason Western redcedars fail to regenerate in old-growth and mature forests.

Continual trampling due to heavy foot traffic might be another factor.

The slopes along Mystic Vale are fairly steep, ranging from 200-300, with the upper slope

supporting plant species such as arbutus (Arbutus menziesii), Douglas-fir, and Oregon-grape

(Mahonia aquifolium), while the lower slope supports more moist-loving vegetation such as

Sword fern (Polystichum munitum), Pacific water parsley (Oenanthe sarmentosa), and false lily-

of-the-valley (Maianthemum dilatatum) (Aqua-Tex 2009). The understory primarily consists of

oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor), snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), Indian plum (Oemleria

cerasiformis), English ivy, and sword fern (Aqua-Tex 2009).

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2.1.1 Hydrology

Hobbs creek is part of four watersheds running through the University of Victoria

Campus: Finnerty Creek (north), Sinclair or Cadboro drainage (north-east), Hobbs Creek (east),

and Bowker Creek (west) (Lloyd 2004). Hobbs Creek flows northeast before snaking southeast

and discharging into Cadboro Bay (Harrop-Archibald 2007). It receives stormwater drainage

from a culvert under Cedar Hill X Road (Lloyd 2004). Lloyd (2004) notes that historically less

than one third of runoff on campus would have been surface runoff, as the forest canopy and

high concentration of rich topsoil would have absorbed much of the precipitation, the ground

surface was rough with less impermeable surfaces which made overland flow unlikely, and the

lack of defined channels meant that runoff had to find alternate routes to streams through the soil

as interflow or as groundflow. In a study comparing hydrology on campus in 1956 to 2003, it

was found that by 2004, 23.5% of the campus was impervious surfaces, including roofs,

sidewalks, and parking lots, which is much higher than 6.5% impervious surfaces in 1956

(Harrop-Archibald 2007). Lloyd (2004) states that since 1956 the runoff from campus has

doubled, with the most common contaminants in stormwater runoff coming from parking lots

and roads.

2.2 Site Issues

2.2.1 Funding and Resources

One of the major issues facing the health of Mystic Vale, is the lack of permanent

positions in Facilities Management in regards to natural systems. Without a stable position such

as an Environmental Coordinator in Facilities Management, ensuring the continual monitoring of

ecosystem health within Mystic Vale is difficult. Lack of funding and allocation of resources to

the appropriate departments is another issue.

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2.2.2 Invasive Species

A number of invasive species have taken over many parts of Mystic Vale, particularly

English Ivy (Figure 2). English ivy only reaches maturity once it has grown up a vertical surface

(Elliott 1995), as can be seen throughout Mystic Vale on various tree species. Once English ivy

is established on a tree, it can weaken and kill trees, often increasing the likelihood of their

collapse in windy conditions. Invasive species pose a threat to the native plant species, as they

must compete for habitat and light. The prevalence of a few invasive species decreases

biodiversity and reduces habitat and food for native animal species. As non-native species do not

have natural predators or insects to keep them in check, they often spread unhindered. Simply

removing invasive species such as English ivy without replacing it with native, bank-stabilizing

vegetation, poses another issue of increased erosion as it effectively keeps soil in place. The

other major invasives in the vale include holly, Himalayan blackberry, Daphne-laurel (Daphne

laureola), and Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius).

Figure 2: upstream of reach 8, note extensive cover Figure 3: human and animal use of trails, dogs are often not kept

english ivy on trees on leashes and go off the paths

2.2.3 Human/Animal use

The biological integrity of the vale is threatened due to human and dog use (Figure 3).

People utilize the numerous trails in the vale for recreational purposes and as place to exercise

their dogs. Many dogs are not kept on their leashes, and end up contributing to the erosion and

destruction of the creek bank and surrounding vegetation. The loss of native vegetation has also

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resulted in the undercutting of banks and increased water turbidity, as sediment builds up in the

creek channel. Lack of fencing or barriers make it easier for people or dogs to go off the trails,

and in turn damage native plants and aid in the spread of invasive species. The resulting soil

compaction caused by trampling also makes it more difficult for native species to establish. This

soil compaction combined with erosion of the nutrient-rich topsoil caused by the high amount of

impervious surfaces and increased runoff from surrounding houses, limits root depth. This can

increase the chances of blowdown, as well as increasing tree susceptibility to disease and pest

infestations, especially as trees are more vulnerable in a high stress and fragmented ecosystem

(Harrop-Archibald 2007).

2.2.4 Improperly placed trails

Improperly placed trails are another threat to the ecological health of Mystic Vale. The

location of many of the trails lies too close to the stream channel, making it difficult for the creek

to access its typical floodplain (Aqua-Tex 2009). As a result, the trails are often completely

water-logged in winter. The muddy state of the trails during these months causes people to use

alternate routes such as along more vegetated areas, creating further erosion and soil compaction.

The high traffic on the trails also impacts the creek banks, and can cause sediment build up or

possible collapse of the edge.

2.2.5 Lack of Awareness

Mystic Vale is often used for educational purposes, although on a sporadic basis. There is

no continuous means of bringing the issues facing the ecosystem to light, to the University or the

greater community. Signs that have been placed in the Vale in the past have either been defaced

or ignored. The lack of interpretative and positive signage on the history and significance of

Mystic Vale, as well as formal documentation on restoration efforts in the vale, makes it difficult

for the public to fully appreciate the importance of efforts to preserve and restore the area.

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3.0 Methods and Materials

3.1 Data Collection

The site analysis was done using an ecologically based analysis of three previously

identified reaches spanning a length of 245 meters of Hobbs Creek in Mystic Vale, located in

Victoria, B.C. A literature review and analysis of past documentation concerning the history and

issues of Mystic Vale began on January 21st and was an ongoing process. Data was collected

over a three-day period, with reach 8 data collected on March 5, 2011 from 3pm-4:15pm and

pictures taken of all the reaches. Data on reaches 7-6 was collected on March 12, 2011 from

1:15pm-3:30pm. Restoration of the three reaches was conducted on March 8, 2011 from 11am-

1:30pm. A second survey of the site was done a month later, on April 17th, from 12:30pm-

2:30pm, in which creek and vegetation data was recorded and restoration attempts were assessed.

Permission to assess and conduct restoration activities was obtained from the University of

Victoria under the guidance of Dr. Val Schaefer.

I began measurements at reach 8 (Figure 4-5) at 165m downstream from a 30 inch culvert

located at the top of Hobbs Creek, and identified areas for restoration. I initially examined two

spots for analysis in reach 8, to make note of a large amount of woody debris in the wetted

channel. Aqua-Tex Scientific Consulting Ltd. had previously identified all the reaches in 2002,

but for the purposes of this report I focus only on reaches 8-6. I recorded the habitat type of reach

8 as a pool. Data was recorded using a standard water quality field card (Urban Salmon Habitat

Program). The water temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH were taken using Hanna

instruments (3156 Industrial Boulevard, Laval, Quebec, Canada H7L4P7) and K-7512

CHEMetrics (Chemetrics Inc. 4295 Catlett Road, Calverton, VA 20138) was used for dissolved

oxygen. I measured the bankfull width (from bank to opposite bank) and wetted width (from the

point where water reaches each bank) using measuring tape. Depth was taken at three equally

distanced points across the wetted width of the reach using a large stick that I submerged into the

water. I then measured the depth of immersion with the measuring tape, and found the average

depth using these three measurements.

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Figure 4: ( pre-restoration) Reach 8, view towards left bank. Figure 5: (pre-restoration) Reach 8, view upstream. Woody debris in

erosion occuring on right bank, spot for willow wattle channel, erosion of bank evident along left side.

installation

The percent and type of instream cover such as vegetation, undercut banks, boulders, or

large woody debris was recorded as well as the percent crown cover, which was estimated by

assessing the amount of tree cover that shaded the stream. The gradient, or slope was determined

using a clinometer at the waters edge. Large woody debris, or dead wood that had a diameter of

10cm or larger and over a minimum of 2 meters in length was recorded if it was in the wetted

channel (Figure 5). The percent of bedrock, boulders, cobble, gravel, and fines in the stream was

determined by observing what was visible and obtaining a sample when needed from the creek

itself. I determined whether it was an altered stream site (site which no longer maintains the

natural characteristics of the stream and stream banks, such as added weirs or boulders), erosion

site, or obstruction (any structure which may block or hinder fish movement).

Looking downstream, I assessed the vegetation from the left bank to the right, such as

coniferous forest, broadleaf forest, mixed, shrub, or grasses. A soil analysis was conducted about

1 meter from the creek edge by digging a hole about half a meter down and taking a sample from

the exposed pit. By assessing the soil characteristics and using the hand texturing method of

squeezing and slightly wetting the sample, I was able to determine the soil nutrient regime (SNR)

and soil moisture regime (SMR).

This process and each step were repeated and recorded for each reach. (See Figures 6-7

for pre-restoration images of reaches 7-6).

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Reach 7: 262m d/s of culvert

March 5, 2011 from 3pm-4:15pm

Reach 7: 262m d/s of culvert

March 5, 2011 from 3pm-4:15pm

Img. 6a

View: Upstream (Canoe Pond)

Comments: Large woody debris (LWD) in wetted

channel

Img. 6b

View: Upstream (right bank)

Comments: erosion along start of edge

Img. 6c

View: Upstream, left bank

Comments: some erosion evident along front edge,

sword fern growth along lower bank

Img. 6d

View: Left bank adjacent to canoe pond

Comments: erosion and soil compaction evident, would

benefit from a terrace

Figure 6: Pre-restoration images of reach 7

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Reach 6: 410m D/S of culvert

March 5, 2011 from 3pm-4:15pm

Reach 6: 410m D/S of culvert

March 5, 2011 from 3pm-4:15pm

Img. 7a

View: downstream, right bank

Comments: Severe erosion along bank, exposed

roots.

Img. 7b

View: upstream

Comments: before weir. Erosion evident along both

banks

Figure 7: Pre-restoration images of reach 6 3.2 Restoration

Restoration activities occurred on March 8, 2011 at 11:30am with the help of Nancy

Turner‟s ES 481 class with a focus on reaches 8 and 6. After meeting in the classroom, we

gathered all the equipment such as shovels, work gloves, garbage bags, and clippers and brought

the materials to the work site. Once we were gathered in the Vale, we did a quick debriefing on

the site issues, and split into several groups. One group went with Nancy Turner and Val

Schaefer to harvest native willow (Salix ssp.), black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera), and

Pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) from other locations on campus. Another group went up to

reach 8 to begin invasive species removal. The last group went down to reach 6 to begin the

transplantation of juvenile sword ferns from within the Vale, to the eroded creek banks, in an

effort to help stabilize it. During this process I went from group to group taking pictures in order

to document the activities.

Once the groups were finished transplanting sword ferns and removing invasives, all of

the groups converged at reach 8 where we began the process of installing a wattle along the

eroded (right) edge of the creek bank (165m), and approximately 10m upstream from wattles that

were added years before. We did this by placing 4 stakes firmly along the creek edge at regular

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intervals. We then placed the willow and dogwood cuttings, which were approximately 1 meter

in length, and alternated them end to end along the stakes. Once this was done we placed a few

of the cottonwood cuttings directly into the creek edge, in the hopes that they will germinate and

sprout as well as the wattle cuttings.

The initial restoration process took approximately 2 hours through the combined efforts

of the Environmental Studies 481 class under the guidance of Nancy Turner and Dr. Valentin

Schaefer. (See Figures 8-9 of post-restoration activities.)

Reach 8: 165m d/s of culvert

March 8, 2011 (11:30am-1:30pm) Reach 8: 165m d/s of culvert

March 8, 2011 (11:30am-1:30pm)

Img. 8a

View: upstream Comments: removal of English ivy from trees

Img. 8b

View: upstream Comments: collection of native willow, cottonwood, and dogwood

Img. 8c

View: downstream Comments: installation of wattles along eroded right bank, planting of cottonwood cuttings.

Img. 8d

View: downstream Comments: wattles successfully installed along right bank, alternated between stakes.

Figure 8: post-restoration images of reach 8

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Reach 6: 410m D/S of culvert

March 8, 2011 (11:30am-1:30pm)

Reach 6: 410m D/S of culvert

March 8, 2011 (11:30am-1:30pm)

Img. 9a

View: towards right bank Comments: transplanting of sword ferns along eroded edge (right bank)

Img. 9b

View: upstream Comments: collection of sword ferns for transplantation from other sites in Mystic Vale

Img. 9c

View: towards right bank Comments : newly planted sword fern along eroded right bank

Img. 9d

View: upstream, left bank Comments: 5 newly planted sword ferns along left bank

Figure 9: Post-restoration images of reach 6

For the restoration of Hillcrest Elementary on May18th and 25th, native vegetation was

incorporated into the forest as part of the “Greenwave” project. Hillcrest Elementary signed up to

have elementary students plant native vegetation in the back forest of their school, which is

comprised of large stands of arbutus, Douglas fir, and Broadleaf maple, with a very sparse under-

story of oceanspray and dull Oregon-grape. After assessing the site and creating a site map with

a list of possible vegetation to be planted in particular areas, I met with the principal (Elaine

Dolan) to discuss times for planting. We scheduled two planting days, with one Western-

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redcedar (Thuja plicata) planted on May 18th with a group of five grade-five students at the back

entrance of the school. The second planting day was done on May 25th, from 9am-1pm. On this

day, a school aide MaryAnn Backstrom and another RNS student Sonya, helped set up the sites

and plants, while about 11 classes of students from kindergarten to 5th grade came out throughout

the day to participate in learning about and planting the native vegetation. The project proposal

and list of vegetation that was planted can be seen in Appendix B.

4.0 Results and Interpretation

The land-use type for the particular area of Mystic Vale is urban, while the creek as well

as the vale can be considered an “altered site” as the land has been logged and a number of weirs

were placed in the creek. Figure 10 displays an aerial photo (2005) of Mystic Vale/Hobbs Creek

with the points of restoration activities labelled in yellow. The overall vegetation observed was a

coniferous forest, mixed with a shrub understory. The data for each reach can be seen in Table 1,

and the second analysis can be seen in Table 2. Some of the dominant vegetation observed along

the 245-meter length of stream was Douglas-fir, Grand fir, Broadleaf maple, and shrub species

such as oceanspray, snowberry, Indian plum, Sword fern, English ivy, and Holly. A list of

vegetation can be seen in Table 3, while Nancy Turner‟s vegetation assessment can be seen in

Appendix I. Evidence of previous restoration attempts can be seen along all three reaches with

the implementation of weirs and a previously installed willow wattle in reach 8. While the weirs

appeared to have greatly lessened the strain on the creek, some weirs have broken (Figure 11).

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Figure 10: Mystic Vale restoration points (image source : Google Earth, scale-1:5,000)

Figure 11: broken weir, view d/s Figure 12: eutrophication at start of Canoe Pond, view d/s

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The habitat type for the various reaches is a pool, although the addition of the weirs has

altered the water flow, creating a type of riffle-pool technology. Woody vegetation is present

along the stream banks, while grasses, and rushes make up some of the in-stream vegetation,

which is only present in Canoe Pond. Some eutrophication is present, as can be seen in the green

algal blooms (Figure 12) particularly at the start of Canoe Pond. In-stream vegetation such as

rushes and grasses are also present along the edges and at the start of the pond as well. The soil

moisture regime (SMR) and soil nutrient regime (SNR) was fairly consistent throughout the

reaches, with an SMR of 4-5 and SNR of rich. Reach 7 had a slightly higher SNR of rich-very

rich.

Water temperature ranged from 8.4oC for reaches 8-7 and 8.2oC for reach 6 on the

March 5th and 12th data collection days (Table 1). The temperatures were more varied on the

April 17th data collection day, ranging from 8.8oC to 7.9oC (Table 2). In both instances reach 6

had the lowest temperature. Dissolved oxygen levels ranged from 5ppm-8ppm on the first set of

data collection, with reach 6 having the highest DO levels. On April 17th DO levels ranged from

6ppm-8ppm with reach 8 having the highest DO levels. The pH levels ranged from 7.5 to 8, with

reach 6 having the highest pH in both instances. Data on the total dissolved solids (TDS) could

only be recorded for the first set of data collection, as the battery on the measurement device

expired on the second collection day. Reach 8 was 175 u/m, reach 7 was 90u/m, and reach 6 had

the highest levels of TDS at 209 u/m.

As this site rests directly between an urban environment and University campus, human

impact from trail use is evident. The risk of runoff from residential houses, streets, and parking

lots is also apparent.

5.0 Discussion

5.1 Data analysis

The findings suggest that the three reaches assessed in this study show signs of

restoration through the installation of willow wattles and weirs. There was also evidence of past

ivy removal, as some ivy along the trees have been cut off at the base. Despite these restoration

efforts however, the health of Mystic Vale is still threatened. The spread of invasives is extensive,

16

in particular English Ivy, which is encroaching upon the creek and clogging the waterway. The

native vegetation is threatened by the pervasive quality of these species, while the invasives

further degrades the functionality of the riparian ecosystem. Ivy is also posing a threat to tree

health and increasing the chances of creating hazard trees, which can fall more easily and is a

risk to human health. The removal of ivy from several large trees and surrounding area along

reach 8 has reduced this threat, although a more extensive removal is still needed.

The high volume of water during the winter months and compaction of the soil from

people and dogs that is causing erosion along the creek edges, have placed pressure on the

installed weirs. The addition of the wattle in reach 8 and planting of the cottonwood cuttings into

the eroded edge outside of the weir, seems to have lessened the strain somewhat. The cuttings as

well as the willow wattles also appear to have sprouted nicely after assessing the site a month

after the installation (Figure 13).

Figure 13: sprouted cottonwood cutting

Water quality analysis displays other issues for Hobbs Creek. The dissolved oxygen

levels (DO), while higher than other urban creeks is still below the median level (10.8 mg/L)

normally found in streams in British Columbia (mg/L is roughly equivalent to ppm) (Ministry of

Environment 2010). The optimal level of DO for salmon is 9mg/l, while 3.5-6mg/l is considered

low (EPA 1991). As temperature, depth, and flow all affect DO levels, localized decreases in the

amount of DO can be seen in streams with a low flow rate in British Columbia (Ministry of

Environment 2010). However, anthropogenic influences such as nutrient related wastes, or run-

off that is high in carbon can affect DO levels. A cut-off of a nutrient supply can cause algal die-

off, often resulting in oxygen depletion and eutrophication (Ministry of Environment 2010). The

17

increased amount of impervious surfaces in urban environments contributes to run-off of

chemicals and fertilizers in streams. As Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek lies between a University

Campus and residential housing, as well as major roads and parking lots, it is subject to

contamination from a number of sources.

The DO levels in Hobbs Creek are relatively low, and would not support fish species.

The fact that the levels of DO seemed to reverse in the reaches in a month‟s time between data

collection is interesting. A possible reason for this could be because water levels have slowed so

that there is less aeration and thus a lower DO. Another possibility is an extrinsic factor, such as

increased siltation or organic runoff that might increase DO levels in reach 8 while lowering the

DO levels of the areas directly downstream of this discharge, as bacteria levels would increase.

Total dissolved solids (TDS) measures the amount of dissolved, charged ions as well as

uncharged material in the water, such as calcium, sodium, phosphates, nitrates, etc. A decrease in

TDS can usually allow for higher levels of DO. In the Pacific Northwest, levels of TDS are

generally low in forested streams, as there is usually high rainfall (Welch et al. 2001). Welch et

al. (2001) state that typical median TDS values range from less than 40mg/L in Queets River,

Washington and less than 100mg/L in Klamath River, California. The level of TDS in the Mystic

Vale reaches was varied. The levels seem to be slightly on the high side in comparison to other

streams in the Pacific Northwest, particularly in reaches 8 and 6. Factors that affect the amount

of TDS in streams include runoff such as salts, fertilizers, and organic wastes from an urban

environment, as well as infiltration of wastewater and soil erosion.

5.2 Sources of Error

During data collection, I came across a few issues that might have affected the results.

The weather on both data collection days was overcast with rain at some points and the

temperature was quite cool. The trails were all extremely waterlogged, and impassable in some

spots. This made it a bit difficult to get through each reach. The attempt to collect data on TDS

on the second day failed because the battery had run out, leaving a gap in my data. There is also

the possibility that the tool used for measurement of TDS was not calibrated properly, and the

data is skewed. Also, vegetation analysis was done at a time when many of the plants had not

flowered yet, making it more difficult to find and identify species. During the restoration on May

18

8th, it did not rain so conditions were a bit easier to work in, although the trails were still very

saturated. I was supposed to have collected willow branches from Rithets Bog prior to

restoration, but wasn‟t able to do so. However, it ended up being a valuable part of a lesson in

harvesting species, especially with the expertise of Nancy Turner.

The transplantation of sword ferns on May 8th went smoothly and initially appeared to

stabilize the bank, which was the intended goal. However, on further assessment a month later,

all of the sword ferns that had been transplanted along the edge adjacent to the weir, were all

trampled and dead. A few plants on the right bank and several ferns before the weir on the left

bank were intact, but most of the vegetation had died. It appears the rock weir and adjacent edge

(along the left bank) are used by humans or dogs as a side path. Perhaps more clearly marking

the area with flagging tape or posting signs that a restoration project was in progress would have

prevented the loss.

Working with a university class in environmental restoration was quite different from

working with an elementary school class, such as that at Hillcrest Elementary School forest.

While restoration planning went into both sites, it still felt a bit disorganized in both instances.

This can usually occur in restoration, as unforeseen circumstances might arise or the setting up of

the sites or planting can take a bit longer than anticipated. With the university class however, it

was a bit easier to direct, particularly because of age and it was a much smaller group. I found

that the large number of sites (8) at Hillcrest combined with the large number of very young

students, compared to only the two sites in Mystic Vale with a small group of older students,

made the Hillcrest Site a bit more frenetic. As we only had three of us directing the students at

Hillcrest, perhaps more volunteers would have allowed things to go more smoothly. Regardless,

both sites have benefited from the restoration activities that took place, and have helped in

educating and spreading awareness about the particular threats or issues specific to each site.

The results emphasize a number of points about the health of Mystic Vale. Altogether,

past restoration efforts have reduced the stress placed on Hobbs Creek through the installation of

weirs, and allowed for the persistence of many trees through the removal of English ivy. These

efforts, as well as the current restoration activities are at risk, however, as the spread of invasive

species and continual erosion of the creek banks is clearly evident. These efforts are only

19

temporary solutions and will not sustain the intended recovery of this habitat because there is

still no permanent means of monitoring and restoring the ecosystem, nor are there programs or

adequate signage in place to ensure the cooperation of the public through the spread of

awareness. The creation of comprehensive and dynamic programs that involve student and

public participation as well as further restoration is still needed if Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek

are to become a fully functioning riparian ecosystem.

6.0 Recommendations

The education of the public on the importance of riparian ecosystems and the issues

facing Mystic Vale is critical in ensuring the cooperation of those using the Vale as well as those

living in the surrounding area. By promoting the participation of the public in restoration efforts,

it will create a greater sense of connection to the environment. Fostering this connection through

stewardship activities will instil a sense of responsibility to reducing human impact on this

sensitive ecosystem and spread awareness of the consequences of urban runoff, erosion, and the

spread of invasive species. Establishing “restoration days” in classes such as Environmental

Studies and promoting student projects in the Vale is another way to ensure continual

management of this site.

As signs have previously been defaced or ignored, incorporating informative signage on

the interesting aspects of the Vale, such as wildlife trees and species that inhabit the area, might

create an interest in preserving the ecosystem for these species. As Aqua-Tex (2009) points out,

incorporating signs that take on a “positive, and informational approach” will be much more

effective than restrictive or negative warnings. Clearly defining and designating areas for dogs

such as making certain areas a “leash” or “no-leash zone,” is also critical to reducing the impact

on the creek.

Continual restoration is still needed in Mystic Vale to enhance and promote a fully

functioning ecosystem. As ecosystems are dynamic, changes due to climate change, new

invasive species, and human impact can be difficult to anticipate. An adaptive management

approach is essential to accounting for these unknown factors. To ensure restoration efforts are

efficiently capitalized, further assessments are needed of areas that most require restoration.

20

These sites can be placed as the highest priority. A more in-depth assessment of the types and

abundance of vegetation within Mystic Vale is also necessary.

The removal of invasive species, particularly the English ivy, is critical to protecting tree

health and allowing for the re-establishment of native species. Starting from the top-down will be

most effective in minimizing sediment that will build up further down the creek, as well as

reducing the spread of invasive species through the water channel. Invasive species removal

should be done in the seasons with minimal rainfall and in stages to limit erosion and sediment

pile-up in the creek channel. Native vegetation and bank-stabilizing species such as willow (Salix

ssp.), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), Oregon grape (Mahonia nervosa), and sword fern

(Polystichum munitum) should be planted in cleared areas to decrease erosion effects as well.

The removal or replacement of weirs is also needed, as well as the replacement of the willow

wattles 175 meters downstream from the culvert.

In reach 7 (Canoe Pond), wattles or shrub barriers should be added along the eroded

edges (Figure 6b-6c). The slope adjacent to the pond is also severely eroded (Figure 6d) as it

appears people and/or dogs have been using it as a side trail. This area would benefit from the

addition of terracing. This can be done by taking fallen logs already present in the Vale, and

placing the logs in a terrace formation along the slope. Native shrub species can then be planted

along the terraces to further aid in reducing erosion and preventing people from utilizing this

area as a pathway.

The removal of invasives and other restoration work is an extensive job that requires

numerous volunteers over an extended period of time. Monitoring as well as restoration efforts is

important in ensuring that restoration goals are being met. Observing fluctuations in water

quality or changes in vegetation growth will alert restorationists to new or continued threats to

the environment. Water quality can be assessed through data collection of pH, temperature, TDS,

and changes in stream flow and water levels, while types and amount of vegetation can be

recorded after each restoration activity. Incorporating restoration activities within the University

curriculum and encouraging student projects and participation within the Vale can ensure

continual management of this site. Establishing a site coordinator or a permanent position in

regards to natural systems (such as Mystic Vale) at the university, as well as promoting

21

restoration work to volunteer groups such as ESSA or the RNS Volunteer Network is another

way to guarantee the continual monitoring of the ecosystem.

Long-term goals for Mystic Vale include the incorporation of boardwalks on the most

waterlogged areas to reduce erosion and minimize impact on tree roots and shrub understory.

Creating fences or native shrub barriers along the most damaged areas will effectively prevent

human and dog traffic within those sites, and allow for native vegetation to re-establish.

7.0 Conclusion

The health and functionality of Mystic Vale and Hobbs creek is under threat of invasion

by non-native and highly persistent species, as well as human impact. By implementing the

following objectives and frequently assessing and monitoring the site conditions, Mystic Vale

and Hobbs Creek can regain functionality and allow for increased biodiversity and sustainability

of the surrounding ecosystem. This project was created to complement past restoration

procedures and to initiate future steps towards restoration. The hope is that through continual

student involvement, restoration efforts can build upon the information gathered and continue the

necessary steps towards shifting Mystic Vale towards its original trajectory.

22

References

Aqua-Tex: Scientific Consulting Ltd. 2009. Hobbs Creek-Mystic Vale Five Year Plan: Restoration Priorities for Planning Purposes DRAFT for discussion. Aqua-Tex: Scientific Consulting Ltd.

EPA. 1991. Monitoring Guidelines to Evaluate Effects of Forestry Activities on Streams in Pacific Northwest and Alaska. EPA #910/9-91-001.

Elliott, Charles. 1995. The Ivy Debate. Horticulture 73:21-25.

Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Monitoring Guidelines to Evaluate Effects of Forestry . Activities on Streams in Pacific Northwest and Alaska. EPA #910/9-91-001. In “Optimal Water Quality Standards for Aquatic Ecosystems.” Prepared by Chris Maun and Peter Moulton

Harrop-Archibald, H. 2007. University of Victoria Natural Features Study Bowker Creek, Cunningham Woods, Upper Hobbs Creek/Mystic Vale. University of Victoria, BC: Restoration of Natural Systems Program.

Lloyd, R.H. 2004. Integrated Storm Water Management Plan. University of Victoria Project No. 02-4367. Victoria, British Columbia. Lucey, P., C.L. Barraclough, L. Malmkvist, B.D. LaCas, and V. Wilson. 2002. Hobbs Creek Proper Functioning Condition Assessment. Aqua-Tex: Scientific Consulting Ltd. McDadi, Omar and Richard J. Hebda. 2008. Change in Traditional Fire Disturbance in a Garry

Oak (Quercus garyana) meadow and Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga menziesesii) mosaic, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: A possible link with First Nations and Europeans. Forest Ecology and Management. 256: 1704-1710.

Ministry of Environment. 2010. Water Quality: Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen. Province of British Columbia. Retrieved May 8, 2011. http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/BCguidelines/do/do-02.htm

Stroh, Noémie, Christohpe Baltzinger, and Jean-Louis Martin. 2008. Deer prevent western redcedar (Thuya plicata) regeneration in old-growth forests of Haida Gwaii: Is there a potential for recovery? Elsevier B.V. 255: 3973-3979.

University of Victoria. 2003. Campus Plan. http://web.uvic.ca/vpfin/campusplan

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Welch, Eugene B., Jean M. Jacoby, and Christopher W. May. 2001. Stream Quality. In Robert J. Naiman and Robert E. Bilby (Eds.), River Ecology and Management: Lessons from the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion. (pp. 69-85). Tacoma, WA: Weyerhaeuser

24

Water Quality Field Card: Reaches 8-6 Table 1

Name Hannah Oliver Date Data collected for reach 8 March 5, 2011 from 3pm-4:15pm

Reaches 7-6 March 12, 2011 from 1:15pm-3:30pm Weather Partly cloudy, slight drizzle, 100C Reach # 8 8 7 6 Location (chainage) 165m D/S of culvert (0-

11m) from LWD 247m D/S of culvert 262m D/S of culvert

(start of Canoe Pond) 410m D/S of culvert

Temperature 8.4oC 8.4oC 8.4oC 8.20C Dissolved O2 5ppm 5ppm 6ppm 8ppm TDS 175u/m 175u/m 90u/m 209u/m pH 7.5 7.5 7.4 8 Velocity 0.03m/s n/a 0.01m/s .07m/s Depth 1 .25m .25m 0.4m .15m Depth 2 .35m .5m 1.5m .3m Depth 3 .25m .28m .8m .45m Habitat Type (P/R) P P P P Start 0m 11m 82m 97m End 11m 82m 97m 245m Wetted width (avg) 1.5m 1.4m 12m 2.6m Bankfull Width (avg) 2m 1.8m 14.3m 3m Depth (avg) 0.3m 0.34m 0.9m 0.3m Bedrock - - - - Boulders - - - 10% Cobble - - - - Gravel - - - 5%

25

Fines 100% 100% 100% 80%

Instream Cover (% and type) V=25% V=60% V=45% V=<1%

Instream Cover (% and type) Undercut banks (1%)

LWD=5%

LWD=90% LWD=1% LWD=1%

% Crown Cover 45% 10% 5% 55%

Gradient 18% 20% 22% 38%

LWD 6 8 3 1

Altered/Erosion/Obstructions A-weir installed O-(x) log jam A-weir installed at far end

A-boulders added as weir E-exposed roots, undercut bank

Land-use (type) U-(urban)

LG-logging

U-(urban)

LG-logging

U-(urban)

LG-logging

U-(urban)

LG-logging

Stability (l/r)

r= unstable l=moderately stable

r= moderately stable l=moderately stable

r=moderately unstable l=moderately unstable

r=unstable l= moderately unstable

Comments SMR=4

SNR=R

SMR= 4

SNR= R

SMR=5

SNR=R-VR

SMR=4 SNR=R

26

General Comments:

-considerable amounts of LWD (70%) found in the upper area of reach 6, right after Canoe Pond. Less is found further into the reach.

-flooding of trails significant. Particularly outside of where willow wattles were installed in reach 8, and farther into reach 6.

-wildlife use of wildlife trees noted. Hummingbird, Hairy woodpecker, and bushtits observed utilizing wildlife tree near canoe pond.

-second point of data collection for end of reach 8 and right before start of reach 7 because wanted to note high amount of LWD, and increase in slope going downstream

27

Water Quality Field Card: Reaches 8-6 Table 2

Name Hannah Oliver

Date Data collected for reachs 8-6 April 17, 2011 from 12:30-2pm

Weather Overcast, slight rain, 100C

Fines 100% 100% 80%

Instream Cover (% and type) V=25% V=55% V=<1%

Reach # 8 7 6

Location (chainage) 165m D/S of culvert (0-11m) from LWD

262m D/S of culvert (Canoe Pond)

410m D/S of culvert

Temperature 8.8oC 8.6oC 7.90C

Dissolved O2 8ppm 6ppm 6ppm

TDS - - -

pH 7.5 7.8 8

Habitat Type (P/R) P P P

Start 0m 82m 97m

End 82m 97m 245m

Wetted width (avg) 1.8m 12.9m 2.8m

Bankfull Width (avg) 2m 14.3m 3m

Bedrock - -

Boulders - - 10%

Cobble - - -

Gravel - - -

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Instream Cover (% and type) Undercut banks (1%)

LWD=5%

LWD=1% LWD=1%

% Crown Cover 45% 5% 80%

Gradient 18% 22% 38%

LWD 6 3 1

Altered/Erosion/Obstructions A-weir installed A- Weir installed at far

end

A=boulders added as weir E-exposed roots, undercut bank

Land-use (type) U-(urban)

LG-logging

U-(urban)

LG-logging

U-(urban)

LG-logging

Stability (l/r)

r= unstable

l=moderately stable

r=moderately unstable

l=moderately unstable

R=unstable L= moderately unstable

General Comments:

-sprouting of cottonwood cuttings and willow planted in reach 8 is apparent.

-flooding is significantly lower than at last data collection.

-Several wildlife trees assessed at reach 6. For 1st tree: 6-visual appearance, 7-crown condition, 2-bark retention, 4-wood condition. For the 2nd

tree: 5-visual appearance, 5-crown condition, 4-bark retention, 5- wood condition.

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The Vegetation of Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek

April 17, 2011

Note: Species survey estimated through reaches 8-6 by scanning the slope and creek. This list is supplementary to a previous survey of the vegetation of Mystic Vale conducted by Nancy Turner and Brett Heneke in 1993.

Tree Species Grand fir Abies grandes Broadleaf maple Acer macrophyllum Red alder Alnus rubra Arbutus Arbutus menziesii Bitter-cherry Prunus emarginata Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Western red-cedar Thuja plicata

Shrub Species Red-Osier Dogwood Cornus stolonifera Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius* Daphne-laurel Daphne laureola* Salal Gaultheria shallon English Ivy Hedera helix* Ocean Spray Holodiscus discolor English holly Ilex aquifolium* Dull Oregon-grape Mahonia nervosa Indian Plum Oemleria cerasiformis False box Pachistima myrsinites Mock-orange Philadelphus lewisii Cascara Rhamnus purshiana Black gooseberry Ribes lacustre Red-flowering currant Ribes sanguineum Himalayan blackberry Rubus discolor* Trailing blackberry Rubus ursinus Sitka willow Salix sitchensis Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus Red huckleberry Vaccinium parvifolium

30

Herbaceous Species Vanilla leaf Achyls triphylla Rattlesnake-plantain orchid Goodyera oblongifolia Purple peavine Lathyrus nevadensis Water parsley Oenanthe sarmentosa Western buttercup Ranunculus occidentalis Pacific sanicle Sanicula crassicaulis False Solomon’s-Seal Smilacina racemosa Fringecup Tellima grandiflora Piggy-back plant Tolmiea menziesii Star flower Trientalis latifolia Western trillium Trillium ovatum

Ferns Spiny wood fern Dryopteris expansa Licorice fern Polypodium glycyrrhiza Sword fern Polystichum munitum Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum

* Invasive Species

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Appendix I– Native Plants of Mystic Vale (Turner 1993) (As seen in Hilary Harrop-Archibald‟s „Natural Features Study‟ (2007) NATIVE PLANTS OF MYSTIC VALE, SAANICH, BRITISH COLUMBIA Nancy J. Turner and Brett Heneke January 20, 1993 (updated March, 1993) Environmental Studies Program University of Victoria List of Plant Species from Brief Survey of rim, slopes and creekside areas of Mystic Vale. - Please note that many herbaceous perennials and annual plant species are not visible at this time of year. (Species listed alphabetically by scientific name within major categories of TREES, SHRUBS, HERBACEOUS FLOWERING PLANTS, FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES, MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS. A note on LICHENS and FUNGI is also made. TREES Grand fir (Abies grandis ) Broadleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum ) Red alder (Alnus rubra ) Arbutus (Arbutus menziesii ) Black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa ) Bitter cherry (Prunus emarginata ) Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii ) Cascara (Rhamnus purshiana ) Hooker's willow (Salix hookeriana ) Scouler's willow (Salix scouleriana ) Sitka willow (Salix sitchensis ) Western red-cedar (Thuja plicata ) Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia ) SHRUBS Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia ) Red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera ; syn. Cornus sericea) Salal (Gaultheria shallon ) Oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor ) Orange-flowered honeysuckle (Lonicera ciliosa ) Hairy honeysuckle (Lonicera hispidula ) Tall Oregon-grape (Mahonia aquifolium; syn. Berberis aquifolium ) Common Oregon-grape (Mahonia nervosa ; syn. Berberis nervosa) Indian-plum (Oemleria cerasiformis ) False box (Pachistima myrsinites ) Mock-orange (Philadelphus lewisii ) stink currant (Ribes bracteosum ) black gooseberry (Ribes divaricatum ) Red-flowering currant (Ribes sanguineum ) Dwarf wild rose (Rosa gymnocarpa ) Nootka rose (Rosa nutkana ) Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus ) Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis ) Trailing wild blackberry (Rubus ursinus ) Red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa )

32

Snowberry, or waxberry (Symphoricarpos albus ) Red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium ) HERBACEOUS FLOWERING PLANTS Vanilla-leaf (Achyls triphylla ) Sedge (Carex spp.) Coralroot (Corallorhiza maculata ) Sweet-scented bedstraw (Galium triflorum ) Large-leaved avens (Geum macrophyllum ) Rattlesnake plantain orchid (Goodyera oblongifolia ) # Purple pea (Lathyrus nevadensis ) Twinflower (Linnaea borealis ) Wood-rush (Luzula sp.) Skunk-cabbage (Lysichitum americanum ) Indian pipe (Monotropa uniflora ) #Siberian miner's-lettuce (Montia sibirca ) Nemophila (Nemophila parviflora ) Water-parsley (Oenanthe sarmentosa ) #Sweet cicely (Osmorhiza ? purpurea ) Sanicle (Sanicula crassicaulis ) Yerba buena (Satureja douglasii ) # False Solomon's-seal (Smilacina racemosa ) Hedge-nettle (Stachys cooleyae ) #Common twisted-stalk (Streptopus amplexifolius ) Tall fringecup (Tellima grandiflora ) Fringecup (Tiarella trifoliata ) Starflower (Trientalis latifolia ) Western trillium (Trillium ovatum ) Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica ) (NOTE: a number of grass species were also observed, but not identified) # additional species from May, 1993 FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES Lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina ) Spiny wood fern (Dryopteris expansa ) Common horsetail (Equisetum arvense ) Branchless horsetail (Equisetum hiemale ) Giant horsetail (Equisetum telmateia ) Licorice fern (Polypodium glycyrrhiza ) Sword fern (Polystichum munitum ) (NOTE: Mystic Vale contains one of the most spectacular populations of sword fern anywhere on southern Vancouver Island) Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum ) SOME MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS (NOTE: This list is very incomplete, representing only a fraction of the species occurring in the Vale) Antitrichia moss (Antitrichia curtipendula ) Fork moss (Dicranum scoparium ) Hypnum moss(Hypnum circinale ) Stolon moss (Isothecium myosuroides ; syn. I. stoloniferum , I. spiculiferum ) Oregon feather moss (Kindbergia oregana ; syn. Eurhynchium oreganum ) Feather moss (Kindbergia praelonga; syn. Eurhynchium praelongum ) Palm-tree moss (Leucopelis menziesii ) Douglas neckera moss (Neckera douglasii ) Neckera moss (Metaneckera menziesii)

33

Mnium moss(Plagiomnium insigne ) Plagiothecium moss (Plagiothecium undulatum ) Leafy liverwort (Porella navicularis ) Mnium moss(Rhizomnium glabrescens ) Feather moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus ) Triangle-leaved feather moss (Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus ) Leafy liverwort (Scapania bolanderi ) NOTE ON LICHENS and FUNGI A complete inventory of Mosses, Liverworts, Lichens and Fungi in the Mystic Vale area should be made. A few identifiable lichens seen include: Ochrolechia sp.; Cladonia spp.; Cetraria spp.; Platismatia glauca ; Parmelia sulcata ; Hypogymnia physodes ; Peltigera sp.; Usnea hirta . A wide variety of fungi, including mushrooms and tree fungi, also occur in the area, contributing to the overall biodiversity. BIRDS NOTE: It is particularly important to survey this area on a year-round basis, not just over a short period, because the woods of Mystic Vale and surrounding areas may provide critical habitat not just for resident bird species, like winter wren and rufous-sided towhee, but also for migratory species, which need these areas for resting and feeding on their northward and southward journeys. Woodpeckers abound in the vale, as do a wide variety of small songbirds--kinglets, bush tits, juncos, creepers, wrens. Owls, eagles and other raptors need the tall trees and snags for nesting and perching.

34

Appendix II– Mystic Vale wildlife use and vegetation images Reach 6: Wildlife tree

Comments: wildlife tree in reach six, used by birds and other species

Reach 7: Wildlife tree

Comments: extensive grooves around this tree, noted woodpeckers foraging for insects

Reach 7: Western Trillium (Trillium ovatum)

Comments: native species, located in moist forests

Reach 7: Bitter cherry (Prunus emarginata)

Comments: native species, berries/flowers attractive to birds and other species. Reduces erosion.

35

Reach 6: Broadleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum)

Comments: Fern and lichen growth on Bigleaf maple. Provides bank stabilization and habitat for a variety of

Reach 8: Birds nest

Comments: Birds nest in groove of Broadleaf maple. Indication that various bird species utilize this riparian environment.

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Appendix III– Hillcrest Elementary School Proposal

Proposal for the Restoration of Hillcrest School

Forest

Hillcrest Elementary and the University of Victoria

March 14, 2011

Hannah Oliver

37

Project Rationale

The forest located at Hillcrest Elementary School in the District of Saanich provides aesthetic,

ecological, and educational benefits to the school and surrounding community. It is comprised of a large

stand of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and arbutus (Arbutus menziesii) and provides habitat for a

number of species while acting as an ecological corridor within the urban environment. The natural area

gives students of Hillcrest Elementary the opportunity to experience, learn from and connect with

nature. It also can provide students in the School of Environmental Studies at the University of Victoria

an opportunity to aid in restoration and environmental education. Some plants and natural features on

the site are shown in Figure 1.

The site has been degraded over the years due to heavy use by the children at recess and lunch

and the broader community after school hours. Dogs are often let off their leashes and contribute to the

degradation. Soil compaction is evident along many side trails in the forest. Invasive species such as

daphne (Daphne laureola), English ivy (Hedera helix), holly (Ilex aquifolium), and Scotch broom (Cytisus

scoparius) are also present and threaten the integrity of the ecosystem. Restoration of the site can help

ensure the survival of native species and allow for hands-on educational opportunities with student

participation leading up to and including Earth Week.

Project Objective

To improve the health and overall biodiversity of the forest at Hillcrest Elementary School

through the collaboration of University of Victoria and elementary school students, using a variety of

techniques in ecological restoration. Also, to use this activity as a learning opportunity for the students

to better understand, connect with and appreciate nature.

Project Implementation

Several areas within the Hillcrest forest could benefit from restoration. The first section is the

strip of vegetation that runs approximately 150m to the left of the entrance from Houlihan Crt (Maps 1

and 2), with a “garden area” that runs about 57m from the entrance. The overstory is Douglas-fir and

arbutus, with a mixed understory of dull Oregon grape (Mahonia nervosa), red alder (Alnus rubra), and

oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor). The garden area also includes native willow (Salix ssp.), Western

redcedar (Thuja plicata), and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron ssp.), with the fern common polypody

(Polypodum vulgare) (Img 1a) and sword fern (Polystichum munitum). An extensive list of vegetation can

be viewed on the Hillcrest Tree Resource (Talbot Mackenzie Associates 2010). Some invasive species in

this section include daphne, holly, and English ivy. Other non-native garden plants have also been

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introduced (Img 1b). Removal of this vegetation, particularly around the trees is recommended.

Installing signs indicating reasons behind restoration activities would also alert the community about the

importance of conserving this space. Including an interpretive sign for a wildlife tree near the entrance

would further educate people of the benefits such trees have in the ecosystem (Img 1c).

Another section that could benefit from restoration is the main forested area, to the right of the

entrance from Houlihan Crt (Img 2a). Invasive species removal of Scotch broom (40m into forest) (Img

2b), holly, and English ivy would clear space for native vegetation. Planting of juvenile shrub species such

as flowering currant (Ribes sanguineum), oceanspray, and salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) can act as a

buffer for areas that require re-vegetation and steer people away from areas outside of the main

pathway. The plantings will also provide food and habitat for a number of animal species. Planting of

young tree species such as Douglas-fir and arbutus in the gaps where soil is loose between already

established species can serve a similar purpose, in more clearly defining the main trails (Img 2c).

The swale located 67m into the main forest area, is a low-lying area with some wetland

characteristics. Bigleaf maples (Acer macrophyllum) and native willows are present, as well as a number

of coarse woody debris. This area could benefit from garbage clean-up, and planting of native

vegetation such as willow, salal (Gaultheria shallon) and Indian plum (Oemleria cerasiformis) (Img 3a).

The last area that could benefit from restoration is the densely vegetated area at the far corner

of the forest, past the swale. It is made up primarily of Nootka rose (Rosa nutkana) and common

burdock (Arctium minus) (Img 4a). Removal of the burdock and English ivy along the fence is

recommended, as well as cutting back some of the thicket.

Restoring these features will allow for the continued use of the ecosystem by a variety of native

species (Imgs 5a-c). It can provide numerous educational opportunities, and create a safe haven for the

students and community alike.

Resource Plan and Allocation

The resources for the proposed restoration techniques can be obtained at minimal cost. Any

willow planting can be obtained from within the forest itself, by harvesting the branches and planting

them directly into the ground. Other native species can be harvested from areas close to Hillcrest forest,

the University of Victoria campus, or obtained from native plant nurseries (this may involve some cost).

The removal of invasive species as well as the planting of native vegetation can be done by elementary

school children and volunteers from the School of Environmental Studies, at no cost. We assume that

the material can be removed from the site at no cost by the school or Saanich Parks.

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A. Environmental Education

The restoration of Hillcrest forest can be broken into several stages. The first stage can involve

UVic students giving class presentations to elementary students under the guidance of the school

teachers. These presentations would be about the natural history and importance of biodiversity of

ecosystems. By using age-appropriate activities, the maintenance and preservation of the forest can be

incorporated into the elementary students’ curriculum.

An ethnobotany lesson in the uses of particular plants by First Nations and importance of the plants to

the ecosystem might be incorporated as well. We can add the installation of a few bird boxes and a bat

box as activities.

B. Invasive Species Removal

The second stage can involve removal of non-native plants. Elementary students can remove

English ivy and Scotch broom. Other invasive species such as daphne, burdock, and Himalayan

blackberry can be removed by UVic students as they require special care in their removal. The proposed

locations of the invasive species removal are shown on Map 3.

C. Planting Native Vegetation

The last stage will be planting of native species, such as salmonberry, flowering currant, salal,

and others. This can be done by elementary as well as university students. The locations for the

plantings will be determined by student experts from the university of Victoria, placed to avoid high-use

“desire lines” by students through the forest.

D. Signage

The goal is to begin the lessons by the end of March, with invasive species removal starting at

the beginning of April. The exact timing will be determined in consultation with the teachers and staff of

the elementary school to meet their requirements. Adequate signage can be produced and placed in all

areas undergoing restoration, as well as placing signs indicating areas of interest (such as wildlife trees).

Creating a plan for the incorporation of activities within the forest in future student curriculum can

ensure the continued maintenance and awareness of the issues that affect Hillcrest forest.

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Chart of Activities

Week of /Activity

March

7

March

14

March

21

March

28

April

6

April

13

April

20

April

27

Principal/Teacher

meeting

Develop Site and

Restoration Plan

UVic/Principal/

Teacher Meeting

Grade 5s Remove

some Invasives

Classroom

Workshops

Plantings, Nature

Games

UVic/Principal

Meeting Wrapup

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Figure 1. Some plants and natural features of the forest at Hillcrest

Elementary School.

Image 1a

View: Common polypody in “garden area”.

This is not a native plant but is doing well and

provides good ground cover. Eventually it can

be replaced by sword fern, but we recommend

leaving it in place for now.

Image 1b

View: Non-native garden plant that has

invaded side vegetation area. It is growing

around native dull Oregon grape.

Image 1c

View: Wild life tree near entrance from

Houlihan Crt. Ivy is growing up the trunk and

should be removed. Placing an interpretive

sign about the benefits of wildlife trees will

educate children and the community about

their importance for different species.

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Image 2a

View: Main pathway from Houlihan Crt.

Garden area and side vegetation are to the

left (150m), while the main forested area is

to the right of the path. Invasive species

removal should be done in both areas,

particularly the English ivy.

Image 2b

View: In main forest, a patch of scotch

broom that should be removed. Native

shrubs such as flowering currant or salmon

berry can replace the invasives.

Image 2c

View: In main forest looking towards the

playing field. Juvenile tree species such as

Douglas-fir and arbutus should be planted

near established species to more clearly

define main trail.

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Image 3a

View: The swale is located in the low-lying

area to the left of the play field. Water

typically drains into the area. Large Douglas-

firs are visible along the edges. Planting of

native willow and other water tolerant

species will provide better drainage and

water uptake.

Image 4a

View: Dense vegetation past the swale.

Primarily Nootka rose, with some burdock.

Cutting back some of the thicket and

removing invasives is recommended.

Image 5a

View: Native willow located just outside of

Nootka rose thicket. Evidence of wildlife use

on the trunk. Scrapings most likely from deer

antlers. The native shrub at its base is dull

Oregon grape.

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Image 5b

View: Wildlife tree located in main forest

near the entrance. Fungus growth evident

along trunk. Sign on benefits of wildlife tree

could be placed here.

Image 5c

View: Wildlife use of red alder. Many other

species of birds spotted within Nootka rose

thicket.

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Map 1. Overview of the schoolground at Hillcrest Elemenetary

showing the location and extent of the forest.

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Map 2. The locations of the two major paths through the forest. There

are numerous smaller paths criss-crossing and compacting the site.

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Map 3. Locations of proposed invasive species removal.

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Appendix IV– Hillcrest Elementary School Vegetation/Images (Compiled by MaryAnn Backstrom)

May 25 2011 plantings, by division, zone, grade and teacher:

Plant Common Name Zone Div Teacher Grade

Mahonia acquifolium Oregon grape* 5 5 Macaulay 3

Gaultheria shallon Salal* 4 1 Blackmore 5

Gaultheria shallon Salal* 4 1 Blackmore 5

Spiraea douglasii Hardhack/Steeplebush* 3a 10 West 1

Sambucus canadensis Golden Elderberry* 4 1 Blackmore 5

Pysocarpus opufolious Ninebark* 2 6 Darling 3

Pysocarpus opufolious Ninebark* 3a 11 Jay 1

Pysocarpus opufolious Ninebark* 3a 3 Wardle 4

Red Osier Dogwood Dogwood* 2 9 Crumrine 1

Western Red Cedar (planted May 21) 1 2 Gauvreau 5

Blechnum spicant Tiny Deer fern 3a 13 Ottenbreit K

Blechnum spicant Tiny Deer fern 3a 14 Ottenbreit K

Acer macrophyllum Maple seedlings 5 5 Macaulay 3

Pseudotsuga Douglas fir seedlings 6 4 Kirkpatrick 4

postponed 12 Mowat ** K/1

Holodiscus discolor Ocean spray/Ironwood 2 8 Kristian 2

Acer macrophyllum Maple seedlings 7,7a 7 Sapsford 3

* = donations collected by Faye Hennem ** = postponed

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Hillcrest planting

Comments: Began initial digging of hole for planting on May 18th for the Greenwave Project. Found large amount of earthworms in the process.

Comments: Began planting of western redcedar (Thuja plicata) with the help of grade fives.

Comments: Dirty hands-kids enjoying getting dirty and interacting with nature.

Comments: Western redcedar successfully established, and a new addition to the “Greenwave” website.