Ecological Soil Screening Levels for Copper...Ecological Soil Screening Levels for Copper Interim Final OSWER Directive 9285.7-68 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid

Ecological Soil Screening Levels for

CopperInterim Final

OSWER Directive 9285.7-68

U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Solid Waste and Emergency Response

1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.Washington, DC 20460

Issued July 2006Revised February 2007

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR COPPER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4.0 ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.1 Avian TRV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.1 Mammalian TRV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7.0 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267.1 General Copper References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267.2 References for Plants and Soil Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.3 References Rejected for Use in Deriving Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297.4 References Used in Deriving Wildlife TRVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

ii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Copper Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Table 4.1 Invertebrate Toxicity Data - Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV) - Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value(TRV) - Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Table 6.2 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Typical Background Concentrations of Copper in U.S. Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figure 5.1 Avian TRV Derivation for Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Figure 6.1 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 5-1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife ToxicityReference Value (TRV) - Copper

Appendix 6-1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife ToxicityReference Value (TRV) - Copper

Eco-SSL for Copper February 20071

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) are concentrations of contaminants in soil that areprotective of ecological receptors that commonly come into contact with and/or consume biotathat live in or on soil. Eco-SSLs are derived separately for four groups of ecological receptors:plants, soil invertebrates, birds, and mammals. As such, these values are presumed to provideadequate protection of terrestrial ecosystems. Eco-SSLs are derived to be protective of theconservative end of the exposure and effects species distribution, and are intended to be applied atthe screening stage of an ecological risk assessment. These screening levels should be used toidentify the contaminants of potential concern (COPCs) that require further evaluation in thesite-specific baseline ecological risk assessment that is completed according to specific guidance(U.S. EPA, 1997, 1998, and 1999). The Eco-SSLs are not designed to be used as cleanup levelsand the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasizes that it would beinappropriate to adopt or modify the intended use of these Eco-SSLs as national cleanupstandards.

The detailed procedures used to derive Eco-SSL values are described in separate documentation(U.S. EPA, 2003, 2005). The derivation procedures represent the collaborative effort of amulti-stakeholder group consisting of federal, state, consulting, industry, and academicparticipants led by what is now the U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response(OSWER).

This document provides the Eco-SSL values for copper and the documentation for theirderivation. This document provides guidance and is designed to communicate national policy onidentifying copper concentrations in soil that may present an unacceptable ecological risk toterrestrial receptors. The document does not, however, substitute for EPA's statutes orregulations, nor is it a regulation itself. Thus, it does not impose legally-binding requirements onEPA, states, or the regulated community, and may not apply to a particular situation based uponthe circumstances of the site. EPA may change this guidance in the future, as appropriate. EPAand state personnel may use and accept other technically sound approaches, either on their owninitiative, or at the suggestion of potentially responsible parties, or other interested parties. Therefore, interested parties are free to raise questions and objections about the substance of thisdocument and the appropriateness of the application of this document to a particular situation. EPA welcomes public comments on this document at any time and may consider such commentsin future revisions of this document.

2.0 SUMMARY OF ECO-SSLs FOR COPPER

Copper is a naturally occurring element which can be found in all environmental media: air, soil,sediment, and water. In the metal state, copper is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heatand electricity (Alloway, 1990). Copper occurs in numerous minerals including cuprite, tenorite,malachite, azurite, and native copper (George, 1993). Copper forms sulphides, sulphates,


Maximum

95th

25th

50th

75th

5th Percentile

sulphosalts, carbonates and other compounds and occurs in reducing environments as the nativemetal. Copper ranks 26th, behind zinc in abundance in the lithosphere (Alloway, 1990).

The principal uses of copper are in the production of wire, and of its alloys, brass and bronze(Alloway, 1990). Copper compounds may also be released to the environment through their usein dyes, catalysts, feed additives, pesticides, pigments, iron and steel production, coal and oilcombustion, copper sulfate production, municipal incineration, and mining activities (Alloway,1990; U.S. EPA 1987). Copper may also be released from natural sources, such as volcanoes,windblown dusts, the weathering of soil, decaying vegetation, and forest fires(http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov).

Background concentrations reportedfor many metals in U.S. soils aredescribed in Attachment 1-4 of theEco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003). Typical background concentrations ofcopper in U.S. soils are plotted inFigure 2.1 for both eastern andwestern U.S. soils.

In soils, copper may be present assoluble compounds including nitrates,sulfates, and chlorides, and insolublecompounds such as oxides,hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfides(Bodek et al. 1988; Budavari 1996). Soluble copper compounds stronglysorb to particles of organic matter,clay, soil, or sand, and demonstrate low mobility in soils (Bodek et al.1988). Insoluble copper compounds are solid salts and are effectivelyimmobile in soils. Most copper compounds have a high melting point andlow vapor pressure, and are not expected to volatilize from moist or dry soilsurfaces (Bodek et al. 1988; HSDB). Alloway (1990) describes six “pools”of copper in soils including soluble ions, inorganic and organic complexes insoil solution, exchangeable copper, stable organic complexes in humus, copper adsorbed byhydrous oxides of manganese, iron, and aluminum, copper adsorbed on the clay-humus colloidalcomplex and the crystal lattice-bound copper in soil minerals.

Copper is an essential element in both plants and animals. In animals, copper is essential forhemoglobin formation, carbohydrate metabolism, catecholamine biosynthesis, and cross-linkingof collagen, elastin, and hair keratin (U.S. EPA 1987). Nutritional requirements of copper forcommon mammalian and avian test organisms are compiled in Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSLguidance (U.S. EPA, 2003, 2005). The primary route of exposure for animals to copper isthrough ingestion. Generally, the normal intake of copper by inhalation is a negligible fraction ofthe total (Friberg et al., 1986) and absorption through the skin is minimal (Venugopal and

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

East West

Con

c (m

g/kg

dw

)

Figure 2.1 Typical BackgroundConcentrations of Copper in U.S. Soils


Luckey, 1978). In animal tissues, copper exists as complexes with proteins, peptides, and aminoacids in tissues such as the liver, brain, and kidney which retain more copper than do other softtissues (Seiler et al., 1988). Muscle tissues contain about 35% of the total body copper. Intissues, copper cannot exist in the ionic form in appreciable amounts except in the acidicenvironment of the stomach (Seiler et al., 1988). Copper is excreted by the biliary system mainlythrough feces and bile, and to a smaller extent through urine and sweat (Venugopal and Luckey1978). Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and utilization of copper can be affected byinteraction with other metals such as iron, molybdenum, and zinc (U.S. EPA 1987; HSDB).

In plants, copper is especially important in oxidation, photosynthesis, and protein andcarbohydrate metabolism. Also, copper concentrations may affect nitrogen fixation, valencechanges, and cell wall metabolism (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, 1992). Since copper is unlikelyto be transported across leaf cuticles, the primary route of uptake by plants is through soil asopposed to atmospheric deposition (Hutchinson, 1979). Copper tends to affect various plantspecies differently, and low growing grasses tend to accumulate copper at higher levels than treefoliage (U.S. EPA, 1987). In plants, copper deficiency is demonstrated by wilting leaves,melanism, white twisted tips, and reduction in panicle formation (HSDB). In mammals, the mechanism of copper toxicity is complex. Copper can increase cell permeabilityin erythrocytes leading to lysis and inhibition of intracellular enzymes. Thus, copper poisoningcan lead to oxidative stress in erythrocytes and to accelerated loss of intracellular glutathione. Inaddition, copper ions can cause mitochondrial swelling and inhibit oxygen consumption, whichleads to cell degeneration. In copper deficient animals, failure to form collagen in the walls ofarterioles leads to subcutaneous bleeding and anemia. Other symptoms of acute copper toxicity inmammals include sporadic fever, tachycardia, hypotension, oliguria, uremia, coma,cardiovascular collapse, and death. Chronic copper poisoning in mammals may induce nausea,vomiting, epigastric pain, dizziness, jaundice, and general debility (Venugopal and Luckey,1978).

The Eco-SSL values derived to date for copper are summarized in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Copper Eco-SSLs (mg/kg dry weight in soil)

Plants Soil InvertebratesWildlife

Avian Mammalian

70 80 28 49

Eco-SSL values were derived for all receptor groups. The Eco-SSL values for copper range from28 mg/kg dry weight (dw) for avian wildlife to 80 mg/kg dw for soil invertebrates. With theexception of the avian value, these concentrations are higher than the 95th percentile of reportedbackground soil concentrations of copper in eastern and western U.S. soils (Figure 2.1). The Eco-SSL for avian wildlife is equal to the median value for western U.S. soils and is higher than themedian value for eastern U.S. soils.


3.0 ECO-SSL FOR TERRESTRIAL PLANTS

Of the papers identified from the literature search process, 479 papers were selected foracquisition for further review. Of those papers acquired, 49 met all 11 Study Acceptance Criteria(U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-1). Each of these papers were reviewed and the studies werescored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). Fifty-six studyresults received an Evaluation Score greater than ten (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-1). Thesestudies are listed in Table 3.1.

The studies in Table 3.1 are sorted by bioavailability score. There are 6 studies eligible for Eco-SSL derivation with a bioavailability score of two. These results are used to derive the plant Eco-SSL for copper (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). The Eco-SSL is the geometric mean of themaximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) and 10% effective concentration (EC10)values for 4 species under different test conditions (pH and % organic matter (OM)) and is equalto 70 mg/kg dw.

4.0 ECO-SSL FOR SOIL INVERTEBRATES

Of the papers identified from the literature search process, 173 papers were selected foracquisition for further review. Of those papers acquired, 44 met all 11 Study Acceptance Criteria(U.S. EPA 2003; Attachment 3-1). Each of these papers were reviewed and the studies werescored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). Fifty-five studiesreceived an Evaluation Score greater than ten. These studies are listed in Table 4.1. The studiesin Table 4.1 are sorted by bioavailability score. There are ten studies eligible for Eco-SSLderivation with a bioavailability score of 2 that were used to derive the soil invertebrate Eco-SSLfor copper (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 3-2). The Eco-SSL is the geometric mean of the MATCand EC10 values for at least 6 test species under different test conditions (pH and OM%) and isequal to 80 mg/kg dw.

Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Copper

Reference IP Number

Study ID Soil pH OM%

Bio-availability

ScoreERE Tox

Parameter

Tox Value (Soil Conc at mg/kg

dw)

Total Evaluation

Score

Eligible for Eco-SSL

Derivation?

Used for Eco-

SSL?

Kjaer and Elmegaard, 1996 4231 c Black bindweed Polygonum convolvulus 6.4 1.7 2 REP MATC 251 14 Y YMozaffari et al, 1996 4176 b Citrus cultivar Cleopatra mandarin 6.0 0.98 2 GRO MATC 141 13 Y YTorres and De Varennes, 1998 13958 -- Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L. 4.4 - 5.4 1.0 2 GRO MATC 16 12 Y YGonzalez, 1991 4609 d Alfalfa Medicago sativa 6.3 1.3 2 GRO EC10 115 13 Y YGonzalez, 1991 4609 e Alfalfa Medicago sativa 5.5 2.8 2 GRO EC10 58 13 Y YGonzalez, 1991 4609 g Alfalfa Medicago sativa 5.4 1.1 2 GRO EC10 32 13 Y Y

Geometric Mean 70Data Not Used to Derive Plant Eco-SSLRehab and Wallace, 1978 46710 -- Cotton Gossypium spp. 6.6 2.4 1 GRO MATC 141.4 14 Y NChhibba et al, 1994 12325 a Wheat Triticum aestivum 7.8 0.2 1 GRO MATC 28 13 Y NGonzalez, 1991 4609 b Alfalfa Medicago sativa 7.8 1.8 1 GRO EC10 1253 12 Y NGonzalez, 1991 4609 c Alfalfa Medicago sativa 7.5 1.1 1 GRO EC10 821 12 Y NGonzalez, 1991 4609 f Alfalfa Medicago sativa 7.3 0.5 1 GRO EC10 41 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 a Alfalfa Medicago sativa 7.8 2.9 0 GRO EC20 326.4 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 b Alfalfa Medicago sativa 8.1 3.5 0 GRO EC20 674 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 c Barley Hordeum vulgare var. Chapais 6.1 9.0 0 GRO EC20 143 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 d Barley Hordeum vulgare var. Chapais 7.8 2.9 0 GRO EC20 0.74 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 e Barley Hordeum vulgare var. Chapais 8.1 3.5 0 GRO EC20 234.8 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 f Carrot Daucus carota var. Royal Chatenay 7.8 2.9 0 GRO EC20 659.0 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 g Corn Zea mays var. Kandy Korn 7.8 2.9 0 GRO EC20 407.6 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 h Corn Zea mays var. Kandy Korn 8.1 3.5 0 GRO EC20 776.2 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 i Cucumber Cucumis sativa var. Marketer 7.8 2.9 0 GRO EC20 506.0 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 j Cucumber Cucumis sativa var. Marketer 8.1 3.5 0 GRO EC20 804.9 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 k Grama grass Bouteloua graciiss 7.8 2.9 0 GRO EC20 471.3 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 l Northern wheatgrass Agropyron dasystachyum 6.1 9.0 0 GRO EC20 151.7 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 m Northern wheatgrass Agropyron dasystachyum 7.8 2.9 0 GRO EC20 391.3 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 n Northern wheatgrass Agropyron dasystachyum 8.1 3.5 0 GRO EC20 801.6 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 o Radish Raphanus sativus var. Champion 7.8 2.9 0 GRO EC20 347.3 12 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 p Radish Raphanus sativus var. Champion 8.1 3.5 0 GRO EC20 322.7 12 Y NMitchell et al, 1988 15861 a Common oat Avena sativa 5.5 2.0 2 GRO EC50 535 14 N NMitchell et al, 1988 15861 b Cucumber Cucumis sativus 5.5 2.0 2 GRO EC50 540 14 N NMitchell et al, 1988 15861 c Soybean Glycine max 5.5 2.0 2 GRO EC50 550 14 N NMitchell et al, 1988 15861 d Heath-leaf banksia Banksia ericifolia 5.5 2.0 2 GRO EC50 610 14 N NMitchell et al, 1988 15861 e She-oak Casuarina distyla Vent. 5.5 2.0 2 GRO EC50 205 14 N NMitchell et al, 1988 15861 f Yellow bloodwood Eucalyptus eximia Shau. 5.5 2.0 2 GRO EC50 560 14 N NKjaer and Elmegaard, 1996 4231 a Black bindweed Polygonum convolvulus 6.4 1.7 2 GRO EC50 272 14 N NKjaer and Elmegaard, 1996 4231 d Black bindweed Polygonum convolvulus 6.4 1.7 2 MOR EC50 219 14 N NTikhomirav et al, 1988 4757 d Common oat Avena sativa 4.6 2.5 2 GRO LOAEC 150 14 N N

Test Organism

Eco-SSL for Copper 5 Feburary 2007

Table 3.1 Plant Toxicity Data - Copper

Reference IP Number


Bio-availability

ScoreERE Tox

Parameter

Tox Value (Soil Conc at mg/kg

dw)

Total Evaluation

Score


Derivation?

Used for Eco-

SSL?Test Organism

Mitchell et al, 1988 15861 g Common oat Avena sativa 5.5 2.0 2 GRO LC50 1765 13 N NMitchell et al, 1988 15861 h Cucumber Cucumis sativus 5.5 2.0 2 GRO LC50 1725 13 N NMitchell et al, 1988 15861 I Soybean Glycine max 5.5 2.0 2 GRO LC50 1140 13 N NMitchell et al, 1988 15861 j Heath-leaf banksia Banksia ericifolia 5.5 2.0 2 GRO LC50 1520 13 N NMitchell et al, 1988 15861 k She-oak Casuarina distyla Vent. 5.5 2.0 2 GRO LC50 580 13 N NMitchell et al, 1988 15861 l Yellow bloodwood Eucalyptus eximia Schau. 5.5 2.0 2 GRO LC50 1845 13 N NMozaffari et al, 1996 4176 a Citrus cultivar Cleopatra mandarin 5.0 0.98 2 GRO NOAEC 200 13 N NSpencer, 1966 15004 -- citrus cultivar Cleopatra mandarin 5.4 1.0 2 GRO LOAEC 5 11 N NDe Haan, 1985 5048 a Common oat Avena sativa 5.6 1.6 2 REP MATC 283 11 N NPedersen et al, 2000a 56463 a Black bindweed Fallopia, convolvulus 6.0-6.7 4.5 1 GRO EC50 284 16 N NPedersen et al, 2000a 56463 b Black bindweed Fallopia, convolvulus 6.0-6.7 4.5 1 GRO EC50 258 16 N NPedersen et al, 2000a 56463 c Black bindweed Fallopia, convolvulus 6.0-6.7 4.5 1 GRO EC50 259 16 N NPedersen et al, 2000a 56463 d Black bindweed Fallopia, convolvulus 6.0-6.7 4.5 1 GRO EC50 329 16 N NPedersen et al, 2000a 56463 e Black bindweed Fallopia, convolvulus 6.0-6.7 4.5 1 GRO EC50 260 16 N NPedersen et al, 2000a 56463 f Black bindweed Fallopia, convolvulus 6.0-6.7 4.5 1 GRO EC50 291 16 N NGenovese, 1978 58147 a Jack pine Pinus banksiana Lamb. 0.04 7.7 1 GRO NOAEC 400 11 N NGenovese, 1978 58147 b Black spruce Pinus mariana (Mill) B.S.P. 0.04 7.7 1 GRO NOAEC 400 11 N NTikhomirav et al, 1988 4757 c Common oat Avena sativa 5.9 2.9 1 GRO LOAEC 400 13 N NMozaffari et al, 1996 4176 c Citrus cultivar Cleopatra mandarin 7.0 0.98 1 GRO LOAEC 200 12 N NGonzalez, 1991 4609 a Alfalfa Medicago sativa 7.1 0.3 1 GRO NOAEC 1600 12 N NEC10 = Effect concentration for 10% of test population NOAEC = No observed adverse effect concentrationEC20 = Effect concentration for 10% of test population ns = Not specifiedEC50 = Effect concentration for 50% of test population OM = Organic matter contentERE = Ecologically relevant endpoint REP = ReproductionGRO = Growth Y = YesLOAEC = Lowest observed adverse effect concentration Bioavailability Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (U.S. EPA, 2003)MATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration. Geometric mean of NOAEC and LOAEC. Total Evaluation Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (U.S. EPA, 2003)N = No

Eco-SSL for Copper 6 Feburary 2007

Table 4.1 Invertebrate Toxicity Data - Copper

Reference IP Number


Bio-availability

ScoreERE Tox

Parameter

Tox Value (Soil Conc at mg/kg dw)

Total Evaluation

Score


Derivation?

Used for Eco-SSL?

Scott-Fordsmand et al., 1997 2288 -- Springtail Folsomia fimetario 5.5 4.0 2 REP EC10 38 16 Y YSvendsen and Weeks, 1997a 11490 -- Earthworm Eisenia andrei 5.6 <1.0 2 REP MATC 133 15 Y YMa, 1984 11146 a Earthworm Lumbricus rubellus 4.8 5.7 2 REP MATC 84 14 Y YKorthals et al., 1996a 7848 a Nematode Not available 4.0 3.7 2 POP MATC 116 14 Y YKorthals et al., 1998 13828 -- Nematode Not available 4.25 3.3 2 POP MATC 141 13 Y YKorthals et al., 1996b 4402 a Nematode Not available 4.1 3.2 2 REP MATC 141 13 Y YSvendsen and Weeks, 1997b 4449 -- Earthworm Lumbricus rubellus 5.6 <1.0 2 GRO MATC 188 13 Y YMa, 1988 7854 a Earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa 5 5.0 2 REP EC10 27 13 Y YMa, 1988 7854 b Earthworm Allolobophora chlorotica 5 5.0 2 REP EC10 28 13 Y YMa, 1988 7854 c Earthworm Lumbricus rubellus 5 5.0 2 REP EC10 80 13 Y Y

80Data not Used to Derive Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLKula and Larink, 1997 11046 d Earthworm Eisenia fetida 5.8 4.0 1 REP MATC 18 11 Y NKula and Larink, 1997 11046 b Earthworm Eisenia andrei 5.8 4.0 1 REP MATC 6 11 Y NSandifer and Hopkin, 1996 4056 a Springtail Folsomia candida 5.8 10.0 1 REP MATC 447 16 Y NSandifer and Hopkin, 1996 4056 b Springtail Folsomia candida 5.1 10.0 1 REP MATC 447 16 Y NSandifer and Hopkin, 1996 4056 c Springtail Folsomia candida 4.5 10.0 1 REP MATC 1732 16 Y NBogomolov et al., 1996 4940 a Earthworm A. tuberclata 6.3 5.0 1 REP MATC 141 16 Y NBogomolov et al., 1996 4940 b Nematode Not available 6.3 5.0 1 POP MATC 566 16 Y NVan Gestel et al., 1991 6826 b Earthworm Eisenia andrei 6.2 10.0 1 GRO MATC 75 16 Y NMa, 1984 11146 b Earthworm Lumbricus rubellus 7.1 5.7 1 REP MATC 203 14 Y NPedersen et al., 2000b 55995 a Springtail Folsomia candida 6.7 4.5 1 REP EC10 50 14 Y NPedersen et al., 2000b 55995 b Springtail F. fimetaria 6.7 4.5 1 REP EC10 141 14 Y NPhillips et al., 1996 11508 a Earthworm Eisenia fetida 4.7 1.4 1 GRO MATC 200 13 Y NSandifer and Hopkin, 1997 758 -- Springtail Folsomia candida 6.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 447 13 Y NKula and Larink, 1997 11046 a Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 18 11 Y NVan Gestel et al., 1989 4111 -- Earthworm Eisenia andrei 6 10 1 REP MATC 85 13 Y NKula and Larink, 1997 11046 c Earthworm Eisenia andrei 6.0 10.0 1 REP MATC 179 11 Y NScott-Fordsman et al., 2000 22634 a Springtail Folsomia fimetaria L. 6.7-7.1 3.9-5.5 1 REP MATC 500 15 Y NAquaterra, 2000 22616 e Springtail Onychiurus folsomi 6.1 9.0 0 REP EC20 425 17 Y NHaque and Ebing, 1983 10944 -- Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris 6.1 1.7 2 MOR LC50 98 13 N NDonkin and Dusenbery, 1993 7838 a Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 5.2 1.7 2 MOR LC50 534 14 N NDonkin and Dusenbery, 1993 7838 b Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 5.1 3.0 2 MOR LC50 413 13 N NPeredney and Williams, 2000b 56449 g Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 1.14 2 MOR LC50 20 13 N NPeredney and Williams, 2000b 56449 h Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 1.14 2 MOR LC50 25 13 N NPeredney and Williams, 2000b 56449 i Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 4.2 2 MOR LC50 186 13 N NPeredney and Williams, 2000b 56449 j Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 4.2 2 MOR LC50 252 13 N NPhillips et al., 1996 11508 b Earthworm Eisenia fetida 3.8 5.9 2 MOR LOAEC 100 12 N NKorthals et al., 1996a 7848 b Nematode Not available 6.1 3.7 1 POP NOAEC 168 13 N NKammenga et al., 1996 5515 -- Nematode Plectus acuminatus 5.5 10.0 1 REP LOAEC 10 13 N NPosthuma et al., 1997 2380 a Earthworm Enchytraeus crypticus 5.5 10.0 1 REP LC50 477 16 N NPosthuma et al., 1997 2380 b Earthworm Enchytraeus crypticus 6.0 10.0 1 REP LC50 873 16 N NSpurgeon et al., 1994 4364 -- Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.3 10 1 REP LC50 53 15 N N

Test Organism

Geometric Mean

Eco-SSL for Copper 7 February 2007

Table 4.1 Invertebrate Toxicity Data - Copper

Reference IP Number


Bio-availability

ScoreERE Tox

Parameter

Tox Value (Soil Conc at mg/kg dw)

Total Evaluation

Score


Derivation?

Used for Eco-SSL?

Test Organism

Spurgeon and Hopkin, 1995 6822 a Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.1 10.0 1 REP NOAEC 29 15 N NDonkin and Dusenbery, 1993 7838 c Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 6.1 3.4 1 MOR LC50 1061 12 N NDonkin and Dusenbery, 1993 7838 d Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 6.2 2.2 1 MOR LC50 629 12 N NData not Used to Derive Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLNeuhauser et al., 1986 17707 -- Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.0 10.0 1 MOR LC50 643 14 N NPeredney and Williams, 2000a 53082 -- Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 10 1 MOR LC50 1272 12 N NPeredney and Williams, 2000b 56449 k Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 10 1 MOR LC50 431 12 N NPeredney and Williams, 2000b 56449 l Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans 4 10 1 MOR LC50 463 12 N NNeuhauser et al., 1985 6812 -- Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.0 10.0 1 MOR LC50 643 11 N NAquaterra, 2000 22616 aa Earthworm Eisenia fetida 6.1 9.0 0 MOR LC50 632 15 N NAquaterra, 2000 22616 ab Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris 6.1 9.0 0 MOR LC50 456 15 N NAquaterra, 2000 22616 ca Earthworm Eisenia fetida 7.8 2.9 0 MOR LC50 721 14 N NAquaterra, 2000 22616 cb Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris 7.8 2.9 0 MOR LC50 313 14 N NAquaterra, 2000 22616 da Earthworm Eisenia fetida 8.1 3.5 0 MOR LC50 596 14 N NAquaterra, 2000 22616 db Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris 8.1 3.5 0 MOR LC50 486 14 N NData not Used to Derive Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLEC10 = Effect concentration for 10% of test population N = NoEC20 = Effect concentration for 50% of test population NOAEC = No observed adverse effect concentrationERE = Ecologically relevant endpoint OM = Organic matter contentGRO = Growth POP = PopulationLC50 = Concentration lethal to 50% of test population REP = ReproductionLOAEC = Lowest observed adverse effect concentration Y = YesMATC = Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration Bioavailability Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (U.S.EPA, 2003)MOR = Mortality Total Evaluation Score described in Guidance for Developing Eco-SSLs (U.S. EPA, 2003)



5.0 ECO-SSL FOR AVIAN WILDLIFE

The derivation of the Eco-SSL for avian wildlife was completed as two parts. First, the toxicityreference value (TRV) was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;Attachment 4-5). Second, the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of threesurrogate species representing different trophic levels based on the wildlife exposure model andthe TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003).

5.1 Avian TRV

The literature search completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment4-1) identified 3,365 papers with possible toxicity data for either avian or mammalian species. Of these studies, 3,175 were rejected for use as described in Section 7.5. Of the remainingstudies, 107 contained data for avian test species. These papers were reviewed and the data wereextracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-3 and 4-4). The results of the data extraction and review are provided as Table 5.1. The complete resultsare included as Appendix 5-1.

Within the reviewed papers, there are 393 results for biochemical (BIO), behavior (BEH),physiology (PHY), pathology (PTH), reproduction (REP), growth (GRO), and survival (MOR)effects that meet the Data Evaluation Score of >65 for use to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003;Attachment 4-4). These data are plotted in Figure 5.1 and correspond directly with the datapresented in Table 5.1. The no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) results for growth andreproduction are used to calculate a geometric mean. This result is examined in relationship tothe lowest bounded lowest-observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for reproduction, growth, andsurvival to derive the TRV according to procedures in the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;Attachment 4-5).

A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for reproduction and growth was calculated at 18.5 mgcopper/kg bw/day. This value, however, is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL forreproduction, growth, or survival. Therefore, the TRV is equal to the highest bounded NOAELlower than the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth or survival and is equal to 4.05mg copper/kg bw/day.

Table 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)

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1 Rangachar and Jayprakash, 1979 6530 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 105 d 10 w JV M CHM HMGL BL 5.31 692 Chiou et al, 1999 2048 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 3 w JV NR ENZ CRKI BL 5.32 13.3 773 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 M DR 14 d 4 d JV NR CHM GLUC BL 10.1 714 Pearce et al, 1983 2294 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 5 d 27 w JV F CHM LIPD BL 12.3 24.7 755 Jackson et al, 1979 2160 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 224 d 17 w SM F CHM LIPD LI 12.5 23.2 776 Pearce et al, 1983 2294 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 6 d 26 w SM F CHM LIPD LI 13.9 27.8 767 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 36263 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 4 w 1 d JV M CHM FFTA LD 14.3 28.7 698 Ward et al, 1995 6788 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 2 M FD 10 d 5 d JV M CHM HMGL BL 18.3 679 Stevenson and Jackson, 1980 2293 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 8 w 24 w SM F CHM LIPD LI 22.6 45.2 76

10 Chiou et al, 1998 2049 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 1 w 38 w SM F ENZ LADH SR 25.5 30.6 7511 Chiou et al, 1997 2050 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 M FD 4 w 28 w SM F ENZ ASAT SR 27.5 40.6 8212 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2158 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 280 d 18 w SM F CHM LIPD LI 30.0 37.5 7613 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F CHM LIPD LI 35.3 44.1 7714 Ledoux et al, 1987 2194 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 UX FD 21 d 1 d JV F ENZ GOTR SR 36.3 7315 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F CHM LIPD LI 40.0 50.0 7716 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 5 M DR 14 d 4 d JV NR CHM URIC BL 51.6 258 7517 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR CHM HEMT BL 75.5 6918 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR CHM GLUC SR 297 7619 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M CHM CHOL BT 2.21 6920 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M CHM CHOL BT 2.80 6921 Jackson et al, 1979 2160 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 336 d 17 w SM F CHM LIPD LI 5.11 7122 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M CHM CHOL BT 5.57 6923 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 21 d 1 d JV M CHM CHOL PL 5.83 6924 Gill et al, 1995 2107 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 2 w 4 w JV M ENZ SGOT SR 7.99 7125 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M CHM CHOL BT 8.19 6926 Skrivan et al, 2000 25969 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 38 d 1 d JV M CHM CHOL AD 9.72 7527 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 42 d 21 d JV M CHM CHOL BT 11.5 6928 Nam et al, 1984 2226 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 3 d JV NR CHM GBCM NR 13.4 7029 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR CHM PHPH GZ 14.3 6930 Bakalli et al, 1995 3717 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 20 d 1 d JV M CHM CHOL PL 17.8 6931 Stevenson and Jackson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w SM F ENZ AATT SR 23.9 7632 Stevenson and Jackson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w SM F ENZ AATT SR 30.4 7633 Stevenson and Jackson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w SM F ENZ AATT SR 35.2 7634 Ekperigin and Vohra, 1981 2084 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 12 d JV NR CHM GLCN LI 35.5 6935 Van Vleet et al, 1981 80 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 15 d 1 d JV M ENZ GLPX BL 201 69

36 Hoda and Maha, 1995 2007 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 6 w 1 d JV NR FDB FCNS WO 1.92 6737 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 10.4 20.8 8038 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 M DR 14 d 4 d JV NR FDB WCON WO 12.6 6739 Chiou et al, 1999 2048 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 3 w JV NR FDB FCNS WO 13.3 26.6 8040 Jenkins et al, 1970 2162 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 1 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 13.4 6941 Harms and Buresh, 1986 2117 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 6 w 64 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 13.9 19.5 7242 Ledoux et al, 1989 5812 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 1 d JV M FDB FCNS WO 15.2 22.8 7443 Funk and Baker, 1991 2099 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M FDB FCNS WO 15.7 25.8 8044 Miles et al, 1998 2221 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 42 d 1 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 16.5 24.7 8045 Pearce et al, 1983 2294 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 48 d 26 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 16.6 33.1 7946 Stevenson and Jackson, 1980 2292 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 6 d 24 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 16.7 33.4 7947 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 17.0 25.5 8048 Miles et al, 1998 2221 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 42 d 1 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 17.2 25.8 8049 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2165 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR FDB FEFF WO 17.8 35.5 7950 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2158 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 280 d 18 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 17.9 26.9 8051 Stevenson et al, 1983 6170 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 5 d 27 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 18.0 28.0 7652 Ward et al, 1995 6788 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 2 M FD 10 d 5 d JV M FDB WCON WO 18.3 7053 Funk and Baker, 1991 2099 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M FDB FCNS WO 19.6 30.5 8054 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2158 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 280 d 18 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 20.1 26.8 8055 Pimentel et al, 1992 5617 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 20.9 6656 Miles et al, 1998 2221 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 M FD 21 d 1 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 21.9 34.0 8557 Kassim and Suwanpradit, 1996 2172 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 1 d JV M FDB FCNS WO 22.7 34.1 7958 Jackson et al, 1979 2160 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 224 d 17 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 23.2 29.9 8059 Stevenson and Jackson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 23.9 7060 Ledoux et al, 1987 2194 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 UX FD 21 d 1 d JV F FDB FCNS WO 25.7 51.5 84

Biochemical (BIO)

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61 Chiou et al, 1997 2050 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 M FD 4 w 28 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 27.5 40.6 8562 Jackson, 1977 2157 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 35 d NR NR SM F FDB FCNS WO 29.1 47.5 8063 Miles et al, 1998 2221 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 M FD 21 d 1 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 29.5 7964 Hill, 1990 5734 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 19 d 1 d JV F FDB FCNS WO 30.4 7265 Stevenson and Jackson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 30.4 7066 Chiou et al, 1998 2049 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 38 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 33.4 40.1 8067 Stevenson and Jackson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 35.2 7068 Funk and Baker, 1991 2099 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M FDB FCNS WO 35.2 63.9 8069 Funk and Baker, 1991 2099 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M FDB FCNS WO 36.3 7470 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 5 M DR 14 d 4 d JV NR FDB WCON WO 51.6 258 7871 Stevenson et al, 1983 6170 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) U GV 5 d 27 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 65.4 6872 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR FDB FCNS WO 75.5 7273 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR FDB FCNS WO 143 6774 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR FDB FCNS WO 246 7275 Ko et al, 1985 2181 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 3 d JV M FDB FCNS WO 2.69 7476 Gill et al, 1995 2107 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 4 w JV M FDB FCNS WO 7.99 7477 Griminger,1977 2112 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 2 w 7 mo SM F FDB FCNS WO 22.4 7378 Stevenson and Jackson, 1980 2293 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 8 w 24 w SM F FDB FCNS WO 22.6 7379 Yannakopoulos et al., 1990 2333 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 34 d 7 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 27.5 7480 Harms and Buresh, 1986 2118 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 3 U FD 21 d 1 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 30.8 7481 Christmas and Harms, 1979 2052 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 3 U FD 21 d 1 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 31.4 7482 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2165 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR FDB FEFF WO 34.9 7383 Jensen, 1975 1403 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 14 d 1 d JV M FDB FCNS WO 92.9 74

84 Rangachar and Hegde, 1975 2259 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 120 d 1 d JV F PHY PROT PL 3.93 7285 Ankari et al, 1998 2006 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 84 d 25 w SM F PHY FDCV WO 4.05 12.1 7486 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 4.43 7287 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 5.56 7288 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 5.83 11.7 7889 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 8.19 7290 Skrivan et al, 2000 25969 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 39 d 1 d JV B PHY FDCV WO 9.72 6991 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 35 d 1 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 11.9 7292 Jackson et al, 1979 2160 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 224 d 17 w SM F PHY FDCV WO 12.5 23.2 8093 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR PHY FDCV WO 14.3 28.7 7894 Miles et al, 1998 2221 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 42 d 1 d JV B PHY FDCV WO 16.5 24.7 8095 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F PHY FDCV WO 17.0 25.5 8096 Miles et al, 1998 2221 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 42 d 1 d JV B PHY FDCV WO 17.2 25.8 8097 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2158 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 280 d 18 w SM F PHY FDCV WO 17.9 26.9 8098 Ward et al, 1995 6788 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 2 M FD 10 d 5 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 18.3 7099 Jensen and Maurice, 1979 2166 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR PHY FDCV WO 18.5 37.1 79

100 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2267 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 14 d 8 d JV NR PHY FDCV WO 21.3 42.7 79101 Ekperigin and Vohra, 1981 6474 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 8 d 7 d JV NR PHY FDCV WO 21.5 72102 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2158 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 280 d 18 w SM F PHY FDCV WO 25.3 31.6 80103 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2266 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 8 d 8 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 26.4 52.8 79104 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 w 26 w SM F PHY FDCV WO 27.2 36.2 80105 Chiou et al, 1999 2048 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 3 w JV NR PHY FDCV WO 28.4 74106 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR PHY FDCV WO 28.7 57.4 78107 Poupoulis and Jensen,1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR PHY FDCV WO 28.7 57.4 78108 Wang et al, 1987 2319 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 35.5 72109 Wang et al, 1987 2319 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 1 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 35.5 72110 Ledoux et al, 1987 2194 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 UX FD 21 d 1 d JV F PHY FDCV WO 45.4 78111 Funk and Baker, 1991 2099 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 46.7 53.6 80112 Yannakopoulos et al, 1990 2333 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 34 d 7 d JV B PHY FDCV WO 82.0 74113 Mehring and Brumbaugh, 1960 22 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 M FD 10 w 1 d JV B PHY FDCV WO 84.3 69114 Ko et al, 1985 2181 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 3 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 2.69 74115 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 2.70 72116 Kashani et al, 1986 2171 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 2 U FD 8 w 1 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 4.88 73117 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 5.43 72118 Jensen and Maurice 1978 2164 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR PHY GPHY WO 9.43 67119 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 42 d 21 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 11.5 72120 Nam et al 1984 2226 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 3 d JV NR PHY FDCV WO 13.4 73121 Bakalli et al, 1995 3717 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 41 d 1 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 14.3 72

Physiology (PHY)



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122 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2164 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR PHY IRRI FE 16.6 67123 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2164 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR PHY GPHY DT 18.2 73124 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2164 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR PHY GPHY DT 18.3 73125 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2164 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR PHY GPHY DT 18.4 73126 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2164 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR PHY GPHY DT 18.6 73127 Griminger, 1977 2112 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 2 w 7 mo SM F PHY IRRI FE 22.4 73128 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2266 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 8 d 8 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 26.4 73129 Jensen and Maurice, 1979 2166 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR PHY FDCV WO 36.6 73130 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2267 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 12 d 8 d JV NR PHY FDCV WO 50.1 73131 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2266 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 8 d 8 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 55.2 73132 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2267 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 8 d 8 d JV NR PHY FDCV WO 57.2 73133 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2267 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 12 d 8 d JV NR PHY FDCV WO 59.0 73

134 Guenthner et al, 1978 2114 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 2 U FD 24 w 1 d JV M HIS GHIS HE 2.97 73135 Hoda and Maha, 1995 2007 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 6 w 1 d JV M ORW SMIX AT 3.61 7.21 80136 Chiou et al, 1999 2048 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 3 w JV NR HIS GHIS DT 5.73 14.3 80137 Hoda and Maha, 1995 2007 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 6 w 1 d JV NR ORW SMIX LI 6.28 67138 Jensen et al, 1991 2163 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 1 d JV M HIS GLSN MH 8.40 16.8 79139 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR HIS GHIS GZ 12.3 24.7 78140 Pearce et al, 1983 2294 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 5 d 27 w JV F ORW SMIX LI 12.3 24.7 78141 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR HIS GHIS GZ 14.3 28.7 78142 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR HIS GHIS GZ 14.3 28.7 78143 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR HIS GHIS GZ 14.3 28.7 78144 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR HIS GHIS GZ 14.3 28.7 78145 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR HIS GHIS GZ 14.3 28.7 78146 Wideman et al, 1996 2325 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 M FD 2 w 1 d JV M HIS GHIS PR 15.7 21.2 78147 Pearce et al, 1983 2294 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 12 d 26 w SM F ORW SMIX LI 15.8 31.6 79148 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2165 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR HIS USTR GZ 17.8 35.5 79149 Stevenson et al, 1983 6170 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 5 d 27 w SM F ORW SMIX LI 18.0 28.0 76150 Wood and Worden, 1973 36216 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 16 d 2 d JV B ITX GITX WO 18.1 72151 Jackson et al, 1979 2160 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 232 d 17 w SM F ORW ORWT LI 23.2 29.9 80152 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F ORW ORWT LI 23.7 29.7 80153 Stevenson and Jackson 1980 2292 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 6 d 24 w SM F ORW SMIX LI 27.2 54.4 79154 Chiou et al 1997 2050 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 M FD 4 w 28 w SM F HIS GHIS LI 27.9 35.3 85155 Stevenson et al, 1983 6170 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U GV 5 d 27 w SM F ORW SMIX LI 34.0 65.4 79156 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F ORW SMIX GZ 35.3 44.1 80157 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F ORW ORWT GZ 40.0 50.0 80158 Ledoux et al, 1987 2194 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 UX FD 21 d 1 d JV F ORW SMIX LI 45.4 78159 Jackson, 1977 2157 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 35 d NR NR SM F ORW ORWT LI 49.9 54.8 80160 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 5 M DR 14 d 4 d JV NR HIS GLSN WO 51.6 258 78161 Van Vleet et al, 1981 80 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 28 d 1 d JV M HIS NCRO GZ 201 72162 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR HIS GLSN LI 297 70163 Shivanandappa et al, 1983 3727 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U OR 3 w 25 w JV M PTH ORWT LI 637 66164 Hoda and Maha, 1995 2007 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 6 w 1 d JV M ORW SMIX AT 1.02 74165 Wood and Worden, 1973 36216 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 2 d JV B ORW ORWT LI 3.55 72166 King, 1975 2177 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 56 d 8 d JV B ORW SMIX IN 4.15 72167 King, 1972 2178 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 9 w 1 d JV B ORW SMIX IN 4.65 72168 Jackson et al, 1979 2160 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 336 d 17 w SM F ORW ORWT LI 5.11 74169 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2164 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR ORW SMIX LI 7.87 67170 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F ORW ORWT GZ 8.58 74171 Wideman et al, 1996 2325 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 2 w 1 d JV M HIS GHIS PR 13.3 72172 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR HIS GHIS GZ 14.3 72173 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR HIS GHIS GZ 14.3 72174 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR HIS GHIS GZ 14.3 72175 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR HIS GHIS GZ 14.3 72176 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2164 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR HIS GHIS GZ 16.6 67177 Latymer and Coates, 1981 2191 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 24 d 1 d JV B ORW ORWT LI 21.3 73178 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2267 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 14 d 8 d JV NR HIS GHIS GZ 21.3 73179 Stevenson and Jackson, 1980 2293 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 8 w 24 w SM F ORW SMIX LI 22.6 73180 Stevenson and Jackson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w SM F ORW ORWT KI 23.9 79181 Smith, 1969 2284 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 25 d 1 d JV M ORW ORWT LI 30.3 73182 Stevenson and Jackson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w SM F ORW ORWT KI 30.4 79

Pathology (PTH)



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183 Christmas and Harms, 1979 2052 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 3 U FD 21 d 1 d JV B HIS USTR GZ 31.4 74184 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2165 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR ORW SMIX GZ 34.9 73185 Stevenson and Jackson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w SM F ORW ORWT KI 35.2 79186 Jensen and Maurice, 1979 2166 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR ORW SMIX SP 36.6 73187 Van Vleet et al, 1981 80 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 15 d 1 d JV M HIS NCRO GZ 201 72188 Shivanandappa et al, 1983 3727 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U OR 3 w 25 w JV M ORW ORWT LI 536 75

189 Ankari et al, 1998 2006 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 84 d 25 w LB F REP EGPN WO 4.05 12.1 80190 Harms and Buresh, 1986 2117 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 6 w 64 w LB F REP EGPN WO 13.9 19.5 85191 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2158 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 280 d 18 w LB F EGG EGWT EG 15.6 23.3 86192 Stevenson et al, 1983 6170 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U GV 5 d 27 w LB F REP PROG WO 16.7 34.0 89193 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w LB F REP EGPN WO 17.0 25.5 86194 Stevenson et al, 1983 6170 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 5 d 27 w LB F REP PROG WO 18.0 28.0 86195 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2158 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 280 d 18 w LB F EGG EGWT EG 19.4 29.0 86196 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w LB F REP EGPN WO 20.5 30.7 86197 Jackson et al, 1979 2160 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 336 d 17 w LB F REP EGPN WO 21.6 71198 Griminger, 1977 2112 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 2 w 7 mo LB F EGG ESTH EG 22.4 44.8 85199 Pearce et al, 1983 2294 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 12 d 26 w LB F REP EGPN WO 22.5 45.0 85200 Jackson et al, 1979 2160 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 232 d 17 w LB F REP EGPN WO 23.2 29.9 86201 Stevenson and Jackson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w LB F REP EGPN WO 23.9 76202 Stevenson and Jackson, 1980 2292 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 6 d 24 w LB F REP EGPN WO 27.2 54.4 85203 Chiou et al, 1997 2050 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 M FD 4 w 28 w LB F REP EGPN WO 27.5 40.6 91204 Jackson, 1977 2157 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 35 d NR NR LB F REP PROG WO 29.1 47.5 86205 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w LB F REP EGPN WO 30.4 76206 Chiou et al, 1998 2049 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 38 w LB F REP EGPN WO 33.4 40.1 86207 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w LB F REP EGPN WO 35.2 76208 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w LB F REP ORWT OV 40.0 50.0 86209 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w LB F REP EGPN WO 43.3 71210 Shivanandappa et al, 1983 3727 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U OR 3 w 25 w JV M REP SPCV TE 239 318 87211 Kadirvel and Kothandaraman, 1978 11876 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 28 w 12 w LB F EGG EGWT WO 19.7 80212 Stevenson and Jackson, 1980 2293 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 8 w 24 w LB F REP EGPN WO 22.6 79213 Shivanandappa et al, 1983 3727 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U OR 3 w 25 w JV M REP SPCV TE 536 81

214 Hoda and Maha, 1995 2007 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 6 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 1.92 78215 Kashani et al, 1986 2171 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 4 U FD 8 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 2.34 4.68 83216 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 2.70 76217 Hill, 1974 1369 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 2.75 76218 Guenthner et al, 1978 2114 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 2 U FD 24 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 2.97 68219 McGhee et al, 1965 14453 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 4 w NR NR JV NR GRO BDWT WO 3.83 7.67 83220 King, 1975 2177 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 56 d 8 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 4.15 76221 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 4.43 76222 King, 1972 2178 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 9 w 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 4.65 67223 Kayongo-Male and Palmer, 1998 5149 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 3 U FD 4 w NR NR JV NR GRO BDWT WO 4.75 68224 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 5.43 76225 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 5.56 76226 Waibel et al, 1964 14405 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 3 U FD 3 w 7 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 5.82 46.6 75227 Hoda and Maha, 1995 2007 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 6 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 6.28 78228 Hoda and Maha, 1995 2007 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 6 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 7.55 78229 Hill, 1974 92 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WI 7.63 76230 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 8.19 76231 Ko et al, 1985 2181 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 3 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 8.40 69232 Ekperigin and Vohra, 1981 6474 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 7 d 6 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 8.59 42.9 80233 Ekperigin and Vohra, 1981 6474 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 7 d 7 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 8.59 42.9 80234 Gill et al, 1995 2107 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 4 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 9.52 19.0 84235 Skrivan et al, 2000 25969 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 38 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 9.72 82236 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 5 M DR 14 d 4 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 10.2 51.6 82237 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 11.1 76238 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 42 d 21 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 11.5 67239 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 35 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 11.9 76240 Nam et al, 1984 2226 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 3 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 12.2 24.3 83241 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 M DR 14 d 4 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 12.6 78242 Chiou et al, 1999 2048 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 3 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 13.3 26.6 84

Reproduction (REP)

Growth (GRO)



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243 Jenkins et al, 1970 2162 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 13.4 73244 Marron et al, 2001 25968 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 7 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 14.2 68245 Hill, 1990 5734 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 19 d 1 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 14.2 76246 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 14.3 28.7 82247 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 14.3 28.7 82248 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 14.3 28.7 82249 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 14.3 28.7 82250 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 14.3 28.7 82251 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 14.3 67252 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 14.3 67253 Bakalli et al, 1995 3717 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 41 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 14.3 76254 Funk and Baker, 1991 2099 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 15.7 25.8 84255 Miles et al, 1998 2221 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 42 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 16.5 24.7 84256 Stevenson and Jackson, 1980 2292 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 6 d 24 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 16.7 33.4 83257 Miles et al, 1998 2221 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 42 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 17.2 25.8 84258 Pesti and Bakalli, 1996 2244 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 42 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 17.5 76259 Smith, 1969 2284 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 25 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 17.8 31.1 83260 Wang et al,1987 2319 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 17.8 35.5 82261 Stevenson et al, 1983 6170 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 5 d 27 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 18.0 28.0 80262 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2164 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 18.2 68263 Ward et al, 1995 6788 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 2 M FD 10 d 5 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 18.3 74264 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2164 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 18.3 68265 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2164 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 18.4 68266 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2166 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 18.5 37.1 83267 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2164 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 18.6 68268 Funk and Baker, 1991 2099 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 19.6 30.5 84269 Kadirvel and Kothandaraman, 1978 11876 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 28 w 12 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 19.7 69270 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 20.5 30.7 84271 Pimentel et al, 1992 5617 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 20.9 68272 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2267 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 14 d 8 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 21.3 42.7 83273 Ekperigin and Vohra, 1981 6474 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 7 d 9 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 21.5 42.9 82274 Ekperigin and Vohra, 1981 6474 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 21.5 76275 Jackson et al, 1979 2160 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 336 d 17 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 21.6 68276 Wideman et al, 1996 2325 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 M FD 2 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 21.7 76277 Miles et al, 1998 2221 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 M FD 21 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 21.9 34.0 89278 Griminger, 1977 2112 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 2 w 7 mo SM F GRO BDWT WO 22.4 44.8 83279 Kassim and Suwanpradit, 1996 2172 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 22.7 34.1 83280 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2158 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 280 d 18 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 23.0 30.7 84281 Jackson et al, 1979 2160 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 232 d 17 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 23.2 29.9 84282 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 23.3 31.0 84283 Stevenson and Jackson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 23.9 74284 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 24.7 67285 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2158 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 280 d 18 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 26.4 35.2 84286 Ward et al, 1995 6788 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 2 M DR 10 d 5 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 26.6 69287 Ledoux et al, 1989 5812 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 26.9 40.4 78288 Chiou et al, 1997 2050 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 M FD 28 d 28 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 27.9 35.3 89289 Hill, 1989 7091 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 19 d NR NR JV NR GRO BDWT WO 28.4 70290 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 28.7 57.4 82291 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 28.7 67292 Miles et al, 1998 2221 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 M FD 21 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 29.5 83293 Vohra and Kratzer, 1968 14404 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 3 U FD 21 d NR NR JV B GRO BDWT WO 29.7 59.3 82294 Hill, 1990 5734 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 19 d 1 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 30.4 76295 Stevenson and Jackson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 30.7 74296 Mehring and Brumbaugh, 1960 22 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 M FD 10 w 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 33.0 43.3 88297 Jensen et al, 1991 2163 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 34.1 68298 Harms and Buresh, 1986 2118 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 3 U FD 21 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 34.6 51.9 84299 Funk and Baker, 1991 2099 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 35.2 63.9 83300 Bafundo et al, 1984 2517 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 35.5 67301 Hill, 1990 5734 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 19 d 1 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 35.5 76302 Funk and Baker, 1991 2099 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 36.3 78303 Jensen and Maurice, 1979 2166 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 36.6 77304 Davis et al, 1996 1278 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 14 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 37.1 69



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305 Chiou et al, 1998 2049 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 38 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 40.1 69306 Southern and Baker, 1983 6368 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 14 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 41.0 68307 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 43.3 69308 Kassim and Suwanpradit, 1996 2172 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 3 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 49.5 74.2 83309 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 50.0 69310 Vohra and Kratzer, 1968 14404 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 3 U FD 21 d NR NR JV B GRO BDWT WO 50.1 76311 Jackson, 1977 2157 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 35 d 1 yr SM F GRO BDWT WO 50.9 55.9 84312 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 56.8 109 89313 Vohra and Kratzer, 1968 14404 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 5 U FD 21 d NR NR JV B GRO BDWT WO 60.0 120 82314 Stevenson et al, 1983 6170 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U GV 5 d 27 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 65.4 68315 Yannakopoulos et al., 1990 2333 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 4 U FD 34 d 7 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 82.0 78316 Leeson and Summers, 1982 2196 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 21 d 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 103 68317 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 143 78318 Ko et al, 1985 2181 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 3 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 2.69 78319 Kashani et al, 1986 2171 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 2 U FD 8 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 4.88 77320 Harms and Eberst, 1974 9234 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR GRO GGRO WO 10.3 77321 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 14.3 76322 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2165 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 17.5 77323 Latymer and Coates, 1981 2191 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 24 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 21.3 77324 Stevenson and Jackson, 1980 2293 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 8 w 24 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 22.6 77325 Ledoux et al, 1987 2194 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 UX FD 21 d 1 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 22.7 82326 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2266 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 8 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 26.4 77327 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2266 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 8 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 26.4 77328 Hill, 1974 1369 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 5 w 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 28.7 76329 Christmas and Harms, 1979 2052 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 3 U FD 21 d 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 31.4 78330 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 2165 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 34.9 77331 Stevenson and Jackson, 1981 2291 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 24 w SM F GRO BDWT WO 35.2 83332 Ekperigin and Vohra, 1981 2084 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 1 w 12 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 35.5 76333 Wang et al, 1987 2319 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 3 w 1 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 35.5 76334 Hill, 1974 92 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 2 w 1 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 42.9 76335 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2267 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 12 d 8 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 50.1 77336 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2266 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 8 d 8 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 55.2 77337 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2267 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 8 d 8 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 57.2 77338 Robbins and Baker, 1980 2267 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 12 d 8 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 59.0 77339 Vohra and Kratzer, 1968 14404 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 4 U FD 21 d NR NR JV B GRO BDWT WO 60.0 76340 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 75.5 83341 Hill, 1979 1370 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 85.9 76342 Jensen, 1975 1403 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 14 d 1 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 92.9 78343 Hill, 1980 395 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 1 w 1 d JV F GRO BDWT WO 138 70

344 Hill, 1974 1369 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 2 w NR NR JV B MOR MORT WO 2.75 70345 Wood and Worden, 1973 36216 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 49 d 2 d JV B MOR MORT WO 3.55 77346 Wood and Worden, 1973 36216 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 49 d 2 d JV B MOR MORT WO 6.69 77347 Hill, 1974 92 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 5 w 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 7.63 68348 McGhee et al, 1965 14453 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 4 w NR NR JV NR MOR MORT WO 8.14 16.3 84349 Ko et al, 1985 2181 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 3 d JV M MOR MORT WO 8.40 79350 Skrivan et al, 2000 25969 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 38 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 9.72 74351 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 11.7 68352 Jenkins et al, 1970 2162 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 M FD 6 w 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 13.4 83353 Marron et al, 2001 25968 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 21 d 7 d JV M MOR MORT WO 14.2 78354 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 14.3 28.7 83355 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 14.3 28.7 83356 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 14.3 77357 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 14.3 77358 Wood and Worden, 1973 36216 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 16 d 2 d JV B MOR MORT WO 18.1 77359 Ward et al, 1995 6788 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 2 M FD 10 d 5 d JV M MOR MORT WO 18.3 84360 Ankari et al, 1998 2006 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 84 d 25 w SM F MOR MORT WO 19.9 73361 Latymer and Coates, 1981 2191 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 24 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 21.3 69362 Jackson et al, 1979 2160 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 336 d 17 w SM F MOR MORT WO 21.6 79363 Ward et al, 1995 6788 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 2 M DR 10 d 5 d JV M MOR MORT WO 26.6 79364 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 28.7 57.4 83365 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 28.7 57.4 83

Survival (MOR)



CopperPage 7 of 7

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366 Hill, 1974 1369 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 5 w 1 d JV M MOR MORT WO 28.7 70367 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 28.7 77368 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 28.7 77369 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 28.7 77370 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 2250 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 28.7 77371 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F MOR MORT WO 29.7 79372 Miles et al, 1998 2221 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 42 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 29.7 79373 Miles et al, 1998 2221 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 42 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 30.8 70374 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2158 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 280 d 18 w SM F MOR MORT WO 31.6 79375 Mehring and Brumbaugh, 1960 22 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 M FD 10 w 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 33.0 43.3 89376 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F MOR MORT WO 35.2 79377 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2158 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 280 d 18 w SM F MOR MORT WO 35.4 79378 Jackson et al, 1979 2160 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U FD 232 d 17 w SM F MOR MORT WO 35.5 79379 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F MOR MORT WO 43.3 79380 Waibel et al, 1964 14405 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 3 U FD 3 w 7 d JV NR MOR SURV WO 46.6 72381 Christmas and Harms, 1979 2052 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 3 U FD 21 d 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 48.3 79382 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 2159 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 336 d 26 w SM F MOR MORT WO 50.0 79383 Vohra and Kratzer, 1968 14404 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 5 U FD 21 d NR NR JV B MOR MORT WO 60.0 120 83384 Jackson, 1977 2157 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 35 d NR NR SM F MOR MORT WO 62.7 78385 Hill, 1974 92 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U FD 5 w 1 d JV F MOR MORT WO 81.6 122 83386 Hill, 1979 1370 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 2 w 1 d JV B MOR MORT WO 85.9 77387 Jensen, 1975 1403 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 U FD 14 d 1 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 92.9 79388 Van Vleet et al, 1981 80 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 15 d 1 d JV M MOR MORT WO 201 77389 Ko et al, 1985 2181 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 U FD 3 w 3 d JV M MOR MORT WO 2.69 79390 Foster, 1999 18769 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 M DR 4 d 4 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 78.5 77391 Shivanandappa et al, 1983 3727 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 U OR 3 w 25 w JV M MOR MORT WO 79.6 80392 Van Vleet et al, 1981 80 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 U FD 15 d 1 d JV M MOR MORT WO 201 77393 Shivanandappa et al, 1983 3727 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 U OR 4 d 25 w JV M MOR MORT WO 536 80

*NOAEL and LOAEL values that are equal and from the same reference represent different experimental designs. These are designated with different Phase numbers in Appendix 5.1.

AATT = alanine aminotransferase; AD = adipose tissue; ASAT = aspartate aminotransferase; AT = alimentary tract; B = both; BDWT = body weight changes; BEH = behavior; BIO = biochemical; BL = blood; BT = breast; bw = body weight; CHM = chemical changes; CHOL = cholesterol; CRKI = creatine kinase; d = day; DR = drinking water; DT = digestive tract; EG = egg; EGG = egg; EGPN = eggs per nest; EGWT = egg weight; ENZ = enyzme level changes; ESTH = eggshell thickness; F = female; FCNS = food consumption; FD = food; FDB = feeding behavior; FDCV = food conversion efficiency; FE = feathers; FEFF = feeding efficiency; FFTA = free fatty acids; GCHM = general biochemical changes; GGRO = general growth; GHIS = general histology; GITX = general intoxication; GLCN = glycine; GLPX = glutathione peroxidase; GLSN = gross lesions; GLUC = glucose; GOTR = glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; GPHY = general pysiology changes; GRO = growth; GV = gavage; GZ = gizzard; HE =heart; HEMT = general hematology; HIS = histological changes; HMGL = hemoglobin; IN = intestinal tract; IRRI = skin irritation; ITX = intoxication; JV = juvenile; kg = kilograms; KI = kidney; LADH = lactate dehydrogenase; LB = egg-laying bird; LD = lipid; LI = liver; LIPD = lipid; LOAEL = lowest observed adverse effect level; mg = milM = measured; MH = mouth; MOR = effects on mortality and survival; MORT = mortality; NCRO = necrosis; NOAEL = No Observed Advese Effect Level; NR = Not reported; OR = other oral; ORW = organ weight changes; ORWT = organ weight changes; OV = ovaries; PHPH = pH; PHY = physiology; PL = plasma; PR = proventriculus;PROG = progeny counts/numbers; PROT = prothrombin time; PTH = pathology; REP = reproduction; SGOT = serum glutamate oxalo aetate transaminase; SK = skin; SM = sexually mature; SMIX = weight relative to body weight; SP = spleen; SPCV = sperm cell viability; SR = serum; SURV = survival; TE = testes; U = unmeasured; URIC = uric acid; USTR = ultrastructural changes; UX = measured but values not reported; w = weeks; WCON = water consumption; WI = wings; WO = whole organism; yr = year.


Lowest-Observed Adverse Effect Dose

Paired values from same study when joined by line

No-Observed Adverse Effect Dose

Wildlife TRV Derivation Process Data Evaluation Score

1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction, and mortality effect groups. There are enough data to derive a TRV.

2) There are at least three NOAEL results available within the growth and reproduction effect groups for calculation of a geometric mean.

3) The geometric mean is equal to 18.5 mg copper/kg bw/d and is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL for results within the reproduction, growth, and survival (MOR) effect groups.

3) The avian wildlife TRV for copper is equal to 4.05 mg copper/kg bw/day which is the highest NOAEL value lower than the lowest bound LOAEL value for effects on reproduction, growth or survival.

Figure 5.1 Avian TRV Derivation for Copper

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Biochemical (BIO) Pathology (PTH) Growth (GRO) Mortality (MOR)Reproduction (REP)Behavior (BEH)

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growth = 18.5

TRV = Highest bounded NOAEL lower than lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth or survival

= 4.05 (Result #189; Table 5.1)

Physiology (PHY)

83



5.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL

Three separate Eco-SSL values were calculated for avian wildlife, one for each of three surrogatereceptor species representing different trophic levels. The avian Eco-SSLs were calculatedaccording to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003) and are summarized in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Calculation of the Avian Eco-SSLs for Copper

Surrogate ReceptorGroup

TRV forCopper

(mg dw/kgbw/d) 1

Food IngestionRate (FIR)2

(kg dw/kg bw/d)

Soil Ingestionas Proportionof Diet (Ps)2

Concentration ofCopper in Biota Type

(i)2,3

(Bi)(mg/kg dw)

Eco-SSL(mg/kg dw)4

Avian herbivore(dove) 4.05 0.190 0.139

ln(Bi) = 0.394 *ln(Soilj) + 0.688 where i = plants

76

Avian groundinsectivore(woodcock)

4.05 0.214 0.164 Bi = 0.515 * Soilj where i = earthworms 28

Avian carnivore (hawk) 4.05 0.0353 0.057

ln(Bi) = 0.1444 *ln(Soilj) + 2.042

where i = mammals1600

1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003). 2 Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bi values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005).3 Bi = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor.4 HQ = [FIR * (Soilj * Ps + Bi)] / TRV solved for HQ=1 where Soilj = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003).

6.0 ECO-SSL FOR MAMMALIAN WILDLIFE

The derivation of the Eco-SSL for mammalian wildlife was completed as two parts. First, theTRV was derived according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003; Attachment 4-5). Second, the Eco-SSL (soil concentration) was back-calculated for each of three surrogate receptorspecies based on the wildlife exposure model and the TRV (U.S. EPA, 2003).

6.1 Mammalian TRV

The literature search was completed according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;Attachment 4-2) and identified 3,365 papers with possible toxicity data for copper for either avianor mammalian species. Of these studies, 3,175 were rejected for use as described in Section 7.5. Of the remaining papers, 97 contained data for mammalian test species. These papers werereviewed and the data were extracted and scored according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA,2003; Attachment 4-3 and 4-4). The results of the data extraction and review are summarized inTable 6.1. The complete results are provided as Appendix 6-1.

Table 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)Copper

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1 Cerklewski and Forbes, 1977 2625 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 1 w NR NR JV M CHM HMGL UR 1.53 712 Uthus, 2001 36349 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 62 d NR NR JV M CHM HMGL BL 2.07 703 Amer, et al, 1973 10086 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 3 M FD 4 w 3 d JV M ENZ GENZ BL 2.71 5.09 804 Miranda et al, 1981 36240 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 M FD 5 w NR NR JV M ENZ ASAT PL 3.60 745 Hebert, 1993 2126 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 13 w 6 w JV B ENZ AATT BL 6.02 12.0 776 Irie, 1990 21243 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 U FD 8 w 4 mo JV NR CHM FFTA WO 6.07 707 Thacker, 1991 2304 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR GE F CHM PRTL MK 6.51 708 Kline et al, 1971 20975 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 88 d 69 d JV NR CHM HMGL BL 7.63 669 Kornegay et al, 1986 2182 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 U FD 25 d NR NR JV B CHM HMGL BL 8.59 17.2 71

10 Brandt, 1983 2033 Mink (Mustela vision ) 3 M FD 4 mo 90 d JV M CHM HMGL PL 10.2 19.6 8111 Suttle and Mills, 1966 3757 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 U FD 34 d NR NR JV F ENZ ASAT SR 11.9 20.3 7712 Smith et al, 1975 3756 Horse - Shetland pony (Equus caballus ) 4 M FD 84 d NR NR JV NR CHM PCLV BL 13.8 6713 Moffitt and Murphy, 1973 12718 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 15 d NR NR JV B ENZ AHDX LI 17.1 51.2 7114 Bassuny, 1991 2020 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 U FD 7 w 35 d JV M CHM PRTL BL 0.758 7115 Solaiman et al, 2001 36748 Goat (Capra hircus ) 3 U GV 9 w 7-8 mo JV F ENZ GGTR PL 1.47 7316 Kakela et al, 1999 36231 Mink (Mustela vision ) 2 U FD 28 d 6 mo JV F CHM VTMA PL 4.01 7017 Kakela and Hyvarinen, 1999 36248 Mink (Mustela vision ) 2 U FD 28 d 6 mo JV F CHM FFTA LD 4.01 7018 Adam et al, 1977 3752 Goat (Capra hircus ) 4 U GV 144 d 12 mo AD B CHM GLYC LI 5.36 7319 DeGoey et al, 1971 2064 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 98 d NR mo JV NR CHM HMGL BL 7.46 7120 Gipp et al, 1973 14396 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 12 w NR NR JV F CHM HMGL BL 7.66 7021 Myres and Bowland, 1973 12809 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 10 w 70 d JV B CHM FFTA LD 7.84 7122 Ritchie et al, 1963 14402 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 15 w 7 w JV NR CHM HMGL WO 8.08 7023 Onifade and Abu, 1998 2237 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 4 U FD 70 d 7 w JV NR CHM TWBC BL 9.47 7024 Gipp et al, 1974 14397 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 35 d 3 w JV B CHM HMGL BL 9.93 7125 Radecki et al, 1992 2255 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 14 d 21 d JV B ENZ G6PD GT 12.0 7026 DeGoey et al, 1971 2064 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 23 d NR mo JV NR CHM HMGL BL 15.5 7027 Rana and Kumar, 1980 2256 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 20 d 90 d JV M CHM RBCE BL 39.8 7728 Kumar et al, 1987 2186 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 45 d 90 d JV M CHM PRTL KI 39.8 7729 Gautam et al, 2001 36346 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 2 w NR NR JV NR CHM CALC LI 39.8 7430 DeVries et al, 1986 10891 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 11 mo 3 w JV F HRM GHRM BR 45.8 6631 Aburto et al, 2001 25964 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 6 mo 10 w JV M CHM GCHM LI 48.7 7032 Pribyl et al, 1980 23825 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 4 d NR NR JV M ENZ GENZ SR 63.5 7033 Rana and Verma, 1997 36247 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 30 d NR NR JV M CHM GLTH LI 75.0 7934 Tatum et al, 2000 36389 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 6 w NR NR JV F ENZ GENZ PL 75.7 7035 Rana et al, 1985 13236 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 30 d 90 d JV M CHM GLYC LI 100 7736 Fuentealba et al, 2000 36364 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 12 w 21 d JV B ENZ AATT LI 122 6937 Fuentealba et al, 2000 36364 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 18 w NR NR GE F ENZ AATT LI 132 6938 Fuentealba et al, 1993 2097 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 1 w NR mo JV M CHM GBCM LI 135 6939 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 92 d 6 w JV M ENZ AATT BL 146 6940 Haywood and Comerford, 1980 2123 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 1 w NR mo JV M ENZ AATT BL 178 6941 Zhang et al, 2000 36355 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 8 w 8 w JV B ENZ GENZ SR 357 7942 Pettersen, et al, 2002 36374 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 U FD 3 w 4 w JV B CHM NACO HE 494 7043 Gooneratne and Howell, 1980 36200 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 2 U DR 66 d 9-12 mo JV M ENZ GLPX LI 1820 6944 Sansinanea et al, 1996 36234 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 2 U OR 14 w 12 mo JV F CHM GLUC SR 7140 77

45 Miranda et al, 1981 36240 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 M FD 5 w NR NR JV M FDB FCNS WO 3.60 7546 Anugwa et al, 1984 2010 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 M FD 8 w 8 w JV B FDB FCNS WO 3.64 6.67 8547 Bassuny, 1991 2020 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 U FD 7 w 35 d JV M FDB FCNS WO 4.25 7448 Ward, et al, 1991 1888 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 M FD 144 d 31 d JV B FDB FDNG WO 4.37 7049 Allcroft et al, 1961 14387 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 4 w 8-10 w JV B FDB FCNS WO 5.60 9.34 8450 Gershbein et alm 1983 136 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 80 d 44 d JV M BEH NMVM WO 5.89 6651 Thacker, 1991 2304 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 35 d NR NR LC F FDB FCNS WO 6.69 7452 Apgar et al, 1995 25922 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 5 w 31 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 6.90 7053 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 M FD 28 d 29 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 7.37 7054 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 M FD 28 d 29 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 7.37 7055 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 M FD 28 d 30 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 8.21 7056 Allcroft et al, 1961 14387 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 19 w 8-10 w JV B FDB FCNS WO 8.43 6957 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 M FD 28 d 29 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 8.50 7058 Cromwell et al 1989 2061 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 U FD 33 d 28 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 8.67 13.0 8059 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 28 d 30 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 8.68 7060 Cromwell et al 1989 2061 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 U FD 28 d 28 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 10.0 19.9 80

Biochemical (BIO)

Behavior (BEH)



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61 Edmonds and Baker, 1986 2075 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 U FD 28 d 4 w JV NR FDB FCNS WO 10.3 26.9 8062 Apgar and Kornegay, 1996 25928 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 M FD 14 d NR NR JV M FDB FCNS WO 16.5 7363 Hebert, 1993 2126 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 15 d 6 w JV B FDB WCON WO 17.2 51.7 7564 Grobner et al, 1986 2113 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 6 M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR FDB FCNS WO 27.7 45.7 8565 Bush et al., 1995 2043 Mink (Mustela vision ) 3 M FD 132 d 10 w JV B FDB FCNS WO 33.4 6966 Hebert, 1993 2126 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U DR 15 d 6 w JV B FDB WCON WO 33.8 101 7567 Hebert, 1993 2126 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 13 w 6 w JV B FDB FCNS WO 49.7 99.4 8068 Grobner et al, 1986 2113 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 6 M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR FDB FCNS WO 59.0 7069 Hebert, 1993 2126 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 7 d 6 w JV B FDB FCNS WO 179 359 8070 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 2 w 6 w JV M FDB WCON WO 259 400 7471 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 5 U DR 2 w 6 w JV M FDB WCON WO 589 1365 7472 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 15 d 6 w JV M FDB FCNS WO 2050 3360 7973 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 15 d 6 w JV B FDB FCNS WO 12500 18700 7974 Ortolani et al, 2003 36759 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 2 U DR 14 d 6 mo JV M FDB FCNS WO 3.00 7275 Freundt and Ibrahim, 1990 2640 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 91 d NR NR JV F FDB WCON WO 5.78 6876 DeGoey et al, 1971 2064 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 98 d NR NR JV NR FDB FCNS WO 7.46 7477 Onifade and Abu, 1998 2237 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 4 U FD 70 d 7 w JV NR FDB FCNS WO 9.47 7378 Boyden, 1938 14653 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 4 w 28 d JV B FDB FCNS WO 23.5 7379 Komulainen, 1983 12079 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 3 w 4 w JV M FDB WCON WO 28.0 72

80 Bailey et al, 2001 25941 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 3 M FD 112 d NR NR JV NR PHY FDCV WO 1.33 6981 Arthur, 1965 2012 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus ) 3 U FD 8 w NR NR JV B PHY GPHY HA 1.48 7382 Omole et al, 1976 43456 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 U FD 127 d NR NR NR B PHY FDCV WO 2.77 4.43 7683 Solaiman et al, 2001 36748 Goat (Capra hircus ) 3 U GV 9 w 7-8 mo JV F PHY FDCV WO 3.14 6984 Anugwa et al, 1984 2010 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 M FD 8 w 8 w JV B PHY DIFD WO 3.64 6.67 8585 Ward et al, 1991 1888 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 M FD 144 d 31 d JV B PHY FDCV WO 4.37 7086 Apgar et al, 1995 25922 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 5 w 31 d JV B PHY FDCV WO 6.90 7087 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 M FD 28 d 29 d JV B PHY FDCV WO 7.37 7088 Kline et al, 1971 20975 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 88 d 69 d JV NR PHY FDCV WO 7.63 6989 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 M FD 28 d 30 d JV B PHY FDCV WO 8.21 7090 Braude and Ryder, 1973 2034 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 112 d 9 w JV NR PHY FDCV WO 8.29 6991 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 M FD 28 d 29 d JV B PHY FDCV WO 8.50 7092 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 28 d 30 d JV B PHY FDCV WO 8.68 7093 Cromwell et al, 1989 2061 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 U FD 28 d 28 d JV B PHY FDCV WO 8.89 17.8 8094 Grobner et al, 1986 2113 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 6 M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR PHY FDCV WO 9.45 23.6 8595 Edmonds and Baker, 1986 2075 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 U FD 28 d 4 w JV NR PHY FDCV WO 10.3 26.9 8096 Grobner et al, 1986 2113 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 6 M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR PHY FDCV WO 33.6 59.0 8597 Keen et al, 1982 11928 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 7 w NR NR JV F PHY GPHY PL 189 6698 Bassuny, 1991 2020 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 U FD 7 w 35 d JV M PHY FDCV WO 0.758 7499 Cromwell et al, 1989 2061 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 U FD 33 d 28 d JV B PHY FDCV WO 4.10 74

100 Cromwell et al, 1989 2061 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 U FD 28 d 28 d JV B PHY FDCV WO 4.89 74101 DeGoey et al, 1971 2064 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 23 d NR mo JV NR PHY IRRI SK 15.5 73102 Rana and Kumar, 1980 2256 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 20 d 90 d JV M PHY IRRI FO 39.8 80

103 Uthus, 2001 36349 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 62 d NR NR JV M ORW ORWT KI 2.07 73104 Miranda et al, 1981 36240 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 M FD 5 w NR NR JV M ORW SMIX LI 3.60 79105 Humann-Ziehank et al, 2001 36762 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 2 U FD 84 d 1 yr AD M ITX GITX WO 3.70 70106 Ward et al, 1991 1888 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 M FD 144 d 31 d JV B HIS GHIS GT 4.37 70107 Adam et al, 1977 3752 Goat (Capra hircus ) 4 U GV 144 d 12 mo AD B HIS GHIS LI 5.36 10.7 82108 Hebert, 1993 2126 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U DR 15 d 6 w JV F ORW ORWT TS 5.53 18.4 73109 Hebert, 1993 2126 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 13 w 6 w JV F HIS GLSN KI 6.01 12.0 80110 Thacker, 1991 2304 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR GE F GRS BDWT WO 6.51 72111 Anugwa et al, 1984 2010 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 M FD 8 w 8 w JV B ORW SMIX LI 6.67 70112 Ritchie et al, 1963 14402 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 15 w 7 w JV NR ORW ORWT LI 8.08 69113 Onifade and Abu, 1998 2237 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 4 U FD 70 d 7 w JV NR ORW SMIX BR 9.47 18.9 79114 Howell et al, 1991 36230 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 2 U GV 19 w 6-9 mo JV M HIS CTYP LI 14.3 73115 Prince et al, 1979 2253 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 63 d 53 d JV NR ITX GITX WO 16.5 73116 Hebert, 1993 2126 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 15 d 6 w JV B ITX GITX WO 17.2 51.6 75117 Bush et al, 1995 2043 Mink (Mustela vision ) 3 M FD 132 d 10 w JV B HIS NCRO LI 33.4 78118 Kumar et al, 1987 2186 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 45 d 90 d JV M ORW ORWT KI 39.8 76119 Hebert, 1993 2126 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 15 d 6 w JV B ORW ORWT LI 40.9 81.8 80120 DeVries et al, 1986 10891 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 11 mo 3 w JV F ORW ORWT LI 45.8 69

Physiology (PHY)

Pathology (PTH)



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121 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 92 d 6 w JV M HIS HYPL SH 70.4 142 79122 Hebert, 1993 2126 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 13 w 6 w JV B ORW ORWT LI 82.8 166 80123 Keen et al, 1982 11928 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 7 w NR NR JV F HIS GHIS MT 91.7 183 79124 Hebert, 1993 2126 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 15 d 6 w JV M ORW ORWT LI 97.2 194 80125 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 15 d 6 w JV B HIS HYPL SH 197 385 79126 Dodds-Smith et al, 1992 2069 Common shrew (Sorex araneus ) 2 U FD 12 w NR NR JV B ORW ORWT KI 251 69127 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 2 w 6 w JV B ITX GITX WO 259 400 74128 Haywood, 1985 2121 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 1 w NR NR JV M HIS NCRO LI 274 365 73129 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 5 U DR 2 w 6 w JV B ITX GITX WO 1430 3400 74130 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 5 U FD 92 d 6 w JV B ITX GITX WO 48300 73131 Grobner et al, 1986 2113 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 6 M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR ORW ORWT DT 3.40 79132 Howell et al, 1974 2148 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 3 U GV 37 w 6-12 mo JV B HIS GHIS BR 5.09 80133 Gopinath et al, 1974 36202 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 2 U DR 10 w 6 mo JV F HIS GHIS KI 5.09 72134 King, 1975 2179 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 2 U FD 6 w 5 w JV B ORW SMIX IN 5.43 72135 Ishmael et al, 1971 2155 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 2 U OR 88 d 6 mo JV F ORW SMIX LI 7.57 70136 King, 1975 2179 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 2 U FD 6 w 5 w JV B ORW SMIX IN 10.9 72137 Radecki et al, 1992 2255 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 14 d 21 d JV B HIS GHIS GT 12.0 73138 DeGoey et al, 1971 2064 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 23 d NR mo JV NR HIS NCRO LI 15.5 73139 Boyden, 1938 14653 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 4 w 28 d JV B ORW ORWT SP 23.5 73140 Rana and Kumar, 1980 2256 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 20 d 90 d JV M HIS NCRO LI 39.8 80141 Rana and Kumar, 1985 2257 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 20 d 90 d AD M HIS GHIS LI 39.8 80142 Aburto et al, 2001 25964 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 12 mo 10 w JV M HIS GHIS LI 48.7 73143 Chesta et al, 1989 2047 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus ) 2 U DR 45 d NR NR GE F HIS GHIS LI 73.7 67144 Rana et al, 1985 13236 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 30 d 90 d JV M ORW SMIX LI 100 80145 Fuentealba et al, 2000 36364 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 12 w 21 d JV B HIS NCRO LI 122 72146 Fuentealba et al, 2000 36364 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 18 w NR NR GE F HIS NCRO LI 132 72147 Fuentealba et al, 1989 2095 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 4 w 6 w JV M HIS USTR LI 135 66148 Fuentealba et al, 1989 2096 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 16 w NR mo JV M HIS HYPL BI 135 66149 Fuentealba et al, 1993 2097 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 10 w NR mo JV M HIS HYPL BI 135 72150 Fuentealba et al, 1989 2098 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 3 w 6 w JV M HIS GHIS KI 135 66151 Fuentealba and Haywood, 1988 2094 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 1 w 6 w JV M HIS GHIS LI 135 66152 Haywood, 1980 2122 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 15 w NR mo JV M HIS HYPL BI 157 72153 Haywood et al, 1985 2125 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 5 w NR mo AD M HIS NCRO KI 233 66154 Haywood and Loughran, 1985 2124 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 6 w NR mo JV M HIS NCRO LI 285 73155 Gooneratne and Howell, 1980 36200 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 2 U DR 63 d 6-9 mo JV M HIS GHIS MU 1817 72

156 Aulerich et al, 1982 2013 Mink (Mustela vision ) 5 U FD 357 d NR mo JV F REP PROG WO 3.40 6.79 85157 Thacker, 1991 2304 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 7 d NR NR GE F REP PROG WO 6.51 79158 Webster, 1979 823 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U FD 19 d 4 mo GE F REP PRWT WO 50.7 79159 Lecyk, 1980 2193 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 49 d NR NR GE B REP PROG WO 90.9 136 84160 Lecyk, 1980 2193 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 7 U FD 49 d NR NR GE B REP PROG WO 90.9 136 84161 Hebert, 1993 2126 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 13 w 6 w JV M REP SPCL SM 107 80162 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 92 d 6 w JV M REP SPCL SM 304 70163 Hebert, 1993 2126 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 13 w 6 w JV M REP SPCL SM 358 76164 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 U FD 92 d 6 w JV M REP SPCL SM 48300 70165 Cromwell et al, 1993 2062 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 783 d 10 mo GE F REP RSUC WO 5.51 80166 Bataineh et al, 1998 1717 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 12 w NR NR AD M REP TEWT TE 41.2 67

167 Engle and Spears, 2001 25940 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 U FD 239 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 0.812 69168 Engle et al, 2000 25935 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 U FD 154 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 0.852 69169 Bailey et al, 2001 25941 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 3 M FD 112 d NR NR JV NR GRO BDWT WO 1.33 73170 Arthur, 1965 2012 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus ) 3 U FD 8 w NR NR JV B GRO BDWT WO 1.48 70171 Uthus, 2001 36349 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 62 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 2.07 77172 Miranda et al, 1981 36240 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 M FD 5 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 3.60 81173 Bassuny, 1991 2020 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 U FD 7 w 35 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 4.25 78174 Ward et al, 1991 1888 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 M FD 144 d 31 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 4.37 74175 King, 1975 2179 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 2 U FD 8 w 5 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 5.43 76176 Cromwell et al, 1993 2062 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 783 d 10.3 mo GE F GRO BDWT WO 5.51 69177 Allcroft et al, 1961 14387 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 4 w 8-10 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 5.60 9.34 88178 Gershbein et al, 1983 136 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 80 d 44 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 5.89 68179 Anugwa et al, 1984 2010 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 3 M FD 8 w 8 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 6.67 74180 Apgar et al, 1995 25922 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 5 w 31 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 6.90 74

Reproduction (REP)

Growth (GRO)



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181 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 U FD 28 d 26-32 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 7.19 69182 Omole, 1977 12977 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 4 U FD 8 w 6 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 7.34 69183 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 28 d 26-32 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 7.36 69184 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 M FD 28 d 29 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 7.37 74185 Kline et al, 1971 20975 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 88 d 69 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 7.63 73186 Gipp et al, 1973 14396 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 12 w NR NR JV F GRO BDWT WO 7.66 68187 Cromwell et al, 1989 2061 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 U FD 28 d 28 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 7.68 69188 Luo and Dove, 1996 25929 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 15 d 26 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 7.72 69189 Myres and Bowland, 1973 12809 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 10 w 70 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 7.84 69190 Ritchie et al, 1963 14402 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 15 w 7 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 8.08 68191 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 M FD 28 d 30 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 8.21 74192 Braude and Ryder, 1973 2034 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 112 d 9 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 8.29 73193 Allcroft et al, 1961 14387 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 19 w 8-10 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 8.43 73194 Prince et al 1979 2253 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 59 d 64 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 8.44 68195 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 M FD 28 d 29 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 8.50 74196 Cromwell et al, 1998 25930 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 28 d 30 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 8.68 74197 Cromwell et al 1989 2061 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 U FD 28 d 28 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 9.60 69198 Gipp et al, 1974 14397 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 35 d 3 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 9.93 69199 Brandt, 1983 2033 Mink (Mustela vision ) 3 M FD 4 mo 90 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 10.2 19.6 88200 Edmonds and Baker, 1986 2075 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 U FD 28 d 4 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 10.3 26.9 84201 Radecki et al, 1992 2255 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 14 d 21 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 12.0 68202 Aulerich et al, 1982 2013 Mink (Mustela vision ) 5 U FD 20 w NR mo JV B GRO BDWT WO 12.4 68203 Felsman et al, 1973 3760 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 98 d 6 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 12.7 68204 Smith et al, 1975 3756 Horse - Shetland pony (Equus caballus ) 4 M FD 84 d NR NR JV NR GRO BDWT WO 13.8 74205 Suttle and Mills, 1966 3757 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 U FD 14 d NR NR JV F GRO BDWT WO 16.2 27.6 84206 Cromwell et al, 1989 2061 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 U FD 33 d 28 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 16.4 69207 Apgar and Kornegay, 1996 25928 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 M FD 14 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 16.5 77208 Cromwell et al, 1989 2061 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 U FD 28 d 28 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 16.7 69209 Hebert, 1993 2126 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 15 d 6 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 17.2 51.6 79210 Lalich et al, 1965 2189 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 42 d NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 17.5 68211 Cromwell et al, 1989 2061 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 U FD 28 d 28 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 17.8 69212 Felsman et al, 1973 3760 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 4 U FD 98 d 6 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 22.9 68213 Grobner et al, 1986 2113 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 6 M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 27.7 45.7 89214 Onifade and Abu, 1998 2237 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 4 U FD 70 d 7 w JV NR GRO BDWT WO 28.4 77215 Bush et al, 1995 2043 Mink (Mustela vision ) 3 M FD 132 d 10 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 33.4 82216 Hebert, 1993 2126 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U DR 8 d 6 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 33.8 101 78217 King, 1975 2179 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 2 U FD 6 w 5 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 37.1 67218 White et al, 1985 2324 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 50 d 21 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 43.1 68219 DeVries et al, 1986 10891 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 11 mo 3 w JV F GRO BDWT WO 45.8 73220 Hebert, 1993 2126 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 13 w 6 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 49.8 99.6 84221 Komulainen, 1983 12079 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U DR 1 w 4 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 50.0 64.0 82222 Grobner et al, 1986 2113 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 6 M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR GRO BDWT WO 59.0 74223 Myers et al, 1993 2225 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 6 w NR mo JV M GRO BDWT WO 73.4 67224 Tatum et al, 2000 36389 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 6 w NR NR JV F GRO BDWT WO 75.7 68225 Hebert, 1993 2126 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 15 d 6 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 82.5 165 84226 Keen et al, 1982 11928 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 7 w NR NR JV F GRO BDWT WO 91.7 183 83227 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 92 d 6 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 146 293 83228 Hebert, 1993 2126 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 13 w 6 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 179 358 84229 Dodds-Smith et al, 1992 440 Common shrew (Sorex araneus ) 2 U FD 12 w NR NR JV B GRO BDWT WO 229 77230 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 2 w 6 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 259 400 78231 Pettersen et al, 2002 36374 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 3 U FD 3 w 4 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 494 988 83232 Hebert, 1993 2126 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 15 d 6 w JV B GRO BDWT WO 690 69233 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 15 d 6 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 812 1740 83234 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 5 U DR 2 w 6 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 1430 3400 78235 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 92 d 6 w JV M GRO BDWT WO 2110 4670 83236 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 15 d 6 w JV F GRO BDWT WO 19500 47500 83237 Solaiman et al, 2001 36748 Goat (Capra hircus ) 3 U GV 9 w 7-8 mo JV F GRO BDWT WO 1.47 80238 Ortolani et al, 2003 36759 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 2 U DR 35 d 6 mo JV M GRO BDWT WO 3.00 76239 Freundt and Ibrahim, 1990 2640 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 91 d NR NR JV F GRO BDWT WO 5.78 72240 DeGoey et al, 1971 2064 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 98 d NR NR JV B GRO BDWT WO 7.46 78241 DeGoey et al, 1971 2064 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 23 d NR NR JV NR MPH MUSC MU 15.5 77242 Boyden, 1938 14653 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 4 w 28 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 23.5 77



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243 Rana and Kumar, 1980 2256 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 20 d 90 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 39.8 84244 Kumar et al, 1987 2186 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U GV 45 d 90 d JV M GRO BDWT WO 39.8 84245 Llewellyn et al, 1985 2203 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 21 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 106 71246 Fuentealba et al, 2000 36364 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U FD 12 w 21 d JV B GRO BDWT WO 122 76247 Haywood, 1985 2121 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 15 w NR NR JV M GRO BDWT WO 274 71248 Haywood and Loughran, 1985 2124 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 6 w NR mo JV M GRO BDWT WO 285 77

249 Bassuny, 1991 2020 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 U FD 7 w 35 d JV M MOR MORT WO 4.25 79250 Cromwell et al, 1993 2062 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 783 d 10.3 mo GE F MOR MORT WO 5.51 70251 Allcroft et al, 1961 14387 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 M FD 4 w 8-10 w JV B MOR MORT WO 5.60 9.34 89252 Brandt, 1983 2033 Mink (Mustela vision ) 3 M FD 4 mo 90 d JV M MOR MORT WO 10.2 19.6 89253 Jenkins, 1989 48117 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 5 U FD 6 w 3 d JV M MOR MORT WO 16.3 32.5 77254 Boyden, 1938 14653 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 1 w 28 d JV B MOR MORT WO 23.3 35.0 84255 Edmonds and Baker, 1986 2075 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 U FD 28 d 4 w JV NR MOR MORT WO 25.9 79256 Hebert, 1993 2126 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U DR 15 d 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 33.3 111 78257 Bush et al, 1995 2043 Mink (Mustela vision ) 3 M FD 132 d 10 w JV B MOR MORT WO 33.4 83258 Hebert, 1993 2126 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U DR 15 d 6 w JV F MOR MORT WO 33.8 101 80259 Grobner et al, 1986 2113 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 6 M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 45.5 75260 Grobner et al, 1986 2113 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 6 M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR MOR MORT WO 59.0 75261 Keen et al, 1982 11928 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 U FD 7 w NR NR JV F MOR MORT WO 91.7 183 84262 Hebert, 1993 2126 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 13 w 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 107 79263 Dodds-Smith et al, 1992 440 Common shrew (Sorex araneus ) 2 U FD 12 w NR NR JV B MOR MORT WO 229 78264 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U DR 2 w 6 w JV M MOR MORT WO 259 400 79265 Hebert, 1993 2126 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 15 d 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 307 79266 Haywood, 1985 2121 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 U FD 2 w NR NR JV M MOR MORT WO 457 548 78267 Hebert, 1993 2126 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 15 d 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 690 70268 Hebert, 1993 2126 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 13 w 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 760 79269 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 92 d 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 798 78270 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 5 U DR 2 w 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 1430 3400 79271 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 6 U FD 15 d 6 w JV M MOR MORT WO 4160 78272 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 15 d 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 47500 78273 Hebert et al, 1993 2127 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 U FD 92 d 6 w JV B MOR MORT WO 48300 78274 Gopinath et al, 1974 36202 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 2 U DR 10 w 6 mo JV F MOR MORT WO 5.09 77275 Ishmael et al, 1971 2155 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 2 U OR 31 d 6 mo JV F MOR MORT WO 7.57 75276 Ritchie et al, 1963 14402 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 15 w 7 w JV NR MOR MORT WO 8.08 78277 DeGoey et al, 1971 2064 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 U FD 23 d NR NR JV NR MOR MORT WO 15.5 78278 McNatt et al, 1971 2216 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 U DR 3 w 4-11 mo JV M MOR MORT WO 114 68

*NOAEL and LOAEL values that are equal and from the same reference represent different experimental designs. These are designated with different Phase numbers in Appendix 6.1.

LOAEL = lowest observed adverse effect level; mg = milligrams; mo = months; M = male; M = measured; MK = milk, lactating females; MOR = effects on mortality andsurvival; MORT = mortality; MPH = morphology; MT = multiple; MU = muscle; MUSC = muscle changes; NACO = sodium; NOAEL = No Observed Advese Effect Level; NCRO = necrosis; NR = Not reported; NMVM = number of movements; OR = other oral; ORW = organ weight changes; ORWT = organ weight changes; PCLV = packed cell volume; PHY = physiology; PL = plasma; PROG = progeny numbers/counts; PRTL = protein, total; PRWT = progeny weight; PTH = pathology; RBCE = red blood cell count; REP = reproduction; RSUC = sperm cell counts; SH = stomach; SK = skin; SM = sexually mature; SMIX = weight relative to body weight; SP = spleen; SPCL = sperm cell counts; SR = serum; SURV = survival; TE = testes; TEWT = testes weight; TS = thymus; TWBC = white blood cell count, total; U = unmeasured; UR = urine; USTR = ultrastructural changes; VTMA = vitamin A; w = weeks; WCON = water consumption; WO = whole organism; yr = year.

AATT = alanine aminotransferase; AD = adult; AHDX = aniline hydroxylase; ASAT = aspartate aminotransferase; B = both; BDWT = body weight changes; BEH = behavior; BI= bile; BIO = biochemical; BL = blood; BLPR = blood pressure; BR = brain; bw = body weight; CALC = calcium; CHM = chemical changes; CTYP = percent cell type; d = day; DIFD = digestibility of food; DR = Drinking water; DT - digestive tract; ENZ = enyzme level changes; F = female; FCNS = food consumption; FD = food; FDB = feeding behavior; FDCV = food conversion efficiency; FDNG = feeding behavior; FFTA = fatty acids, free; FO = foot; G6PD = glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GBCM = general biochemical changes; GE = gestation; GENZ = general enzyme changes; GGTR = (gamma) Y-glutamyltransferase; GHIS = general histology; GHRM = general hormone; GITX = general intoxication; GLPX = glutathione peroxidase; GLTH = glutathione; GLUC = glucose; GLYC = glycogen; GPHY = general pysiology changes; GRO = growth; GRS = gross body weight changes; GT = gastrointestinal tract; GV = gavage; HA = hair; HE = heart; HIS = histological changes; HMGL = hemoglobin; HRM = hormone changes; HYPL = hyperplasia; IN = intestinal tract; IRRI = skin irritation; ITX = intoxication; JV = juvenile; kg = kilograms; KI = kidney; LC = lactation; LD = lipid; LI = liver;

Survival (MOR)



Within the reviewed papers there are 278 results for biochemical (BIO), behavior (BEH),physiology (PHY), pathology (PTH), reproduction (REP), growth (GRO), and survival (MOR)endpoints with a total Data Evaluation Score >65 that were used to derive the TRV (U.S. EPA2003; Attachment 4-4). These data are plotted in Figure 6.1 and correspond directly with the datapresented in Table 6.1. The NOAEL results for growth and reproduction are used to calculate ageometric mean NOAEL. This geometric mean is examined in relationship to the lowest boundedLOAEL for reproduction, growth, and survival to derive the TRV according to the Eco-SSLguidance (U.S. EPA 2003; Attachment 4-5).

A geometric mean of the NOAEL values for reproduction and growth was calculated at 25 mgcopper/kg bw/day. However, this value is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL forreproduction, growth, or mortality results. Therefore, the TRV is equal to the highest boundedNOAEL below the lowest bounded LOAEL for reproduction, growth, or survival, and is equal to5.60 mg copper/kg bw/day.

6.2 Estimation of Dose and Calculation of the Eco-SSL

Three separate Eco-SSL values were calculated for mammalian wildlife, one for each of threesurrogate receptor groups representing different trophic levels. The mammalian Eco-SSLsderived for copper were calculated according to the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA, 2003;Attachment 4-5) and are summarized in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2 Calculation of the Mammalian Eco-SSLs for Copper

Surrogate ReceptorGroup

TRV forCopper

(mg dw/kgbw/d) 1

Food IngestionRate (FIR)2

(kg dw/kgbw/d)

Soil Ingestion asProportion of

Diet (Ps)2

Concentration ofCopper in Biota Type

(i)2,3

(Bi)(mg/kg dw)

Eco-SSL(mg/kg dw)4

Mammalianherbivore (vole) 5.60 0.0875 0.032

ln(Bi) = 0.394 *ln(Soilj) + 0.688 where i = plants

1100

Mammalian groundinsectivore (shrew) 5.60 0.209 0.030 Bi = 0.515 * Soilj

where i = earthworms 49

Mammaliancarnivore (weasel) 5.60 0.130 0.043

ln(Bi) = 0.1444 *ln(Soilj) + 2.042

where i = mammals560

1 The process for derivation of wildlife TRVs is described in Attachment 4-5 of U.S. EPA (2003). 2 Parameters (FIR, Ps, Bi values, regressions) are provided in U.S. EPA (2003) Attachment 4-1 (revised February 2005).3 Bi = Concentration in biota type (i) which represents 100% of the diet for the respective receptor.4 HQ = [FIR * (Soilj * Ps + Bi)] / TRV) solved for HQ=1 where Soilj = Eco-SSL (Equation 4-2; U.S. EPA, 2003).

Lowest-Observed Adverse Effect Dose

Paired values from same study when joined by line

No-Observed Adverse Effect Dose

Wildlife TRV Derivation Process Data Evaluation Score

1) There are at least three results available for two test species within the growth, reproduction, and mortality effect groups. There are enough data to derive a TRV.

2) There are three NOAEL results available within the growth and reproduction effect groups for calculation of a geometric mean.

3) The geometric mean is equal to 25.0 mg copper/kg bw/d and is higher than the lowest bounded LOAEL for results within the reproduction, growth, and survival (MOR) effect groups.4) The mammalian wildlife TRV for copper is equal to 5.60 mg copper/kg bw/day which is the highest NOAEL value lower than the lowest LOAEL value for reproduction and growth.

Figure 6.1 Mammalian TRV Derivation for Copper

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BIO-NOAEL BIO-LOAEL BEH-NOAEL BEH-LOAEL PHY-NOAEL PHY-LOAEL PTH-NOAEL PTH-LOAEL REP-NOAEL REP-LOAEL GRO-NOAEL GRO-LOAEL MOR-NOAEL MOR-LOAEL

Biochemical (BIO) Pathology (PTH) Growth (GRO) Mortality (MOR)Reproduction (REP)Behavior (BEH)

Geometric Mean of NOAELs for reproduction and growth =

25.0

Physiology (PHY)

TRV = Highest bounded NOAEL lower than lowest bounded LOAEL for

reproduction, growth or survival = 5.60 (Result # 177 and # 251; Table 6.1)

83



7.0 REFERENCES

7.1 General Copper References

Alloway, B.J. 1990. Heavy Metals in Soils. Blackie Academic & Professional, an imprint of Chapman & Hall,Wester Cleddens Road, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow, UK.

Bodek, I. et al. (eds.). 1988. Environmental Inorganic Chemistry. New York, NY: Pergamon Press.

Budavari, S. (ed). 1996. The Merck Index. 12th Edition. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc. p.444-449.

Clarke, M. L., Harvey, D. G., and Humphreys, D. J. 1981. Veterinary Toxicology. 2nd Edition. London: BailliereTindall, p. 46.

Friberg, L., Nordberg, G. F., Kessler, E., and Vouk, V. B. (eds.). 1986. Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. 2nded. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.

George, D. B. 1993. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technologies. 4th Edition. New York, NY: JohnWiley & Sons.

Hutchinson, T. L. 1979. Copper Environment, p. 451-502, as cited in USEPA 1987; Health Issue Assessment:Copper p. 25. EPA/600/8-87/001.

Kabata-Pendias, A. and H. Pendias. 1992. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 365p.

Seiler, H. G., Sigel, H. and Sigel, A. (eds.). 1988. Handbook on the Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds. New York,NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. p. 268.

Venugopal, B. and Luckey, T. D. 1978. Metal Toxicity in Mammals, 2. New York: Plenum Press.

Hazardous Substances Database (HSBD). http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov. National Library of Medicine.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2003. Guidance for Developing Ecological SoilScreening Levels. November. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency and Remedial Response. OSWER Directive92857-55. Revised February 2005.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1999. Ecological Risk Assessment and RiskManagement Principles for Superfund Sites. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC.OSWER Directive 9285.7-28.P.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. RiskAssessment Forum. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. EPA/630/R-95/002F. April. May 14,1998 Federal Register 63(93): 26846-26924.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance forSuperfund: Process for Designing and Conducting Ecological Risk Assessments. Interim Final. U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Environmental Response Team (Edison, NJ). June 5, 1997.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 1987. Health Issues Assessment: Copper.EPA/600/8-87/001.


7.2 References for Plants and Soil Invertebrates

Aquaterra Environmental and ESG International Inc. (Aquaterra). 2000. Assessment of the Biological Test Methodsfor Terrestrial Plants and Soil Invertebrates: Metals. Final Report, Prepared for the Method Development andApplication Section, Environ. Technol.Centre, Environment Canada , 140 p.

Bogomolov, D. M., Chen, S. K., Parmelee, R. W., Subler, S., and Edwards, C. A. 1996. An ecosystem approach tosoil toxicity testing: a study of copper contamination in laboratory soil microcosms. Applied Soil Ecology : A SectionOf Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 4[2]: 95-105.

Chhibba, I. M., Nayyar, V. K., and Takkar, P. N. 1994. Upper Critical Level of Copper in Wheat (Triticumaestivum) Raised on Typic Ustipsamment Soil. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 64[5]: 285-289.

De Haan, S. 1985. Acceptable Levels of Heavy Metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in Soils. Hren (Gr), TheNetherlands (Rapport 9-85) (Cited in Janus and Krajnc 1989)

Donkin, S. G. and Dusenbery, D. B. 1993. A Soil Toxicity Test Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and anEffective Methods of Recovery. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25[2]: 145-151.

Genovese, G. A. 1978. Toxicity of Copper and Nickel to Some Coniferous Seedlings. M.S.Thesis, University ofToronto, Ontario, Canada , 38 p.

Gonzalez, S. P. 1991. Upper Critical Level of Copper to Alfalfa in Ten Chilean Soils. Water Air Soil Pollut. 57/58:201-208.

Haque, A. and Ebing, W. 1983. Toxicity Determination of Pesticides to Earthworms in the Soil Substrate. J. Plant Dis. Prot.(Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzensch.). 90[4]: 395-408 (OECDG Data File).

Kammenga, J. E., Koert, P. H. G., Riksen, J. A. G., Korthals, G. W., and Bakker, J. 1996. A Toxicity Test inArtificial Soil Based on the Life-History Strategy of the Nematode Plectus acuminatus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.15[5]: 722-727.

Kjaer, C. and Elmegaard, N. 1996. Effects of Copper Sulfate on Black Bindweed (Polygonum convolvulus L.). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 33[2]: 110-117.

Korthals, G. W., Popovici, I., Iliev, I., and Lexmond, T. M. 1998. Influence of Perennial Ryegrass on a Copper andZinc Affected Terrestrial Nematode Community. Appl. Soil Ecol. 10[1-2], 73-85

Korthals, G. W., Alexiev, A. D., Lexmond, T. M., Kammenga, J. E., and Bongers, T. 1996a. Long-Term Effects ofCopper and pH on the Nematode Community in an Agroecosystem. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15: 979-985.

Korthals, G. W., Ende, A. van de, Megen, H. van, Lexmond, T. M., Kammenga, J. E., and Bonger, T. 1996b.Short-Term Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Nickel and Zinc on Soil Nematodes from Different Feeding andLife-History Strategy Groups. Appl. Soil Ecol. 4[2]: 107-117.

Kula, H. and Larink, O. 1997. Development And Standardization Of Test Methods For The Prediction Of SublethalEffects Of Chemicals On Earthworms. Soil Biol Biochem 29[3-4]: 635-639.

Ma, W. C. 1988. Toxicity of Copper to Lumbricide Earthworms in Sandy Agricultural Soils Amended withCu-Enriched Organic Waste Materials. Ecol. Bull. 39: 53-56.

Ma, W. C. 1984. Sublethal Toxic Effects of Copper on Growth, Reproduction and Litter Breakdown Activity in theEarthworm Lumbricus rubellus, with Observations on the Influence of Temperature and Soil pH. Environ. Pollut.Ser. A 33: 207-219.


Mitchell, R. L., Burchett, M. D., Pulkownik, A., and Mccluskey, L. 1988. Effects of Environmentally HazardousChemicals on the Emergence and Early Growth of Selected Australian Plants. Plant Soil. 112[2]: 195-200.

Mozaffari, M. A. K. Alva and E. Q. Chen. 1996. Relation of Copper Extractable from Soil and pH to CopperContent and Growth of Two Citrus Rootstocks. Soil Sci. 161[11]: 786-792.

Neuhauser, E. F., Loehr, R. C., and Malecki, M. R. 1986. Contact and Artificial Soil Tests Using Earthworms toEvaluate the Impact of Wastes in Soil. In: J.K.Petros,Jr., W.J.Lacy, and R.A.Conway (Eds.), Hazardous andIndustiral Solid Waste Testing: 4th Symposium, ASTM STP 886, Philadelphia, PA 886, 192-203

Neuhauser, E. F., Loehr, R. C., Milligan, D. L., and Malecki, M. R. 1985. Toxicity of Metals to the EarthwormEisenia fetida. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 1[3]: 149-152.

Pedersen, M. B., Kjaer, C., and Elmegaard, N. 2000a. Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Copper to Black Bindweed(Fallopia convolvulus) in Relation to Bioavailability and the Age of Soil Contamination. Arch. Environ. Contam.Toxicol. 39[4]: 431-439.

Pedersen, B. M., Van Gestel, C. A. M., and Elmegaard, N. 2000b. Effects of Copper on Reproduction of TwoCollembolan Species Exposed Through Soil, Food, and Water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19[10]: 2579-2588.

Peredney, C. L. and Williams, P. L. 2000a. Utility of Caenorhabditis elegans for Assessing Heavy MetalContamination in Artificial Soil. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39[1]: 113-118.

Peredney, C. L. and Williams, P. L. 2000b. Comparison of the Toxicological Effects of Nitrate Versus ChlorideMetallic Salts on Caenorhabditis elegans in Soil. In: F.T.Price, K.V.Brix, and N.K.Lane (Eds.), Recent Achievementsin Environmental Fate and Transport, 9th Volume, ASTM STP 1381, West Conshohocken, PA , 256-268.

Phillips, Carlton T., Checkai, Ronald T., and Berg, Dorothy A. 1996. Standardized earthworm toxicity testing:comparison of artificial soil vs. natural soil using selected chemical pollutants on the earthworm Eisenia foetida. In:D.A.Berg (Eds.), ERDEC-SP-043, Proc.ERDEC Sci.Conf.Chem.Biol.Def.Res., Nov.14-17, 1995, Aberdeen ProvingGround, MD , 685-691

Posthuma, L., Baerselman, R., Van Veen, R. P. M., and Dirven-Van Breemen, E. M. 1997. Single and Joint ToxicEffects of Copper and Zinc on Reproduction of Enchytraeus crypticus in Relation to Sorption of Metals in Soils. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 38[2]: 108-121.

Rehab, F. I. and Wallace, A. 1978. Excess Trace Metal Effects on Cotton: 2. Copper, Zinc, Cobalt and Manganesein Yolo Loam Soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 9[6]: 519-527.

Sandifer, R. D. and Hopkin, S. P. 1997. Effects of Temperature on the Relative Toxicities of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn toFolsomia candida (Collembola). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 37: 125-130.

Sandifer, R. D. and Hopkin, S. P. 1996. Effects Of Ph On The Toxicity Of Cadmium, Copper, Lead And Zinc ToFolsomia candida Willem, 1902 (Collembola) In A Standard Laboratory Test System. Chemosphere. 33[12]: 2475-2486.

Scott-Fordsmand, J. J., Krogh, P. H., and Weeks, J. M. 2000. Responses of Folsomia fimetaria (Collembola:Isotomidae) to Copper Under Different Soil Copper Contamination Histories in Relation to Risk Assessment. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 19[5]: 1297-1303.

Scott-Fordsmand, J. J., Krogh, P. H., and Weeks, J. M. 1997. Sublethal Toxicity of Copper to a Soil-DwellingSpringtail (Folsomia fimetario) (Collembola: Isotomidae). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16[2]: 2538-2542.

Spencer, W. F. 1966. Effect of Copper on Yield and Uptake of Phosphorus and Iron by Citrus Seedlings Grown atVarious Phosphorus Levels. Soil Sci. 102: 296-299.


Spurgeon, D. J. and Hopkin, S. P. 1995. Extrapolation of the Laboratory-Based OECD Earthworm Toxicity Test toMetal Contaminated Field Sites. Ecotoxicology. 4[3]: 190-205.

Spurgeon, D. J., Hopkin, S. P., and Jones, D. T. 1994. Effects of Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc on Growth,Reproduction and Survival of the Earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny): Assessing the Environmental Impact ofPoint-Source Metal Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Environ. Pollut. 84[2]: 123-130.

Svendsen, C. and Weeks, J. M. 1997a. Relevance and Applicability of a Simple Earthworm Biomarker of CopperExposure I. Links to Ecological Effects in a Laboratory Study With Eisenia andrei. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 36[1]:72-79.

Svendsen, C. and Weeks, J. M. 1997b. Relevance and Applicability of a Simple Earthworm Biomarker of CopperExposure. II. Validation and Applicability Under Field Conditions in a Mesocosm Experiment with Lumbricusrubellus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 36[1]: 80-88.

Tikhomirov, F. A. L. G. Magina and E. V. Kiseleva. 1988. Effect and Aftereffect on Plants of High Copper andNickel Concentrations in Soil. Moscow Univ. Soil Sci. Bull. 43[1]: 24-27.

Torres, M. O. and De Varennes, A. 1998. Remediation of a Sandy Soil Artificially Contaminated with Copper Usinga Polyacrylate Polymer. Soil Use & Management. 14[2]: 106-110.

Van Gestel, C. A. M., Dirven-Breemen, E. M., Sparenburg, P. M., and Baerselman, R. 1991. Influence of Cadmium,Copper and Pentachlorophenol on Growth and Sexual Development of Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta, Annelida). Biol.Fertil. Soils. 12: 117-121.

Van Gestel, C. A. M., Van Dis, W. A., Van Breeman, E. M., and Sparenburg, P. M. 1989. Development of aStandardized Reproduction Toxicity Test with the Earthworm Species Eisenia fetida andrei Using Copper,Pentachlorophenol, and 2,4-Dichloroaniline. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 18[3]: 305-312 (OECDG Data File).

7.3 References Rejected for Use in Deriving Plant and Soil Invertebrate Eco-SSLs

These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL. The definitionof the codes describing the basis for rejection is provided at the end of the reference sections.

Media Abbas, M. A. - Effect of Copper and Iron on Their Uptake and on Chlorophyll Contents in MaizeSeedlings. J.Environ.Sci.(Mansoura, Egypt) 6: 197-209 (1993)

Media Adalsteinsson, Sveinn. - Compensatory root growth in winter wheat: effects of copper exposure onroot geometry and nutrient distribution. J.Plant Nutr. 17(9): 1501-1512 (1994)

OM Adams, T. M., McGrath, S. P., and Sanders, J. R. - The Effect of Soil pH on Solubilities andUptake into Ryegrass of Zinc, Copper and Nickel Added to Soils in Sewage Sludges. In:T.D.Lekkas (Ed.), Heavy Metals in the Environment, Int.Conf., Volume 1, CEP Consultant Ltd.,Edinburgh, UK : 484-486 (1985)

OM Agarwala, S. C., Bisht, S. S., and Sharma, C. P. - Relative Effectiveness of Certain Heavy Metalsin Producing Toxicity and Symptoms of Iron Deficiency in Barley. Can.J.Bot. 55: 1299-1307(1977)

Mix Alberici, T. M., Sopper, W. E., Storm, G. L., and Yahner, R. H. - Trace Metals in Soil Vegetation

and Voles from Mine Land Treated with Sewage Sludge. J.Environ.Qual. 18: 115-120 (1989)


Media Allen, W. R. and Sheppard, P. M. - Copper Tolerance in Some Californian Populations of theMonkey Flower, Mimulus guttatus. Proc.R.Lond.Ser.B Biol.Sci. 177: 177-196 (1971)

OM Allison, R. V., Bryan, O. C., and Hunter, J. H. - The Stimulation of Plant Response on the RawPeat Soils of the Florida Everglades Through the Use of Copper Sulphate and Other Chemicals.Fla.Univ.Agric.Exp.Stn.Bull.No.190 : 33-80 (1927)

No Control Alva, A. K. - Copper Contamination of Sandy Soils and Effects on Young Hamlin Orange Trees.Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 51(6): 857-864 (1993)

No Conc Alva, A. K., Graham, J. H., and Anderson, A. 1995. Soil pH and Copper Effects on Young'Hamlin' Orange Trees. Soil Sci. Soc .Am. J. 59: 481-487.

Score Alva, A. K., Graham, J. H., and Tucker, D. P. H. 1993. Role of Calcium in Amelioration ofCopper Phytotoxicity for Citrus. Soil Sci. 155[3]: 211-218.

Media Aoalsteinsson, Sveinn, Gussarsson, Monika, Asp, Hakan, and Jensen, Paul. - Monitoringcopper-induced changes in fine root geometry of birch (Betula pendula) using nutrient filmtechnique (NFT). Physiol.Plant. 99(3): 379-384 (1997)

Score Anderson, M. A., McKenna, J. R., Martens, D. C., Donohue, S. J., Kornegay, E. T., andLindemann, M. D. 1991. Long-term effects of copper-rich swine manure application on continuouscorn production. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 22[9/10]: 993-1002.

Media Arduini, I., Godbold, D. L., and Onnis, A. - Influence of Copper on Root Growth and Morphologyof Pinus pinea L. and Pinus pinaster Ait. Seedlings. Tree Physiol 15: 411-415 (1995)

Media Arnold, M. A., Lineberger, R. D., and Struve, D. K. - Copper Compounds Influence In VitroRooting of Birch Microcuttings. J.Am.Soc.Hortic.Sci. 119(1): 74-79 (1994)

OM Arnold, Michael A. and Struve, Daniel K. - Root distribution and mineral uptake of coarse-rootedtrees grown in cupric hydroxide-treated containers. Hortscience 28(10): 988-992 (1993)

Media Arora, A. and Katewa, S. S. - Germination as a Screening Index of Heavy Metal Tolerance in

Three Ethno Food Grasses. J.Environ.Biol. 20(1): 7-14 (1999)

Score Arsova, A. 1996. Effect of Soil Acidity Neutralization and Copper Toxicity on MaizeProductivity, Copper Uptake and Biomass Cation Content. Bulg .J. Plant Physiol. 22[3/4]: 56-65.

OM Asensi, A., Bennett, F., Brooks, R., Robinson, B., and Stewart, R. - Copper Uptake Studies onErica andevalensis, a Metal-Tolerant Plant from Southwestern Spain. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal.30(11/12): 1615-1624 (1999)

Media Ash, C. P. J. and Lee, D. J. - Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Iron in Earthworms from Road Sites.Environ.Pollut. 22(1): 59-67 (1980)

Media Babalakova, N. K., Traykova, D. A., and Matsumoto, H. - Reaction of H+-transporting activity andmembrane potential formation by tonoplast ATPase proton pump of barley roots after uptake ofCu2+ and Ca2+. Dokl.Bulg.Akad.Nauk. 46(3): 117-120 (1993)

Media Babalakova, N. K., Kasai, M., and Matsumoto, H. - Effect of calcium on tonoplastH+-pyrophosphatase pump in barley roots during the uptake of copper ions. Dokl.Bulg.Akad.Nauk46(3): 113-116 (1993)

Score Baijukya, F. P. and Semu, E. 1998. Effects of Kocide 101(R) on the Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) l.


Rhizobium Symbiosis. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. B Soil Plant Sci. 48[3]: 175-183.

Media Baker, A. J. M., Brooks, R. R., Pease, A. J., and Malaisse, F. - Studies on Copper and CobaltTolerance in Three Closely Related Taxa Within the Genus Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae) from Zaire.Plant Soil 73: 377-385 (1983)

Media Baker, D. E. - Copper: Soil, Water and Plant Relationships. Fed.Proc. 33(5): 1188-1193 (1974)

OM Baldwin, N. A. and Bennett, J. R. - Evaluation of Chemical Treatments for Inhibition ofEarthworm Casting in Amenity Turf. Tests Agrochem Cultiv 0(11): 14-15 (1990)

FL Baluk, Antoni and Bukiewicz, Henryk. 1987. The action of increased copper content in soil onwicker willow rooting and growth. Pr. Nauk. Inst. Ochr. Rosl. 29[2]: 71-80.

OM Banu, F. and Y. D. Tiagi. - Physiological Studies Under Metal Stress Conditions 2. Effect of Zincand Copper on Growth Performance of Lathyrus sativus. Indian Bot.Contactor 8(1): 1-7 (1991)

Score Barbosa Filho, M. P., Dynia, J. F., and Zimmermann, F. J. P. 1990. Response of upland rice tozinc and copper with a residual effect on corn. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Solo. 14[3]: 333-338.

No Dur Bardgett, R. D., Speir, T. W., Ross, D. J., Yeates, G. W., and Kettles, H. A. - Impact of PastureContamination by Copper, Chromium, and Arsenic Timber Preservative on Soil MicrobialProperties and Nematodes. Biol.Fertil.Soils 18(1): 71-79 (1994)

Media Barker, W. G. - Toxicity Levels of Mercury, Lead, Copper and Zinc in Tissue Culture Systems ofCauliflower, Lettuce, Potato and Carrot. Can.J.Bot. 50: 973-976 (1972)

OM Barman, S. C. and Lal, M. M. - Accumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb) in soil andcultivated vegetables and weeds grown in industrially polluted fields. Journal Of EnvironmentalBiology : 107-115 (1994)

OM Barnes, J. S. and Cox, F. R. - Effects of Copper Sources on Wheat and Soybeans Grown on

Organic Soils. Agron.J. 65: 705-708 (1973)

No Dur Bartosova, M., Pavel, J., and Koch, M. - Relations between heavy metal levels in soil,detritophagous and phytophagous invertebrates. Toxicol.Environ.Chem. 52(1-4): 13-23 (1995)

Media A., Laborde, C., Montillet, J. L., Triantaphylides, C., and Chagvardieff, P. - Evaluation of LipidPeroxidation as a Toxicity Bioassay for Plants Exposed to Copper. Environ.Pollut. 109(1): 131-135(2000)

Mix Basta, N. T. and Sloan, J. J. - Bioavailability of heavy metals in strongly acidic soils treated withexceptional quality biosolids. J.Environ.Qual. 28(2): 633-638 (1999)

OM Batey, T., Berryman, C., and Line, C. - The Disposal of Copper-Enriched Pig-Manure Slurry onGrassland. J.Br.Grassld.Soc. 27: 139-143 (1972)

OM Bekker, A. W., Hue, N. V., Yapa, L. G. G., and Chase, R. G. - Peanut Growth as Affected byLiming, Ca-Mn Interactions and Cu Plus Zn Applications to Oxidic Samoan Soils. Plant Soil 164:203-211 (1994)

OM Belanger, A., Levesque, M., and Mathur, S. P. - The Effect of Residual Copper Levels on the

Nutrition and Yield of Oats Grown in Microplots on Three Organic Soils. Commun.Soil Sci.PlantAnal. 17(1): 85-96 (1986)


OM Bengtsson, G., Gunnarsson, T., and Rundgen, S. 1986. Effects of Metals Pollution on theEarthworm Dendrobaena rubida (Sav.) in Acidified Soils. Water Air Soil Pollut. 28: 361-383.

Media Effects of Iron Salts and Other Looseners on Fruit Abscission of Various Citrus Cultivars.J.Am.Soc.Hortic.Soc. 98(3): 265-269 (1973)

Media Bengtsson, G., Gunnarsson, T., and Rundgren, S. - Growth Changes Caused by Metal Uptake in aPopulation of Onychiurus armatus (Collembola) Feeding on Metal Polluted Fungi. Oikos 40:216-225 (1983)

Media Bengtsson, G., Gunnarsson, T., and Rundgren, S. - Influence of Metals on Reproduction, Mortalityand Population Growth in Onychiurus armatus (Collembola). J Appl Ecol 22: 967-978 (1985)

Media Berger, B. and Dallinger, R. - Accumulation of Cadmium and Copper by the Terrestrial SnailArianta arbustorum L: Kinetics and Budgets. Oceanologia 79: 60-65 (1989)

Media Berry, W. L. - Dose-Reponse Curves for Lettuce Subjected to Acute Toxic Levels of Copper andZinc. In: ERDA Symp.Ser.No.42, Biological Implications of Metals in the Environment, NTIS,Springfield, VA : 365-369

Media Berry, W. L. - Comparative Toxicity of VO3, CrO2-4, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ to LettuceSeedlings. In: D.C.Adriano and I.L.Brisbin,Jr.(Eds.), Environmental Cemistry and CyclingProcesses, Proc.Symp.Held at Augusta, Georgia, April 18-May 1, 1976, Tech.Info.Center, U.S.Depof Energy (U.S.NTIS CONF-760429) : 582-589 (1978)

ERE Beyer, W. N., Chaney, R. L., and Mulhern, B. M. - Heavy Metal Concentrations in Earthwormsfrom Soil Amended with Sewage Sludge. J.Environ.Qual. 11(3): 381-385 (1982)

No Conc Bhuiya, M. R. H. and Cornfield, A. H. - Effects of Addition of 1000 ppm Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn onCarbon Dioxide Release During Incubation of Soil Alone and After Treatment with Straw.Environ.Pollut. 3: 173-177 (1972)

OM Bhuiya, M. R. H. and Cornfield, A. H. - Effect of Addition of Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn on NitrogenMineralisation and Nitrification During Incubation of Sandy Soils. Bangladesh J.Biol.Sci. 5(1):18-20 (1976)

Score Biro, B., Koves-Pechy, K., Voros, I., and Kadar, I. 1998. Toxicity of Some Field Applied HeavyMetal Salts to the Rhizobial and Fungal Microsymbionts of Alfalfa and Red Clover. Agrokem.Talajtan. 47[1-4]: 265-276.

Media Blevins, R. L. and Massey, H. F. - Evaluation of Two Methods of Measuring Available SoilCopper and the Effects of Soil pH and Extractable Aluminum on Copper Uptake by Plants. SoilSci.Soc.Am.Proc. 23: 296-298 (1959)

Mix Boisson, J., Ruttens, A., and Vangronsveld, J. - Evaluation of Hydroxyapatite as a MetalImmobilizing Soil Additive for the ReMediation of Polluted Soils. Part I. Influence ofHydroxyapatite on Metal Exchangeability in Soil, Plant Growth and Plant Metal Accumulation.Environ.Pollut. 104(2): 225-233 (1999)

Score Bobrzecka, D. and Krauze, A. 1989. Copper Fertilization in Crop Rotation. Part I. Effect ofCopper on Yield and Copper Content in Crops. Acta Acad. Agric. Tech. Olstenensis Agric. 48[365]: 117-125.

No Conc Boon, Gerben T., Bouwman, Lucas A., Bloem, Jaap, and Roemkens, Paul F. A. M. 1998. Effectsof a copper-tolerant grass (Agrostis capillaris) on the ecosystem of a copper-contaminated arable


soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17: 1964-1971.

OM Borkert, C. M. and Cox, F. R. - Effects of Acidity at High Soil Zinc, Copper and Manganese onPeanut, Rice and Soybean. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 30(9/10): 1371-1384 (1999)

Media Bowen, J. E. - Manganese-Silicon Interaction and Its Effect on Growth of Sudan Grass. Plant Soil37: 577-588 (1972)

Media Brams, E. A. and Fiskell, J. G. A. - Copper Accumulatino in Citrus Roots and Desorption withAcid. Soil Sci.Soc.Am.Proc. 35: 772-775 (1971)

Media Brenchley, W. E. - The Influence of Copper Sulphate and Manganese Sulphate upon the Growth ofBarley. Ann.Bot.(Lond.) 24: 571-583 (1910)

Media Brenchley, W. E. - Comparative Effects of Cobalt, Nickel and Copper on Plant Growth.Ann.Appl.Biol. 25(4): 671-694 (1938)

No Conc Brennan, R. F. 1991. Effect of Copper Application on Take-All Severity and Grain Yield of Wheatin Field Experiments near Esperance, Western Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 31: 255-258.

Media Brown, B. E. - Uptake of Copper and Lead by a Metal Tolerant Isopod Asellus meridianus Rac.Freshw.Biol. 7(3): 235-244 (1977)

OM Brown, J. C., Holmes, R. S., Shapiro, R. E., and Specht, A. W. - Effects of Phosphorus and CopperSalts on Iron Chlorosis of Rice in Flooded and Nonflooded Soil and the Associated EnzymaticActivity. Soil Sci. 79: 363-372 (1955)

ERE Brown, J. C. and Jones, W. E. - Heavy-Metal Toxicity in Plants: 1. A Crisis in Embryo.Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 6: 421-438 (1975)

No Tox Brun, L. A., Maillet, J., Hinsinger, P., and Pepin, M. 2001. Evaluation of Copper Availability toPlants in Copper-Contaminated Vineyard Soils. Environ. Pollut. 111[2]: 293-302.

Media Brunner, I. and Frey, B. - Detection and Localization of Aluminum and Heavy Metals inEctomycorrhizal Norway Spruce Seedlings. Environ.Pollut. 108(2): 121-128 (2000)

OM Caro, J. H. and Taylor, A. W. - Pathways of Loss of Dieldrin from Soils Under Field Conditions.J.Agric.Food Chem. 19(2): 379-384 (1971)

ERE Cataldo, D. A. and Wildung, R. E. - Soil and Plant Factors Influencing the Accumulation of HeavyMetals by Plants. Environ.Health Perspect. 27: 149-159 (1978)

Media Cedeno-Maldonade, A. J., Swader, J. A., and Heath, R. L. - The Cupric Ion as an Inhibitor ofPhotosynthetic Electron Transport in Isolated Chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 50: 698-701 (1972)

FL Celardin, F. and Landry, J. C. - Bioindicators of pollution earthworms and heavy metals in soil.Arch.Sci.(Geneva) 41(2): 225-228 (1988)

Media Chaney, R. L. - Effect of Nickel on Iron Metabolism by Soybean. Diss.Abstr.Int. 31: 1692-1693(1970)

OM Chaney, R. L., White, M. C., and Simon, P. W. - Plant Uptake of Heavy Metals from SewageSludge Applied to Land. In: Proc.2nd Natl.Conf.Munic.Sludge Manage., Information Transfer,Rockville, MD : 169-178 (1975)


Media Chaney, W. R. and Strickland, R. C. - Relative toxicity of heavy metals to red pine pinus-resinosapollen germination and germ tube elongation. J.Environ.Qual. 13(3): 391-394 (1984)

OM Chatterjee, J. and Chatterjee, C. - Phytotoxicity of Cobalt, Chromium and Copper in Cauliflower.Environ.Pollut. 109(1): 69-74 (2000)

OM Chaudri, A. M., McGrath, S. P., and Giller, K. E. - Survival of the Indigenous Population ofRhizobium leguminosarum Biovar trifolii in Soil Spiked with Cd, Zn, Cu and Ni Salts. SoilBiol.Biochem. 24(7): 625-632 (1992)

Media Cheng-nong, Y., Yi, L., Tian-zhi, W., Zhi-qun, T., Song-sheng, Q., and Ping, S. - ThermochemicalStudies of the Toxic Actions of Heavy Metal Ions on Rhizopus nigricans. Chemosphere 38(4):891-898 (1999)

Media Cheung, Y. H., Wong, M. H., and Tam, N. F. Y. - Root and Shoot Elongation as an Assessment of

Heavy Metal Toxicity and `Zn Equivalent Value' of Edible Crops. Hydrobiologia 188/189: 377-383(1989)

Media Chiu, C. Y. and Chou, C. H. - The distribution and influence of heavy metals in mangrove forestsof the tamshui estuary in taiwan. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 37(4): 659-669 (1991)

ERE Chlopecka, A. - Forms of Trace Metals from Inorganic Sources in Soils and Amounts Found inSpring Barley. Water Air Soil Pollut. 69(1-2): 127-134 (1993)

ERE Chlopecka, Anna. - Copper and lead species in soil and their uptake by plants when applied ascarbonates. Dev.Plant Soil Sci. 71: 459-468 (1997)

Media Chongpraditnun, Praphasri, Mori, Satoshi, and Chino, Mitsuo. - Excess copper induces a cytosolic

copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in soybean root. Plant Cell Physiol. 33(3): 239-244 (1992)

OM Chowdhury, A. K. and Mitra, P. - Resistance Induced by Non-Conventional Compounds inSelected Crop Plants Against Their Fungal Pathogens. Environ.Ecol. 17(3): 640-642 (1999)

ERE Christie, P. and Beattie, J. A. M. - Grassland Soil Microbial Biomass and Accumulation ofPotentially Toxic Metals from Long-term Slurry Application. J.Appl.Ecol. 26(2): 597-612 (1989)

Media Clark, R. B., Pier, P. A., Knudsen, D., and Maranville, J. W. - Effect of Trace Element Deficienciesand Excesses on Mineral Nutrients in Sorghum. J.Plant Nutr. 3(1-4): 357-374 (1981)

OM Clements, H. F. - Soil Toxicities as Causes of Sugarcane Leaf Freckle, Macadamia Leaf Chlorosis(Keaau) and Maui Sugarcane Growth Failure. Hawaii Agric Exp Stn Tech Bull 88: 52 (1974)

Mix Cook, C. M., Sgardelis, S. P., Pantis, J. D., and Lanaras, T. - Concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cu inTaraxacum spp. in Relation to Urban Pollution. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 53(2): 204-210(1994)

PH Cook, C. M., Vardaka, E., and Lanaras, T. - Concentrations of Cu, growth, and chlorophyll content

of field-cultivated wheat growing in naturally enriched Cu soil. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.58(2): 248-253 (1997)

Media Crawford, L. A., Hodkinson, I. D., and Lepp, N. W. - The Effects of Feeding by the Black BeanAphid Aphis fabae Scop. (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Copper and Cadmium Accumulation in BroadBean (Vicia faba L.). Environ.Geochem.Health 12: 245-251 (1990)

Media Cresswell, G. C., Nair, N. G., and Evans, J. C. - Effect of Boron and Copper Contaminants in


Poultry Manure on the Growth of the Common Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. Aust.J.Exp.Agric.30(5): 707-712 (1990)

Mix Cunningham, J. D., Keeney, D. R., and Ryan, J. A. - Phytotoxicity and Uptake of Metals Added toSoils as Inorganic Salts or in Sewage Sludge. J.Environ.Qual. 4(4): 460-462 (1975)

Mix Cunningham, J. D., Ryan, J. A., and Keeney, D. R. - Phytotoxicity in and Metal Uptake from SoilTreated with Metal-Amended Sewage Sludge. J.Environ.Qual. 4(4): 455-459 (1975)

OM Czuba, M. and Hutchinson, T. C. - Copper and Lead Levels in Crops and Soils of the HollandMarsh Area-Ontario. J.Environ.Qual. 9(4): 566-575 (1980)

Score De Iorio, A. F., Rendina, A., Barros, M. J., Bargiela, M., Garcia, A., and Iriarte, A. 1998. Copperand Molybdenum Interaction in Elytrigia elongata Growing on a Halomorphic Soil. J. Plant Nutr. 21[5]: 937-947.

Score De Varennes, A., Torres, M. O., Coutinho, J. F., Rocha, M. M. G. S., and Neto, M. M. P. M. 1996. Effects of Heavy Metals on the Growth and Mineral Composition of a Nickel Hyperaccumulator. J.Plant Nutr. 19[5]: 669-676.

Media Dallinger, R. and Wieser, W. - The Flow of Copper Through a Terrestiral Food Chain. I. Copperand Nutrition in Isopods. Oecologia 30: 253-264 (1977)

Media Dallinger, R. and Wieser, W. - Patterns of Accumulation, Distribution and Liberation of Zn, Cu,Cd and Pb in Different Organs of the Land Snail Helix pomatia, L. Comp.Biochem.Physiol. 79C:117-124 (1984)

Media Daniels, R. R., Struckmeyer, B. E., and Peterson, L. A. - Copper Toxicity in Phaseolus vulgaris L.as Influenced by Iron Nutrition. I. An Anatomical Study. J.Am.Soc.Hortic.Sci. 97: 249-254 (1972)

Media Daniels, R. R. and Struckmeyer, B. E. - Copper Toxicity in {haseolus vulgaris L. as Influenced byIron Nutrition. III. Partial Alleviation by Sucinnic Acid 2,2-Dimethyl Hydrazide.J.Am.Soc.Hortic.Sci. 98: 449-452 (1973)

Media Daniels, R. R., Struckmeyer, B. E., and Peterson, L. A. - Copper Toxicity in Phaseolus vulgaris L.as Influenced by Iron Nutrition. II. Elemental and Electron Microprobe Analysis.J.Am.Soc.Hortic.Sci. 98: 31-34 (1973)

Mix Davies, B. E. and Roberts, L. J. - Heavy Metals in Soils and Radish in a Mineralised LimestoneArea of Wales, Great Britain. Sci.Total Environ. 4: 249-261 (1975)

OM, pH Davis, R. D. and Beckett, P. H. T. - Upper Critical Levels of Toxic Elements in Plants. II. Critical

Levels of Copper in Young Barley, Wheat, Rape, Lettuce and Ryegrass and of Nickel and Zinc inYoung Barley and Ryegrass. New Phytol. 80(1): 23-32 (1978)

OM, pH Davis, R. D. and Carlton-Smith, C. H. - An Investigation into the Phytotoxicity of Zinc, Copperand Nickel Using Sewage Sludge of Controlled Metal Content. Environ.Pollut.Ser.B 8(3): 163-185(1984)

OM De Abreu, C. A., Van Raij, B., De Abreu, M. F., Dos Santos, W. R., and De Andrade, J. C. -Efficiency of Multinutrient Extractants for the Determination of Available Copper in Soils. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 27(3/4): 763-771 (1996)

Media DeKock, P. C. - Heavy Metal Toxicity and Iron Chlorosis. Ann.Bot. 20(77): 133-141 (1956)


OM Dell, B. - Copper Nutrition of Eucalyptus maculata Hook. Seedlings: Requirements for Growth,Distribution of Copper and the Diagnosis of Copper Deficiency. Plant Soil 167: 181-187 (1994)

FL DeMaeseneer, J. - Nematicidal Action of Copper Sulphate (Nematicide Werking vanKopersulfaat). Med.Rijksfac.Landbouwsch.Gent. 32: 559-564 (GER) (1967)

OM, pH Denneman, C. A. J. and Van Straalen, N. M. - The Toxicity of Lead and Copper in ReproductionTests Using the Oribatid Mite Platynothrus peltifer. Pedobiologia 35: 305-311 (1991)

Media Dennis, J. L., Mutwakil, M. H. A. Z., Lowe, K. C., and De Pomerai, D. I. - Effects of Metal Ions inCombination with a Non-Ionic Surfactant on Stress Responses in a Transgenic Nematode.Aquat.Toxicol. 40(1): 37-50 (1997)

No Conc Dias, R. M. S., Soveral-Dias, J. C., Costa, A. S. V., Fragoso, M. A. C., and Van, Beusichem M. L. - The effect of liming and organic manuring on the reduction of copper toxicity in an acid soil ofgranitic origin of dao wine region, portugal. <Book> developments in plant and soil sciences;optimization of plant nutrition. Dev.Plant Soil Sci. 509-516 (1993)

Rev Diaz-Lopez, G. and Mancha, R. - Usefulness of Testing with Eisenia fetida for the Evaluation ofAgrochemicals in Soils. In: M.H.Donker, H.Eijsackers, and F.Heimbach (Eds.), Ecotoxicology ofSoil Organisms, Chapter 17, Lewis Publ., Boca Raton, FL : 251-256 (1994)

Media Dokiya, Y., Owa, N., and Mitsui, S. - Comparative Physiological Study of Iron, Manganese andCopper Absorption by Plants. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr. 14(5): 169-174 (1968)

Rev Donkin, Steven G. - Graphical determination of metal bioavailability to soil invertebrates utilizingthe Langmuir sorption model. ASTM Spec.Tech.Publ., VSTP 1317, Environmental Toxicology andRisk Assessment: Modeling and Risk Assessment 6: 28-43 (1997)

OM Dorn, C. R., Pierce, J. O., Chase, G. R., and Phillips, P. E. - Environmental Contamination byLead, Cadmium, Zinc, and Copper in a New Lead-Producing Area. Environ.Res. 9: 159-172 (1975)

FL Dorn, J. and Metz, R. - Effects of Organic Pollutants (PAH; PCB) and Heavy Metals in SewageFields on Biomass Production and Heavy Metal Transfer of Rye (Wirkung von OrganischenSchadstoffen (PAK; PCB) und Schwermetallen in Rieselfeldboden auf Biomasseertrag undSchwermetalltransfer bei Roggen (Secale cereale)). Z.Pflanzenernahr.Bodenkd. 159(1): 87-91(1996)

No Conc Dorn, J., Koch, C., Metz, R., and Wilke, B. M. - Effect of 2,2',5,5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl,Benzo-a-Pyren, Cadmium and Copper in an Original Sewage Field Soil and Uptake of TheseSubstances by Rye (Wirkung von 2,2',5,5' Tetrachlorbiphenyl, Benzo-a-pyren, Cadmium undKupfer in Einem Rieselfeldboden und Aufnahme Dieser Stoffe Durch Roggen (Secale cereale)).Z.Pflanzenernahr.Bodenkd. 160(2): 217-222 (1997)

OM, pH Doroshenko, T. N. and Biryukov, S. A. - Peculiarities of Stock Scion Activity of Apple Tree at

Increased Content of Copper in Soil: Physiological Aspects. Acta Horticult. 448: 31-36 (1997) Mix Dowdy, R. H. and Ham, G. E. - Soybean Growth and Elemental Content as Influenced by Soil

Amendments of Sewage Sludge and Heavy Metals: Seedling Studies. Agron.J. 69: 300-303 (1977) Media Downes, Geoffrey M. and Turvey, Nigel D. - The effect of nitrogen and copper on characteristics

of wood tissue in Pinus radiata. Can.J.For.Res. 20(9): 1369-1377 (1990)

OM Dueck, T. A. - Effects of Sulphur Dioxide, Zinc, Copper on Life History Characteristics of Silenecucubalus. In: T.A.Dueck, Impact of Heavy Metals and Air Pollutants on Plants, Acadmisch


Proefschrift, Free University Press, Amsterdam : 133-149 (1986)

Media Ebbs, S. D. and Kochian, L. V. - Toxicity of Zinc and Copper to Brassica Species: Implications forPhytoreMediation. J.Environ.Qual. 26(3): 776-781 (1997)

Score Edwards, C. A. 1983. Development of a Standardized Laboratory Method for Assessing theToxicity of Chemical Substances to Earthworms. EUR 8714 EN, Comm.Eur.Communities , 141p.

Score Edwards, C. A. and Bater, J. E. 1992. The Use of Earthworms in Environmental Management. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24[12]: 1683-1689.

OM,pH Eleftheriou, E. P. and Karataglis, S. - Ultrastructural and Morphological Characteristics of

Cultivated Wheat Growing on Copper-polluted Fields. Bot.Acta 102(2): 134-140 (1989)

OM,pH Engler, R. M. and Patrick, W. H. - Stability of Sulfides of Manganese, Iron, Zinc, Copper, andMercury in Flooded and Non-flooded Soil. Soil Sci 119: 217-221 (1975)

Media Fargasova, A. - Root Growth Inhibition, Photosynthetic Pigments Production, and MetalAccumulation in Sinapis alba as the Parameters for Trace Metals Effect Determination.Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 61(6): 762-769 (1988)

No Conc Farkas, S., Hornung, E., and Fischer, E. 1996. Toxicity of Copper to Porcellio scaber Latr.(Isopoda) Under Different Nutritional Status. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57[4]: 582-588.

Mix Ferrari, B., Radetski, C. M., Veber, A. M., and Ferard, J. F. - Ecotoxicological Assessment of SolidWastes: A Combined Liquid- and Solid-Phase Testing Approach Using a Battery of Bioassays andBiomarkers. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 18(6): 1195-1202 (1999)

No Dur Filser, J., Fromm, H., Nagel, R. F., and Winter, K. - Effects of Previous Intensive AgriculturalManagement on Micoorganisms and the Biodiversity of Soil Fauna. Plant Soil 170: 123-129 (1995)

No Conc Filser, J. and Hoelscher, G. - Experimental Studies on the Reactions of Collembola to CopperContamination. Pedobiologia 41(1-3): 173-178 (1997)

No Conc Filser, J., Wittmann, R., and Lang, A. - Response Types in Collembola Towards Copper in theMicroenvironment. Environ.Pollut. 107(1): 71-78 (2000)

OM, pH Fischer, Erno and Molnar, Laszlo. - Growth and Reproduction of Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta,Lumbricidae) in Semi-natural Soil Containing Various Metal Chlorides. Soil Biol.Biochem.29(3/4): 667-670 (1997)

OM, pH Fiskell, J. G. A. and Leonard, C. D. - Soil and Root Copper. Evaluation of Copper Fertilization byAnalysis of Soil and Citrus Roots. J.Agric.Food Chem. 15: 350-353 (1967)

Score Fodor, L. 1998. Effect of Heavy Metals on Wheat and Maize Crop on Brown Forest Soil. Agrokem. Talajtan 47[1-4]: 197-206.

Media Forge, T. A., Berrow, M. L., Darbyshire, J. F., and Warren, A. - Protozoan Bioassays of SoilAmended with Sewage Sludge and Heavy Metals, Using the Common Soil Ciliate Colpoda steinii.Biol.Fertil.Soils 16: 282-286 (1993)

OM Freeman, M. N., Peredney, C. L., and Williams, P. L. 1999. A Soil Bioassay Using the NematodeCaenorhabditis elegans. In: D.S.Henshel, M.C.Black, and M.C.Harrass (Eds.), Standardization ofBiomarkers for Endocrine Disruption and Environmental Assessment, 8th Volume, ASTM STP1364, West Conshohocken, PA , 305-318.


Media Fujita, M. and Kawanishi, T. - Purification and Characterization of Cd-Binding Complex from theRoot Tissue of Water Hyacinth Cultivated in a Cd+2-Containing Medium. Pant Cell Physiol. 27(7):1317-1325 (1986)

Media Gadgil, R. L. - Tolerance of Heavy Metals and the Reclamation of Industrial Waste. J Appl Ecol 6:247-259 (1969)

OM, pH Gal, J. Y. and Bouche, M. B. - Correlation of Lethal Concentrations of Heavy Metals with TissueLevels of Earthworms. University of France, Montpellier, France (NTIS#ADA199269) : 34 (1988)

Media Garten, C. T. J. - Multispecies Methods of Testing for Toxicity: Use of the Rhizobium-LegumeSymbiosis in Nitrogen Fixation and Correlations Between Responses by Algae and TerrestrialPlants. In: W.Wang, J.W.Gorsuch, and W.R.Lower (Eds.), Plants for Toxicity Assessment, ASTMSTP 1091, Philadelphia, PA : 69-84 (1990)

OM, pH Gartside, D. W. and McNeilly, T. - The Potential for Evaluation of Heavy Metal Tolerance inPlants. II. Copper Tolerance in Normal Populations of Different Plant Species. Heredity 32(3):335-348 (1974)

Media Geiger, G., Federer, P., and Sticher, H. - Reclamation of heavy metal-contaminated soils: fieldstudies and germination experiments. J.Environ.Qual. 22(1): 201-207 (1993)

OM, pH Georgiev, G., Atanasov, B., Kalmuckov, K., and Alexandrova, E. - Effect of Cu Concentrations onNitrogen Fixation and Cu Accumulation in Black Locust Plant (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and itsSymbiotic Rhizobium sp. Dokl.Bulg.Akad.Nauk 50(3): 67-70 (1997)

OM Gibb, J. O. T., Svendsen, C., Weeks, J. M., and Nicholson, J. K. - 1H NMR SpectroscopicInvestigations of Tissue Metabolite Biomarker Response to Cu(II) Exposure in TerrestrialInvertebrates: Identification of Free Histidine as a Novel Biomarker of Exposure to Copper inEarthworms. Biomarkers 2(5): 295-302 (1997)

OM Gimenez, S. M. N., Chaves, J. C. D., Pavan, M. A., and Cruces, I. I. - Copper Toxicity in CoffeeSeedlings. Rev.Bras.Cienc.Solo 16(3): 361-366 (1992)

No Species Gimeno-Garcia, E., Andreu, V., and Boluda, R. - Distribution of heavy metals in rice farming soils.Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 29(2): 476-483 (1995)

Media Gorsuch, J. W., Kringle, R. O., and Robillard, K. A. - Chemical Effects on the Germination andEarly Growth of Terrestrial Plants. In: W.Wang, J.W.Gorsuch., and W.R.Lower (Eds.), Plants forToxicity Assessment, ASTM STP 1091, Philadelphia, PA : 49-58 (1990)

Media Goven, A. J., Chen, S. C., Fitzpatrick, L. C., and Venables, B. J. - Lysozyme Activity inEarthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) Coelomic Fluid and Coelomocytes: Enzyme Assayf forImmunotoxicity of Xenobiotics. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 13(4): 607-613 (1994)

Mix Gray, N. F. - Ecology of Nematophagous Fungi: Effect of the Soil Nutrients Nitrogen, Phosphorus,and Potassium and Seven Major Metals on Distribution. Plant Soil 108(2): 286-290 (1988)

Media Gregory, R. P. G. and Bradshaw, A. D. - Heavy Metal Tolerance in Populations of Agrostis tenuisSibth. and Other Grasses. New Phytol. 64: 131-143 (1965)

Media Gregory, T. J. and Foy, C. D. - The Role of Chelation in Metal Tolerance and Toxicity; Differential

Uptake and Toxicity of Ionic and Chelated Copper in Triticum aestivum L. In: T.D.Lekkas (Ed.),Heavy Metal Environ.5th Int.Conf., Volume 2, CEP Consultant Ltd., Edinburgh, UK : 147-149(1985)


OM Gunnarsson, T. and Rundgren, S. 1986. Nematode Infestation and Hatching Failure of LumbricidCocoons in Acidified and Metal Polluted Soils. Pedobiologia. 29[3]: 165-173.

Media Gussarsson, M., Adalsteinsson, S., Jensen, P., and Asp, H. - Cadmium and copper interactions onthe accumulation and distribution of cd and cu in birch (betula pendula roth) seedlings. Plant Soil171(1): 185-187 (1995)

Media Gussarsson, Monika and Jensen, Paul. - Effects of copper and cadmium on uptake and leakage ofpotassium in birch (betula pendula) roots. Tree Physiology 11(3): 305-313 (1992)

ERE Gworek, B. - The Effect of Zeolites on Copper Uptake by Plants Growing in Contaminated Soils.J.Inclusion Phenom.Mol.Recognit.Chem. 15(1): 1-7 (1993)

Media Halsall, D. M. - Effects of Certain Cations on the Formation and Infectivity of PhytophthoraZoospores. 2. Effects of Copper, Boron, Cobalt, Manganese, Molybdenum and Zinc Ions.Can.J.Microbiol. 23(8): 1002-1010 (1977)

OM Harmer, P. M. - Studies on the Effect of Copper Sulfate Applied to Organic Soil on the Yield andQuality of Several Crops. Soil Sci.Soc.Am.Proc. 10: 284-294 (1945)

ERE Harreus, D., Kohler, H. R., and Weeks, J. M. - Combined Non-invasive Cell Isolation andNeutral-Red Retention Assay for Measuring the Effects of Copper on the Lumbricid Aporrectodearosea (Savigny). Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 59(1): 44-49 (1997)

Media: Hartenstein, R., Neuhauser, E. F., and Collier, J. - Accumulation of Heavy Metals in theEarthworm, Eisenia foetida. J.Environ.Qual. 9(1): 23-26 (1980)

No Conc Hartenstein, R., Neuhauser, E. F., and Narahara, A. 1981. Effects of Heavy Metal and OtherElemental Additives to Activated Sludge on Growth of Eisenia foetida. J. Environ. Qual. 10[3]: 372-376.

Media Heale, E. L. and Ormrod, D. P. - Effects of Nickel and Copper on Acer rubrum, Cornus stolonifera,Lonicera tatarica, and Pinus resinosa. Can.J.Bot. 60: 2674-2681 (1982)

Score Heimbach, F. 1985. Comparison of Laboratory Methods, Using Eisenia foetida and Lumbricusterrestris, for the Assessment of the Hazard of Chemicals to Earthworms. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 92[2]: 186-193 (OECDG Data File).

No Data Heimbach, F. 1984. Correlations Between Three Methods for Determining the Toxicity ofChemicals to Earthworms. Pestic. Sci. 15: 605-611 (OECDG Data File).

No Dur Herawati, N., Rivai, I. F., Koyama, H., Suzuki, S., and Lee, Y. - Copper in rice and in soilsaccording to soil type in Japan, Indonesia, and China: a baseline study.Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 60(2): 266-272 (1998)

Media Herstein, U. and Jager, H. J. - Tolerances of Different Populations of Three Grass Species toCadmium and Other Metals. Environ.Exp.Bot. 26(4): 309-319 (1986)

OM Hill, J., Robson, A. D., and Loneragan, J. F. - The Effect of Copper Supply on the Senescence andthe Retranslocation of Nutrients of the Oldest Leaf of Wheat. Ann.Bot. 44: 279-287 (1979)

Rev Hill, R. - Copper Toxicity. I. Br.Vet.J. 133(3): 219-225 (1977)

Media Hogan, G. F., Courtin, G. M., and Ravser, W. E. - Copper Tolerance in Clones of Agrostis gigantaefrom a Mine Waste Site. Can J Bot 55: 1043-1050 (1977)


No Conc Holmstrup, M. - Drought Tolerance In Folsomia candida Willem (Collembola) After Exposure ToSublethal Concentrations Of Three-Soil Polluting Chemicals. Pedobiologia 41(4): 361-368 (1997)

Media Hopkin, S. P. and Hames, C. A. C. - Zinc, among a 'cocktail' of metal pollutants, is responsible forthe absence of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber from the vicinity of a primary smelting works.Ecotoxicology 3(1): 68-78 (1994)

ERE Howard, K., Colquhoun, I. J., and Hardy, G. - The Potential of Copper Sulphate to ControlPhytophthora cinnamomi During Bauxite Mining in Western Australia. Aust.Plant Pathol. 27(1):51-58 (1998)

Media Hsu, Fu Hsing and Lin, H. S Ed. - Studies on seed germination of miscanthus species. <Book>taichung district agricultural improvement station special publication; crop genetics, breeding,physiology and cultivation. Taichung District Agricultural Improvement Station Special Publication: 205-217 (1993)

No Control Huber, M. C., Winter, R. E. K., and Bolla, R. I. - Effect of Copper Sulfate and Lead Acetate onInfection of Pines with Bursaphelenchus-xylophilus. J.Nematol. 21(1): 1-9 (1989)

OM, pH Hylander, L. - Changes in Plant Nutrient Content of Barley as a Result of Lime, Phosphorus,Manganese, Copper and Zinc Supplies on Three Swedish Mineral Soils in a Pot Experiment.Swed.J.Agric.Res. 25(3): 93-107 (1995)

Mix Ibekwe, A. M., Angle, J. S., Chaney, R. L., and Van, Berkum P. - Enumeration and N-2 fixationpotential of rhizobium Leguminosarum biovar trifolii grown in soil with varying pH values andheavy metal concentrations. Agric.Ecosyst.Environ. 61: 103-111 (1997)

Media Imai, I. and Siegel, S. M. - A Specific Response to Toxic Cadmium Levels in Red Kidney BeanEmbryos. Physiol.Plant. 29: 118-120 (1973)

OM Jackson, B. P., Miller, W. P., Schumann, A. W., and Sumner, M. E. - Trace Element Solubilityfrom Land Application of Fly Ash/Organic Waste Mixs. J.Environ.Qual. 28(2): 639-647 (1999)

OM, pH Jackson, D. R., Selvidge, W. J., and Ausmus, B. S. - Behavior of Heavy Metals in ForestMicrocosms: II. Effects on Nutrient Cycling Processes. Water Air Soil Pollut. 10: 13-18 (1978)

Score Jaggy, A. and Streit, B. 1982. Toxic Effects of Soluble Copper on Octolasium cyaneum Sav.(Lumbricidae). Rev Suisse De Zool. 89[4]: 881-889.

OM Jaros-Su, J., Groden, E., and Zhang, J. X. - Effects of Selected Fungicides and the Timing ofFungicide Application on Beauveria bassiana-Induced Mortality of the Colorado Potato Beetle(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biol.Control 15(3): 259-269 (1999)

OM, pH Jarvis, S. C. and Whitehead, D. C. - The Absorption, Distribution and Concentration of Copper inWhite Clover Grown on a Range of Soils. Plant Soil 75: 427-434 (1983)

Score Jarvis, S. C. 1978. Copper Uptake and Accumulation by Perennial Ryegrass Grown in Soil andSolution Culture. J. Sci. Food Agric. 29[1]: 12-18.

OM Javadi, M., Beuerlein, J. E., and Arscott, T. G. - Effects of Phosphorus and Copper on FactorsInfluencing Nutrient Uptake, Photosynthesis and Grain Yield of Wheat. Ohio J.Sci. 91(5): 191-194(1991)

Score Javadi, M. 1988. Plastocyanin Evaluation in Wheat (T. aestivum L.) as Affected by Rates ofPhosphate and Copper. Ph.D Thesis, Ohio State University , 47p.


Media Jaworska, M., Gorczyca, A., Sepiol, J., and Tomasik, P. - Effect of Metal Ions on theEntomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Nematode: Heterohabditidae)Under Laboratory Conditions. Water Air Soil Pollut. 93: 157-166 (1997)

Media Jiang, W., Liu, D., and Li, H. - Effects of Cu2+ on Root Growth, Cell Division, and Nucleolus of

Helianthus annuus L. Sci.Total Environ. 256: 59-65 (2000)

OM Jones, M. D., Browning, M. H. R., and Hutchinson, T. C. - The Influence of MycorrhizalAssociations on Paper Birch and Jack Pine Seedlings When Exposed to Elevated Copper, Nickel orAluminum. Water Air Soil Pollut. 31(3-4): 441-448 (1986)

Score Kadar, I. and Morvai, B. 1998. Effect of Micropollutants on Soil and Crop on Calcareous SandySoil. Agrokem. Talajtan. 47[1-4]: 207-214.

OM Kalyanaraman, S. B. and Sivagurunathan, P. - Effect of Cadmium, Copper and Zinc on the Growthof Blackgram. J.Plant Nutr. 16(10): 2029-2042 (1993)

ERE Kanabo, I. A. K. and Gilkes, R. J. - Low-Contaminant Jarosite Waste as a Fertilizer Amendment.J.Environ.Qual. 21(4): 679-684 (1992)

OM Karamanos, R. E., Fradette, J. G., and Gerwing, P. D. - Evaluation of Copper and ManganeseNutrition of Spring Wheat Grown on Organic Soils. Can.J.Soil Sci. 65: 133-148 (1985)

OM, Karamanos, R. E., Hodge, N., and Stewart, J. W. B. - The Effect of Sulfur on Manganese andCopper Nutrition of Canola. Can.J.Soil Sci. 69(1): 119-125 (1989)

No Conc Karlen, D. L. and Hunt, P. G. 1985. Copper, Nitrogen, and Rhizobium japonicum Relationships inDeterminate Soybean. J. Plant Nutr. 8[5]: 395-404.

Media Ke, Hueli Yang David, Anderson, Wendy L., Moncrief, Robyn M., Rayson, Gary D., and Jackson,Paul J. - Luminescence studies of metal ion-binding sites on Datura inoxia biomaterial.Environ.Sci.Technol. 28(4): 586-591 (1994)

Media Keltjens, W. G. and Van Beusichem, M. L. - Phytochelatins as Biomarkers for Heavy MetalToxicity in Maize: Single Metal Effects of Copper and Cadmium. J.Plant Nutr. 21(4): 635-648(1998)

Media Keltjens, W. G. and Van Beusichem, M. L. - Phytochelatins as biomarkers for heavy metal stress inmaize (Zea mays L) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L): Combined effects of copper and cadmium.Plant Soil 203(1): 119-126 (1998)

OM Khalil, M. A., Abdel-Lateif, H. M., Bayoumi, B. M., and Straalen, N. M. - Analysis of Separateand Combined Effects of Heavy Metals on the Growth of Aporrectodea caliginosa(oligochaeta;annelida) using the Toxic Unit Approach. Applied Soil Ecology : A Section OfAgriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 4(3): 213-219 (1996)

Media Khan, D. H. and Frankland, B. - Cellulolytic Activity and Root Biomass Production in SomeMetal-Contaminated Soils. Environ.Pollut.Ser.A Ecol.Biol. 33: 63-74 (1984)

Rev Kiss, T. and Osipenko, O. - Metal Ion-Induced Permeability Changes in Cell Membranes: AMinireview. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 14(6): 781-789 (1994)

No Data Kjaer, C., Pedersen, M. B., and Elmegaard, N. 1998. Effects of Soil Copper on Black Bindweed(Fallopia convolvulus) in the Laboratory and in the Field. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35[1]:14-19.


OM Kloke, A. and Egels, W. - Effect of Excess Fertilization with Boron, Cobalt, Copper Manganese,and Zinc on the Content of These Elements in Soil and Plants.Dokl.Zarub.Uchastnikov-Mezhdunar.Kongr.Miner.Udobr., 8th 2(4/5): 115-121 (1976)

Media Kong, F. X. - Influence of Copper, Manganese and pH on the Growth and Several Enzyme

Activities in Mycorrhizal Fungus Amanita muscaria. Chemosphere 30(1): 199-207 (1995)

OM Kozdroj, J. and Piotrowska-Seget, Z. - Indigenous Microflora and Bean Responses to Introductionof Genetically Modified Pseudomonas fluorescencens Strains into Soil Contaminated with Copper.J.Environ.Sci.Health.Part A 30(10): 2133-2158 (1995)

No Conc Kramarz, P. and Laskowski, R. 1999. Toxicity and Possible Food-Chain Effects of Copper,Dimethoate and a Detergent (LAS) on a Centipede (Lithobius mutabilis) and its Prey (Muscadomestica). Appl. Soil Ecol. 13: 177-185.

OM Krebs, R., Gupta, S. K., Furrer, G., and Schulin, R. - Solubility and Plant Uptake of Metals withand without Liming of Sludge-amended Soils. J.Environ.Qual. 27(1): 18-23 (1998)

Media Kruckeberg, A. L. and Wu, L. - Copper tolerance and copper accumulation of herbaceous plants

colonizing inactive California copper mines. Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf. 23(3): 307-319 (1992)

OM, pH Kubota, J., Lemon, E. R., and Allaway, W. H. - The Effect of Soil Moisture upon the Uptake ofMolybdenum, Copper and Cobalt by Alsike Clover. Soil Sci.Soc.Am.Proc. 27: 679-683 (1963)

FL Kuduk, Czeslaw. 1988. Copper effect on the initial growth of wheat and on biological properties ofcohesive soil. Rocz. Glebozn. 39[1]: 63-70.

OM, pH Kula, C. - A Prolonged Laboratory Test on Sublethal Effect of Pesticides on Eisenia fetida. In:M.H.Donker, H.Eijsackers, and F.Heimbach (Eds.), Ecotoxicology of Soil Organisms, Chapter 17,Lewis Publ., Boca Raton, FL : 257-262 (1994)

Nutrient Kumar, Vinod, Yadav, D. V., and Yadav, D. S. 1990. Effects of nitrogen sources and copperlevels on yield, nitrogen and copper contents of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Soil. 126[1]: 79-83.

OM, pH Lambert, D. H. - Response of Sweetgum to Mycorrhizae, Phosphorus, Copper, Zinc, and SewageSludge. Can.J.For.Res. 12: 1024-1027 (1982)

Media Lane, I. and Puckett, K. J. - Responses of the Phosphatase Activity of the Lichen Cladinarangiferina to Various Environmental Factors Including Metals. Can.J.Bot. 57: 1534-1540 (1979)

No Species Laskowski, R. and Hopkin, S. P. - Accumulation of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in the Garden Snail (Helixaspersa): Implications for Predators. Environ.Pollut. 91(3): 289-297 (1996)

FL Lee, F. Y. and Liao, C. R. - Reclamation Methods for Copper-Contaminated Soils. II. Effect ofSoil Conditioners. J.Environ.Prot.Saf.Rep.China 15(1): 75-83 (1992)

ERE Leendertse, Peter C., Scholten, Martin C. T., and Van, Der Wal Jan Tjalling. - Fate and effects ofnutrients and heavy metals in experimental salt marsh ecosystems. Environ.Pollut. 94(1): 19-29(1996)

Media Lepp, N. W. and Dickinson, N. M. - Effect of Copper on Germination of Coffea Pollen: PossibleInduction of Copper Tolerance. In: 2nd Intl.Conf on Environ.Contam.in Amsterdam, Sept.1986,CEP Consultants Ltd., Edinburgh, Great Britian : 33-35 (1986)


Media Lepp, Nicholas W., Hartley, Jeanette, Toti, Mihai, and Dickinson, Nicholas M. - Patterns of soilcopper contamination and temporal changes in vegetation in the vicinity of a copper rod rollingfactory. Environ.Pollut. 95(3): 363-369 (1997)

Mix Lexmond, T. M. - The Effect of Soil pH on Copper Toxicity of Forage Maize Grown Under FieldConditions. Neth.J.Agric.Sci. 28: 164-184 (1980)

No Conc Liang, J., Stewart, J. W. B., and Karamanos, R. E. - Distribution and plant availability of soilcopper fractions in saskatchewan. Can J Soil Sci 71(1): 89-100 (1991)

Media Lidon, F. C. and Henrique., F. S. - Effects of Copper Toxicity on Growth and the Uptake andTranslocation of Metals in Rice Plants. J.Plant Nutr. 16(8): 1449-1464 (1993)

Media Lidon, F. C. and Henriques, F. S. - Copper Mediated Inhibition on Protein Synthesis in RiceShoots. J.Plant Nutr. 16(9): 1619-1630 (1993)

Media Lidon, Fernando C. and Henriques, Fernando S. - Effects of copper on the ascorbate, diamine ando-diphenol oxidases activities of rice leaves. Phyton 52(2): 97-104 (1991)

Media Lidon, Fernando C. and Henriques, Fernando S. - Effects of increasing concentrations of copper onmetal uptake kinetics and biomass yields. Soil Sci. 154(1): 44-49 (1992)

Media Lidon, Fernando Cebola, Barreiro, Maria da Graca, and Henriques, Fernando Santos. - Interactionsbetween biomass production and ethylene biosynthesis in copper-treated rice. J.Plant Nutr. 18(6):1301-1314 (1995)

Media Liu, D., Jiang, W., Lu, C., Zhao, F., Hao, Y., and Guo, L. - Effects of Copper Sulfate on theNucleolus of Allium cepa Root Tip Cells. Hereditas 120: 87-90 (1994)

Media Lolkema, P. C. and Vooijs, R. - Copper Tolerance in Silence cucubalus; Subcellular Distribution ofCopper and Its Effects on Chloroplasts and Plastocyanin Synthesis. Planta 167: 30-36 (1986)

Media Lu, W. P. and Kirkham, M. B. - Genotypic tolerance to metals as indicated by ethylene production.International Conference on Metals in Soils, Waters, Plants and Animals, Orlando, Florida, Usa,April 30-May 3, 1990.Water Air Soil Pollut.57-58 (0).1991.605-616

. Media Lui, Donghua, Jiang, Wusheng, Wang, Wei, and Zhai, Lin. - Evaluation of metal ion toxicity on

root tip cells by the allium test. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 43: 125-133 (1995)

No Control Luwe, Michael W. F., Nilsson, L. O., Huttl, R. F., and Johansson, U. T Eds. - Distribution ofnutrients and phytotoxic metal ions in the soil and in two forest floor plant species of a beech (fagussylvatica l.) Stand. <Book> developments in plant and soil sciences; nutrient uptake and cycling inforest ecosystems. Dev.Plant Soil Sci. 168-169: 195-202 (1995)

Score Ma, W. C. 1982. The Influence of Soil Properties and Worm-Related Factors on theConcentrations of Heavy Metals in Earthworms. Pedobiologia. 24: 109-119.

Score MacLean, A. J. and Dekker, A. J. 1978. Availability of Zinc, Copper and Nickel to Plants Grownin Sewage-Treated Soils. Can J Soil Sci. 58: 381-389.

Media Madan, V. K., Yadav, J. P. S., Taneja, A. D., and Kudesia, V. P. - Fungicidal and nematicidalactivity of pyrimidyl and thiazolyl substituted thioureas and their complexes of some bivalent metal.Crop Res. 4(1): 141-145 (1991)

OM, pH Mahatanya, E. T. - The Effect of Phosphorus and Copper on the Bean Plant (Phaseolus vulgaris


L.). Mysore J.Agric.Sci. 10(2): 214-225 (1976)

OM, pH Malecki, M. R., Neuhauser, E. F., and Lehr, R. C. - The Effect Of Metals On The Growth AndReproduction Of Eisenia Foetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedobiologia 24(3): 129-137 (1982)

OM, pH Manninen, A. M., Laatikainen, T., and Holopainen, T. - Condition of Scots pine fine roots andmycorrhiza after fungicide application and low-level ozone exposure in a 2-year field experiment.Trees-Structure & Function 12(6): 347-355 (1998)

Media Marigomez, J. A., Angulo, E., and Moya, J. - Copper Treatment of the Digestive Gland of the SlugArion ater L. 2. Morphometrics and Histropathology. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 36: 608-615(1986)

Media Marigomez, J. A., Angulo, E., and Moya, J. - Copper Treatment of the Digestive Gland of the Slug(Arion ater L. 1. Bioassay Conduction and Histochemical Analysis. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.36: 600-607 (1986)

No Dur Marino, F., Ligero, A., and Diaz Cosin, D. J. - Heavy Metals in Several Earthworm Species Livingin Serpentine Soils. Nova-Acta-Cient.-Compostel.-(Biol.) 5: 245-250 (1994)

No Dur Marino, F., Ligero, A., and Diaz, C. - Heavy Metals in Earthworms and Soils Around to a ThermicPower Station at as Pontes (La Coruna, NW Spain). Boletin De La Real Sociedad Espanola DeHistoria Natural Seccion Biologica 92(1-4): 65-73 (1996)

No Control Marinussen, M. P. J. C., Van der Zee, S. E. A. T., and De Haan, F. A. M. - Cu Accumulation in theEarthworm Dendrobaena veneta in a Heavy Metal (Cu, Pb, Zn) Contaminated Site Compared to CuAccumulation in Laboratory Experiments. Environ.Pollut. 96(2): 227-233 (1997)

No Control Marinussen, M. P. J. C., Van der Zee, S. E. A. T. M., and De Haan, F. A. M. - Effect of Cd or PbAddition to Cu-Contaminated Soil on Tissue Cu Accumulation in the Earthworm, Dendrobaenaveneta. Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf. 38(3): 309-315 (1997)

OM Marinussen, M. P. J. C., Van der Zee, S. E. A. T., and De Haan, F. A. M. - Cu Accumulation inLumbricus Rubellus Under Laboratory Conditions Compared with Accumulation Under FieldConditions. Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf. 36(1): 17-26 (1997)

ERE Marinussen, M. P. J. C. and Van der Zee, S. E. A. T. M. - Cu Accumulation by Lumbricus rubellusas Affected by Total Amount of Cu in Soil, Soil Moisture and Soil Heterogeneity. SoilBiol.Biochem. 29(3/4): 641-647 (1997)

No Control Marr, K., Fyles, H., and Hendershot, W. - Trace Metals in Montreal Urban Soils and the Leaves ofTaraxacum officinale. Can.J.Soil Sci. 79(2): 385-387 (1999)

Media Martensson, A. - Assessing Anthropogenic Impact on Nitrogen Fixing Legumes. In:J.P.E.Anderson, et al.(Eds.), Proc.of the Int.Symp.on Environmental Aspects of PesticideMicrobiology, Aug.17-21, 1992, Sigtuna, Sweden : 121-126 (1992)

OM, pH Martin, N. A. - Toxicity of Pesticides to Allolobophora caliginosa (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae).N.Z.J.Agric.Res. 29(4): 699-706 (1986)

OM, pH Masarovicova, E. and Holubova, M. - Effect of Copper on Growth and Chlorophyll Content ofsome Herbs. Rostl.Vyroba 44(6): 261-265 (1998)

OM Mathur, S. P., Belanger, A., Sanderson, R. B., Valk, M., and Knibbe, E. N. - The Influence ofVariations in Soil Copper on the Yield and Nutrition of Spinach Grown in Microplots on Two


Organic Soils. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 15(6): 695-706 (1984)

OM Mathur, S. P. and Belanger, A. - The Influence of Variation in Soil Copper on the Yield andNutrition of Carrots Grown in Microplots on Two Organic Soils. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal.18(6): 615-624 (1987)

OM, pH Mathys, W. - Enzymes of Heavy-Metal-Resistant and Non-Resistant Populations of Silenecucubalus and Their Interaction with some Heavy Metals In Vitro and In Vivo. Physiol.Plant 33:161-165 (1975)

OM Maxchmeyer, J. R. and Quinn, J. A. - Copper Tolerance in New Jersey Populations of Agrostisstolonifera and Paronychia fastigiata. Bull Torrey Bot Club 103(6): 244-251 (1976)

OM, ERE McAndrew, D. W., Loewen-Rudgers, L. A., and Racz, G. J. - A Growth Chamber Study ofCopper Nutrition of Cereal and Oilseed Crops in Organic Soil. Can.J.Plant Sci. 64: 505-510 (1984)

OM, pH McFarland, M. L., Ueckert, D. N., Hons, F. M., and Hartmann, S. - Selective-Placement Burial ofDrilling Fluids: II. Effects on Buffalograss and Fourwing Saltbush. J.Environ.Qual. 21(1): 140-144(1992)

Media Medici, J. C. and Taylor, M. W. - Interrelationships Among Copper, Zinc and Cadmium in the Dietof the Confused Flour Beetle. J.Nutr. 93: 307-309 (1967)

No Control Merry, R. H., Tiller, K. G., and Alston, A. M. - The Effects of Contamination of Soil with Copper,Lead and Arsenic on the Growth and Composition of Plants. I. Effects of Season, Genotype, SoilTemperature and Fertilizers. Plant Soil 91: 115-128 (1986)

No Conc Metz, R., Dorn, J., and Wilke, B. W. - Combined Effects of Organic and Mineral Pollutants toSoil-Plant Transfer on Artificially Enriched Original Sewage Field Soil in Pots (DasZusammenwirken von Organischen und Mineralischen Schadstoffen beim Boden-Pflanze-Transferauf Einem Aufdotierten Rieselfeldboden im Gafab). Verh.Ges.Oekol.(Proc.Soc.Ecol.) 28: 465-470(1998)

OM, pH Mikula, W. and Indeka, L. - Heavy metals in allotment gardens close to an oil refinery in plock.Water Air Soil Pollut. 96(1/4): 61-71 (1997)

Media Mikunthan, G. - Effect of some fungicides on Metarrhizium sp. Sorok: An entomopathogen oninsect pests of rice and pulses. International Rice Research Notes : 24-25 (1995)

No Conc Miles, L. J. and Parker, G. R. - Heavy Metal Interaction for Andropogon scoparius and Rudbeckiahirta Grown on Soil from Urban and Rural Sites with Heavy Metals Additions. J.Environ.Qual.8(4): 443-449 (1979)

Media Millikan, C. R. - Effects of Flax of a Toxic Concentration of Boron, Iron, Molybenum, Aluminum,Copper, Zinc, Cobalt, or Nickel in the Nutrient Solution. R Soc Victoria Proc 61: 25-42 (1949)

Mix Miner, G. S., Gutierrez, R., and King, L. D. - Soil factors affecting plant concentrations ofcadmium, copper, and zinc on sludge-amended soils. J.Environ.Qual. 26(4): 989-994 (1997)

No Control Minnich, M. M., McBride, M. B., and Chaney, R. L. - Copper Activity in Soil Solution: II.Relation to Copper Accumulation in Young Snapbeans. J.Soil Sci.Soc.Am. 51: 573-578 (1987)

OM Mishra, M., Widianarko, B., Vink, K., and Van Straalen, N. M. - Growth Performance of Soybeanon Soils Treated with Metal Based Fungicides. Environ.Toxicol.South East Asia : 167-174 (1994)


FL Misra, S. G. and Misra, Uma Shanker. - Effect of adding soluble form of heavy metals on thenumbers of earthworms at different depths. Vijnana Parishad Anusandhan Patrika 39(2): 79-83(1996)

Mix Mitchell, G. A., Bingham, F. T., and Page, A. L. - Yield and Metal Composition of Lettuce andWheat Grown on Soils Amended with Sewage Sludge Enriched with Cadmium, Copper, Nickel andZinc. J.Environ.Qual. 7(2): 165-171 (1978)

Effl Mitchell, G. A., Jr. 1977. Relative Phytotoxicity, Uptake and Interactive Effects of Cd, Cu, Ni andZn to Plants Grown on Soils Amended with Metal-Enriched Sewage Sludge. PhD Thesis.Univ.ofCalif.Riverside, CA 38[4]: 95.

Media Mocquot, B., J.Vangronsveld, H., Clijsters, H., and Mench, M. - Copper Toxicity in Young Maize(Zea mays L.) Plants: Effects on Growth, Mineral and Chlorophyll Content and Enzyme Activities.Plant Soil 182: 287-300 (1996)

OM, pH Morrison, R. S., Brooks, R. R., Reeves, R. D., and Malaisse, F. - Copper and Cobalt Uptake byMetallophytes from Zaire. Plant Soil 53: 535-539 (1979)

Media Moser, H. and Wieser, W. - Copper and Nutrition in Helix pomatia (L.). Oecologia (Berl) 42:

241-251 (1979)

OM Moustakas, M., G.Ouzounidou, L.Symeonidis, and S.Karataglis. - Field Study of the Effects ofExcess Copper on Wheat Photosynthesis and Productivity. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr.(Tokyo) 43(3):531-539 (1997)

Media Mukherji, S. and Das Gupta, B. - Characterization of Copper Toxicity in Lettuce Seedlings.Physiol Plant 27: 126-129 (1972)

Media Nagoor, S. and Vyas, A. V. - Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Cereal Seedlings toGraded Levels of Heavy Metals. III-Effects of Copper on Protein Metabolism in Wheat Seedlings.J.Environ.Biol. 20(2): 125-129 (1999)

Mix Narwal, R. P. and Singh, B. R. - Effect or organic materials on partitioning, extractability and plantuptake of metals in an alum shale soil. Water Air Soil Pollut. 103(1/4): 405-421 (1998)

OM, pH Nelson, L. G., Berger, K. C., and Andries, H. J. - Copper Requirements and Deficiency Symptomsof a Number of Field and Vegetable Crops. Soil Sci.Soc.Am.Proc. 20: 69-72 (1956)

Media Neuhauser, E. F., Malecki, M. R., and Loehr, R. C. - Methods Using Earthworms for the Evalutionof Potentially toxic Materials in Siols. In: R.A.Conway and W.P.Gulledge (Eds.), Hazardous andIndustrial Solid Waste Testing, Volume 2, ASTM STP 805, Philadelphia, PA : 313-320 (1983)

OM, pH Neuhauser, E. F., Malecki, M. R., and Loehr, R. C. - Growth and Reproduction of the EarthwormEisenia fetida After Exposure to Sublethal Concentrations of Metals. Pedobiologia 27: 89-97 (1984)

Score Nicholas, D. J. D. 1950. Some Effects of Metals in Excess on Crop Plants Grown in Soil Culture. I. Effects of Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cobalt, Nickel and Manganese on Tomato Grown in an Acid Soil.Bristol Agric. Hortic. Res. Stn. Annu. Rep. 1950 , 96-108

Media Nieboer, E., Puckett, K. J., Richardson, D. H. S., Tomassini, F. D., and Grace, B. - Ecological andPhysiochemical Aspects of the Accumulation of Heavy Metals and Sulphur in Lichens. In:Intl.Conf.on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Symp.Proc., Institute for Environmental Studies,Univ.of Toronto, Ontario, Canada 2(1): 331-351 (1975)


OM, pH Nieminen, T. M. - The Effect of Soil Copper and Nickel on Survival and Growth of Scots PineSaplings. Chemosphere 36(4/5): 745-750 (1998)

Media Nusetti, O., Parego, E., Esclapes, M. M., Rodriguez-Grau, J., and Marcano, L. - Acute-SublethalCopper Effects on Phagocytosis and Lysozyme Activity in the Earthworm Amynthas hawayanus.Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 63(3): 350-356 (1999)

pH Nyarai-Horvath, F., Szalai, T., Kadar, I., and Csatho, P. - Germination characteristics of pea seedsoriginating from a field trial treated with different levels of harmful elements. Acta Agron.Hung.452(147-154) (1997)

OM, pH Nylund, R. E. - The Response of Onions to Soil and Foliar Applications of Manganese and to SoilApplications of Other Trace Elements. Proc.Am.Soc.Hortic.Sci. 60: 283-285 (1952)

Media Okamoto, K., Suzuki, M., Fukanim, M., Toda, S., and Fuwa, K. - Heavy Metal Tolerance ofPenicillium Ochro-Chloron II. Uptake of Heavy Metals by Copper Tolerant Fungus PenicilliumOchro-Chloron. Agric.Biol.Chem. 41: 17-22 (1977)

OM, pH Olechowicz, E. and Mochnacka-Lawacz, H. - Chemical Composition Of Invertebrates Related ToTaxonomic Position Trophic Conditions And Environmental Impact. Ekol.Pol. 33(1): 123-142(1986)

OM, pH Omar, S., Husni, M. H. A., Anuar, A. R., and Rozilan, M. A. - Copper and Lime Interaction on theGrowth of Corn on Tropical Peat. Pertanika 14(1): 31-35 (1991)

Media Osawa, Takaya and Tazuke, Akio. - The Effect of Form of Nitrogen Supplied and pH Level of theNutrient Solution on Copper Toxicities in Vegetable Crops. Engei Gakkai Zasshi 59(3): 519-525(1990)

No Species Oshima, N. and Dickens, L. E. - Effects of Copper Sprays on Secondary Spread of CommonBacterial Blight of Beans. Plant Dis Rep 55(7): 609-610 (1971)

Media Ouzounidou, G., Symeonidis, L., Babalonas, D., and Karataglis, S. - Comparative Responses of aCopper-Tolerant and a Copper-Sensitive Population of Minuartia hirsuta to Copper Toxicity. J.PlantPhysiol. 144(1): 109-115 (1994)

Media Ouzounidou, G. - Effect of copper on germination and seedling growth of Minuartia, Silene,Alyssum and Thlaspi. Biol.Plant. 37(3): 411-416 (1995)

OM Paoletti, M. G., Sommaggio, D., Petruzzelli, G., Pezzarossa, B., and Barbafieri, M. - SoilInvertebrates As Monitoring Tools For Agricultural Sustainability. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne64(1-4): 113-122 (1995)

Media Parker, D. R., Pedler, J. F., Thomason, D. N., and Li, H. - Alleviation of Copper Rhizotoxicity byCalcium and Magnesium at Defined Free Metal-Ion Activities. Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J. 62(4): 965-972(1998)

pH Parmelee, R. W., Wentsel, R. S., Phillips, C. T., Simini, M., and Checkai, R. T. - Soil Microcosmfor Testing the Effects of Chemical Pollutants on Soil Fauna Communities and Trophic Structure.Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 12(8): 1477-1486 (1993)

pH Parmelee, R. W., Phillips, C. T., Checkai, R. T., and Bohlen, P. J. - Determining the Effects ofPollutants on Soil Faunal Communities and Trophic Structure Using a Refined Microcosm System.Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 16(6): 1212-1217 (1997)


Media Parry, K. E. and Wood, R. K. S. - The Adaptation of Fungi to Fungicides: Adaptation to Copperand Mercury Salts. Ann.Appl.Biol. 46(3): 446-456 (1958)

Media Patel, P. M., Wallace, A., and Mueller, R. T. - Some Effects of Copper, Cobalt, Cadmium, Zinc,Nickel and Chromium on Growth and Mineral Element Concentration in Chrysanthemum.J.Am.Soc.Hortic.Sci. 101(5): 553-556 (1976)

OM Patterson, W. A. III and Olson, J. J. - Effects of Heavy Metals on Radicle Growth of SelectedWoody Species Germinated on Filter Paper, Mineral and Organic Soil Substrates. Can.J.For.Res.13: 233-238 (1983)

ERE Payne, G. G., Martens, D. C., Winarko, C., and Perera, N. F. - Form and Availability of Copperand Zinc Following Long-Term Copper Sulfate and Zinc Sulfate Applications. J.Environ.Qual.17(4): 707-711 (1988)

No Conc. Payne, G. G., Martens, D. C., Kornegay, E. T., and Lindemann, M. D. 1988. Availability andForm of Copper in Three Soils Following Eight Annual Applications of Copper-Enriched SwineManure. J. Environ. Qual. 17[4]: 740-746.\

ERE Peles, J. D., Brewer, S. R., and Barrett, G. W. - Metal uptake by agricultural plant species grown insludge-amended soil following ecosystem restoration practices. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.57(6): 917-923 (1996)

ERE Piha, M. I., Vallack, H. W., Reeler, B. M., and Michael, N. - A Low Input Approach to VegetationEstablishment on Mine and Coal Ash Wastes in Semi-Arid Regions. I. Tin Mine Tailings inZimbabwe. J.Appl.Ecol. 372-381 (1995)

OM, pH Pitcher, R. S. and McNamara, D. G. - The Toxicity of Low Concentrations of Silver and Cupric

Ions to the Three Species of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Nematologica 18: 385-390 (1972)

No Control Pizl, V. and Sterzynska, M. - The Influence of Urbanization on the Earthworm Infection byMonocystid Gregarines. Fragm Faun (Warsaw) 35(9-14): 203-212 (1991)

OM Polson, D. E. and Adams, M. W. - Differential Reponse of Navy Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) toZinc. I. Differential Growth and Elemental Composition at Excessive Zn Levels. Agron.J. 62:557-560 (1970)

Media Popham, J. D. and Webster, J. M. - Comparative toxicity of heavy metals with special reference tocadmium on caenorhabditis-elegans. Proc Int Colloq Invertebr Pathol : 372-373 (1976)

No Species Pouyat, Richard V., Mcdonnell, Mark J., and Pickett, S. T. A. - Soil characteristics of oak stands

along an urban-rural land-use gradient. J.Environ.Qual. 24(3): 516-526 (1995)

ERE Premi, P. R. and Cornfield, A. H. - Effects of Addition of Copper, Manganese, Zinc and ChromiumCompounds on Ammonification and Nitrification During Incubation of Soil. Plant Soil 31(2):345-352 (1969)

Media Puckett, K. J., Nieboer, E., Gorzynski, M. J., and Richardson, D. H. S. - The Uptake of Metal Ionsby Lichens: A Modified Ion-Exchange Process. New Phytol. 72: 329-342 (1973)

Media Puckett, K. J. - The Effect of Heavy Metals on Some Aspects of Lichen Physiology. Can J Bot 54:2695-2703 (1976)

Media Ranta, H., Neuvonen, S., Kaariainen, S., and Vesanto, S. - Copper and Nickel Pollution: Frequencyof Endophytic Fungi in Scots Pine Shoots and Endophyte Growth In Vitro. Can.J.Bot. 72(1): 93-99


(1994)

No Control Reboredo, F., Ferreira, F., Ferreira, A., Simoes, M. C., Astruc, M., and Lester, John Norman. -Accumulation of Copper and Lead by Halimione portulacoides (L) Aellen: A Seasonal Study.Heavy Met.Hydrol.Cycle : 173-180 (1988)

Score Reboredo, F. 1994. Interaction Between Copper and Zinc and Their Uptake by Halimioneportulacoides (L.) Aellen. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52[4: 598-605.

OM, pH Reddy, D. S., Reddy, G., and Polasa, H. - Biotoxic Effects of Copper on Ureide Metabolism ofPigeon Pea. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 54(6): 884-891 (1995)

Media Reddy, D. V., Raghava, and Apparao, A. - Adaptation of Sclerotium rolfsii to Copper Compounds.Indian Phytopathol. 17: 35-41 (1964)

Media Reddy, T. and Vaidyanath, K. - Mutagenic Potentiating and Antimutagenic Activity of CertainMetallic Ions in the Rice Genetic System. Curr Sci 47(14): 513-515 (1978)

Score Reed, S. T., Allen, M. G., Martens, D. C., and McKenna, J. R. 1993. Copper fractions extracted by

mehlich-3 from soils amended with either copper sulfate or copper rich pig manure. Commun. SoilSci. Plant Anal. 24[9/10]: 827-839.

Media Reilly, C., Rowell, J., and Stone, J. - The Accumulation and Binding of Copper in Leaf Tissue ofBecium homblei (De Wild.) Duvign. & Plancke. New Phytol. 69(4): 993-997 (1970)

Media Reinecke, A. J. and Reinecke, S. A. - The Influence of Heavy Metals on the Growth andReproduction of the Compost Worm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta). Pedobiologia 40(5): 439-448(1996)

Media Reinecke, A. J., Reinecke, S. A., and Lambrechts, H. - Uptake and Toxicity of Copper and Zinc forthe African Earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta). Biol.Fertil.Soils 24(1): 27-31 (1997)

No Stats Reitz, H. J. and Shimp, N. F. 1953. Copper Oxide as a Soil Amendment for Citrus. Proc. Fla.State Hortic. Soc. 66: 37-42.

OM, pH Renan, L. - Effect of Long-Term Applications of Copper on Soil and Grape Copper (Vitis vinifera).Can.J.Soil Sci. 74(3): 345-347 (1994)

OM Reuther, W. and Smith, P. F. - Toxic Effect of Copper on Growth of Citrus Seedlings and ItsPossible Relation to Acid-Soil Chlorosis in Florida Citrus Groves. Citrus Mag. 14(11): 25-27(1952)

Score Reuther, W., Smith, P. F., and Scudder, G. K., Jr. 1953. Relation of pH and Soil Type to Toxicityof Copper to Citrus Seedlings. Proc. Fl. State Hortic. Soc. 66: 73-80.

ERE Rhoads, F. M., Olson, S. M., and Manning, A. - Copper toxicity in tomato plants. J.Environ.Qual.18(2): 195-197 (1989)

Mix Rida, A. and Bouche, M. B. - Heavy Metal Linkages With Mineral, Organic And Living SoilCompartments. Soil Biol Biochem 29(3-4): 649-655 (1997)

OM, pH Roberts, B. L. and Dorough, H. W. - Relative Toxicities of Chemicals to the Earthworm Eiseniafoetida. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 3(1): 67-78 (1984)


Media Robinson, N. J. and Thurman, D. A. - Copper-Binding Protein in Mimulus guttatus. In: T.D.Lekkas(Ed.), Heavy Metal Environ.5th Int.Conf., Volume 2, CEP Consultant Ltd., Edinburgh, UK : 47-50(1985)

OM Roth, J. A., Wallihan, E. F., and Sharpless, R. G. - Uptake by Oats and Soybeans of Copper andNickel Added to a Peat Soil. Soil Sci. 112(5): 338-342 (1971)

No Conc Sahu, M. P., Sharma, D. D., and Jain, G. L. - Phosphorus-copper Interactions in the Incidence ofChlorosis in Garden Peas (Pisum sativum L.) on Calcareous Soil. Plant Soil 108(2): 291-293(1988)

OM Salgare, S. A. and Asthana, S. - Copper an Environmental Pollutant.Environ.Ser.,Environ.Pollut.Health Hazards 3: 101-119 (1990)

OM Salim, R., Sayrafi, S. A., Sayrafi, O., and Isa, M. - Growth, Metal Uptake and Uptake Distribution

of Spinach and Parsley Plants Irrigated with Copper Solutions. Journal of Environmental Scienceand Health Part A Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and Hazardous SubstanceControl 30: 2057-2069 (1995)

Mix Sanglimsuwan, Sarunya, Yoshida, Naoto, Morinaga, Tsutomu, and Murooka, Yoshikatsu. -Resistance to and uptake of heavy metals in mushrooms. Journal of Fermentation andBioengineering 75(2): 112-114 (1993)

Media Sarada, R. L. and Polasa, H. - Effect of Manganese, Copper and Cobalt on the In Vitro Growth ofR. leguminosarum-2001 and on the Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Lentil Plants. IndianJ.Agric.Res. 26(4): 187-194 (1992)

pH Saur, E. - Interactive Effects of P-Cu Fertilizers on Growth and Mineral Nutrition of MaritimePine. New For. 7(2): 93-105 (1993)

No Control Sauve, S., Cook, N., Hendershot, W. H., and McBride, M. B. - Linking Plant TissueConcentrations and Soil Copper Pools in Urban Contaminated Soils. Environ.Pollut. 94(2): 153-157(1996)

pH Sawan, Z. M., Gregg, B. R., and Yousef, S. E. - Effect of Phosphorus, Chelated Zinc and Calciumon Cotton Seed Yield, Viability and Seedling Vigour. Seed Sci.Technol. 27(1): 329-337 (1999)

Score Sawan, Z. M., Mahmoud, M. H., and Gregg, B. R. 1993. Effect of Foliar Application of ChelatedCopper and Manganese on Yield Components and Fiber Properties of Egyptian Cotton (Gossypiumbarbadense). J. Agric. Sci. 121[1]: 199-204.

Mix Schafer, J., Hannker, D., Eckhardt, J. D., and Stuben, D. - Uptake of Traffic-Related Heavy Metalsand Platinum Group Elements (PGE) by Plants. Sci.Total Environ. 215(1/2): 59-67 (1998)

Media Schiller, W. - Studies on the Resistance to Copper of Two Ecotypes of Silene cucubalus Wif. Flora163: 327-341 (1974)

No Dur Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J. L., Llobet, J. M., and Corbella, J. - Cadmium, chromium, copper,and zinc in rice and rice field soil from southern Catalonia, Spain. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.53(1): 54-60 (1994)

Media Schultz, C. L. and Hutchinson, T. C. - Copper Tolerance in the Grass Deschampsia cespitosa:Metallothionein Involved? In: T.D.Lekkas (Ed.), Heavy Metal Environ.5th Int.Conf., Volume 2,CEP Consultant Ltd., Edinburgh, UK : 51-54 (1985)


Media Sharma, S. S., Schat, H., Vooijs, R., and Van Heerwaarden, L. M. - Combination Toxicology ofCopper, Zinc, and Cadmium in Binary Mixs: Concentration-Dependent Antagonistic, Nonadditive,and Synergistic Effects on Root Growth in Silene vulgaris. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 18(2): 348-355(1999)

Media Shaw, J. - Genetic Variation for Tolerance to Copper and Zinc Within and Among Populations of

the Moss, Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. New Phytol. 109: 211-222 (1988)

Media Shen, Zhenguo, Zhang, Fenqin, and Zhang, Fusuo. - Toxicity of copper and zinc in seedlings ofmung bean and inducing accumulation of polyamine. J.Plant Nutr. 21(6): 1153-1162 (1998)

Media Shirazi, M. A., Robideaux, M. L., Kapustka, L. A., Wagner, J. J., and Reporter, M. C. - CellGrowth in Plant Cultures: An Interpretation of the Influences of Initial Weight in Cadmium andCopper Toxicity Tests. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 27(3): 331-337 (1994)

In Vit Siegel, S. M. - The Cytotoxic Response of Nicotiana Protoplast to Metal Ions: A Survey of theChemical Elements. Water Air Soil Pollut. 8(1-4): 293-304 (1977)

Media Singh, R. P., Bharti, N., and Kumar, G. - Differential Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Growth andNitrate Reductase Activity of Sesamum indicum Seedlings. Phytochemistry 35(5): 1153-1156(1994)

Score Singh, B. P., Das, M., Prasad, R. N., and Ram, M. 1992. Characteristics of Fe-Toxic Soils andAffected Plants and Their Correction in Acid Haplaquents of Meghalaya. Int. Rice Res. News l.17[2]: 18-19.

OM, pH Sjogren, M. - From Heavy Metals Affect Soil Fauna To Choosing Variables And Organisms For ATest System. Anderson, J.P.E., et al.(Eds.), Proc.Int.Symp.on Environmental Aspects of PesticideMicrobiology, Aug.17-21, 1992, Sigtuna, Sweden, Dep.of Microbiol., Swedish Univ.of Agric.Sci. 242-247 (1992)

Mix Sjogren, M., Augustsson, A., and Rundgren, S. - Dispersal And Fragmentation Of The EnchytraeidCognettia Sphagnetorum In Metal Polluted Soil. Pedobiologia 39(3): 207-218 (1995)

Media Skilling, D. D. and Nicholls, T. H. - Brown Spot Needle Disease--Biology and Control in ScotchPine Plantations. U.S.Dep.Agric., Forest Serv., Resear.Pap.FSRP-NC-109, North Central ForestExperiment Station, St.Paul, MN : 19 p. (1974)

Media Slade, S. J. - The Effect of Silver and Other Metal Ions on the In Vivo Growth of Root-RottingPhytophthora and Other Fungal Species. Ann.Appl.Biol. 122(2): 233-251 (1993)

No Species Smith, C. J., Hopmans, P., and Cook, F. J. - Accumulation of Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd in soilfollowing irrigation with treated urban effluent in Australia. Environ.Pollut. 94(3): 317-323 (1996)

Media Smith, P. F. and Specht, A. W. - Mineral Composition of Valencia Orange Seedlings Grown inSolution with Varying Amounts of Copper, Zinc, Manganese, and Iron. Proc.Fla.State Hortic.Soc.66: 85-89 (1953)

Media Smith, P. F. and Specht, A. W. - Heavy Metal Nutrition and Iron Chlorosis of Citrus Seedlings.Plant Physiol. 28: 371-382 (1953)

OM Smith, P. F. - Effects of High Levels of Copper, Zinc and Manganese on Tree Growth and Fruiting

of Valencia Orange in Sand Culture. Proc.Am.Soc.Hortic.Sci. 67: 202-209 (1956)

OM Smith, R. E. and Thomas, H. E. - Copper Sulphate as a Remedy for Exanthema in Prunes, Apples,


Pears and Olives. Phytopathology 18: 449-454 (1928)

Media Sowell, W. F., Rouse, R. D., and Wear, J. I. - Copper Toxicity of the Cotton Plant in Solutioncultures. Agron.J. 49: 206-207 (1957)

OM Srivastava, A. K. and Gupta, M. L. - Interaction Effect of Copper and Phosphorus on theAvailability of Phosphorus Under Rice Cultivation. Orissa J.Agric.Res. 4(3/4): 211-213 (1991)

Media Starkey, R. L. and Waksman, S. A. - Fungi Tolerant to Extreme Acidity and High Concentrationsof Copper Sulfate. J.Bacteriol. 45: 509-519 (1943)

ERE Streit, B. - Effects of High Copper Concentrations on Soil Invertebrates (Earthworms and OribatedMites): Experimental Results and a Model. Oecologia (Berlin) 64(3): 381-388 (1984)

Score Streit, B. and Jaggy, A. 1983. Effect of Soil Type on Copper Toxicity and Copper Uptake inOctolasium cyaneum (Lumbricidae). In: P.Lebrun, et al.(Eds.), Trends in Soil Biology,Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve , 569-575

Media Struckmeyer, B. E., Peterson, L. A., and Tai, F. H. M. - Effects of Copper on the Composition andAnatomy of Tobacco. Agron.J. 61: 932-936 (1969)

ERE Svendsen, C. and Weeks, J. M. - A Simple Low-Cost Field Mesocosm For EcotoxicologicalStudies On Earthworms. Comp.Biochem.Physiol. 117C(1): 31-40 (1997)

OM, pH Szakal, P. and Schmidt, R. - Copper Fertilization of Wheat with Copper Complex and Changes inFlour Quality. Mengen- Spurenelem., Arbeitstag., 17th 17: 53-62 (1997)

Media Tadano, T., Pantanahiran, W., and Nilnond, C. - Inhibitory effect of canal water drained from atropical deep peat soil on the elongation of rice roots. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 38(1): 149-157 (1992)

Media Taylor, G. J. and Foy, C. D. - Differential Uptake and Toxicity of Ionic and Chelated Copper inTriticum aestivum. Can.J.Bot. 63: 1271-1275 (1985)

Soil Thind, T. S. and Jhooty, J. S. - Use of Malathion and Stickers for Increasing the Efficacy ofFungicides for Controlling Purple Blotch of Onion. Indian J.Agric.Sci. 54(4): 299-302 (1984)

Media Thornton, B. and Macklon, A. E. S. - Copper uptake by ryegrass seedlings; contribution of cellwall adsorption. J.Exp.Bot. 40(219): 1105-1111 (1989)

Mix Tolle, D. A., Arthur, M. F., Chesson, J., and Van Voris, P. - Comparison of Pots VersusMicrocosms for Predicting Agroecosystem Effects due to Waste Amendment.Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 4(4): 501-509 (1985)

Media Tso, T. C., Sorokin, T. P., and Engelhaupt, M. E. - Effects of Some Rare Elements on NicotineContent of the Tobacco Plant. Plant Physiol. 51: 805-806 (1973)

FL Tu, C. and Qing, C. - Effect of Copper Adsorption Characteristics on Copper ToxicologicalThreshold of the Vegetables in Purple Soil. Huanjing Kexue 11(1): 31-35 (1990)

FL Tu, C. - Ecological and Environmental Effects of Copper in Different Soils. Zhongguo Huanjing

Kexue 13(5): 361-366 (1993)

Media Turner, A. P., Dickinson, N. M., and Lepp, N. W. - Indices of metal tolerance in trees. InternationalConference on Metals in Soils, Waters, Plants and Animals, Orlando, Florida, Usa, April 30-May 3,1990.Water Air Soil Pollut.57-58 (0).1991.617-626.


Media Turner, R. G. and Marshall, C. - The Accumulation of 65Zn by Root Homogenates ofZinc-Tolerant and Non-Tolerant Clones of Agrostis tenuis Sibth. New Phytol. 70: 539-545 (1971)

OM Udaiyan, K., Greep, S., Muthukumar, T., and Chitra, A. - Effect of Fumigation and PesticideDrenches on VAM Status and Growth in Cereals. J.Environ.Biol. 20(2): 167-175 (1999)

Media Utriainen, M. A., Karenlampi, L. V., Karenlampi, S. O., and Schat, H. - Differential Tolerance toCopper and Zinc of Micropropagated Birches Tested in Hydroponics. New Phytol. 137: 543-549(1997)

Mix Valdares, J. M. A. S., Gal, M., Mingelgrin, U., and Page, A. L. - Some Heavy Metals in SoilsTreated with Sewage Sludge, Their Effects on Yield, and Their Uptake by Plants. J.Environ.Qual.12(1): 49-57 (1983)

Score Van Gestel, C. A. M., Van Hezkezen, J., Bot, J., and Doornekamp, A. 1995. Development of aStandardized Soil Ecotoxicity Test with Platynothrus peltifer (Acari: Orobatida), Using Copper as aReference Chemical. In: W.J.Van den Brink, R.Bosman, and F.Arendt (Eds.), Contaminated Soil'95 , 611-612

OM, pH Van Rhee, J. A. - Copper Contamination Effects on Earthworms by Disposal of Pig Waste inPastures. Prog Soil Zool 1975: 451-457 (1975)

Score Van Rhee, J. A. 1969. Effects of Biocides on and Their Residues in Earthworms. Meded. Rijksfac.Landouwwet. Gent. 34: 682-689.

OM, pH Van Tichelen, K. K., Vanstraelen, T., and Colpaert, J. V. - Nutrient Uptake by Intact MycorrhizalPinus sylvestris Seedlings: a Diagnostic Tool to Detect Copper Toxicity. Tree Physiology 19(3):189-196 (1999)

FL Vasconcelos, H. L., Luchese, E. B., and Lenzi, E. - A Study of Copper Phytodisponibility in SomeSoils of Parana State, Brazil (Estudo da Fitodisponibilidade do Cobre em Alguns solos do Estado doParana). Arq.Biol.Tecnol. 40(3): 580-585 (POR) (1997)

OM, pH Control,Conc Veavington, F. - Heavy Metal Contamination of Vegetables and Soil inDomestic Gardens Around a Smelting Complex. Environ.Pollut. 9(3): 211-217 (1975)

OM, pH Veijalainen, H. - The Applicability of Peat and Needle Analysis in Heavy Metal DepositionSurveys. Water Air Soil Pollut. 107(1-4): 367-391 (1998)

Media Veltrup, W. - Characteristics of Zinc Uptake by Barley Roots. Physiol.Plant. 42: 190-194 (1978)

Media Venkateswerlu, G. and Sastry, K. S. - Interrelationships in Trace-Element Metabolism in MetalToxicities in a Cobalt-Resistant Strain of Neurospora crassa. Biochem.J. 132(4): 673-680 (1973)

OM, pH Verma, R. K. and Shekhawat, G. S. - Effect of Crop Rotation and Chemical Soil Treatment onBacterial Wilt of Potato. Indian Phytopathol. 44(1): 5-8 (1991)

OM, pH Vesper, S. J. and Weidensaul, T. C. - Effects of Cadmium, Nickel, Copper and Zinc on NitrogenFixation by Soybeans. Water Air Soil Pollut. 9: 413-422 (1978)

Media Von Rosen, G. - Mutations Induced by the Action of Metal Ions in Pisum. II. FurtherInvestigations on the Mutagenic Action of Metal Ions and Comparison with the Activity of IonizingRadiation. Hereditas 51: 89-134 (1964)


Media Wainwright, S. J. and Woolhouse, H. W. - Some Physiological Aspects of Copper and ZincTolerance in Agrostis tenuis Sibth: Cell Elongation and Membrane Damage. J.Exp.Bot. 28(105):1029-1036 (1977)

OM Wallace, A. and Mueller, R. T. - Effects of Chelated and Nonchelated Cobalt and Copper on Yieldsand Microelement Composition of Bush Beans Grown on Calcareous Soil in a Glasshouse. SoilSci.Soc.Am.Proc. 37: 907-908 (1973)

No Conc Wallace, A., Mueller, R. T., and Alexander, C. V. - High Levels of Four Heavy Metals on the IronStatus of Plants. Comm.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 7(1): 43-46 (1976)

OM Wallace, A., Alexander, G. V., and Chaudgry, F. M. - Phytotoxicity and Some Interactions of theEssential Trace Metals Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Zinc, Copper, and Boron. Commun.SoilSci.Plant Anal. 8(9): 741-750 (1977)

Media Wallace, A., Romney, E. M., Mueller, R. T., and Lunt, O. R. - Influence of Environmental Stresseson Response of Bush Bean Plants to Excess Copper. J.Plant Nutr. 2(1/2): 39-49 (1980)

Media Wallace, A. - Additive, Protective and Synergistic Effects of Plants with Excess Trace Elements.Soil Sci. 133(5): 319-323 (1982)

Media Wallace, Arthur and Cha, Jong Whan. - Interactions involving copper toxicity and phosphorusdeficiency in bush bean plants grown in solutions of low and high pH. Soil Sci. 147(6): 430-431(1989)

OM, pH Walley, K. A., Khan, M. S. I., and Bradshaw, A. D. - The Potential for Evolution of Heavy MetalTolerance in Plants. I. Copper and Zinc Tolerance in Agrostis tenuis. Heredity 32(3): 309-319(1974)

No Conc Walsh, L. M., Erhardt, W. H., and Seibel, H. D. 1972. Copper Toxicity in Snapbeans (Phaseolusvulgaris L.). J. Environ. Biol. 1: 197-203.

Media Wan, M. T., Rahe, J. E., and Watts, R. G. - A New Technique for Determining the SublethalToxicity of Pesticides to the Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus intraradices.Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 17(7): 1421-1428 (1998)

Media Wang, W. - Root Elongation Method for Toxicity Testing of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants.Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 6(5): 409-414 (1987)

Aquatic Wang, W. - Rice Seed Toxicity Tests for Organic and Inorganic Substances.Environ.Monit.Assess. 29: 101-107 (1994)

FL Wang, Y. P. and Chao, C. C. - Effects of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Heavy Metals onthe Growth of Soybean and Phosphate and Heavy Metal Uptake by Soybean in Major Soil Groupsof Taiwan. J AGRIC ASSOC CHINA NEW SER (157): 6-20 (CHI) (ENG ABS) (1992)

OM Wang, Z. and Chen, Y. - Alleviation of Copper Toxicity to Maize by Phosphorus Fertilizer inPurple Soil. Pedosphere 7(3): 281-288 (1997)

Mix Wang, Zhenzhong, Zhang, Youmei, Hu, Juelian, Zheng, Yunyou, Hu, Zhaoyang, Guo, Yongcan,Lai, Qing, Yan, Hengmei, and Deng, Jifu. - Effect of heavy metals in soil on earthworms(Opisthopora). Huanjing Kexue Xuebao 14(2): 236-243 (1994)

No Dur Watmough, S. A. and Dickinson, N. M. - Dispersal and mobility of heavy metals in relation to treesurvival in an aerially contaminated woodland soil. Environ.Pollut. 90(2): 135-142 (1995)


pH Webber, J. - Effects of Toxic Metals in Sewage on Crops. Water Pollut Control 71: 404-413 (1972)

ERE Weeks, J. M. and Svendsen, C. - Neutral Red Retention By Lysosomes From Earthworm(Lumbricus rubellus) Coelomocytes: A Simple Biomarker Of Exposure To Soil Copper.Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 15(10): 1801-1805 (1996)

Mix Weltje, L. - Mixture Toxicity and Tissue Interactions of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in Earthworms(Oligochaeta) in Laboratory and Field Soils: A Critical Evaluation of Data. Chemosphere 36(12):2643-2660 (1998)

OM Westgate, P. J. - Preliminary Report on Copper Toxicity and Iron Chlorosis in Old VegetableFields. Proc.Fla.State Hortic.Sci. 65: 143-146 (1952)

Media Wettlaufer, S. H., Osmeloski, J., and Weinstein, L. H. - Response of polyamines to heavy metal

stress in oat seedlings. Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 10(8): 1083-1088 (1991)

Media Wheeler, D. M., Power, I. L., and Edmeades, D. C. - Effect of Various Metal Ions on Growth ofTwo Wheat Lines Known to Differ in Aluminum Tolerance. Plant Soil 155/156: 489-492 (1993)

Media Wheeler, D. M., Power, I. L., and Edmeades, D. C. - Effect of Various Metal Ions on Growth ofTwo Wheat Lines Known to Differ in Aluminium Tolerance. In: Barrow,N.J.(Ed.), Developmentsin Plant and Soil Sciences, Plant Nutrition from Genetic Engineering to Field Practice : 723-726(1993)

Media Wong, M. H. and Bradshaw, A. D. - A Comparison of the Toxicity of Heavy Metals, Using RootElongation of Rye Grass, Lolium perenne. New Phytol. 91: 255-261 (1982)

Media Wong, Y. S., Lam, E. K. H., and Tam, N. F. Y. - Physiological effects of copper treatment and itsuptake pattern in festuca rubra cv. Merlin. Resources Conservation and Recycling 11(1-4): 311-319(1994)

Media Wu, L. and Bradshaw, A. D. - Aerial Polluation and the Rapid Evolution of Copper Tolerance.Nature 238: 167-169 (1972)

Media Wu, L., Thurman, D. A., and Bradshaw, A. D. - The Uptake of Copper and Its Effects uponRespiratory Processes of Roots of Copper-Tolerant and Non-Tolerant Clones of Agrostisstolonifera. New Phytol. 75: 225-229 (1975)

Media Wu, Zhenqiu and Wu, Yuexuan. - Effects of Copper and Zinc on Growth and SuperoxideDismutase Activity of Rice Seedlings. Zhiwu Shengli Xuebao 16(2): 139-146 (1990)

Media Xu, Z., Bowers, N., and Pratt, J. R. - Variation in Morphology, Ecology, and ToxicologicalResponses of Colpoda inflata (Strokes) Collected from Five Biogeographic Realms. Euro J Protist33: 136-144 (1997)

Mix Yeates, G. W., Orchard, V. A., and Speir, T. W. - Reduction In Faunal Populations AndDecomposition Following Pasture Contamination By A Cu-Cr-As Based Timber Preservative. ActaZool.Fenn. (196): 297-300 (1995)

No Conc Younts, S. E. 1964. Response of Wheat to Rates, Dates of Application, and Sources of Copper andto Other Micronutrients. Agron. J. 56: 266-269.

ERE Zhu, B. and Alva, A. K. - Comparison of Single and Sequential Soil Extractions for PredictingCopper Phytotoxicity. Commun.Soil Sci.Plant Anal. 24(5-6): 475-486 (1993)


Score Zhu, Y. M., Berry, D. F., and Martens, D. C. 1991. Copper Availability in Two Soils Amendedwith Eleven Annual Applications of Copper-Enriched Hog Manure. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 22[7/8]: 769-783.

7.4 References Used in Deriving Wildlife TRVs

Aburto, E. M. A. E. Cribb and C. Fuentealba. 2001. effect of chronic exposure to excess dietary copper and dietaryselenium supplementation on liver specimens from rats. American Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 62(9): 1423-1427. Ref ID: 25964

Adam, S. E., Wasfi, I. A., and Magzoub, M. 1977. chronic copper toxicity in nubian goats. J. Comp. Pathol. 87(4): 623-627. Ref ID: 3752

al Ankari, A., Najib, H., and al Hozab, A. 1998. yolk and serum cholesterol and production traits, as affected byincorporating a supraoptimal amount of copper in the diet of the leghorn hen. Br. Poult. Sci. 39(3): 393-397. RefID: 2006

Allcroft, R, Burns, KN, and Lewis, G. 1961. the effects of high levels of copper in rations for pigs. Vet. Rec. 73: 714. Ref ID: 14387

Amer, M. A., St-Laurent, G. J., and Brisson, G. J. 1973. supplemental copper and selenium for calves effects uponceruloplasmin activity and liver copper Concentration. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 51(9): 649-653. Ref ID: 10086

Anugwa, F. O. I., Okorie, A. U., and Enunwaonye, C. A. 1984. effect of varying copper and protein levels on theperformance tissue copper and zinc concentrations of growing rabbits in the tropics. Trop. Vet. 2(2): 103-112. RefID: 2010

Apgar, G. A. and E. T. Kornegay. 1996. mineral balance of finishing pigs fed copper ssulfate or a copper-lysinecomplex at growth-stimulating levels. Journal of Animal Science. 74: 1594-1600. Ref ID: 25928

Apgar, G. A. E. T. Kornegay M. D. Lindemann and D. R. Notter. 1995. evaluation of copper sulfate and a copperlysine complex as growth promoters for weanling swine. Journal of Animal Science. 73: 2640-2646. Ref ID: 25922

Arthur, D. 1965. interrelationships of molybdenum and copper in the diet of the guinea pig. J. Nutr. 87(1): 69-76. Ref ID: 2012

Aulerich, R. J., Ringer, R. K., Bleavins, M. R., and Napolitano, A. 1982. effects of supplemental dietary copper ongrowth, reproductive performance and kit survival of standard dark mink and the acute toxicity of copper to mink. J.Anim. Sci. 55(2): 337-343. Ref ID: 2013

Bafundo, K. W., Baker, D. H., and Fitzgerald, P. R. 1984. lead toxicity in the chick as affected by excess copperand zinc and by eimeria acervulina infection. Poult. Sci. 63(8): 1594-1603. Ref ID: 2517

Bailey, J. D. R. P. Ansotegui J. A. Paterson C. K. Swenson and A. B. Johnson. 2001. effects of supplementingcombinations of inorganic and complexed copper on performance and liver mineral status of beef heifers consumingantagonists. Journal of Animal Science. 79: 2926-2934. Ref ID: 25941

Bakalli, R. I., Pesti, G. M., Ragland, W. L., and Konjufca, V. 1995. dietary copper in excess of nutritionalrequirement reduces plasma and breast muscle cholesterol of chickens. Poult. Sci. 74(2): 360-365. Ref ID: 3717

Bassuny, S. M. 1991. the effect of copper sulfate supplement on rabbit performance under egyptian conditions. Journal of Applied Rabbit Research. 14(2): 93-97. Ref ID: 2020


Bataineh, H., Al-Hamood, M. H., and Elbetieha, A. M. 1998. assessment of aggression, sexual behavior and fertilityin adult male rat following long-term ingestion of four industrial metals salts. Hum Exp Toxicol. 17(10): 570-6. Ref ID: 1717

Boyden, R., Potter, V. R., and Elvehjem, C. A. 1938. effect of feeding high levels of copper to albino rats. TheJournal of Nutrition. 15(4) Ref ID: 14653

Brandt, A. 1983. effect of dietary copper and zinc on the haemotology of male pastel mink kits: a pilot investigation[iron, fe, blood plasma analysis, 300 ppm copper per kg wet feed highly toxic to mink]. Scientifur. 7(2): 61-65. Ref ID: 2033

Braude, R. and Ryder, K. 1973. copper levels in diets for growing pigs. Journal of Agricultural Science, UK. 80(3): 489-493. Ref ID: 2034

Bush, C. R., Restum, J. C., Bursian, S. J., and Aulerich, R. J. 1995. responses of growing mink to supplementaldietary copper and biotin. Scientifur. 19(2): 141-147. Ref ID: 2043

Cerklewski, F. L. and Forbes, R. M. 1977. influence of dietary copper on lead toxicity in the young male rat. J.Nutr. 107(1): 143. Ref ID: 2625

Chesta, J., Srai, S. K., Burroughs, A. K., Scheuer, P. J., and Epstein, O. 1989. copper overload in the developingguinea pig liver: a histological, histochemical and biochemical study. Liver. 9(4): 198-204. Ref ID: 2047

Chiou Wen-Shyg, P., Chen, C. L., Chen, K. L., and Wu, C. P. 1999. effect of high dietary copper on the morphologyof gastro-intestinal tract in broiler chickens. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 12(4): 548-553. Ref ID: 2048

Chiou WenShyg, P., Chen, K. L., and Yu, B. 1998. effect of dietary organic arsenicals and cupric sulfate on coppertoxicity, liver accumulation and residue in eggs and excreta of laying hens. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 73(1-2) Ref ID: 2049

Chiou, WenShyg P., Chen, K. L., and Yu, B. 1997. toxicity, tissue accumulation and residue in egg and excreta ofcopperin laying hens. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 67(1): 49-60. Ref ID: 2050

Christmas, R. B. and Harms, R. H. 1979. the effect of supplemental copper and methionine on the performance ofturkey poults. Poult Sci. 58( 2): 382-384. Ref ID: 2052

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Stevenson, M. H. and Jackson, N. 1980. effects of withdrawal of copper sulphate from the diet of the maturedomestic fowl with special reference to production and tissue mineral content. Br J Nutr. 43(3): 551-9. Ref ID: 2293


Stevenson, Mary H., Pearce, J., and Jackson, N. 1983. the effects of ***dietary*** intake and of ***dietary*** concentration of copper sulfate on the laying domestic fowl: effects on laying performance and tissue mineralcontents. Br. Poult. Sci. (1983) 24(3): 327-35. Ref ID: 6170

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7.5 References Rejected for Use in Derivation of Wildlife TRV

These references were reviewed and rejected for use in derivation of the Eco-SSL. The definitionof the codes describing the basis for rejection is provided at the end of the reference sections.

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Unrel 1976. annual report of studies in animal nutrition and allied sciences.volume 32. Rowett ResearchInstitute : 125pp.

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Diss the biochemistry of transition metals: copper, vanadium, and iron. 738101 ORDER NO: AAD81-03507


FL birds and fowls fodder additive prescription and its prepn. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing GongkaiShuomingshu : 10 pp.

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Not Avail 1969.Contemporary Agriculture, Volume 16, Number 4, 1968. SFCSI-AGR(TT-68-50058/4)

Diss content and evolution of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc in soils of l'hortaand ribera baixa regions (valencia) (spain) original title: contenido y evolucion de cadmio, cobalto,cromo, cobre, niquel, plomo, cinc en suelos de las comarcas de l'horta y la baixa (valencia). 01269400 ORDER NO: NOT AVAILABLE FROM UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS INT'L.

Diss copper absorption from the small intestine of the chicken (gallus domesticus) (metallothionein,estrogen). 845064 ORDER NO: AAD84-12711

Nut def 1983. copper deficiency and developmental emphysema. Nutrition Reviews 41(10): 318-20.

Diss crystallographic studies of transport proteins and ligands (thiobacillus ferrooxidans, didelphinsvirginiana, multiplewavelength anomalous dispersion). 01695894 ORDER NO: AAD99-23629

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Diss diabetes teratogenicity: role of altered mineral metabolism. 1070710 ORDER NO: AAD89-10542

Diss ecology and toxicology of arsenic in contaminated grassland. 0996661 ORDER NO: NOTAVAILABLE FROM UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS INT'L.

Diss ecophysiology of the common cockle (cerastoderma edule l.) in southampton water, with particularreference to pollution (england). 1092481 ORDER NO: AADDX-87466

Diss the effect of chromium depletion and streptozotocin-induced diabetes in pregnancy. 01593456 ORDER NO: AAD97-30469

Diss the effect of zinc deficiency on immune function. 01173644 ORDER NO: AAD91-18419

Diss effects of cellulase from trichoderma viride on wheat bran utilization andthe minerals influenced by cell wall components in broiler diets|. 858634 ORDER NO: AAD84-21622

Diss effects of dietary fatty acids, polyunsaturated/saturated ratios, and fat levels on growth and mineraldeposition in young male rats (fatty acids). 01156306 ORDER NO: AAD91-05922

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Diss elastin metabolism in avian lung and aorta: effects of selected nutritional factors. 771828 ORDER


NO: AAD82-05013

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Diss etiology and physiology of chemical-induced tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens|. 01124219 ORDER NO: AAD90-27533

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Diss factors affecting copper utilization (bioavailability). 01409018 ORDER NO: AADAA-I9512287

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Diss functional assessment of manganese status (superoxide dismutase, biliary excretion). 01447018 ORDER NO: AADAA-I9527297

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Nut def 1978. grasslands and animal health. nutritional disorders in cattle andsheep. AnnotatedBibliography, Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Health (No.V22)

Diss heavy metal toxicity and nutrient depletion in upper bear creek reservoir. 01229302 ORDER NO:AAD13-46169

Diss hepatic effects of combined heavy metal administration in the pekin duck (anas platyrynchos)(methylmercury, lead, cadmium)|. 01347768 ORDER NO: AADNN-65241

Diss the influence of environmental, nutritional, and management factors on feathering and incidence ofdermatitis of broiler chickens. 699794 ORDER NO: AAD80-26067

Unrel 1983. [information from the soviet toxicology center]. Gig Tr Prof Zabol.(2): 52-3.

Diss interactions among zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and ascorbic acid in the japanese quail (dietarysupplements, toxicity, perosis, trace elements, anemia). 887582 ORDER NO: AAD85-14498

Diss investigation of dietary zinc and linoleic acid interactions in the sprague-dawley rat (rat). 1076906 ORDER NO: AAD89-21281

FL 1968.Journal for Scientific Agricultural Research, Volume 21, Number 73, 1968. SFCSI-AGR(TT-68-50057/2)


Diss 1972.Journal for Scientific Agricultural Research. Volume 24, Number 88, 1971

Diss metabolism of zinc, iron, copper and manganese of men and rats as affected by dietary protein,calcium and phosphorus. 799169 ORDER NO: AAD82-24068

Nut def metal propionates for use as animal feed supplements. U.S. 6 pp. Cont.-in-part of U.S. Ser. No.315,557, abandoned..

Unrel metal salt-containing developing system and a method of using the developing system for detectionof carboxylic acids, especially free fatty acids indicative of helminth infestation. PCT Int. Appl. 50 pp.

Nutr metallic complexes of streptogramin-b, their preparation and their use in animal food. Eur. Pat.Appl. 12 pp.

Nutr method of increasing amino acids content in grains of cereals and legumes by treatment withammonia or urea. Czech. 5 pp.

Meth method to accelerate the color forming reaction between an enzyme and an indolyl derivative byadding a free radical and/or chelate to the reaction medium and its application for immunoassays andimmunochromatography. Ger. Offen. 16 pp.

Gene methods for generating doubled haploid plants from microspores. PCT Int. Appl. 43 pp.

Rev 1968. more clues in the cadmium and zinc puzzle. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 6(4): 523-527.

Diss nutrient availability of wheat feed screenings in broiler diet (chicken). 808758 ORDER NO: NOTAVAILABLE FROM UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS INT'L.

Diss the occurrence and toxicology of heavy metals in chesapeake bay waterfowl (duck, clangula,melanitta, hyemalis, deglandi, anas, platyrhynchos, rubripes, strepera, maryland, virginia) . 856378 ORDER NO: AAD83-12307

Unrel preparation of a fruit nutrient "zengguosu" which can increase fruit production. Faming ZhuanliShenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu : 4 pp.

No Org preparation of biologic inorganic composite feed additive for animals and fowls. Faming ZhuanliShenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu : 48 pp.

Diss role of copper in the phenotypic expression of scoliosis. 849880 ORDER NO: AAD84-16905

Diss skeletal development and performance of broilers. 1080439 ORDER NO: AAD89-24144

Method somatotropin-transition metal complexes as animal growth stimulants and a method for theirpreparation. Eur. Pat. Appl. 10 pp. C.

Nutr therapeutic diet for dogs with lymphoma. PCT Int. Appl. 25 pp.

Diss therapeutic management of avian lead intoxication (columba livia). 01400165 ORDER NO:AAD95-05799

Unrel 1987. toxicology and biochemistry of acaricides. <document title>report 1984-86, division oftropical animal sciences,csiro. 25-31.


Nutr trace element deficiencies and fertility in ruminants: a review.| au-. 62(8): 1195-1206.

Nutr trace element supplement for chicks. U.S.S.R. From: Otkrytiya Izobret. 1987, (39): 13.

Fungus tracking-resistant electrically insulating polymer compositions for outdoors with good resistance tomoss and fungi and high-voltage outdoor electric machineries therefrom. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho : 6 pp..

Drug treatment of septic shock with transition metal complexes. PCT Int. Appl. 13 pp.

Unrel use of hyaluronic acid derivatives in the preparation of biomaterials with a physical hemostatic andplugging activity and a preventive activity in the formation of adhesions following anastomosis. PCT Int. Appl. 60 pp.

Diss zinc and calcium effects on nickel dermatitis in the guinea pig. 0961875 ORDER NO: AAD87-17748

Rev Aaseth, J. and Norseth, T. 1986. copper.

Gene Abad, F. X., Pinto, R. M., Diez, J. M., and Bosch A(A). 1994. disinfection of human enteric virusesin water by copper and silver in combination with low levels of chlorine. Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology 60(7): 2377-2383.

FL Abd El-Fadil Ibrahim Hassan, H. 1988.Influence of the Heavy Metals Lead, Cadmium, Zinc,Manganese, Copper, Mercury and Beryllium on the Glutathione S-Transferases in the Rat Liver. <Original> Einfluss Der Schwermetalle Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn, Cu, Hg Und Be Blei, Cadmium, Zink,Mangan, Kupfer, Quecksilber Und Beryllium Auf Die Glutathion-S-Transferasen Der Rattenleber

Diss Abd-El-Moula, E. A. 1994.Effect of Different Copper Sulfate Supplementation on SomePhysiological Traits of Rabbits

No Oral Abd-El-Samee, A. M. and El-Masry, K. A. 1997. effect of varying copper levels or selenium withvitamin e supplementation on growth and reproductive performances of new zealand white rabbitsunder subtropical conditions. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal. 17(1): 133-149.

Nut def Abdallah, Abdou G., Harms, R. H., Wilson, H. R., and El-Husseiny, O. effect of removing traceminerals from the diet of hens laying eggs with heavy or light shell weight. Poult. Sci. (1994) 73(2): 295-301

Surv Abdel-Ghaffar, A. E., Abou-Salem, M. E., and Ashoub, M. M. 1994. relationship betweenenvironmental pollution and incidence of repeat breeder in buffalo cows. Annals of AgriculturalScience, Moshtohor. 32(3): 1715-1726.

Unrel Abdel-Mageed, A. B. and Oehme, F. W. 1990. a review of the biochemical roles toxicity andinteractions of zinc copper and iron iii. iron. Vet Hum Toxicol. 32(4): 324-328.

Phys Abdel-Rahim, A. G. 1980. dietary factors affecting selenium utilization by animals. 169pp.

Surv Abdel Rahim, A. G., Arthur, J. R., and Mills, C. F. 1986. effects of dietary copper, cadmium, iron,molybdenum and manganese on selenium utilization by the rat. J Nutr. 116(3): 403-11.

No COC Abdelrahim, A. I. Wensign T. and Schotman A. J. H. 1986. distribution of iron and copper in theliver and spleen of veal calves in relation to the concentration of iron in the diet. Res. Vet. Sci. 40: 109.


CP Abdelrahman, M. M. and Kincaid, R. L. 1993. deposition of copper, manganese, zinc and seleniumin bovine fetal tissue. FASEB Journal 7(3-4): A306.

Bio Acc Abdelrahman, M. M. and Kincaid, R. L. 1993. deposition of copper, manganese, zinc, and seleniumin bovine fetaltissue at different stages of gestation. Journal of Dairy Science 76(11): 3588-3598.

FL Abe, H., Urakabe, S., Sugita, M., Shichiri, M., and Suematsu, T. 1973. environmental pollution andhealth problems: pathophysiology: interpretation of physical disorders induced by heavy metals. Jap. J. Clin. Med. 31(6): 2017-2026.

No Oral Abe Reishi, Shimosegawa Tooru(A), Moriizumi Shigeki, Kikuchi Yoshifumi, Kimura Kenji, SatohAkihiko, Koizumi Masaru, and Toyota Takayoshi. 1995. lipopolysaccharide induces manganesesuperoxide dismutase in the rat pancreas: its role in caerulein pancreatitis. Biochemical andBiophysical Research Communications 217(3): 1216-1222.

Not Avail Abo-El-Ezz, Z. R., Salem, M. H., Hassan, G. A., El-Komy, A., and Abd-El-Moula, E. 1996. effectof different levels of copper sulfate supplementation on some physical traits of rabbits. EgyptianPoultry Science Journal. 16(1): 11-29.

Aquatic Achard, M., Baudrimont, M., Boudou, A., and Bourdineaud, J. P. *. 2004. induction of amultixenobiotic resistance protein (mxr) in the asiatic clam corbicula fluminea after heavy metalsexposure. Aquatic Toxicology [Aquat. Toxicol.]. Vol. 67, No. 4, Pp. 347-357. 12 May 2004.

Surv Ackerman, D. J., Reinecke, A. J., Els, H. J., Grobler, D. G., and Reinecke, S. A. 1999. spermabnormalities associated with high copper levels in impala (aepyceros melampus) in the krugernational park, south africa. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 43(3): 261-266.

No Oral Acuna-Castillo Claudio, Morales Bernardo, and Huidobro-Toro, J. Pablo(A). 2000. zinc and coppermodulate differentially the p2x4 receptor. Journal of Neurochemistry. 74(4): 1529-1537.

No Oral Adachi, Shuichi, Takemoto, Kazuo, Hirouse, Toshiko, and Hosogai, Yuutaro. spontaneous and 2-nitropropane induced levels of 8-hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine in liver dna of rats fed iron-deficientor manganese- and copper-deficient diets. Carcinogenesis (London) (1993) 14(2): 265-8

Bio Acc Adam, J. and Pinta, M. 1982. comparative pathology studied by atomic absorptionspectrophotometry.ii. tibial dyschondroplasia. Bulletin De L'Academie Veterinaire De France 55(1): 67-70.

Bio Acc Adam, J. and Pinta, M. 1986. tibial dyschondroplasia of broilers. syndrome of s-shaped tibias. Bulletin Mensuel De La Societe Veterinaire Pratique De France 70(7): 425-428.

No Dose Adam, J., Pinta, M., and Viel, M. 1981. hyaena disease in cattle and nickel deficiency. BulletinDe L'Academie Veterinaire De France 54(3): 329-335.

No Oral Adamis, Z., Tatrai, E., Honma, K., Karpati, J., and Ungvary, G. 1997. a study on lung toxicity ofrespirable hard metal dusts in rats. Ann. Occup. Hyg. (1997) 41(5): 515-526 .

Abstract Adamson, A. H., Valks, D. A., Appleton, M. A., and Shaw, W. B. 1969. copper toxicity in housedlambs. Vet. Rec. 85(13): 368-369.

Abstract <Additional> Abplanalp, H., Lowry, D., Ali, N. M., Krueger, W. F., Fanguy, R. C., Bradley, J. W.,Andrews, L. D., Morrow, D., Becker, W. A., Spencer, J. V., Verstrate, J. A., Mirosh, L. W., Bernier,P. E., Arscott, G. H., Dorminey, R. W., Alaiya, Y. A., Fatokun, G. O., Parker, J. E., Birrenkott, G.P., McGibbon, W. H., Burke, W. H., Wentworth, B. C., Briggs, D. M., Williams, C. M., Briles, W.


E., Schelling, E. P., Brown, K. I., Bacon, W. L., Nestor, K. E., Musser, M. A., Long, D. W., Buss, E.G., Carson, J. R., Berry, J., Adams, R. L., Choudhury, H., Srivastava, L., Murthy, L., Petering, H.,Christensen, V. L., Johnston, N. P., Classen, H. L., Smyth, J. R. Jr. , Coleman, M. A., McDaniel, G.R., Neely, W. C., Ivey, W. D., Coleman, T. H., Ringer, R. K., Chang, T. S., Dodson, D. L.,Crawford, R. D., Doerr, D. C., Law, G. R. J., Quarles, C. L., Edens, F. W., Benton, E., Morgan, G.W. , Bursian, S. J., Thaxton, P., Enos, H. L., Monsi, A., Moreng, R. E., Garwood, V. A., Lowe, P.C., Gavora, J. S., Gleaves, E. Q., Mather, F. B., Ahmad, M. M., Goldrosen, A., Buckland, R. B.,Gyles, N. R., Test, P., and Patterson, L. T. 1975. abstracts of papers presented at the 64th annualmeeting of the poultryscience association, inc. Poultry Science 54(5): 1724-1831.

CP <Additional> Foley, P., Linkswiler, H., Kim, Y, Wolinsky, I., Guggenheim, K., Simkin, A., Brown,E. D., Howard, M. P., Smith, J. C. Jr., Rayton, J. K., Harris, E. D., O'Neal, R. M., Abrahams, O. G.,Paulsen, D. S., Lorah, E. J., Eklund, D. L., Dowdy, R. P., Anderson, R. A., Brantner, J. H., Polansky,M. M., Anderson, R. A., Liu, V. J. K. , Nordstrom, J., Kohrs, M. B., Lorah, E., Dowdy, R., Nielsen,F. H., Uthus, E. O., Coupain, J. G., Beecher, G. R., Robbins, B., Carlisle, E. M., Tripp, M. J., Black,R. S., Christman, D., Whanger, P. D., Porta, E. A., Ching, B. K. F., Joun, N. S., Freeland, J. H.,Ebangit, M. L., Bodzy, P. W., Vaughan, L. A., Weber, C. W., Kemberling, S. R., Miller, J.,O'Hanlon, P., Eklund, D., Johnson, P. E., Evans, G. W., Martin, P. G., Kuemmerle, N. B., King, J.F., Chen, N., Johnson, R. J., Dyer, I. A., Nichols, B. L., Soriano, H. A., Kimzey, S., Mizrahi, L.,Hazlewood, C. F., Schwartz, R., Spencer, H., Wentworth, R. A., Greger, J. L., Bennett, O. A.,Abernathy, R. P., Kramer, L., Lesniak, M., Osis, D., Norris, C., Johnson, H. L., Consolazio, C. F.,Schnakenberg, D. D., Ghumman, M., Schwenneker, B. W., Buck, D. R., Mahoney, A. W.,Hendricks, D. G., Johnson, R. M., Chang, Y. O., Pan, M. J. F., Varnell, T. R., Sifri, M., Kratzer, F.H., Norris, L. C., Garlich, J. D., Edens, F. W., Parkhurst, C. R., Garg, R. C., Powanda, M. C.,Powers, J. D., and Powers, T. E. 1977. federation of american societies for experimental biology;61st annualmeeting, chicago, illinois april 1 - 8, 1977. minerals. Federation Proceedings 36(3): 1122-1125, 1130-1131.

Plant <Additional> Tiller, K., Chamel, A., Gambonnet, B., Garcia, G., L'Annunziata, M. F., Ortega, M. L.,Alvarado, R., D'Souza, T. J., Mistry, K. B., and Gissel-Nielsen, G. 1979. micronutrients. <document title>international atomic energy agency: isotopes andradiation in research on soil-plantrelationships. International Atomic Energy Agency : 359-434.

Mineral Adeola, O. 1995. digestive utilization of minerals by weanling pigs fed copper- andphytase-supplemented diets. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75(4): 603-610.

FL Admina, L. 1983. trace element requirements of young pigs. Svinovodstvo.(4): 28-29.

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Aquatic Albers, Peter H. and Camardese, Michael B. effects of acidification on metal accumulation byaquatic plants and invertebrates. 2. wetlands, ponds, and small lakes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.(1993) 12(6): 969-76 .

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FL Aleksiev, A. D., Kr"steva, E., and Aleksieva-Drbokhlavova, D. 1986. study on the interaction ofvitamin a and cobalt in feeding broilerchickens. Zhivotnov"Dni Nauki 23(6): 84-89.

FL Aleksiev, A. D., Kr"Steva, E., and Aleksieva-Drboklavova, D. a study on interaction of vitamin awith cobalt on feeding broiler chickens. Zhivotnov'Dni Nauki. 23 (6). 1986. 84-89.

Nutr Aletor, V. A. and Egberongbe, O. 1992. feeding different processed soya bean. 2. an assessmentofhaematological responses in the chicken. Nahrung 36(4): 364-369.

FL Alimbekov, S. S. 1984. utilization of dietary protein by sheep. Zhivotnovodstvo (12): 38-39.

Alt Allain, P., Krari, N., Chaleil, D., Balanant, Y., Bled, F., and Girault, M. the distribution of elementsin the tissues of watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. (1989) 19(3): 153-60 .

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CP Allen, W. M. 1984 . use and misuse of minerals and trace elements in cattle diets. British CattleVeterinary Association Proceedings for 1983-1984. 47-52.

Mix Allen, W. M. and Sansom, B. F. 1989. accidental contamination of the public water supply atlowermoor,camelford: an assessment of the possible veterinary consequences. Veterinary Record. 124(18): 479-482.

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Unrel Alva, A. K. 1994. possible utilization of flue-gas desulfurization gypsum and fly ash for citrusproduction: evaluation of crop growth response. Waste Manage. (N. Y.) 14(7): 621-7.

FL Amboulou, D. and Lamand, M. 1977. variations in the digestibility of trace elements (cu, zn andmn)during the first cycle of cocksfoot growth. Annales De Recherches Veterinaires 8(3): 241-249.

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Surv Amiard-Triquet, C., Pain, D., and Delves, H. T. exposure to trace elements of flamingos living in abiosphere reserve, the camargue (france). Environ. Pollut. (1991) 69(2-3): 193-201 .

Unrel Ammerman, C. B. 1970. recent developments in cobalt and copper in ruminant nutrition a review. J Dairy Sci. 53(8): 1097-1107.

Rev Ammerman, C. B. and Miller, S. M. 1972. biological availability of minor mineral ions: a review. J. Anim. Sci. 35(3): 681-694.

CP Ammerman, Clarence B., Henry, Pamela R., and Miles, Richard D. 1997. bioavailability ofsupplemental sources of manganese and copper for chicks and lambs estimated from high dietary additions. Trace Elem. Man Anim.--9 Proc. Int. Symp., 9th : Meeting Date 1996, 308-309. Editor(s): Fischer, Peter W. F. Publisher: National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ont.

Mix Amrith Kumar, M. N., Bhaskar, B. V., Nagarcenkar, R., and Sampath, S. R. 1973. study on theeffect of supplementation of copper, cobalt and liv-52 in the ration of heifers. Indian Journal ofNutrition and Dietetics. 10(3): 139-147.

No Effect Anandan, S. a, Dey, A., and Deb, S. M. 1998. effect of zinc and copper supplementation on woolproduction in german angora rabbits. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 15(3): 216-217.

Org met Anderson, R. A. N. A. Bryden C. M. Evock-Clover and N. C. Steele. 1997. beneficial effects ofchromium on glucose and lipid variables in control and somatotropin-treated pigs are associated iwhtincreased tissue chromium and latered tissue copper, iron and zinc. Journal of Animal Science. 75: 657-661.

CP Andon, M., Luhrsen, K., Kanerva, R., and Chatzidakis, C. 1992. effects of dietary copper andmanganese restriction on serum mineral concentrations and femoral shaft bone density in rats. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 11(5): 600.

Nut def Andres, J. M., Hurd, R. W., Van Rinsvelt, H. A., Small, P. A., Maenhaut, W., and Vandenhaute, J. 1987. pixe analysis of trace metals in selenium and copper deficient mice exposed to influenzavirus and salicylate. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B B22(1-3): 217-22

Surv Andreu Perez, Vicente. 1991. content and evolution of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel,lead, and zinc in soils of l'horta and ribera baixa regions (valencia) (spain): <original> contenido yevolucion de cadmio, cobalto, cromo, cobre, niquel, plomo, cinc en suelos de las comarcas de l'hortay la ribera baixa (valencia).

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FL Angelico, R., Manganaro, M., Maggiore, L. M., and Quintiliani, M. 1965. [influence of theinorganic components of the diet on sensitivity to ionizing radiations and radiomimetic compounds]. <original> influenza dei costituenti inorganici della dieta sulla sensibilita alle radiazioni ionizzanti ealle sostanze radiomimetiche. Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanita 1(11): 689-97.

FL Angelow, L. Institut fuer Tierzucht Kostinbrod Bulgaria, Petrova, I., Yanchev, I., Anke, M.,Groppel, B., Guertler, H., Gruen, M., Lombeck, I., and Schneider, H. J. 1992. the influence of acopper, zinc, arsenic, molybdenum and sulphur supply on the flora and fauna, 1: the influence on thetrace element content of the flora. <original> die wirkung einer kupfer-, zink-, arsen-, molybdaen-und schwefelbelastung auf die flora und fauna, 1: der einfluss auf den spurenelementgehalt der flora. macro and trace elements. <original> mengen- und spurenelemente. P. 395-402

Mix Angerhofer, R. A. and Metker, L. W. preliminary assessment of the relative toxicity of coppernaphthenate, (mooney chemicals), acute studies. phase 3. may 1984 - october 1987. Govt-Reports-Announcements-&-Index-(GRA&I),-Issue-08,-1989.

Mix Angerhofer, R. A. and Taylor, L. M. preliminary assessment of the relative toxicity of coppernaphthenate acute studies. phase 2. may 1984 - june 1986. Govt-Reports-Announcements-&-Index-(GRA&I),-Issue-15,-1988.

Not Avail Anjum, A. D., Anjum, M. S., Rizvi, F., Raza, T., and Arbi, G. S. 1992. pathological features of induced copper sulphate poisoning in broiler chicks. Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 12(1): 21-24.

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Nut def Anke, M., Gruen, M., Groppel, B., Luedke, H., and Partschefeld, M. the use of mineral mixturesspecific to the locality for ruminants in the manganese zinc and copper deficiency areas of eastgermany. HENNIG, A. AND J. KIELANOWSKI (ED.). TIERERNAEHRUNG UNDFUETTERUNG. ERFAHRUNGEN, ERGEBNISSE, ENTWICKLUNGEN, (9). (ANIMAL NUTRITIONAND FEEDING. EXPERIMENTS, RESULTS, DEVELOPMENTS, (9).). (IN GER. WITH ENGL.SUMM.). 404P. ILLUS. VEB DEUTSCHER LANDWIRTSCHAFTSVERLAG: BERLIN, EASTGERMANY. 1975 (Recd 1977) 18-27

FL Anke, M., Hennig, A., Groppel, B., and Ludke, H. 1971. [effect of cadmium on growth,reproductive function and the metabolism of iron, zinc and copper]: <original> der einfluss deskadmiums auf das wachstum, die fortpflanzungsleistung und den eisen-, zink- undkupferstoffwechsel. Arch Exp Veterinarmed. 25(5): 799-803.

FL Anke, M., Hennig, A., Groppel, B., and Luedke, H. effect of cadmium on growth, reproductivefunction, and the metabolism of iron, zinc, and copper. Arch. Exp. Veterinaermed. (1971) 25(5):


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No COC Anke, M., Richter, G., and Leiterer, M. 1997. study of microbial phytase use with differentphosphorus supply in fattening broilers. part 3: the influence of different phytase amounts in the feedon the iron, zinc and copper content in the tibia of chickens. Mengen- Spurenelem. Arbeitstag.,17th : 810-820. Editor(s): Anke, Manfred. Publisher: Verlag Harald Schubert, Leipzig, Germany.

CP Anke, M., Salchert, E., <Editors> Anke, M., Groppel, B., Gurtler, H., Grun, M., Lombeck, I., andSchneider, H. J. 1991. influence of trace elements on growth and reproduction of mink. Mengen-Und Spurenelmente. 11. Arbeitstagung, Leipzig, 12/13 Dezember 1991 : 196-203.

Nutr Anke, M., Salchert, E., <Editors> Anke, M., Groppel, B., Gurtler, H., Grun, M., Lombeck, I., andSchneider, H. J. 1991. influence of trace elements on growth and reproduction of mink. <documenttitle>mengen- und spurenelemente. 11. arbeitstagung,leipzig, 12./13. dezember 1991. 196-203.

FL Anke, M., Schaeller, G., Arnhold, W., Knorre, D. von, Mueller, M., Glei, M. and others. 1992. effects of emissions in the middle valley of the saale on the composition of flora and fauna, 5: traceelement content (zinc, lithium, copper manganese, cadmium) of several species of mice andshrewmice: <original> die auswirkungen der emissionen eines phosphatwerkes im mittleren saaletalauf die zusammensetzung der flora und fauna, 5: der spurenelementgehalt (mangan, zink, kupfer,lithium, kadmium) verschiedener maus- und spitzmausarten. Macro and Trace Elements:<Original> Mengen- Und Spurenelemente : 483-491.

CP Anke, M. a, Salchert, E., Anke, M., Groppel, B., Guertler, H., Gruen, M., Lombeck, I., andSchneider, H. J. 1991. effect of trace elements on growth and reproduction in minks . Macro andTrace Elements : 196-203.

CP Anke, M. a, Schaeller, G., Arnhold, W., Knorre, D. von, Mueller, M., Glei, M., Kraemer, K., Anke,M., Groppel, B., Guertler, H., Gruen, M., Lombeck, I., and Schneider, H. J. 1992. effects ofemissions in the middle valley of the saale on the composition of flora and fauna, 5: trace elementcontent (zinc, lithium, copper manganese, cadmium) of several species of mice and shrew mice . Macro and Trace Elements : 483-491.

FL Anke, M. Jena Univ. Germany Biologisch-Pharmazeutische Fakultaet. Inst. fuer Ernaehrung undUmwelt, Groppel, B., and Glei, M. 1994. the influence of cutting time on macro and trace elementcontents of forage. <original> der einfluss des nutzungszeitpunktes auf den mengen- undspurenelementgehalt des gruenfutters. Wirtschaftseigene Futter. V. 40(2-3) P. 304-319

FL Anke, M. Jena Univ. Germany Biologische Fakultaet, Salchert, E., Anke, M., Groppel, B., Guertler,H., Gruen, M., Lombeck, I., and Schneider, H. J. 1991. effect of trace elements on growth andreproduction in minks. <original> der einfluss von spurenelementen auf wachstum undfortpflanzung beim nerz. [macro and trace elements]. <original> mengen- und spurenelemente. P.196-203

FL Anke, M. Jena Univ. Germany Biologische Fakultaet. Inst. fuer Ernaehrung und Umwelt, Schaeller,G., Arnhold, W., Knorre, D. von, Mueller, M., Glei, M., Kraemer, K., Anke, M., Groppel, B.,Guertler, H., Gruen, M., Lombeck, I., and Schneider, H. J. 1992. effects of emissions in the middlevalley of the saale on the composition of flora and fauna, 5: trace element content (zinc, lithium,copper manganese, cadmium) of several species of mice and shrewmice. <original> dieauswirkungen der emissionen eines phosphatwerkes im mittleren saaletal auf die zusammensetzungder flora und fauna, 5: der spurenelementgehalt (mangan, zink, kupfer, lithium, kadmium)


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FL Anokhin, B. M., Murzagulov, K. K., and Kondrat'ev, Yu. N. 1984. prevention of nutritionalanaemia in lambs. Veterinariya, Moscow, USSR (12): 51-53.

FL Anshan, S. et al. 1992. effects of fiber treated with different methods on utilizations ofdietarynutrients in chicks. Acta Veterinaria Et Zootechnica Sinica 23(4): 324-329.

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FL Antipova, N. I. 1973. biosynthesis of riboflavin in pigs and the value of supplements ofsyntheticriboflavin. <. Document Title>Vitaminnoe Pitanie Sel'Skokhozyaistvennykh Zhivotnykh. 162-173.

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Nutr Aoyagi, Seiji, Hiney, Kristina M., and Baker, David H. copper bioavailability in pork liver and invarious animal byproducts as determined by chick bioassay. J. Anim. Sci. (1995) 73(3): 799-804

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CP Apsite, M. changes in the morphological composition of blood and in the levels of some traceelements in blood and bone marrow of chicks given large doses of barium, copper, and cobalt. (1968) Mikroelem. Organizme Ryb Ptits . 99-124. Editor: 99-124. Editor(s): Bermane, S..Publisher: Izd. "Zinatne", Riga, USSR.

FL Apsite, M. 1968. effect of the trace elements cobalt, copper, zinc, and manganese on the blood ofchicks. Mikroelem. Organizme Ryb Ptits 63-83. Editor: 63-83. Editor(s): Bermane, S..Publisher: Izd. "Zinatne", Riga, USSR.

In Vit Apsite, M. 1969. effect of the trace elements manganese, cobalt, and copper on the luminescence ofchick leukocytes. Vop. Biol. Mater. Konf. Meeting Date 1968, 165-71. Editor(s): Maurina, H.Publisher: Izd. "Zinatne", Riga, USSR.

Mix Apsite, M. effect of trace nutrients and amino acid mixture on the blood system of chicks. Regul.Rosta Metab. Zhivotn. (1971) 169-79. Editor: 169-79. Editor(s): Valdmanis, A. Publisher:"Zinatne", Riga, Latv. SSR. .

CP Apsite, M., Atlavins, A., and Svilane, A. assimilation of trace elements by liver and changes in


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Bio Acc Apsite, M., Atlavins, A., and Svilane, A. molybdenum and copper in subcellular fractions of chicken liver. Vsasyvanie Obmen Pitatel'Nykh Veshchestv Org. Zhivotn. (1975) : 137-43.Editor(s): Shmit, A. A. Publisher: "Zinatne", Riga, USSR.

FL Apsite, M. R., Atlavin, A. B., and Svilane, A. B. 1982. functional relation between cadmium andselenium in chickens. <Document Title>Biokhimiya Vsasyvaniya Pitatel'Nykh VeshchestvUzhivotnykh. 116-123.

FL Apsite, M. R., Atlavin, A. B., and Svilane, A. B. 1982.Functional Relation Between Cadmium andSelenium in Chickens.: <Document Title>Biokhimiya Vsasyvaniya Pitatel'Nykh VeshchestvUzhivotnykh. 116-123.

FL Ar'kov, A. 1991. don limestones. Ptitsevodstvo (10): 16-17.

No Dose Ardiningsasi Sri Murni, Maeda Yoshizane(A), Kawabe Kotaro, Okamoto Shin, and HashiguchiTsutomu. 1993. comparative studies of calcium atpase activity in epiphysis of tibia tarsus of quaillines selected for body weight. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A ComparativePhysiology 105(2): 219-222.

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Dead Arora, R. G., Andersson, L., Bucht, R. S., Frank, A., and Kronevi, T. 1977. chronic coppertoxicosis in sheep. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin. 29(4/5): 181-187.

FL Arrieta, A. J. M. and Rosiles, M. R. 1997. liver concentrations of selenium, copper, iron and zinc inbroilerswith and without ascites. Veterinaria Mexico 28(4): 313-316.

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No Dose Arrieta Acevedo, Jose Mauro and Rosiles Martinez, Rene. hepatic concentration of selenium,copper, iron, and zinc in healthy and ascitic broilers. Vet. Mex. (1997) 28(4): 313-316

FL Arrieta Acevedo, Jose Mauro and Rosiles Martinez, Rene. 1997. [selenium, copper, iron and zincliver concentrations in healthy and ascitic broilers]. <original> concentraciones hepaticas de selenio,cobre, hierro y zinc en pollos de engorda con y sin sindrome ascitico. Veterinaria Mexico. v 28(4)P. 313-316

Unrel Asayama, K., Dobashi, K., Hayashibe, H., and Kato, K. effects of beta-adrenergic blockers withdifferent ancillary properties of lipid peroxidation in hyperthyroid rat cardiac muscle. Endocrinologia Japonica. 36 (5). 1989. 687-694.

No COC Asayama, K., Dobashi, K., Hayashibe, H., and Kato, K. 1989. effects of beta-adrenergic blockers


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Alt Asayama, K., Hayashibe, H., Dobashi, K., and Kato, K. differential development of antioxidantenzymes in liver of female and castrated and non-castrated male rats. Journal of ClinicalBiochemistry and Nutrition. 9 (2). 1990. 87-92.

Alt Asayama, K., Hayashibe, H., Dobashi, K., Niitsu, T., Miyao, A., and Kato, K. 1989. antioxidantenzyme status and lipid peroxidation in various tissues of diabetic and starved rats. DiabetesResearch 12(2): 85-91.

Unrel Asayama, K., Hayashibe, H., Dobashi, K., Uchida, N., and Kato, K. 1992. effect of dexamethasoneon antioxidant enzymes in fetal rat lungs and kidneys. Biology of the Neonate 62(2-3): 136-44.

Phys Asayama, K., Hayashibe, H., Dobashi, K., Uchida, N., Kobayashi, M., Kawaoi, A., and Kato, K. 1991. immunohistochemical study on perinatal development of rat superoxide dismutases in lungsand kidneys. Pediatric Research 29(5): 487-91.

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FL Aslanyan, M. M. and Dariush, N. S. 1972. stimulation of reproduction in rams by trace elements. Ovtsevodstvo.(9): 38-39.

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FL Bataeva, A. P. and Plekhanov, L. A. 1977. activity of magnesium-dependent atpase in some henorgans and tissues under the effect of trace element additives. Byull. Vses. Nauchno-Issled. Inst.Fiziol., Biokhim. Pitan. S-Kh. Zhivotn. 11(1): 34-6.

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No COC Behari, Jai Raj, Mengel, K., and Friedberg, K. D. zinc, copper and manganese in the organs of rats after sublethal cyanide intoxication. Arch. Toxicol. (1981) 48(1): 41-50 .

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FL Bel'kov, G. I., Chernikov, V. A., and Zhukov, N. S. 1983. increasing the nutritive value of dietsduring fattening of cattle. Zhivotnovodstvo (9): 51-52.

Chem Meth Belew, M., Yip, T. T., Andersson, L., and Ehrnstrom, R. 1987. high-performance analyticalapplications of immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. Analytical Biochemistry 164(2): 457-65.

HHE Belford, C. J., Raven, C. R., and Black, H. 1989. chronic copper poisoning in angora kids. NewZealand Veterinary Journal. 37(4): 152-154.

Unrel Bell, B. D. 1996. blackbird (turdus merula) predation on the endemic copper skink (cyclodinaaenea). Notornis. 43(4): 213-217.

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Nutr Ben-Ghedalia, D., Hasdai, A., and Josef, E. availability of macro elements and micro elements fromedible domestic waste fed to sheep. Journal of Dairy Science. 66 (6). 1983. 1298-1302.

Mineral Ben-Ghedalia, D., Miron, J., and Yosef, E. 1996. apparent digestibility of minerals by lactatingcows from a total mixedration supplemented with poultry litter. Journal of Dairy Science 79(3): 454-458.

Bio Acc Bendell-Young, L. I(a) and Bendell, J. F. 1999. grit ingestion as a source of metal exposure in thespruce grouse, dendragapus canadensis. Environmental Pollution. 106(3): 405-412.

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Mix Bengoumi, M., Essamadi, A. K., Tressol, J. C., and Faye, B. a. 1998. comparative study of copperand zinc metabolism in cattle and camel. Biological Trace Element Research. 63(2): 81-94.


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CP Bertrand, J. E., Lutrick, M. C., Edds, G. T., and West, R. L. 1981. animal performance, carcassquality, and tissue residues with beefsteers fed forage sorghum silages grown on soil treated withliquiddigested sludge. Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida Proceedings 40: 111-114.

FL Beseda, I., Rippel, A., Kovac, J., and Monisova, M. 1977. [microelements in the liver and kidney oflaying hens kept on large-capacity poultry farms under normal and increased supply to theorganism]. <original> mikroelementy v peceni a oblicke nosnic v sucasnych podmienkachvelkochovov pri ich normalnom, ako aj zvysenom privode do organizmu. Veterinarni Medicina 22(10): 613-20.

FL Beseda, I., Rippel, A., Kovac, J., and Monisova, M. trace elements in the liver and kidneys of layinghens on large modern poultry farms with normal and increased supply of the trace elements to theorganism. Vet. Med. (Prague) (1977) 22(10): 613-20

Bio Acc Besschetnov, I. I. and Chorayan, O. G. dynamics of informational characteristics of the chemicalcontent of developing chicken embryo organs. Arkh. Anat. Gistol. Embriol. (1981): 81(11), 89-92 .

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FL Bialkowski, Z. 1983. the influence of microclimate, supplements of copper, manganese andzinc andvitamin a + cholecalciferol on some blood values and resultsof rearing piglets. Polskie ArchiwumWeterynaryjne 23(4): 23-35.

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FL Bires, J. Ustav Experimentalnej Veterinarnej Mediciny Kosice Czechoslovakia, Vrzgula, L., andMudron, P. 1990. the influence of experimental and spontaneous copper intoxication on thecontents of copper, iron, zinc, cadmium, arsenic and lead in the liver and kidneys of ewes and theirfoetuses. <original> vplyv experimentalnej a spontannej intoxikacie medou na obsah medi, zeleza,zinku, kadmia, arzenu a olova v peceni a oblickach bahnic a ich plodov. Zivocisna Vyroba -UVTIZ. V. 35(2) P. 159-168

FL Bires, J. Vysoka Skola Veterinarska Kosice CSFR, Vrzgula, L., and Juhasova, Z. 1991. distribution of harmful metals in ewes after experimental industrial contaminant intake. <original>distribucia rizikovych kovov v organizme oviec po prijme priemyselnej emisie v experimente. Veterinarni Medicina - UVTIZ. V. 36(6) P. 361-371

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Herp Birge, W. J., Hoyt, R. D., Black, J. A., Kercher, M. D., and Robinson W. A. 1993. effects ofchemical stresses on behavior of larval and juvenile fishes and amphibians. American FisheriesSociety Symposium, 14. Water Quality and the Early Life Stages of Fishes : p55-65.

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Alt Bjoerklund, Haakan, Lind, Birger, Piscator, Magnus, Hoffer, Barry, and Olson, Lars. 1981. lead,zinc, and copper levels in intraocular brain tissue grafts, brain, and blood of lead-exposed rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 60(3): 424-30 .

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Surv Blus, L. J., Henny, C. J., Anderson, A., and Fitzner, R. E. 1985. reproduction mortality and heavymetal concentrations in great blue herons ardea-herodias from three colonies in washington andidaho usa. Colon Waterbirds. 8(2): p110-116.

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Dead Blus, L. J., Stroud, R. K., Reiswig, B., and Mceneaney, T. 1989. lead poisoning and other mortalityfactors in trumpeter swans. Environ Toxicol Chem. 8(3): p263-271.

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Phys Bofill, Roger, Palacios, Oscar, Capdevila, Merce, Cols, Neus, Gonzalez-Duarte, Roser, Atrian,Silvia, and Gonzalez-Duarte, Pilar. a new insight into the ag+ and cu+ binding sites in themetallothionein .beta. domain. J. Inorg. Biochem. (1999) 73(1,2): 57-64 .

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Alt Bogden, John D., Al-Rabiai, Suad, and Gilani, Shamshad H. effects of chronic ethanol ingestion onthe metabolism of copper, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc in an animal model of alcoholiccardiomyopathy. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health (1984) 14(2-3): 407-17 .

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Nutr Boila, R. J. 1987. supplementary trace minerals for the feedlot finishing of beef steers. CAN JANIM SCI. 67(3): 765-774.

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Nutr Boitor, I., Munteanu, M., Groza, I., Moise, D., Musca, M., Kadar, L., and Ghitulescu, C. 1988. thestimulating effect of a mineral complex on young cattle withacquired utero-ovarian hypoplasia. Buletinul Institutului Agronomic Cluj-Napoca. Seria Zootehnica Si Medicina Veterinara 42: 91-94.

FL Bokori, Jozsef and Tolgyesi, Gyorgy. correlations between the metabolism of sulfur and certaintrace elements in broilers. Magy. Allatorv. Lapja (1983) 38(11): 659-64

Mineral Bond, P. L., Meinecke, C. F., and Stephenson, E. L. 1987. identity of nutrients responsible for thegrowth increase obtained by feeding condensed fish solubles to chicks. NUTR REP INT. 35(4): 863-870.

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FL Bonomi, A., Quarantelli, A., Superchi, P., Sabbioni, A., and Bolsi, D. 1982. chelated trace elementcomplexes in the feeding of meat turkeys. Annali Della Facolta Di Medicina Veterinaria Di Parma 2: 103-125.

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Mix Bordas, E., Bretter, E., Ghelberg, N. W., and Costin, I. 1980. experimental studies on the toxiceffects of a complex of heavy metals including cadmium, lead, zinc, copper and iron from a SurfaceWater Source. Rev IG BACTERIOL VIRUSOL PARAZITOL EPIDEMIOL PNEUMOFTIZIOL SERIG. 29(1): 17-22.

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FL Bordas, E. and Papilian, V. V. 1983. myocardial changes induced by nickel and by nickel inassociation with cadmium. Rev. Ig. Bacteriol., Virusol., Parazitol., Epidemiol., Pneumoftiziol., Ig. 32(1): 51-6

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FL Bouquegneau, J. M., Debacker, V., Antoine, N. Liege Univ. Belgium Inst. de Chimie. Lab.d'Oceanologie, Coignoul, F., Holsbeek, L., Jauniaux, T., Tapia, G., and Joiris, C. 1994. causes ofmortality and heavy metals content of guillemots uria aalge stranded along the belgian coast. <original> causes de mortalite et teneur en metaux lourds de guillemots de troil uria aalge echoues lelong du littoral belge. Bulletin De La Societe Royale Des Sciences De Liege. V. 63(1-2) P. 211-217

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CP Damerson, C. T. and Harris, E. D. copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in the developing chick aorta acritical role of copper. 69th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies forExperimental Biology, Anaheim, Calif., USA, APR. 21-26, 1985. FED PROC. 44 (4). 1985. 995.

Mix Damron, B. L., Wilson, H. R., Hall, M. F., Johnson, W. L., Osuna, O., Suber, R. L., and Edds, G. T. effects of feeding dried municipal sludge to broiler-type chicks and laying hens. Poult. Sci. (1982) 61(6): 1073-81 .

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Surv Das, S. S., Sarker, S., Basak, D. N., and Bhowmik, M. K. 1990. micromineral status of soil andplants of grazing fields in hooghlydistrict of west bengal. Journal of Veterinary and AnimalSciences 21(2): 19-23 .

Bio Acc Das Virgens N C and Ferreira Neto J M. the level of copper iron manganese and zinc in the bloodserum of semi confined and confined goats. Arquivos Da Escola De Veterinaria UniversidadeFederal De Minas Gerais. 33 (2). 1981 (Recd. 1982). 235-246.

Bio Acc Das Virgens N C, Machado, M. A., Ferreira Neto J M, and Marques Junior A D. the level of copperiron manganese and zinc in the liver and pancreas of confined and semi confined goats. ArquivosDa Escola De Veterinaria Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais. 33 (2). 1981 (Recd. 1982). 229-234.

Alt Dashti, H., Behbehani, A., Abul, H., Hussain, T., and Madda, P. 1995. alterations of trace elementsin kidney, spleen and lungs in treated and untreated experimental liver cirrhosis. Journal of theRoyal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 40(3): 173-9.

Bio Acc DAUWE, T., BERVOETS, L., BLUST, R., PINXTEN, R., and EENS, M. are eggshells and eggcontents of great and blue tits suitable as indicators of heavy metal pollution? BELGIANJOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY; 129 (2). 1999. 439-447.

Surv Davies, G. R. and Crawshaw, R. 1978. a field study of the soil and herbage relationships for thetrace elements copper, molybdenum and cobalt. Experimental Husbandry.(No.34): 53-60.

No COC Davies, N. T. and Nightingale, R. effects of phytate on intestinal absorption and secretion of zinc,and whole-body retention of zinc, copper, iron, and manganese in rats. Br. J. Nutr. (1975) 34(2): 243-58 .

No COC Davies, N. T. and Nightingale, R. 1975. the effects of phytate on intestinal absorption and secretionof zinc, and whole-body retention of zn, copper, iron and manganese in rats. British Journal ofNutrition 34(2): 243-58.

Nutr Davies, N. T. and Reid, H. 1979. an evaluation of the phytate, zinc, copper, iron and manganeseof,and zn availability from, soya-based textured-vegetable-proteinmeat-substitutes or meat-extenders. British Journal of Nutr 41(3): 579-589.

Nutr Davies, N. T. and Reid, Hilary. an evaluation of the phytate, zinc, copper, iron and manganese


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Nut def Davis, C. D. and Johnson, W. T. 2001. dietary copper and dimethylhydrazine affect protein kinasec isozyme protein and mrna expression and the formation of aberrant crypts in colon of rats. Biofactors (Oxford, England), 2001, 15(1):11-26.

Phys Davis, Cindy D. and Feng, Yi. dietary copper, manganese and iron affect the formation of aberrantcrypts in colon of rats administered 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl. J. Nutr. (1999) 129(5): 1060-1067.

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Minseral Day, M. J., Pearson, G. R., Lucke, V. M., Lane, S. J., and Sparks, R. S. 1996. lesions associatedwith mineral deposition in the lymph node and lung of the dog. Veterinary Pathology 33(1): 29-42.

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Meth De Olmos, Jose S., Beltramino, Carlos A., and De Olmos De Lorenzo, Soledad. use of an amino-cupric-silver technique for the detection of early and semiacute neuronal degeneration caused byneurotoxicants, hypoxia, and physical trauma. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. (1994) 16(6): 545-61 .

CP Deahl, S. T., Oberley, L. W., Oberley, T. D., and Elwell, J. H. antioxidant enzymes in rat bone. 69th General Session of the International Association for Dental Research, 20th Annual Session ofthe American Association for Dental Research, and the 12th Annual Session of the Mexican Divisionof the Iadr (International Association for Dental Research), Acapulco, Mexico, April 17-21, 1991. JDENT RES. 70 (Spec. Issue April). 1991. 340.

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Rev Deas, D. W., Melrose, D. R., Reed, H. C. B., Vandeplassche, M., Pidduck, H., and <Editors> J.A.Laing. 1979. chapter 7: other non-infectious abnormalities. Fertility and Infertility in Domestic


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Alt Debacker, V., Rutten, A., Jauniaux, T., Daemers, C., and Bouquegneau, J. M. 2001. combinedeffects of experimental heavy-metal contamination (cu, zn, and ch3hg) and starvation on quail's bodycondition: parallelism with a wild common guillemot (uria aalge) population found stranded at thebelgian coast. Biological Trace Element Research, 2001 Summer, 82(1-3):87-107.

Bio Acc Decker, W. J. Goldsmith W. A. Mills R. C. and Banez R. J. 1972. systemic absorption of copperafter oral administration of radioactive copper sulfate emetic in rats. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 21: 331-334.

Chem Meth Decocklereverend, B., Perly, B., and Sarkar, B. 1987. isolation and two-dimensional h-1-nmr ofpeptide [1-24] of dog serum-albumin and studies of its complexation with copper and nickel by nmrand cd spectroscopy. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 912(1): 16-27.

No Tox Del Maestro, R. and McDonald, W. 1987. distribution of superoxide dismutase, glutathioneperoxidase and catalase in developing rat brain. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 41(1-2): 29-38.

No Tox Del Maestro, R. and McDonald, W. 1989. subcellular localization of superoxide dismutases,glutathione peroxidase and catalase in developing rat cerebral cortex. Mechanisms of Ageing andDevelopment 48(1): 15-31.

FL Delgado Gonzalez, R A., Fortoul van der Goes, T. I., and Rosiles Martinez, R. 1994. lead,chromium and cadmium concentrations and their relationship to tissue morphological alterations inpigeons (columba livia) from the valley of mexico city and ixtlahuaca in the state of mexico. Veterinaria-Mexico. 25(2): 109-115.

FL Demenko, V. I(A), Kkorzinnikov Yu S, Petrova, E. L., and Konon, S. A. 1992. regulation of thefall of ripe sea buckthorn and dog rose fruits. Agrokhimiya 0(8): 99-104.

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Mix Demko, E. B. 1970. [an increase in the role of iodine in combination with other trace elements inpathologic conditions of the thyroid gland]: <original> o povyshenii roli ioda v sochetanii s drugimimikroelementami pri ptologicheskikh sostoianiiakh shchitovidnoi zhelezy. Probl Endokrinol(Mosk). 16(5): 102-6.

FL Demko, E. B. and Ugnenko, V. K. 1974. role of some trace elements in copper and manganesemetabolism and in thyroid gland malfunction and its normalization in experimental animals. TezisyDokl. - Konf. Beloruss. Biokhim. O-Va. 2nd : 64-6. Editor(s): Vecher, A. S. Publisher: "Nauka iTekhnika", Minsk, USSR.

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Bio Acc Denneman, W. D. and Douben, P. E. T. 1993. trace metals in primary feathers of the barn owl (tytoalba guttatus) in the netherlands. Environ. Pollut. 82(3): 301-10 .

Bio Acc Deol, H. S., Howell, J. M., and Dorling, P. R. 1994. effect of the ingestion of heliotrope and copperon the concentration of zinc, selenium and molybdenum in the liver of sheep. Journal ofComparative Pathology. 110(3): 303-307.

Unrel DeOlmos, J. S. and Ingram, W. R. 1971. an improved cupric-silver method for impregnation ofaxonal and terminal degeneration. Brain Research 33(2): 523-9.

Unrel Dergacheva, T. S. 1981. [establishment of the maximum permissible concentration of a copper-diammonium complex of hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid in the water of reservoirs]. GigSanit.(3): 72.

Unrel Derr, Robert F., Draves, K., and Rao, G. Ananda. liquid alcohol diets which provide recommendedquantities of nutrients for lactation of the rat. Nutr. Rep. Int. (1988) 38(2): 361-7.

Unrel Derr, Robert F., Draves, Kay, and Rao, G. Ananda. inadequate intake by female rats duringgestation and lactation of essential nutrients from liquid diets used for alcohol studies: implicationfor the fetal alcohol syndrome. Biochem. Arch. (1987) 3(1): 137-45.

Surv Desai, M. C., Thakkar, T. P., Darshana, R. A., and Janakiraman, J. 1978. a note on serum copperlevels in relation to reproductive performance in surti Buffaloes. Indian J Anim Sci. 48(7): 534-536.

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Unrel Desnuelle, P. 1973. some properties of selectively hydrogenated soya oil. Annales De LaNutrition Et De L'Alimentation 27(4): 225-232.

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CP Deyhim, F. and Teeter, R. G. the effects of dietary zinc methionine manganese methionine andcopper lysine on broiler performance and some body parameters during thermoneutral and ambienttemperature distress. Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Southern Poultry Science Society, Atlanta,Georgia, USA, JANUARY 20-21, 1992. Poult Sci. 71 (Suppl. 1). 1992. 147.

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Bio Acc Di, Giulio R T and Scanlon, P. F. 1984. effects of cadmium and lead ingestion on tissueconcentrations of cadmium lead copper and zinc in mallard ducks anas-platyrhynchos. Sci TotalEnviron. 39(1-2): p103-110.

No Oral Dicarlo, F. J. Jr. 1979. copper-induced heart malformations in hamsters. Experientia. 35: 827-828.

No Oral Dicarlo Jr., F. J. 1980. syndromes of cardiovascular malformations induced by copper citrate inhamsters. Teratology. 21: 89-101.

In Vit Dicesare, J. L. and Dain, J. A. 1971. the enzymic synthesis of ganglioside. iv. udp-n-acetylgalactosamine: (n-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosyl ceramide n-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase in rat brain. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 231(2): 385-93.

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Bio Acc Dierenfeld Ellen S(A), Fitzpatrick Marianne P, Douglas Tara C, and Dennison Stacey A. 1996. mineral concentrations in whole mice and rats used as food. Zoo Biology 15(1): 83-88.

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Rev Dirksen, G. and Hofmann, W. 1974. actual health problems in the rearing and fattening of calves: areview. Veterinary Medical Review.(No.1): 3-21.

No Oral DiSilvestro, R. A. 1989. effects of inflammation on copper antioxidant enzyme levels. Advancesin Experimental Medicine and Biology 258: 253-8.

Nutr Divanov, B. 1980. the effect of supplementary feeding with trace elements on the course oftheileriasis in cattle. Sbornik Nauchnykh Rabot, Leningradskii Veterinarnyi Institut (Infektsionnye iParazitarnye Bolezni Sel'Skokhozyaistvennykh Zhivotnykh) (No.63): 41-44.

CP Djujic, Ivana, Jozanov-Stankov, Olga, Demajo, M., and Mandic, M. 1995. effects of ionizingradiation and selenium on microelement concentration. Naucni Skupovi - Srp. Akad. Nauka Umet.Od. Prir.-Mat. Nauka 6: (Conference on Selenium, 1993), 139-148.

CP Djujic, Ivana, Mandic, M., Jozanov-Stankov, Olga, Demajo, M., and Vrvic, M. M. 1995. effects ofselenium-enriched yeast on microelement content in rat tissues. Naucni Skupovi - Srp. Akad.Nauka Umet.Od. Prir.-Mat. Nauka 6: (Conference on Selenium, 1993), 105-113.

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FL Giannakopoulos, A. L. and Tserbene-Gouse, A. S. 1987. the effect of copper sulfate on theperformance of japanese quails. Epitheorese Zootehnikes Epistemes.(5): 79-91.


No Oral Giavini, E., Prati, M., and Vismara, C. 1980. effects of cadmium,lead and copper on ratpreimplantation embryos. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol . 25: 702-705.

Unrel Gibbons, C. C., Singleton, N., and Nyenhuis, J. effects of exercise on alcohol-fed rats. BIOCHEMARCH. Biochemical Archives. 3 (1). 1987. 23-30.

CP Gibbs, P. J. 1992-31820. heavy metal and organochlorine concentrations in tissues of the littlepenguin eudyptula minor. DANN

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CP GILANI, S. H. and ALIBAI, Y. 1985. the effects of heavy metals on the chick embryoDevelopment. American Association of Anatomists 98th Annual Meeting and the AssociationCanadienne Des Anatomistes (Canadian Association of Anatomists) 29th Annual Meeting

Acu Gilani, Shamshad H. New Jersey Medical School Newark and Alibhai, Yasmin New Jersey Inst ofTechnology Newark. teratogenicity of metals to chick embryos. J Toxicol Environ Health. V30,N1, P23(9)

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No Control Gilbert, R. W., Sander, J. E., and Brown, T. P. 1996. copper sulfate toxicosis in commercial layinghens. Avian Diseases. 40(1): 236-239.

No COC Gilka, J., Jelinek, P., Jankova, B., Knesel, P., Krejci, P., Masek, J., and Docekalova, H. 1989. amino acid composition of meat, fatty acid composition of fat andcontent of some chemical elementsin the tissues of male lambs fedmonensin or lasalocid. Meat Science 25(4): 273-280.

Surv Gill, J. M. and Darby, J. T. 1993. deaths in yellow-eyed penguins (megadyptes antipodes) on theotagopeninsula during the summer of 1990. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 41(1): 39-42.

Carc Gilman, J. P. W. 1962. 1962. metal carcinogenesis. ii. a study on the carcinogenic activity ofcobalt, copper, iron, and nickel compounds. Cancer Res. 22: 158-162.

Nut def Gipp, WF, Pond, WG, Tasker, J, VanCampen, D, Krook, L, and Visik, WJ. 1973. influence of levelof dietary copper on weight gain, hematology and liver copper and iron storage in young pigs. J.Nutr. 103: 713.

Aquatic Girling, A. E., Pascoe, D. *., Janssen, C. R., Peither, A., Wenzel, A., Schaefer, H., Neumeier, B.,Mitchell, G. C., Taylor, E. J., Maund, S. J., Lay, J. P., Juettner, I., Crossland, N. O., Stephenson, R.R., and Persoone, G. 2000. development of methods for evaluating toxicity to freshwaterecosystems. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety [Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.]. Vol. 45, No. 2,Pp. 148-176. Feb 2000.

No Oral Gleed, P. T., Allen, W. M., Mallinson, C. B., Rowlands, G. J., Sansom, B. F., Vagg, M. J., andCaswell, R. D. 1983. effects of selenium and copper supplementation on the growth of beef steers. Veterinary Record. 113(17): 388-392.

CP Glore, S. R. and Stoecker, B. J. mineral status during protein-energy malnutrition. Meeting of theFederation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (Faseb), Part 1, Anaheim, California,Usa, April 5-9, 1992. Faseb (Fed Am Soc Exp Biol) J. 6 (4). 1992. A1378.


CP Glover, R. 1998. deer herd reproductive performance: a commercial farmer's view. Proceedingsof a Deer Course for Veterinarians.(15): 43-47.

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FL Gokel, E. M., Kirchgessner, M., and Roth, H. P. alimentary-induced chromium deficiency ingrowing rats. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (1986) 56(5): 251-7.

Nut def Gokel, E. M., Kirchgessner, M., and Roth, H. P. 1986. diet-induced chromium deficiency ingrowing rats. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 56(5): 251-257.

Aquatic Goldberg, E. D. 1972.Baseline Studies of Pollutants in the Marine Environment and ResearchRecommendations. NSF/IDOE-74-26

CP Golfman, L. S. and Boila, R. J. influence of supplemental molybdenum and sulfur upon the flow andsolubility of copper zinc manganese and iron along the digestive tract of steers. Symposium onEnergy Usage in Livestock Production Systems Held at the Canadian Society of Animal ScienceAnnual Meeting, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, August 24, 1988. Can J Anim Sci. 69 (1). 1989. 296-297.

CP Golub, M. S., Keen, C. L., and Gershwin, M. E. 1991. neurobehavioral effects of subchronicdietary aluminum in mice . 21ST Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience

FL Golushko, V. M., Borisenko, E. N., Goryachev, I. I., Demidovich, B. K., Lebedkova, V. A.,Kozlova, S. L., and Ivanov, D. P. finely granulated calcium carbonate feed additive containing traceelements. Khim. Sel'Sk. Khoz. (1989) (2): 69-71 .

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No Oral Gonskii, Ya. I. copper and manganese levels in organs and tissues of guinea pigs duringexperimental tuberculosis. Mikroelem. Med. (1968) : No. 1, 107-11.

Surv Gonzalez, J., Hernandez, L. M., Rico, C., and Baluja, G. 1984. residues of organochlorinepesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals in the eggs of predatory birds from donananational park (spain), 1980-1983. J Environ Sci Health Part B Pestic Food Contam Agric Wastes. 19(8-9): 759-772.

BioAcc Gonzalez, L. M. and Hiraldo, F. 1988. organochlorine and heavy metal contamination in the eggsof the spanish imperial eagle aquila-adalberti and accompanying changes in eggshell morphologyand chemistry. Environ Pollut. 51(4): 241-258.

No Dose Gonzalez, M. M., Madrid, R., and Arahuetes, R. M(A). 1995 . physiological changes in antioxidantdefences in fetal and neonatal rat liver. Reproduction Fertility and Development 7(5): 1375-1380.

Minseral Gonzalez, N. J., Sullivan, T. W., Douglas, J. H., and Beck, M. M. 1993. effect of inorganic sulfateand sulfur amino acids on bone mineralization in broilers. Poultry Science. 72(10): 1935-1943.


Nut def Gonzalez-Reimers, E., Martinez-Riera, A., Santolaria-Fernandez, F., Mas-Pascual, A., Rodriguez-Moreno, F., Galindo-Martin, L., Molina-Perez, M., and Barros-Lopez, N. relative and combinedeffects of ethanol and protein deficiency on zinc, iron, copper, and manganese contents in differentorgans and urinary and fecal excretion. Alcohol (N. Y.) (1998) 16(1): 7-12.

Nut def Gonzalez-Reimers, E., Santolaria-Fernandez, F., Perez-Labajos, J., Rodriguez-Moreno, F., Martinez-Riera, A., Hernandez-Torres, O., Valladares-Parrilla, F., and Molina-Perez, M. relative andcombined effects of propylthiouracil, ethanol and protein deficiency on liver histology and hepaticiron, zinc, manganese and copper contents. Alcohol Alcohol. (1996) 31(6): 535-545.

Prim Goodis, H. E. and Rosenberg, R. J. 1991. histologic evaluation of the pulpal response totemperature probe placement in the macaca fascicularis monkey. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, andOral Pathology 72(1): 105-7.

Rev Gooneratne, S. R., Buckley, W. T., and Christensen, D. A. 1989. review of copper deficiency andmetabolism in ruminants . Can.J.Anim.Sci. 69: 819-845.

No Dose Gooneratne, S. R. and Christensen, D. A. 1989. a survey of maternal copper status and fetal tissuecopper concentrations in saskatchewan bovine. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 69: 141-150.

No Oral Gooneratne, S. R., Christensen, D. A., and Wenger, B. S. effects of thiomolybdates in chickembryos. Nutr. Rep. Int. (1989) 40(1): 85-92.

Fate Gooneratne, S. R., Gawthorne, J. M., and Howell, J. M. distribution of copper zinc and iron in thesoluble fraction of the kidney in normal copper-poisoned and thiomolybdate-treated sheep. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 35 (1). 1989. 37-54.

Alt Gooneratne, S. R., Symonds, H. W., Bailey, J. V., and Christensen, D. A. 1994. effects of dietarycopper, molybdenum and sulfur on biliary copper and zinc excretion in simmental and angus cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. V. 74(2) P. 315-325

No COC Gooneratne, S. R. Howell J. M. and Gawthorne J. M. 1985. 1985. distribution of copper in thekidney of sheep after thiomolybdate administration. Nutr. Res. Suppl.I, 546-554.

No Oral Goresky, C. A. Holmes T. H. and Sass-Korstak A. 1968. 1968. the initial uptake of copper by theliver in the dog. Can J Physiol Pharmacol . 46: 771-784.

FL Gorobets, A. I. accumulation of fat-soluble vitamins by broilers and their productivity in response tofeeding of chelated trace elements. S-Kh. Biol. (1991) (6): 82-4.

FL Gorobets, A. I. efficiency of application of chelate complexes of trace elements with amino acids ofblue-green algae hydrolyzate in rations of broilers. S-Kh. Biol. (1986) (8): 26-9.

FL Grabovenskii, I. I. and Kalachnyuk, G. I. 1984. use of natural clinoptilolite for rearing of youngbulls. Zhivotnovodstvo (2): 55-56.

Bio Acc Grace, N. D. amounts and distribution of mineral elements associated with fleece free empty bodyweight gains in the grazing sheep. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 26 (1). 1983.59-70.

CP Grace, N. D. 1986. an estimation of the dietary allowances of copper zinc iron manganese andselenium for single and twin-bearing ewes. 46th Annual Conference of the New Zealand Society ofAnimal Production, Dunedin, New Zealand, February 11-14, 1986. PROC N Z SOC ANIM PROD 46: 37-40.


Mix Grace, N. D. and Lee, J. 1989. the effect of increasing copper intake on the bone mineral contentofthe growing lamb. <document title>trace elements in new zealand: environmental, humanandanimal. 201-205.

Mix Grace, N. D., Maunsell, L. A., and Scott, D. 1974. growth responses of ewe hoggets supplementedwith selenium copper cobalt and iodine in the lake ohau Area. N Z J Exp Agric. 2(2): 99-102.

Nutr Grace, N. D. and Scott, D. 1974. diet and mineral nutrition of sheep on undeveloped anddevelopedtussock grassland. 1. the macro- and micro-element composition of bloodplasma andherbage. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 17(2): 165-175.

Nutr Grace, N. D(A), Pearce, S. G., Firth, E. C., and Fennessy, P. F. 1999. content and distribution ofmacro- and micro-elements in the body of pasture-fed young horses. Australian Veterinary Journal 77(3): 172-176.

An Prod Graf, Ernst and Panter, S. Scott. inhibition of warmed-over flavor development by polyvalentcations. J. Food Sci. (1991) 56(4): 1055-8, 1067.

Nut def Graham, T. W. 1991. trace element deficiencies in cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America,Food Animal Practice. 7(1): 153-215.

Bio Acc Graham, T. W., Thurmond, M. C., Mohr, F. C., Holmberg, C. A., Anderson, M. L., and Keen, C. L. 1994. relationships between maternal and fetal liver copper, iron, manganese,and zincconcentrations and fetal development in california holsteindairy cows. Journal of VeterinaryDiagnostic Investigation 6(1): 77-87.

Unrel Graham, T. W. a, Giri, S. N., Daels, P. F., Cullor, J. S., Keen, C. L., Thurmond, M. C., Dellinger, J.D., Stabenfeldt, G. H., and Osburn, B. I. 1995. associations among prostaglandin f2alpha, plasmazinc, copper and iron concentrations and fetal loss in cows and mares. Theriogenology. 44(3 ): 379-390.

Unrel Gralak, M. A., Leontowicz, H., Leontowicz, M., Bogucka-Sciezynska, A., and Kulasek, G. W. 1998. effect of pea lectins or type of diet on bioavailability of mineral elements from rat diets. Mengen- Spurenelem. Arbeitstag., 18th : 591-596. Editor(s): Anke, Manfred. Publisher: VerlagHarald Schubert, Leipzig, Germany.

Nutr Gralak, M. A., Leontowicz, M., Morawiec, M., Bartnikowska, E., and Kulasek, G. W. comparisonof the influence of dietary fiber sources with different proportions of soluble and insoluble fiber onca, mg, fe, zn, mn, and cu apparent absorption in rats. Arch. Anim. Nutr. (1996) 49(4): 293-299 .

No COC Grandhi, R. R. and Ibrahim, E. A. changes in apparent absorption and retention of nutrients duringgestation in gilts fed two dietary calcium and phosphorus levels. Canadian Journal of AnimalScience. 70 (3). 1990. 927-936.

Unrel Grant, G. and Ygge, J. somatotopic organization of the thoracic spinal nerve in the dorsal horndemonstrated with trans ganglionic degeneration. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 202 (3).1981. 357-364.

Nutr Grau, C. R., Roudybush, T. E., Vohra, P., Kratzer, F. H., Yang, M., and Nearenberg, D. 1989. obscure relations of feather melanization and avian nutrition. World's Poultry Science Journal 45(3): 241-246.

Alt Gray, L. F. and Daniel, L. J. 1973. effect of copper status on the urinary excretion of tryptophanmetabolites and amino acids by the rat. J Nutr. 103(12): 1764-71.


Drug Graziano, J. H., Cuccia, D., and Friedheim, E. 1978. the pharmacology of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinicacid and its potential use in arsenic poisoning. Journal of Pharmacology and ExperimentalTherapeutics 207(3): 1051-5.

Unrel Greene, L. W. and Chirase, N. K. 1998. influence of stocker program mineral nutrition on feedlotperformance. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian. 20(12): 1372-1379.

Nutr Greer, E. B. and Lewis, C. E. mineral and vitamin supplementation of diets for growing pigs part 3salt calcium and phosphorus and trace mineral supplements in a wheat soybean meal diet. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry. 18 (95). 1978 (Recd. 1979).781-787.

Rev Greger, J. L. 1987. food, supplements, and fortified foods: scientific evaluations in regard totoxicology and nutrient bioavailability. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 87 (10): 1369-1373.

No COC Greger, Janet L. and Emery, Susan M. mineral metabolism and bone strength of rats fed coffeeand decaffeinated coffee. J. Agric. Food Chem. (1987) 35(4): 551-6.

Unrel Gregoire, Michel, Lorand, Jean Pierre, Cottin, Jean Yves, Giret, Andre, Mattielli, Nadine, and Weis,Dominique. 1997. xenoliths evidence for a refractory oceanic mantle percolated by basaltic meltsbeneath the kerguelen archipelago. Eur. J. Mineral. (1997) 9(5): 1085-1100 .

Rev Gregory, D. A(A), Johnson, D. L., and Thompson, B. H. 1993. the impact of bran baits treated withthe insecticides carbaryl, chlorpyrifos and dimethoate on the survivorship and reproductive successof non-target mouse populations. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 45(1-2): 95-103 .

Unrel Greve, C., Trachtenberg, E., Opsahl, W., Abbott, U., and Rucker, R. 1987. diet as an externalfactor in the expression of scoliosis in a line of susceptible chickens. The Journal Of Nutrition. 117(1): 189-193 .

FL Gribovskii, G. P. content of carotenoids in the liver of hens fed cobalt, manganese, and copper salts. Profil. Zaraznykh Nezaraznykh Zabol. Zhivotn. Sib. Mater. Nauch. Konf., Posvyashch. 50-letiyuSib. NIVI (Nauch.-Issled. Vet. Inst.) (1973): Meeting Date 1971, 340-1. Editor(s): Kopyrin, A. V.Publisher: Sib. Nauch.-Issled. Vet. Inst., Omsk, USSR.

FL Grigor'eva, T. E. and Ivanov, G. I. 1996. prophylaxis of alimentary infertility in cows. <original>profilaktika alimentarnogo besplodiya korov. Veterinariya. (No.3) P. 41-45

Unrel Grimson, R. E., Riemer, G. E., Stilborn, R. P., Volek, R. J., and GUMMESON, P. K. agronomic andchemical characteristics of kochia-scoparia l. schrad. and its value as a silage crop for growing beefcattle. Can J Anim Sci; 69 (2). 1989. 383-392.

FL Grin', N. V. and Govorunova, N. N. 1986. studying the embryotoxic effect of copper chloride in anExperiment. Gig Sanit. (8): 38-39.

Nutr Grings, E. E., Staigmiller, R. B., Short, R. E., Bellows, R. A., and MacNeil, M. D. 1999. effects ofstair-step nutrition and trace mineral supplementation onattainment of puberty in beef heifers of threesire breeds. Journal of Animal Science 77(4): 810-815.

Bio Acc Groce, A. W., Taylor, C. E., Pettry, D. E., and Kerr, L. A. 1995. levels of selenium and otheressential minerals in forages, bovine blood and serum relative to soil type. Veterinary ClinicalNutrition. 2(4): 146-152.


Unrel Groot Bruinderink Geert W T A(A), Lammertsma Dennis R(A), and Hazebroek Ed= (A). 2000. effects of cessation of supplemental feeding on mineral status of red deer cervus elaphus and wildboar sus scrofa in the netherlands. Acta Theriologica 45(1): 71-85.

FL Groppel, B. and Anke, M. 1991.The Effects of a Sulphur, Cadmium and MolybdenumContamination in Swine: <Original> Die Auswirkungen Einer Schwefel-, Cadmium- UndMolybdaenbelastung Beim Schwein: Environmental Aspects of Animal Production: <Original>Umweltaspekte Der Tierproduktion (33): 463-468.

Unrel Groppel, B. and Anke, M. 1991. effects of sulphur, cadmium and molybdenum loading in pigs. (33): 463-468.

Aquatic Grosell, M., McDonald, M. D., Walsh, P. J., and Wood, C. M. 2004. effects of prolonged copperexposure in the marine gulf toadfish (opsanus beta) ii: copper accumulation, drinking rate andna+/k+-atpase activity in osmoregulatory tissues.Aquatic Toxicology. 68(3): 263-275.

Aquatic Grosell, M., McDonald, M. D., Wood, C. M., and Walsh, P. J. 2004. effects of prolonged copperexposure in the marine gulf toadfish (opsanus beta): i. hydromineral balance and plasma nitrogenouswaste products. Aquatic Toxicology. 68(3): 249-262.

Mix Grosicki, A., Kowalski, B., and Domanska, K. 1998. distribution of subtoxic doses of mercury in rats fed a diet enriched with cobalt, manganese, zinc and copper. Mengen- Spurenelem.Arbeitstag., 18th : 366-369. Editor(s): Anke, Manfred. Publisher: Verlag Harald Schubert,Leipzig, Germany.

Food Groten, J. P., Sinkeldam, E. J., Muys, T., Luten, J. B., and Van Bladeren, P. J. interaction of dietary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, copper, iron, zinc, and selenium with theaccumulation and oral toxicity of cadmium in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. (1991) 29(4): 249-58.

Mix Grozhevskaya, S. B., Terekhina, A. N., and Terekhin, V. S. 1974. effect of copper sulphate onreproduction in cattle and, in combinationwith cobalt chloride, on some biological processes inheifers. Trudy Permskogo Sel'Skokhozyaistvennogo Instituta. 103: 63-69.

FL Gruber, L. Bundesanstalt fuer alpenlaendische Landwirtschaft Gumpenstein Irdning Austria,Steinwender, R., Haeusler, J., and Krautzer, B. 1992. production and utilization of mixed fodderbeet silages in alpine regions, 2: utilization of mixed fodder beet silages in the feeding of dairy cows. <original> erzeugung und verwertung von ruebenmischsilagen im alpenraum, 2: verwertung vonruebenmischsilagen in der milchviehfuetterung. Wirtschaftseigene Futter. V. 38(3) P. 155-178

Mix Gry, J., Bille, N., Kristiansen, E., Madsen, C., Meyer, O., Olsen, P., Roswall, K., Thorup, I., andWurtzen, G. thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of food fattyacids (esters of glycerol and thermally oxidized soybean fatty acids): a long-term study in rats. Publ. - Levnedsmiddelstyr. (Den.) (1988) : 172, 154 pp.

Bio Acc Guimaraes, Jorge Almeida, Garcia, Eloide Souza, and Ubatuba, Fernando Braga. analysis ofbiological materials by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. i. determination of total copper, iron,and zinc in chicken livers. Pesqui. Agropecuar. Brasil. Ser. Vet. (1971): 6, 45-5..

No Dose Gunshin, H., Imamura, T., Kato, N., Todoriki, H., Akamatsu, T., Noguchi, T. , and Naito, H. effectof dietary calcium level on tissue levels of trace elements chromium, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum,manganese, copper, zinc and iron. Biomed. Res. Trace Elem. (1990) 1(2): 113-14.

No Org Gunshin, Hiromi, Mackenzie, Bryan, Berger, Urs V., Gunshin, Yoshimi, Romero, Michael F.,Boron, Walter F., Nussberger, Stephan, Gollan, John L., and Hediger, Matthias A. cloning andcharacterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter. Nature (London) (1997)


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No Control Guo, R. P. R. Henry H. A. Holwerda J. Cao R. C. Littell R. D. Miles and C. B. Ammerman. 2001. chemical characteristics and relative bioavailability of supplemental organic copper sources forpoultry. Journal of Animal Science. 79: 1132-1141.

No Dose Gupta, Alka and Shukla, Girja S. 1996. ontogenic profile of brain lipids following perinatalexposure to cadmium. J. Appl. Toxicol. 16(3): 227-233 .

Nut def Gupta, R. P., Verma, P. C., Sadana, J. R., and Gupta, V. K. 1989. effect of experimental zincdeficiency and repletion on sodium, potassium, copper and iron concentrations in guinea pigs. Br. J. Nutr. 62(2): 407-14 .

Mix Gusakov, K. and Sinkovets, A. 1998. mineral additives. Ptitsevodstvo.(6): 27-28.

Surv Guthova, Z. 1993. reproduction disorders in black-headed gull (larus ridibundus) from a suburbancolony near ceske budejovice, southern bohemia. Folia Zoologica. 42(4): 95-302.

Phys Gwathmey, J. K. and Davidoff, A. J. 1994. pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies part ii. drug-induced and other interventions. Current Opinion in Cardiology. 9(3): 369-378.

Surv Gydesen, H. Rasmussen L. Pilegaard K. Andersen A. and Hovmand. 1981. differences in theregional deposition of cadminum, copper, lead and zinc in denmark as reflected in bulkprecipitation,epiphytic cryptogams and animal kidneys. Ambio. 10(5): 229-230.

Nutr Hacklander, R., Enbergs, H., Niess, E., and Ahlswede, L. 1996. analysis of the feeding of warmblooded foals during the 2nd halfyear. Pferdeheilkunde 12(3): 307-311.

No Dose Haddad, D. S., al-Alousi, L. A., and Kantarjian, A. H. 1991. the effect of copper loading onpregnant rats and their offspring. Funct Dev Morphol. 1(3): 17-22.

Nut def Hahn, C. J. and Evans, G. W. 1975. absorption of trace metals in the zinc-deficient rat. AmericanJournal of Physiology 228(4): 1020-1023.

CP Hahn, E., Ostapczuk, P., Ellenberg, H., and Stoeppler, M. 1985. environmental monitoring of heavymetals with birds as pollution integrating biomonitors. ii. cadmium, lead and copper in magpie (picapica) feathers from a heavily polluted and a control area. Heavy Met. Environ. Int. Conf., 5th . 1: p721-3.

Bio Acc Hahn, Edmund, Hahn, Karin, and Ellenberg, Hermann. heavy metal load in the feathers of magpies. Verh. - Ges. Oekol. (1989) : Volume Date 1988, 18, 317-24 .

Abstract Hahn, K. J. and Burch, R. E. aging rat tissue content of moisture protein zinc copper and manganesewith partial food deprivation. 64th Annual Meeting of the Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., Anaheim,Calif., USA, APR. 13-18, 1980. FED PROC. 39 (3). 1980. Abstract 2744.

Surv Hair Bin Bejo, M. 1990.Gastrointestinal Response to Copper Excess: Studies on Copper (and Zinc)Loaded Rats (Metallothionein)

Nut def Halevy, O. and Sklan, D. 1986. effect of copper and zinc depletion on vitamin a andtriglyceridemetabolism in chick liver. Nutrition Reports International 33(5): 723-727.

Mix Hall, A. T., Taylor, D. H., and Woods, P. E. 1987. effects of municipal sludge on locomotoractivity and exploratory behavior of meadow voles Microtus-pennsylvanicus. Environ Toxicol


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Nutr Halpin, Kevin M. and Baker, David H. mechanism of the tissue manganese-lowering effect of corn,soybean meal, fish meal, wheat bran, and rice bran. Poult. Sci. (1987) 66(2): 332-40.

Plant Halvorson, A. D. and White, L. M. seasonal zinc copper manganese and iron levels of westernwheat grass agropyron-smithii and green needle grass stipa-viridula as affected by nitrogenfertilization. Agronomy Journal. 75 (2). 1983. 225-229.

Not Avail Hamam, Abdel-Mohsen M., El-Tohamy, Magda M., and Ali, Gamal A. effect of nickeladministration on some biochemical parameters and ovarian hormones in female rabbits. ZagazigJ. Pharm. Sci. (1996) 5(2): 13-20 .

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Nutr Hambidge, K. M. 1985. trace minerals and fetal development. Current Concepts in Nutrition 14: 73-82.

Mix Han, Bin, Qi, Zhouyue, Hou, Jiangwen, Zhao, Famiao, Zhou, Yumei, and Xue, Dengmin. utilizationof trace elements in fly ash by chicken. Zhongguo Xumu Zazhi (1986) (3): 25-7.

FL Han, I. K., Lee, C. H. Seoul National University Suwon Korea Republic College of Agriculture andLife Sciences, and Shin, I. S. American Soybean Association Seoul Korea Republic. 1995. supplementation of copper, zinc and iron to broiler diet with different levels of methionine. KoreanJournal of Animal Nutrition and Feedstuffs. V. 19(6) P. 458-467

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CP Howell, J. M. and Kumaratilake, J. 1985. observation on the morphological distribution of copperloaded and necrotic hepatic parenchymal cells during the development of chronic copper poisoningin sheep. Trace Elements in Man and Animals-TEMA 5. Proceedings of the Fifth InternationalSymposium : 184-186.

Rev Howell, J. M., Masters, D. G., and White, C. L. 1996. toxicities and excessive intakes of minerals. Detection and Treatment of Mineral Nutrition Problems in Grazing Sheep. 95-117.

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FL Hristic, V. 1994. effect of prolonged dietary intake of cadmium on the concentrations ofsome majorand trace elements in broiler chickens. Veterinarski Glasnik 48(11/12): 1025-1028.

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FL Hristic, V. and Krsmanovic, Jovanka. influence of dietary cadmium on the absorption ofradioactive iron-59, in vitro, and possible protective role of zinc and copper. Veterinaria (Sarajevo)(1984) 33(4): 503-8.

Plant Hsieh, C. F. and Hsu, K. N. an experiment of the organic farming of sweet corn and vegetablesoybean. Bulletin of Taichung District Agricultural Improvement Station; 0 (39). 1993. 29-39.

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Mix Hudgens, R. E. and Hallford, D. M. 1984. feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, serumconstituents andtissue minerals in lambs produced by ewes fed sewage solids through twolambingseasons. Nutrition Reports International 29(1): 11-21.

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Minseral Hufstedler, G. D. and Greene, L. W. 1995. mineral and nitrogen balance in lambs implanted withzeranol. Journal of Animal Science 73(12): 3785-3788.

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Surv Hui, Clifford A. metal and trace element burdens in two shorebird species at two sympatricwintering sites in southern california. Environ. Monit. Assess. (1998) 50(3): 233-247.

No Dose Hui, Clifford A. University of California Davis and Beyer, W. Nelson USGS Laurel MD. sedimentingestion of two sympatric shorebird species. Sci Total Environ. V224, N1-3, P227(7)

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Nutr Hurley, L. S. 1981. trace metals in mammalian development. Johns Hopkins Medical Journal 148(1): 1-10.

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Mix Hurley, Lucille S., Keen, Carl L., and Loennerdal, Bo. 1983. aspects of trace element interactionsduring development. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 42(6): 1735-9 .

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Acu Ignesti, G., Perretti, M., and Buffoni, F. 1986. diamine oxidase activity in japanese quail liverinduced with aroclor 1254. Agents Actions. 18(1-2): 41-3.

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Nutr Imik, H., Gucus, A. I., and Cetinkaya, N. 1998. effects of supplementation of angora goat diet withminerals andvitamins on live weight gain, mohair produce, quality, and mineralcontent, and bloodmineral concentration. Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, Ankara Universitesi 45(1): 83-95.

FL Inoue, T. and Maitani, T. 1985. effect of copper on rats. (ii). effect of peroral administration. Kyoto-Fu Eisei Kogai Kenkyusho Nenpo. 30: 53-9.

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FL Isaeva, T. 1974. effect of trace element salts on growth and development of young mink. Krolikovodstvo i Zverovodstvo.(1): 19.

FL Isar, M., Isar, O., Poleacu, I., Bellea, S., Groza, I., Nemteanu, S., Popescu, V., Raducanescu, H.,Popii, V. B., Togoe, I., Borhan, G., Popescu, I., Bosinceanu, M., Iacoban, N., and Boier, L. 1983. effect of biological sludge given to piglets and fattening pigs. Lucrarile Stiintifice Ale InstitutuluiDe Biologie Si Nutritie Animala 12: 59-72.

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n=1 Ishmael, J., Gopinath, C., and Howell, J. M. 1972. experimental chronic copper toxicity in sheepbiochemical and hematological studies during the development of lesions in the Liver. Res Vet Sci. 13(1): 22-29.

FL Istomina, N. A. 1980. effect of copper compounds on the growth of calves and assimilation ofdietary Nutrients. Sov Agric Sci .(2): 66-69.

Nutr Itakura, C., Kazama, T., and Goto, M. 1982. comparative pathology of gizzard lesions in broilerchicks fed fish meal histamine and copper. Avian Pathol. 11(3): 487-502.

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Nutr Ivan, M. and Grieve, C. M. 1975. effects of zinc, copper, and manganese supplementation ofhigh-concentrate ration on digestibility, growth, and tissue content ofholstein calves. Journal of DairyScience 58(3): 410-415.

Bio Acc Ivan, M and Grieve, CM. 1976. effects of zinc, copper, and manganese supplementation of high-concentrate ration on gastrintestinal absorption of copper and manganese in holstein calves. J.Dairy Sci. 59: 1764.

No COC Ivan, M., Ihnat, M., and Hidiroglou, M. 1979. effects of nitrilotriacetic acid on apparent absorptionand duodenalflow of manganese, iron, zinc and copper in sheep. Canadian Journal of AnimalScience 59(2): 273-281.

No COC Ivan, M., Jui, P., and Hidiroglou, M. 1979. the effects of nitrilotriacetic acid on solubilities of zinc,copper,manganese, and iron in the stomach of sheep. Canadian Journal of Physiology andPharmacology 57(4): 369-374.

Nutr Ivan, M. and Veira, D. M. 1981. effect of dietary protein on the solubilities of manganese,copper,zinc and iron in the rumen and abomasum of sheep. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 61(4): 955-959.

FL Ivanov, A. T. and Petrova, V. S. 1987. sapropel in the diets for young pigs as a factor increasingbonestrength. Veterinarnaya Nauka - Proizvodstvu (25): 170-175.

FL Ivanov, D. P., Bogush, A. A., Seregin, V. V., Filiptsov, G. T., Sheshko, P. M., and Kutuzov, L. S. 1984. trace element salts in the diets for pigs. Veterinarnaya Nauka - Proizvodstvu, Minsk,Belorussian SSR (22): 151-154.

FL Ivanov, D. P., Lipnitskii, S. S., Litvyak, V. S., and Bril', E. E. 1983. effect of trace elementsupplements and mikroanemin (a dextrinpreparation of iron, copper and cobalt) on bloodmorphology and aminoacid and folic acid concentrations in young pigs. Veterinarnaya Nauka --Proizvodstvu (20): 119-123.

FL Ivanov, D. P., Seregin, V. V., Filiptsov, G. T., Morozov, M. N., and Kutuzov, L. S. 1984. increasedamounts of trace elements in diets for sows kept in largeindustrial complexes. VeterinarnayaNauka - Proizvodstvu, Minsk, Belorussian SSR (22): 147-151.

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CP Jackson, S. G. 1996. feeding and nutrition of the performance horse. Equine Neurology andNutrition. Proceedings of Eighteenth Bain-Fallon Memorial Lectures, Stamford Grand Hotel, 22nd-26th July 1996. 151-161.

CP Jackson, S. G. and <Editors> Dyke, T. M. 1996. feeding and nutrition of the performance horse. <document title>equine neurology and nutrition. proceedings ofeighteenth bain-fallon memoriallectures, stamford grand hotel,glenelg, south australia, australia 22nd-26th july 1996. 151-161.

CP Jackson, S. G., Pagan, J. D., and <Editors> Dyke, T. M. 1996. nutrition of the broodmare:maximizing longevity and reproductiveperformance. <document title>equine neurology andnutrition. proceedings ofeighteenth bain-fallon memorial lectures, stamford grand hotel,glenelg,south australia, australia 22nd-26th july 1996. 177-186.

Abstract Jacobs, R. M., Fox, M. R. S., and Fry, B. E. Jr. temporal changes in quail tissue mineral elementconcentrations on exposure to dietary cadmium and effects of cadmium on retention of mineralelements. Federation Proceedings. 31 (2). 1972 699

CP Jacobs, Richard M., Jones, A. O. Lee, Fox, M. R. Spivey, and Lener, Jaroslav. effects of dietary zinc, manganese, and copper on tissue accumulation of cadmium by japanese quail. Proc. Soc.Exp. Biol. Med. (1983) 172(1): 34-8 .

Mix Jacobs, Richard M., Jones, Ann O. Lee, Fry, Bert E. Jr., and Fox, M. R. Spivey. 1978. decreasedlong-term retention of cadmium-115m in japanese quail produced by a combined supplement ofzinc, copper, and manganese. J. Nutr. 108(6): 901-10 .

CP Jacobson, K. B., Turner, J. E., Christie, N. T., and Owenby, R. K. 1981.Toxic and BiochemicalEffects of Divalent Metal Ions in Drosophila: Correlation to Effects in Mice and to ChemicalSoftness Parameters. CONF-811035-3

FL Jaczewski, S., Dynarowicz, I., and Monkiewicz, J. 1977. the effect of long-term administration ofcopper and lead-containingsubstances to rabbits on semen characters. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 33(7): 410-412.

CP Jaczewski, S. and Monkiewicz, J. 1983. effect of heavy metals on the health and reproduction ofrabbits. Bioindyk. Skazen Przem. Roln., Mater. Pokonf. 421-7.

FL Jaczewski, S., Monkiewicz, J., and Pawlina, E. 1991. deposition of some heavy metals in tissues ofpurebred and crossbred cattle raised within the reach of copper metallurgic works. Roczniki NaukRolniczych Seria B Zootechniczna. 107(4): 179-185.

FL Jaczewski, S., Monkiewicz, J., and Pawlina, E. 1991. effect of contaminated environment on thegrowth rate of different genotype heifers. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych. Seria B - Zootechniczna. 107(3): 75-82.

FL Jaczewski, S., Monkiewicz, J., and Pawlina, E. 1989. fertility of the cows maintained in the coppermill polluted areas. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej We Wroclawiu. Zootechnika.(179): 29-35.

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Mix Jamall, I. S., Naik, M., Sprowls, J. J., and Trombetta, L. D. 1989. a comparison of the effects ofdietary cadmium on heart and kidney antioxidant enzymes: evidence for the greater vulnerability ofthe heart to cadmium toxicity. J Appl Toxicol. 9(5): 339-45 .

CP Jamall, I. S. and Roque, H. 1989. cadmium-induced alterations in ocular trace elements. influenceof dietary selenium and copper. Biol Trace Elem Res. 23: 55-63.

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FL Jancic, S., Crnojevic, Z., Pesut, M., Crnojevic, T., and Pozezanac, T. 1973. effect of the source oflarge doses of copper in the diet onconcentrations of copper, iron, manganese and vitamin a in sometissuesof fattening pigs. Poljoprivredna Znanstvena Smotra 40: 353-362.

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FL Jarosz, S. and Barabasz, B. 1983. effect of industrial environment on reproductive performance inmink. Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych.(302): 53-61.

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Abstract Jensen, L. S. interactions of silver and copper with selenium in chicks. Federation Proceedings. 33 (3 Part 1). 1974 694

CP Jensen, L. S. 1975. precipitation of a selenium deficiency by high dietary levels of copper and zinc. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 149(1): 113-116.

Nutr Jensen, L. S., Casey, J. M., Savage, S. I., and Britton, W. M. an association of hardness of waterwith incidence of fatty liver syndrome in laying hens. Poult. Sci. (1976) 55(2): 719-24.

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No COC Jia, Xiujuan, Emerick, Royce J., and Kayongo-Male, Henry. 1997. the ph dependence of silicon-iron interaction in rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. (1998) 59(1-3): 113-122 .

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In Vit Jimenez del Rio, Marlene, Pinxteren, Jef, De Potter, Werner, Ebinger, Guy, and Vauquelin, Georges. serotonin-binding proteins in the bovine cerebral cortex: interaction with serotonin andcatecholamines. Eur. J. Pharmacol. Mol. Pharmacol. Sect. (1992): 225(3), 225-34 .

Mix Jirgena, A. and Leja, D. 1966. effect of vanadium, cobalt, manganese, and copper on lipidmetabolism indexes in serum and liver of experimental animals. Biokhim. Fiziol. Morfol.Obosnovaniya Diagn. Ter. 449-54.


FL Jirgena, A. and Leja, D. effect of vanadium, cobalt, manganese, and copper on lipid metabolism ofhamsters under normal conditions and durng alimentary hypercholesteremia. Latv. PSR Zinat.Akad. Vestis (1967) (6): 88-93.

Bio Acc Joblin, K. N. and Keogh, R. G. the element composition of herbage at urine patch sites in a rye grasspasture. Journal of Agricultural Science. 92 (3). 1979. 571-574.

No Oral Johansson, A. and Camner, P. 1986. adverse effects of metals on the alveolar part of the lung. Scanning Electron Microsc. 1986(2): 631-638.

CP Johnson, A. B. and Fakler, T. M. Zinpro Corporation Minnesota USA. 1998. trace minerals inswine and poultry nutrition. recent developments in animal feeds and feeding. proceedings of acongress of the animal feed manufacturers association. may 6-8 1998, sun city (south africa). P.12.1-12.25

FL Johnson, Hope and Johnson, Janice Marie. environmental policies in developing countries: algeria(republic). Beitrage Zur Umweltgestaltung Report a 27. P801550(9)

No Oral Johnson, Phyllis E. and Korynta, Eugene D. effects of copper, iron, and ascorbic acid onmanaganese availability to rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1992) 199(4): 470-80 .

No Oral Johnson, R. W., Curtis, S. E., Dantzer, R., Bahr, J. M., and Kelley, K. W. sickness behavior in birds caused by peripheral or central injection of endotoxin. Physiol. Behav. (1993) 53(2): 343-8

Nut def Jones, D. G. 1984. effects of dietary copper depletion on acute and delayed inflammatory responsesin mice. Research in Veterinary Science 37(2): 205-10.

CP Jones, D. G., Suttle, N. F., Jones, G. E., Woolliams, J. A., Woolliams, C., and Wiener, G. 1985. associations between copper (cu) and selenium (se) status, mortality and infection in young lambs. Trace Elements in Man and Animals-TEMA 5. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium.: 46-48.

Acu Jones, K. H. Sanderson D. M. and Noakes D. N. 1968. 1968. acute toxicity data for pesticides(1968). World Rev. Pest Control . 7(3): 135-143.

CP Jongbloed, A. W. and Lenis, N. P. 1969-1993. excretion of nitrogen and some minerals bylivestock. VERSTEGEN

Species Jordan, F. T. W. and Nassar, T. J. 1971. the influence of copper on the survival of infectiousbronchitisvaccine virus in water. Veterinary Record 89(No.23): 609-610.

Surv Jovic, S. 1991. blood biochemistry of fallow deer cervus-dama l. 1958 from brioni islandsyugoslavia and its influence on the growth of antlers. Vet Glas . 45(2): 125-132.

No Oral Judson, G. J., Brown, T. H., Kempe, B. R., and Turnbull, R. K. 1988. trace element and vitamin b-12 status of sheep given an oral dose of one two or four soluble glass pellets containing copperselenium and cobalt. Aust J Exp Agric. 28(3): 299-306.

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Mix Jurczuk, M., Brzoska, M. M., Moniuszko-Jakoniuk, J., Galazyn-Sidorczuk, M., and Kulikowska-Karpinska, E. 2004. antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney of ratsexposed to cadmium and ethanol. Food and Chemical Toxicology [Food Chem. Toxicol.]. Vol. 42,No. 2, Pp. 429-438. Feb 2004.


Mix Kaalaas, John Atle, Ringsby, Thor Harald, and Lierhagen, Syverin. metals and selenium in wildanimals from norwegian areas close to russian nickel smelters. Environ. Monit. Assess. (1995) Volume Date 1995, 36(3): 251-70.

Nutr Kaantee, E. and Kurkela, P. 1980. the effects of trace element supplements on blood levels ofhorses. Journal of the Scientific Agricultural Society of Finland 52(5): 468-475.

FL Kabaija, E. and Smith, O. B. 1988. trace element kinetics in the digestive tract of sheep fed dietswithgraded levels of dietary fibre. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 59(4): 218-224.

No Oral Kabata, H., Kimura, M., Yokoi, K., Matsuda, A., and Itokawa, Y. change of magnesiumconcentration in rats administered trace elements (iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and iodine)intravenously. the effect of manganese concentration. Maguneshumu (Kyoto) (1988) 7(2): 111-16.

FL Kabulbekov, A. A., Dzhumadillaev, D. N., and Demina, T. V. macro- and trace elements inconditions of cariogenic nutrition and physical exercise. Stomatologiya (Moscow) (1988) 67(4): 10-12.

FL Kabulbekov, A. A., Dzhumadillaev, D. N., Musabekov, S. M., Buitov, B. K., Adibaev, B. M. ,Egorova, Z. D., and Orlova, G. V. 1984. effect of nutrition on major and trace element content ofteeth and jawbones. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, Biologicheskaya (2): 57-59.

FL Kachalova, E. Ya. dynamics of trace element content in the blood of lactating pregnant cows fedpremixes. Doklady Vsesoyuznoi Ordena Lenina i Ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameni AkademiiSel'Skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk Imeni V I Lenina. 0 (11). 1989. 22-24.

FL Kaemmerer, K., Fink-Gremmels, J., and Kietzmann, M. 1984. [trials with organic and inorganiccopper compounds. 2. effects on liver protein synthesis and growth in rats]. ZentralblVeterinarmed [A]. 31(9): 660-70.

FL Kaemmerer, K., Kietzmann, M., and Fink-Gremmels, J. 1984. studies with organic and inorganiccopper compounds 2. effects on liver protein synthesis and growth in rats. Zentralbl VeterinaermedReihe A. 31(9): 660-670.

Surv Kaemmerer, K., Kietzmann, M., and Fink-Gremmels, J. 1984. [trials with organic and inorganiccopper compounds. 1. oral substitution of a copper deficiency state in rats and swine]. ZentralblVeterinarmed [A]. 31(9): 645-59.

Unrel Kageyama, N., Kusuzaki, K., Yamashita, F., Hirasawa, Y., and Ashihara, T. 1991. [staining of bonecanaliculi using decalcified bone tissues]. Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi 65(9): 757-61.

In Vit Kaji, T., Kawatani, R., Takata, M., Hoshino, T., Miyahara, T., Kozuka, H., and Koizumi, f. theeffects of cadmium copper or zinc on formation of embryonic chick bone in tissue culture. Toxicology; 50 (3). 1988. 303-316.

In Vit Kaji, T., Miyahara, T., Kawatani, R., Hoshino, T., Kozuka, H., and Koizumi, F. biochemical andhistological study of the effects of cadmium copper or zinc on bone formation of embryonic chickbone in tissue culture . Joint Japan-usa Congress of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Honolulu, Hawaii,USA, December 2-7, 1987. J Pharm Sci. 76 (11). 1987. S134.

In Vit Kaji Toshiyuki(A), Fujiwara Yasuyuki(A), Sakurai Shigeru(A), Yamamoto Chika(A), KozukaHiroshi, and Koizumi Fumitomo. 1995. zinc promotes the repair of wounded monolayers ofcultured vascular endothelial cells. Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and


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In Vit Kaji, Toshiyuki Toyama Medical & Phamaceutical Univ Japan, Takata, Masakazu, Miyahara,Tatsuro, Kozuka, Hiroshi, and Koizumi, Fumitomo. interaction of zinc with cadmium and copper onossification of. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. V19, N5, P653(4)

Minseral Kakuta, I. and Nishimura, Y. effects of dietary chitosan on mineral metabolism in rat. Biomed.Res. Trace Elem. (1993) 4(2): 203-4.

Nutr Kal'nitskii, B. 1987. mineral nutrition of heifers. Molochnoe i Myasnoe Skotovodstvo (2): 42-43.

FL Kal'nitskii, B. 1983. mineral nutrition of young male cattle. Molochnoe i MyasnoeSkotovodstvo.(9 ): 34-36.

Unrel Kal'nitskii, B. D. 1984. biological availability of manganese, iron and zinc from various compoundsin young pigs. Khimiya v Sel'Skom Khozyaistve. 22(8): 45-48.

Nut def Kal'nitskii, B. D. 1986. mineral nutrition of cattle. Zhivotnovodstvo.(7): 33-36.

FL Kal'nitskii, B. D., Bataeva, A. P., and Kuznetsov, S. G. 1986. comparative effectiveness inutilization of trace elements in diets forpiglets. Byulleten' Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'Skogo Instituta Fiziologii, Biokhimii i Pitaniya Sel'Skokhozyaistvennykh Zhivotnykh (5(84)): 33-36.

FL Kal'nitskii, B. D. and Kuznetsov, S. G. 1987. glucosaminoglucans in young pigs given varyingamounts of traceelements. Vestnik Sel'Skokhozyaistvennoi Nauki Kazakhstana (7 ): 105-110.

Nutr Kal'nitskii, B. D., Kuznetsov, S. G., and Kharitonova, O. V. 1991. recommendations on the mineralnutrition of female calves, heifers andcows. Zootekhniya (9): 29-33.

Bact Kalachnyuk, H. I(A), Marounek, M., Kalachnyuk, L. H., and Savka, O. H. 1994. rumen bacterialmetabolism as affected by extracellular redox potential. Ukrainskii Biokhimicheskii Zhurnal 66(1): 30-40.

FL Kalas, J. A. and Myklebust, I. 1994. monitoring terrestrial ecosystems: accumulation of metals incervids. Nina Utredning. 58: 1-45.

Nutr Kalashnikov, A. P. and Vishnayakov, M. I. 1996. a premix for breeding bulls. Zootekhniya (9): 7-9.

Nutr Kalchreuter, S. 1994. starch feeds are not always favourable. Tierzuchter 46(8): 33-35.

No COC Kalimullin, Yu. N. 1985. metabolism of copper and iodine in sows during feeding withsyntheticchelated compounds. <document title>fiziologiya i patologiya obmena veshchestvuproduktivnykh zhivotnykh. 3-5.

Mix Kalinin, V. V., Epifanov, G. V., Zakachurin, A. F., Naumenko, P. A., and Ryzhkov, V. A. 1986. fattening young cattle on distiller's grains. Zhivotnovodstvo.(2): 38-39.

Nut def Kalinowski, J. and Chavez, E. R. 1986. low dietary zinc intake during pregnancy and lactation ofgilts. 1.effects on the dam. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66(1): 201-216.

Minseral Kalinowski, J. and Chavez, E. R. 1990. nitrogen and trace mineral balance of pregnant gilts underlow dietaryzinc intake. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 4(2): 115-125.


Minseral Kalinowski, J. and Chavez, E. R. 1991. tissue composition and trace mineral content of the dam andlitterunder low dietary zinc intake during gestation and lactation offirst-litter gilts. Journal of TraceElements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 5(1): 35-46.

Bio Acc Kalisinska, E. and Szuberla, U. heavy metals in the brain of long-tailed duck (clangula hyemalis)wintering in the pomeranian bay, poland. Biological Trace Element Research; 55 (1-2). 1996. 191-197.

Minseral Kalita, D. J., Sarmah, B. C., and Bhattacharyya, B. N. 1999. mineral profile and fertility of cows. Indian Veterinary Journal 76(11): 971-972.

FL Kalous, J., Stradal, M., Jedlicka, Z., and Volaufova, E. 1981. effect of a supplement of traceelements (co, cu, mn and zn) in feedsfor fattening cattle on performance, and retention of traceelements insome tissues and organs. Sbornik Vysoke Skoly Zemedelske v Praze, FakultaAgronomicka, B (35): 261-273.

No Oral Kamel, S. H. Khater A. R. and Farid A. F. 1971. pathological changes in experimental copperpoisoning in chickens. Zbl.Vet.Med.A V18, 465-474. 18: 465-474.

Surv Kaminski, P. 1998. the impact of ca and heavy metals upon the nest development of sparrows. Polish J Environ Stud. 7(2): 53-65.

Rev Kaminski, P. 1998. the impact of ca and heavy metals upon the nest development of sparrows(passer spp.) and other synanthropic birds . Polish J Environ Stud. 7(2): 53-65.

Surv Kaminski, P., Choinski, A., and Wolosiuk, B. 1993. dynamics of the content of selected elements inthe nestling development of the house martin delichon urbica in a rural landscape. ActaOrnithologica (Warsaw). 28(1): 23-37.

Bio Acc Kaminski, P. and Matus, A. 1998. the impact of urban environments on the growth andhistopathological. Polish J Environ Stud. 7(3): 131-151.

Surv Kaminski, P. and Matus, A. 1998. the impact of urban environments on the growth andhistopathological changes of tree sparrow (passer montanus) nestlings. Polish J Environ Stud. 7(3): 131-151.

Unrel Kamo, S. L., Wasteneys, H., Gower, C. F., and Krogh, T. E. u-pb geochronology of labradorian andlater events in the grenville province, eastern labrador. Precambrian Res. (1996) 80(3-4): 239-260.

FL Kamphues, J. 1991. nutrition-related health problems in livestock. Uebersichten ZurTierernaehrung 19(3): 247-272.

FL Kamphues, J., Matschullat, G., and Mueller, E. 1991. copper intoxication in sheep due to ad libitumfeeding of a mineral supplement. DTW (Dtsch Tieraerztl Wochenschr). 98(3): 109-111.

In Vit Kanematsu, Nobutake, Hachinohe, Masaki, Naito, Koichi, Oogane, Kiyoshi, Kawahara, Haruyuki,and Kuroda, Yukiaki. effect of metal ions on tissue culture cells. iii. effect of metal ions onaggregation of embryonic quail liver cells in rotation culture. Shika Kiso Igakkai Zasshi (1979) 21(3): 498-510.

FL Kang, M. H., Chung, K. H., Choi, W. J., and Kim, C. S. 1980. toxicity of chromium and itsinteraction with copper and silver in chicks. Korean Journal of Animal Sciences. 22 (4). 1980(Recd. 1981). 314-322. 22(4): 314-322.


Alt Kanno, S., Aoki, Y., Suzuki, J. S., Takeichi, N., Misawa, S., and Suzuki, K. T. 1994. enhancedsynthesis of metallothionein as a possible cause of abnormal copper accumulation in lec rats. Journal Of Inorganic Biochemistry. 56(2): 117-125.

FL Kanwar, K. C. and Singh, M. zinc, copper and manganese levels in various tissues followingfluoride administration. Experientia (1981) 37(12): 1328-9.

Nutr Karring, M., Pohjanvirta, R., Rahko, T., and Korpela, H. 1981. the influence of dietarymolybdenum and copper supplementation on thecontents of serum uric acid and some trace elementsin cocks. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 22(3/4): 289-295. Ref ID: 9018

Nutr Karabanov, A. M. 1990. biological effectiveness of sapropel. Zootekhniya (9): 38-40.

FL Karunskii, A. I. 1987. dry gluten in diets for piglets. Zhivotnovodstvo (7): 43-45.

In Vitro Kasabova, T., Balevska, P., and Rusanov, E. 1976. oxidative phosphorylation in rat livermitochondria upon alimentary copper deficiency and copper loading. Dokl. Bolg. Akad. Nauk. 29(1): 117-19.

No Dose Kasahara, T., Iwasaki, K., and Sato, M. 1987. ingestive responses to some heavy metal salts in miceand inhibition oftaste nerve responses by metals. Chemical Senses 12(2): 295-305.

Diss Kasahara, T., Iwasaki, K., and Sato, M. 1984-1985. preference-aversion for heavy metals in mice. 18th Japanese Symposium on Taste and Smell

No Dose Kasahara, Tetsuzo, Iwasaki, Kazuo, and Sato, Masayasu. 1987. ingestive responses to some heavymetal salts in mice and inhibition of taste nerve responses by metals. Chem. Senses. 12(2): 295-305.

Alt Kasama, T. and Tanaka, H. 1989. effects of oral copper administration to pregnant heterozygousbrindled mice on fetal viability and copper levels. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol . 35(6): 627-38.

HHE Kashem, A., Endoh, M., Yamauchi, F., Yano, N., Nomoto, Y., Sakai, H., Pronai, L., Tanaka, M., andNakazawa, H. 1996. superoxide dismutase activity in human glomerulonephritis. AmericanJournal of Kidney Diseases 28(1): 14-22.

Minseral Kashimura, Jun, Kimura, Mieko, Kondo, Hisao, Yokoi, Katsuhiko, Nakajima, Yoshikazu, Nishio,Koji, and Itokawa, Yoshinori. effects of palatinose and its condensates on contents of variousminerals in rat tissues. Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi (1992): 45(1), 49-54.

In Vit Kassabova, T. and Russanov, E. 1977. effect of chronic copper loading on the functions of rat livermitochondria. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 3(3): 42-8.

Alt Kato, J., Kohgo, Y., Sugawara, N., Katsuki, S., Shintani, N., Fujikawa, K., Miyazaki, E., Kobune,M., Takeichi, N., and Niitsu, Y. 1993. abnormal hepatic iron accumulation in lec rats. JapaneseJournal of Cancer Research 84(3): 219-222.

FL Kato, T. the protection mechanism of pretreatment with low doses of manganese against the acutetoxicity of manganese in rats. Acta Scholae Medicinalis Universitatis in Gifu. 37 (1). 1989. 78-93.

No Oral Kato, Takayasu, Sone, Iseki, Hattori, Akio, and Yoshikawa, Hiroshi. protective effect of iron againstacute metal toxicity in mice. Igaku to Seibutsugaku (1989) 118(2): 89-91.

Unrel Kawada Yasusuke, Asayama Kohtaro(A), Dobashi Kazushige, Nakane Takaya, HayashibeHidemasa, Kawaoi Akira, and Nakazawa Shinpei. 1996. immunohistochemical localization and


quantitative analysis of superoxide dismutases in fetal and neonatal rat tissues: fluorescencemicroscopy image analysis. Acta Histochemica Et Cytochemica 29(4): 289-297.

Alt Kawaguchi, Hideaki, Iizuka, Kenji, Takahashi, Hajime, and Yasuda, Hisakazu. inositoltrisphosphate kinase activity in hypertrophied rat heart. Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. (1990) 44(1): 42-50 .

In Vit Kawaguchi, Hideaki and Kitabatake, Akira. phosphatidylinositol and inositolphosphatidemetabolism in hypertrophied rat heart. Prog. Hypertens. (1995) 3(New Advances in SHRResearch: Pathophysiology & Pharmacology): 139-157.

Method Kawamura, M., Washizu, T., Ishida, T., and Motoyoshi, S. electron-microscopic observations on thedistribution of copper in biopsied liver of toxic milk mice. Bulletin of the Nippon Veterinary andAnimal Science University; 0 (44). 1995. 34-40.

FL Kawamura, Y. and Hamada, T. 1985. effects of excessive, normal, and subnormal dietary copperlevels with or without vitamin e supplementation on growth and tissue copper storage of rats. Bulletin of National Institute of Animal Industry.(43)

FL Kawamura, Yojiro, Yamamoto, Takashi, and Takano, Noboru. 1974. gustatory nerve discharge andpreference behavior during copper intoxication in the rat. Osaka Daigaku Shigaku Zasshi. 19(1): 47-50.

Unrel Kawasaki, H., Yamano, T., Iwane, S., and Shimada, M. 1988. golgi study on macular mutant mouseafter copper therapy. Acta Neuropathologica 76(6): 606-12.

In Vit Kayanoki Yoshiro, Fujii Junichi, Suzuki Keiichiro, Kawata Sumio, Matsuzawa Yuji, and TaniguchiNaoyuki(A). 1994. suppression of antioxidative enzyme expression by transforming growth factor-beta-1 in rat hepatocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269(22): 15488-15492.

Nut def Kazakov, A. M. 1970. [effect of trace element (cu, mo, mn) deficiency in the diet on the state of thewater-electrolyte balance]. <original> vliianie defitsita mikroelementov (cu, mo, mn) v ratsione nasostoianie vodno-solevogo obmena. Gigiena i Sanitariia 35(12): 19-22.

FL Kazakova, M. V. and Volkova, O. I. 1977. effect of copper on development of internal organs inchickens. Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov Moskovskoi Veterinarnoi Akademii. 90: 105-108.

CP Keefer, Robert F., Singh, Rabindar N., Bennett, Orus L., and Horvath, Donald J. 1983. chemicalcomposition of plants and soils from revegetated mine soils. Univ. Ky. Off. Eng. Serv., [Bull.] UKYBU 133, Symp. Surf. Min. Hydrol. Sedimentol. Reclam., 155-61 .

CP Keen, C. L., Cohen, N. L., Lonnerdal, B., and Hurley, L. S. 1983. teratogenesis and low copperstatus resulting from triethylenetetramine in rats. Proceedings of the Society for ExperimentalBiology and Medicine; 173

Prim Keen, C. L., Golub, M. S., Gershwin, M. E., Lonnerdal, B., and Hurley, L. S. 1988. studies ofmarginal zinc deprivation in rhesus monkeys. iii. use of liver biopsy in the assessment of zinc status. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47(6): 1041-5 .

CP Keen, C. L., Loennerdal, B., and Hurley, L. S. 1982. teratogenic effects of copper deficiency andexcess. Inflammatory Dis Copper (Proc Symp)1981.: 109-121.

Bio Acc Keen, C. L., Lonnerdal, B., Clegg, M., and Hurley, L. S. 1981. development changes incomposition of rat milk: trace elements,minerals, protein, carbohydrate and fat. Journal ofNutrition 111(2): 226-236.


Abstract Keen, C. L., Lonnerdal, B., Clegg, M., and Hurley, L. S. developmental changes in nutrientcomposition of rat milk. 64th Annual Meeting of the Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., Anaheim, Calif.,USA, APR. 13-18, 1980. FED PROC. 39 (3). 1980. Abstract 3347.

No COC Keen, Carl L., Fransson, Gun Britt, and Loennerdal, Bo. supplementation of milk with iron bound tolactoferrin using weanling mice . ii: effects on tissue manganese, zinc, and copper. J. Pediatr.Gastroenterol. Nutr. (1984) 3(2): 256-61 .

Nut def Keen, Carl L., Lonnerdal, Bo, Golub, Mari S., Uriu-Hare, Janet Y., Olin, Katherine L., Hendrickx,Andrew G., and Gershwin, M. Eric. influence of marginal maternal zinc deficiency on pregnancyoutcome and infant zinc status in rhesus monkeys. Pediatr. Res. (1989) 26(5): 470-7.

Mix Kehe, X., Tingxian, X., Jiangwi, Z., and Shilin, D. effects of rare earth nitrate on internal organs andmineral elements in the serum of broiler chickens. Asian-australas J Anim Sci; 5 (1). 1992. 63-67.

Nutr Keith, M. O. and Bell, J. M. 1987. effects of canola meal on absorption and tissue levels oftraceminerals in rats. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67(1): 141-149.

Unrel Kelley, Timothy R., Pancorbo, Oscar C., Merka, William C., Thompson, Sidney A., Cabrera, MiguelL., and Barnhart, Harold M. 1998. accumulation of elements in fractionated broiler litter during re-utilization. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 7(1): 27-34 .

Phys Kelly, F. J., Rickett, G. M., Hunt, A. N., Town, G. I., Holgate, S. T., and Postle, T. D. 1991. biochemical maturation of the guinea pig lung and survival following premature delivery. International Journal of Biochemistry 23(4): 467-71.

Unrel Kelly, F. J., Rickett, G. W., and Phillips, G. J. 1992. magnitude of hyperoxic stress and degree oflung maturity determine the nature of pulmonary antioxidant response in the guinea pig. FreeRadical Research Communications 17( 5): 335-47.

Diss Kelly, W. A. investigations of the responses of rats to diets containing multipesticide componentswhen copper and manganese were fed at deficient, marginal and excess concentrations. Diss.Abstr. Int.; 32(2): 1045B-1046B; 1971

Mix Kelly, William Alva. 1971.Responses of Rats to Diets Containing Multipesticide Components WhenCopper and Manganese Were Fed at Deficient, Marginal, and Excess Concentrations

No Oral Kendall, N. R., Mackenzie, A. M., and Telfer, S. B. 2001. effect of a copper, cobalt and seleniumsoluble glass bolus given to grazing sheep. Livestock Production Science. 68(1): 31-39.

Unrel Kennedy, B. W. and Beal, T. S. 1991. minerals leached into drinking water from rubber stoppers. Lab Anim Sci. 41(3): 233-6.

Alt Kennedy, M. L., Failla, M. L., and Smith, J. C. Jr. 1986. influence of genetic obesity on tissueconcentrations of zinc, copper, manganese and iron in mice. The Journal Of Nutrition. 116(8): 1432-1441.

FL Kenzhegalieva, M. A. and Baiturin, M. A. effect of the level of a complex of trace elements(copper, manganese, cobalt, zinc, and iodine) on the growth and development of chicks in thesemipalatinsk region. Tr. Alma-At. Zoovet. Inst. (1974) : 30, 34-7 .

Fate Kern, S. R., Smith, H. A., Fontaine, D., and Bryan, S. E. 1981. partitioning of zinc and copper infetal liver subfractions: appearance of metallothionein-like proteins during development. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 59(2): 346-54.


Rev Kerr, L. A. 1990. incidence and management of poisonings in livestock. Vet Hum Toxicol. 32(5): 475-476.

Surv Kerr, L. A. and McGavin, H. D. 1991. chronic copper poisoning in sheep grazing pastures fertilizedwith swine manure. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 198(1): 99-101.

FL Kessler, J. 1993. heavy metals in animal production. Landwirtschaft Schweiz. 6(5): 273-277.

FL Kessler, J. 1983. sewage sludge and trace element metabolism in ruminants and swine. SchweizerArchiv Fur Tierheilkunde 125(10): 673-683.

Nutr Kessler, J. and Faria, A. de. 1998. the effect of an organic trace element supplement onmetabolicparameters, milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows. Revue Suisse D'Agriculture 30(4): 147-150.

Mix Kessler, J. and Faria, A. de. 1998. organic trace element supplement in the nutrition of dairy cows. Agrarforschung. 5(6): 273-276.

FL Khadanovich, I. V., Rakhimov, I. Kh., and Vtorykh, E. A. 1984. mixed feeds and premixes forlactating cows. Zhivotnovodstvo (10): 51-52 .

Mineral Khalili, M., Lindgren, E., and Varvikko, T. 1993. a survey of mineral status of soil, feeds and cattlein the selaleethiopian highlands. ii. trace elements. Tropical Animal Health and Production 25(4): 193-201.

Mineral Khalili, M., Lindgren, E. Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences Kungsangen Research StationUppsala Sweden, Varvikko, T. ILCA Addis Ababa Ethiopia, and Varvikko, T. comp. 1991. asurvey of mineral status of soil, feeds and cattle in the selale ethiopian highlands: ii. trace elements. development of appropriate feeding systems for dairy cattle in the ethiopian highlands. research anddevelopment project in collaboration between international centre for africa (ilca) and ministry ofagriculture, ethiopia. funded by the finnish international development agency - finnida. final report. 14 P.

Nutr Khan, Aqueel, Vohra, P. N., and Kratzer, F. H. the effect of protein level and dietary guar gumand pectin on copper and zinc utilization in chicks. Nutr. Rep. Int. (1987) 36(1): 193-200.

Herp Khangarot, B. S. and Ray, P. K. 1987. sensitivity of toad tadpoles, bufo melanostictus (schneider),to heavy metals. BULL. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL. 38(3): 523-527.

Aquatic Khangarot, B. S., Ray, P. K., and Chandra, H. daphnia magna as a model to assess heavy metaltoxicity: comparative assessment with mouse system. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. (1987) 15(4): 427-32.

FL Kharitonova, O. V., Kal'nitskii, B. D., and Vinokurov, V. N. 1988. utilization of mineral substancesfrom diets containing varying levelsof grain concentrates and grass pellets in dairy cattle duringrearingperiod. Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'Skogo InstitutaFiziologii, Biokhimii i Pitaniya Sel'Skokhozyaistvennykh Zhivotnykh 35: 25-34, 134.

FL Kharitonova, O. V. and Vinokurova, V. T. 1989. deposition and assimilation of main mineralelements in first-calvingheifers fed on diets containing lucerne pellets. Byulleten' VsesoyuznogoNauchno-Issledovatel'Skogo Instituta Fiziologii, Biokhimii i Pitaniya Sel'SkokhozyaistvennykhZhivotnykh (2/94): 15-19.

Mix Khodyrev, A. A. and Volkonskii, V. A. 1986. carbohydrate metabolism in young cattle on a dietcontaining varying amounts of iodine, cobalt and copper.: povyshenie effektivnosti zhivotnovodstva


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FL Khokhlov, A. and Kislyi, A. 1997. let us control the mineral nutrition of laying hens. Ptitsevodstvo (2): 20-21.

FL Khristov, L., Stoyanov, D. P., and Kostova, V. Ts. 1985. mammals insectivora lagomorpha rodentiain the vicinity of l. i. brezhnev metallurgical plant bulgaria and the effect of pollution on them. Ekologiya.(15): 20-27.

Abstract Kidder, RW. 1949. symtoms of induced copper toxicity in a steer. J. Anim. Sci. 8: 623.

CP Kienholz, E. W., Chappell, W. R., Meglen, R. R., and Rudolph, H. 1974. effects of dietarysupplements of copper sulfate and molybdate upon liver and kidney concentrations of 10 minerals inyoung chickens. Proc Univ Mo Annu Conf Trace Subst Environ Health. 8: 373-378.

Mix Kienholz, E. W., Ward, G. M., Johnson, D. E., Baxter, J., Braude, G., and Stern, G. 1979. metropolitan denver colorado usa sewage sludge fed to feedlot steers. Journal of Animal Science. 48 (4): 735-741.

Mix Kienholz, Eldon W., Chappell, W. R., Meglen, R. R., and Rudolph, H. effects of dietary supplements of copper, sulfate and molybdate upon liver and kidney concentrations of ten mineralsin young chickens. Trace Subst. Environ. Health (1974) : 8, 373-8..

FL Kienzle, E. Tieraerztliche Hochschule Hannover Germany F. R. Inst. fuer Tierernaehrung. 1988. [the trace element requirements of the dog]. <original> spurenelementbedarf des hundes. Uebersichten Zur Tierernaehrung. V. 16(2) P. 153-212

FL Kim, C. S. and Kang, Y. S. nutritional studies on the interrelation of copper with zinc. Han'GukCh'Uksan Hakhoe Chi (1971) 13(1): 68-71.

FL Kim, J. J., Grassmann, E., and Kirchgessner, M. 1981. [body mass development and hematologicalvalues of growing rats given varying amounts of fe and cu]. Zentralbl Veterinarmed [A]. 28(7): 516-25.

FL Kim, J. W., Kim, C. S. a, Kim, S. H., and Park, K. S. b. 1993 . the effect of copper, selenium andvitamin e on the igg level and growth rate of broiler chicks. Korean Journal of Poultry Science 20(2): 55-64.

FL Kim, M. K. and Seo, M. S. a. 1996. effect of dietary protein level and source on cadmiumintoxicification in rats. The Korean Journal of Nutrition 29(6): 579-589.

Alt Kim Sae Chul(A), Kim In Kyu, Seo Kyung Keun, Baek Kwang Jin, and Lee Moo= Yeol. 1997. involvement of superoxide radical in the impaired endothelium-dependent relation of cavernoussmooth muscle in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Urological Research 25(5): 341-346.

FL Kim, Y. K., Choi, K. H., and Paik, I. K. 1993. effects of interaction of copper sulfates and dietaryfat on the performance of broiler chickens. Korean Journal of Animal Nutrition & Feedstuffs. 17(1): 7-14.

FL Kim, Y. K., Paik, I. K., Gangadharan, B., Rajan, A., Valsala, K. V., Mariamma, K. I., Miller, E. R.,Lei, X., and Ullrey, D. E. 1993. the effects of sources and levels of supplementary copper on theperformance of broiler chicken.: chemically induced copper depletion in ducks as a model fortransdifferentiation study-preliminary observations: trace elements in animal nutrition. Korean JAnim Sci. 35(1): 52-59.


CP Kimbrough, T. D., Weekley, L. B., Lawson, C. J., O'rear, C. E., and Llewellyn, G. C. 1981. mycotoxin and copper induced gastro intestinal disturbances in male holtzman rats. Society forIndustrial Microbiology. Developments in Industrial Microbiology . 22. Proceedings of the 37thGeneral Meeting, Flagstaff, Ariz., Usa, Aug. 9-15, 1980. . Society for Industrial Microbiology:Arlington, VA., USA. 771-780.

Nutr Kimmel, C. A., Butcher, R. E., and Schumacher, H. J. salicylates and nutrition:pre- and postnataleffects. Anat Rec 172:345,1972

No Oral Kimmel, C. A., Butcher, R. E., Vorhees, C. V., and Schumacher, H. J. 1974. metal-salt potentiationof salicylate-induced teratogenesis and behavioral changes in rats. Teratology 10(3): 293-300.

Drug Kimoto, I., Mano, M., Tomioka, E., Uenokawa, K., Ogawa, A., Shimada, Y., Ogiwara, S., Suzuki,Y., Mouri, M., and et al. relationship between diabetes mellitus pathogenesis and trace metalchanges in rats administered stz (streptozotocin). Biomed. Res. Trace Elem. (1991) 2(2): 207-8.

Unrel Kimoto-Kinoshita Saori, Nishida Shozo(A), and Tomura Takanori T. 1999. age-related change ofantioxidant capacities in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of stroke-prone spontaneouslyhypertensive rats. Neuroscience Letters 273(1): 41-44.

No COC Kimura, M., Matumura, K., Hatsuda, N., Takeda, T., Noumi, S., and Yokoyama, Y. growth checkand magnesium imbalance on young rats by over intakes of calcium . Magnesium: Curr. StatusNew Dev. [Int. Symp. Magnesium], 8th (1997): 151-168. Editor(s): Theophanides, Theophile;Anastassopoulou, Jane. Publisher: Kluwer, Dordrecht, Neth.

Mix Kincaid, R. L., Blauwiekel, R. M., and Cronrath, J. D. 1986. supplementation of copper as coppersulfate or copper proteinate for growing calves fed forages containing molybdenum. Journal ofDairy Science 69(1): 160-163.

No COC King, B. D., Lassiter, J. W., Neathery, M. W., Miller, W. J., and Gentry, R. P. effect of lactose,copper and iron on manganese retention and tissue distribution in rats fed dextrose-casein diets. J. Anim. Sci. (1980) 50(3): 452-8 .

CP King, D. W. 1977. effect of heavy metals on chick embryonic development - copper sulfate. Proc.Natl. Sci. Counc. Part 2. 10: 89-102 .

Mix King, L. D. effect of swine manure lagoon sludge and municipal sewage sludge on growth nitrogenrecovery and heavy metal content of fescue grass festuca-arundinacea. J ENVIRON QUAL. Journal of Environmental Quality. 10 (4). 1981. 465-472.

No Oral King, Laura Marie. 1998.Alteration in Cadmium Transport As a Mechanism of Resistance toReproductive Toxicity in Murine Strain a/j (Zinc, Testicular Toxicity) : PAGE 4770.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Heindl, U., and Schwarz, F. J. 1994. content and deposition of trace elements invarious tissues and in theempty body of growing german simmental bulls. Journal of AnimalPhysiology and Animal Nutrition 72(4/5): 260-271.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Kim, J. J., and Grassmann, E. 1983. [cu and fe content and ceruloplasmin andcatalase activities in the blood of growing rats receiving different amounts of fe and cu]. ZentralblVeterinarmed [A]. 30(1): 15-25.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Maier, R., and Reichlmayr-Lais, A. M. 1984. concentrations of iron, copper,zinc, manganese, cobalt and magnesiumin different organs and tissues after different supplies ofnickel. Zeitschrift Fur Tierphysiologie, Tierernahrung Und Futtermittelkunde 52(4/5): 217-227.


FL Kirchgessner, M., Maier, R., and Reichlmayr-Lais, A. M. iron copper zinc manganese cobalt andmagnesium content in tissues resulting from different nickel supplies. Zeitschrift FuerTierphysiologie Tierernaehrung Und Futtermittelkunde. 52 (4-5). 1984 (Recd. 1985). 217-227.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Maier, R., and Reichlmayr-Lais, A. M. 1984. <translated> fe, cu, zn, mn, co, andmg content in tissues resulting from different ni supply. konzentrationen von fe, cu, zn, mn, co undmg in verschiedenen organen und geweben nach unterschiedlicher ni-versorgung . Zeitschrift FurTierphysiologie, Tierernahrung Und Futtermittelkunde = Journal Of Animal Physiology And AnimalNutrition. 52(4/5): 217-227.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Maier, R., and Reichlmayr-Lais, Anna M. 1984. concentration of iron, copper,zinc, manganese, cobalt and magnesium in various organs and tissues resulting from different nickelsupply. Z. Tierphysiol. Tierernaehr. Futtermittelkd. 52(4-5): 217-27.

FL Kirchgessner, M. and Mueller, H. L. the effect of varying the protein diet on the trace elementscontent of early weaned piglets. Landwirtschaftliche Forschung. 27 (3-4). 1974 (Recd 1975) 358-364.

FL Kirchgessner, M. and Pallauf, J. 1973. effect of iron, cobalt, or nickel supplements on zincdeficiency. Z. Tierphysiol. Tierernaehr. Futtermittelk. 31(5): 268-74.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Reichlmayr-Lais, A. M., and Mathur, A. K. 1985. concentration of iron, copperand manganese in selected organs andtissues of rats given different amounts of zn and ni. 3.interactionsbetween nickel and zinc. Zeitschrift Fur Tierphysiologie, Tierernahrung UndFuttermittelkunde 53(3-4): 214-222.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Reichlmayr-Lais, Anna M., and Mathur, A. K. 1985. iron, copper and manganeseconcentrations in selected organs and tissues after different zinc and nickel supply in rats . 3.interactions between zinc and nickel. Z. Tierphysiol. Tierernaehr. Futtermittelkd. 53(3-4): 214-22.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Reithmayer, F., Kosters, W. W., and Roth-Maier, D. A. 1985. excretion andretention of trace elements by early weaned piglets witha deficient supply of vitamin b-6. Zeitschrift Fur Tierphysiologie, Tierernahrung Und Futtermittelkunde 54(4): 184-189.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Roth-Maier, D. A., and Spoerl, R. copper zinc nickel and manganese contents ofsow milk during lactation with different dietary supplies of trace elements. Zeitschrift FuerTierphysiologie Tierernaehrung Und Futtermittelkunde. 44 (4-5). 1980. 233-238.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Roth-Maier, D. A., and Spoerl, R. pregnancy anabolism of copper zinc nickel andmanganese of sows. Archiv Fuer Tierernaehrung. 31 (1). 1981. 21-34.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Roth-Maier, D. A., and Sporel, R. trace element balances copper zinc nickel andmanganese of lactating sows. Zeitschrift Fuer Tierphysiologie Tierernaehrung UndFuttermittelkunde. 50 (4-5). 1983 (Recd. 1985). 230-239.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Roth-Maier, D. A., and Sporl, R. 1980. the effect of different dietary supply oftrace elements on the cu, zn,ni and mn content of sows' milk during lactation. Zeitschrift FurTierphysiologie, Tierernahrung Und Futtermittelkunde 44(4/5): 233-238.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Roth-Maier, D. A., and Sporl, R. 1981. studies on pregnancy anabolism ofcopper, zinc, nickel and manganese inbreeding sows. Archiv Fur Tierernahrung 31(1): 21-34.

Bio Acc Kirchgessner, M., Roth-Maier, Dora A., and Schnegg, A. contents and distribution of iron, copper,zinc, nickel, and manganese in fetuses, amniotic fluid, placenta, and uterus of rats. Res. Exp. Med.


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Nut def Kirchgessner, M. and Schnegg, A. 1976. malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase activity in livers of ni-deficient rats. Bioinorganic Chemistry 6(2): 155-61.

Mix Kirchgessner, M., Schwarz, F. J., and Stangl, G. I. 1998. growth performance of beef cattle fed cornsilage-based rations without cu, zn, mn, co and se supplementation. Journal of Animal Physiologyand Animal Nutrition. 78(3): 141-153.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Schwarz, F. J., and Stangl, G. I. 1997. growth performance of beef cattle fed cornsilage-based rations without cu, zn, mn, co and se supplementation. <original> mast- undschlachtleistung von rindern bei einsatz maissilage-reicher rationen mit fehlender cu-, zn-, mn-, co-und se-supplementierung. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. V. 78(3) P. 141-153

Surv Kirchgessner, M. and Spoerl, R. 1975. [anabolism of copper in pregnancy in relation to cu supply]:<original> zum trachtigkeitsanabolismus an kupfer in abhangigkeit von der cu-versorgung. ZTierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd. 36(2): 75-86.

Surv Kirchgessner, M. and Spoerl, R. 1976. [cu concentration in the milk of rats receiving diets withvarying cu content]: <original> zur cu-konzentration von rattenmilch bei unterschiedlichen cu-gehalten der diaten. Arch Tierernahr. 25(7): 505-12.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Spoerl, R., and Roth-Maier, D. A. fecal excretion and apparent absorption ofcopper zinc nickel and manganese of nongravid and gravid sows with different dietary supply oftrace elements. Zeitschrift Fuer Tierphysiologie Tierernaehrung Und Futtermittelkunde. 44 (2).1980. 98-111.

CP Kirchgessner, M., Spoerl, R., and Schneider, Ursula A. 1978. studies on the superretention of traceelements (copper, zinc, manganese, nickel, iron) during gravidity. Trace Elem. Metab. Man Anim.Proc. Int. Symp., 3rd : Meeting Date 1977, 440-3. Editor(s): Kirchgessner, M. Publisher:Arbeitskreis Tierernaehrungsforschung Weihenstephan Inst. Ernaehrungsphysiol., Freising-Weihenstephan, Ger.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Sporl, R., and Roth-Maier, D. A. 1980. excretion in faeces and apparentabsorption of copper, zinc, nickel andmanganese in nonpregnant and pregnant sows with differentsupplies oftrace elements. Zeitschrift Fur Tierphysiologie, Tierernahrung Und Futtermittelkunde 44(2): 98-111.

FL Kirchgessner, M., Weser, U., and Muller, H. L. 1967. [copper absorption with dietaryadministration of gluconic, citric, salicylic and oxalic acids. 7. dynamics of copper absorption]:<original> cu-absorption bei zulage von glucon-, cionen-, salicyl- und oxalsaure. 7. zur dynamik derkupferabsorption. Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd. 23(1): 28-30.

No COC Kirchgessner, M., Windisch, W., and Roth, F. X. 1994. effect of avilamycin and tylosin on apparentdigestibility of iron,zinc, copper, manganese and selenium in growing and finishing pigs. Archivesof Animal Nutrition 46(4): 321-325.

FL Kirchgessner, M. Technische Univ. Muenchen Freising Germany Inst. fuer Ernaehrungsphysiologie,Windisch, W., and Roth, F. X. 1994. effect of phytase supplementation on apparent digestibility offe, cu, zn and mn at varying dietary p levels in piglets. <original> zum effekt mikrobieller phytaseauf die scheinbare verdaulichkeit von eisen, kupfer, zink und mangan bei abgestufter p-versorgungvon ferkeln. Agribiological Research. V. 47(2) P. 156-159

FL Kirchgessner, Manfred and Mueller, H. L. trace element contents in fattening chicks. Arch.


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Rev Kirkwood, R. N. and Thacker, P. A. 1988. nutritional factors affecting embryo survival in pigs(results and speculations). Pig News and Information. 9(1): 15-21.

FL Kirpichev, M. P. 1970. [effect of trace elements (iron, copper, nickel, zinc) on the pantothenic acidrequirements of animals]. <original> vliianie mikroelementov (zheleza, medi, nikelia, tsinka) naobespechennost' zhivotnogo organizma pantotenovoi kislotoi. Voprosy Pitaniia 29(4): 15-7.

Surv Kishida, Y. Okayama Univ. Japan Faculty of Agriculture, Okabe, T., and Inoue, R. 1991. mineralconcentration in water on the livestock farm on hilly land [in japan]. Scientific Reports of theFaculty of Agriculture - Okayama University. (No.78) P. 35-39

CP Kitagawa, Y. and Wada, O. 1990. [pharmacokinetics of trace elements by noncompartmentalanalysis in rats (part 1): significance of the pharmacokinetic parameters]. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 44(6): 1097-106.

CP Kitagawa, Yasuhisa and Wada, Osamu. noncompartmental analysis of trace-elementpharmacokinetics in rats . i. significance of the pharmacokinetic parameters. Nippon EiseigakuZasshi (1990) 44(6): 1097-106.

Drug Kitani Kenichi(A), Kanai Setsuko, Ivy Gwen O, and Carrillo Maria Cristina. 1999. pharmacologicalmodifications of endogenous antioxidant enzymes with special reference to the effects of deprenyl: apossible antioxidant strategy. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 111(2-3): 211-221.

No Oral Kiyozumi, Morio, Honda, Toshiya, Hiroto, Kiyonobu, Kitajima, Kaori, Ohnishi, Mizuo, and Kojima,Shoji. effect of essential metals on small intestinal absorption of l-histidine and l-leucine in rats. Eisei Kagaku (1988) 34(6): 531-5.

No Oral Kiyozumi, Morio, Nouchi, Toshinobu, Honda, Toshiya, Kojima, Shoji, and Tsuruoka, Michio. comparison of effectiveness of 3 dithiocarbamates on excretion and distribution of cadmium in rats and mice. Toxicology (1990) 60(3): 275-85.

Drug Klakow F-J, Mueller, M., and Jonas, K. use of magnesium chloride brine in drinking water forprophylaxis against grass tetany of cattle. Monatshefte Fuer Veterinaermedizin. 41 (15). 1986. 505-509.

Unrel Klasing, K. C. and Johnstone, B. J. 1991. monokines in growth and development. PoultryScience. 70(8): 1781-1789.

IMM Klasing, K. C., Laurin, D. E., Peng, R. K. , and Fry, D. M. 1987 . immunologically Mediatedgrowth depression in chicks: influence of feed intake, corticosterone and interleukin-1. Journal ofNutrition 117(9): 1629-37.

CP Klasing, K. C., Richards, M. P., and Darcey, S. E. 1964. influence of endotoxin on trace mineralmetabolism of embryonic turkeys cultured ex Ovo. 74th Annual Meeting of the Poultry ScienceAssociation

CP KLASING, K. C., RICHARDS, M. P., DARCEY, S. E., and LAURIN, D. E. presence of acutephase changes in zinc iron and copper metabolism in turkey embryos. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med; 184(1). 1987. 7-13.

IMM Klasing, Kirk C. and Barnes, David M. decreased amino acid requirements of growing chicks due toimmunologic stress. J. Nutr. (1988) 118(9): 1158-64.


Rev Klauder, D. S. and Petering, H. G. 1977. anemia of lead intoxication: a role for copper. J Nutr. 107(10): 1779-85.

Drug Klauder, D. S. and Petering, H. G. 1975. protective value of dietary copper and iron against sometoxic effects of lead in rats. Environ Health Perspect. 12: 77-80.

Diss Klauder, D. S. IV. 1975.The Effects of Dietary Copper, Iron, and Zinc on the Toxicity of Lead inMale Rats : 251.

Abstract Klevay, L. M., Evans, G. W., and Sandstead, H. H. zinc copper hyper cholesterolemia the effect ofsodium phytate. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 28 (4). 1975 426

Surv Klimowicz Zbigniew, Melke Jerzy, and Uziak Stanislaw. 1997. peat soils in the bellsund region,spitsbergen. Polish Polar Research 18(1): 25-39.

Nut def Kline, E. A., Kostelic, G. C., Ashton, G. C., Homeyer, P. G., Quinn, L., and Catron, D. V. 1954. theeffect of the growth performance of young pigs of adding cobalt, vitamin b12 and antibiotics tosemipurified rations. J Nutr. 53: 543.

Nutr Kline, R. D. V. W. Hays and G. L. Cromwell. 1971. effects of copper, molybdenum and sulfate onperformance, hematology and copper stores of pigs and lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 33(4): 771-779.

Chem Meth Klingenberg, Andreas and Seubert, Andreas. comparison of silica-based and polymer-based cationexchangers for the ion chromatographic separation of transition metals. J. Chromatogr. (1993) 640(1-2): 167-78.

Unrel Klocking, R. 1980. [intoxication and detoxication of heavy metals by humic acids]. <original>giftung und entgiftung von schwermetallen durch huminsauren. Archiv Fur ExperimentelleVeterinarmedizin 34(3): 389-93.

Drug Klosowski, B. 1971. the effect of gonadotropic hormones (pms) on gonadal function in ramssubjected to deficiencies of copper and cobalt in the diet. Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow NaukRolniczych.( 124): 187-191.

Phys Klucinski, Wlodzimierz, Borzemska, Wanda, Janowski, Tomasz, and Gozlinski, Henryk. effect ofmicroclimate on biochemical changes in serums of chicks and their mothers. Med. Weter. (1980) 36(5): 288-91.

Unrel Knapp, F. F., Ambrose, A. P., Callahan, A. P., Allred, J. F., and Blystone, S. L. 1989.NuclearMedicine Program: Progress Report for Quarter Ending June 30, 1988. ORNL/TM-11014

Nutr Knudsen, K. E. Bach, Steenfeldt, Sanna, Borsting, C. F., and Eggum, B. O. the nutritive value ofdecorticated mill fractions of wheat. 1. chemical composition of raw and enzyme treated fractionsand balance experiments with rats. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. (1995) 52(3,4): 205-25 .

No COC Kobayashi, T., Shiki, Y., Meyrick, B., Burr, I. M., and Newman, J. H. simultaneous exposure ofsheep to endotoxin and 100 percent oxygen . American Review of Respiratory Disease. 144 (3Part 1). 1991. 600-605.

Dead Kobayashi, Y., Shimada, A., Umemura, T., and Nagai, T. an outbreak of copper poisoning in muteswans (cygnus olor). J Vet Med Sci; 54 (2). 1992. 229-233.

Meth Kobayashi, Yoshinori. development of an x-ray fluorescence element mapping spectrometer and itsapplication to biological samples. Kagaku Gijutsu Kenkyusho Hokoku (1989) 84(12): 643-54.


Drug Koch, Heinrich P., Hofeneder, Maria, and Bohne, Bernd. the yeast test: an alternative method for thetesting of acute toxicity of drug substances and environmental chemicals. Methods Find. Exp. Clin.Pharmacol. (1993) 15(3): 141-52.

Nut def Koh, T. S., Peng, R. K., and Klasing, K. C. 1996. dietary copper level affects copper metabolismduring lipopolysaccharide-induced immunological stress in chicks. Poultry Science 75(7): 867-872.

FL Kohiyama, Masatake, Chimi, Kenji, Maruyama, Takenori, Sudo, Motoo, Fujita, Tadao, Kamei,Masaharu, Niiya, Isao, and Sugano, Michihiro. time course study of accumulation and excretion of dietary nickel and copper in rats. Nihon Yukagakkaishi (1996) 45(3): 251-7.

Surv Kohiyama Masatake, Kanematsu Hiromu, and Niiya Isao. 1992. studies on the behavior of tracecomponents in oils and fats during processing for edible use: iv. decrease of trace metals in oils andfats during deacidifying, bleaching and deodorizing. Journal of the Japan Oil Chemists' Society 41(12): 1180-1184.

Chem Meth Koizumi, N., Hatayama, F., Akabori, F., and Masaoka, T. 1981. gel filtration pattern of cadmiumzinc and copper in liver and renal cortex supernatants of cadmium treated monkeys macaca-mulatta. Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences. 27(6): 239-250.

FL Kolb, E., Engmann, S., Klemm, R., and Nestler, K. 1995. content of trace elements and minerals(na, k, ca, mg, inorganic-p) andfe, cu and zn in ten different tissues of geese. TierarztlicheUmschau 50(1): 52-54, 57-60.

Surv Kolczak, T. 1988. the content of heavy metals in the bone decoction of hens from a polluteddistrict. Med Weter 44(5): 303-304 .

FL Koleva, M., Boyadzhiev, P., and Kuneva, T. effect of enriched food ration on concentrations ofcadmium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper in the organism of experimental animals duringcadmium intoxication. Khig. Zdraveopaz. (1988) 31(3): 32-7.

FL Koloiitseva, M. G., Voznesenskaya, F. M., Isaeva, E. A., and Generalov, A. A. 1972. role ofultraviolet irradiation in increasing the natural resistance of animals in relation to various levels ofcopper and manganese in their rations. Zh. Gig. Epidemiol., Mikrobiol. Immunol 16(2): 223-9.

FL Kolomiitseva, M. G. and Salii, N. S. stimulating effect of copper and manganese on the vitamin aand c requirements and on the activity of some enzymes. Tr. Leningrad. Pediat. Med. Inst. (1968) : 43, 182-9.

FL Kolomiitseva, M. G. and Voznesenskaya, F. M. effect of dietary copper and manganese onimmunobiological activity. Gig. Sanit. (1968) 33(11): 31-4.

FL Kolomiitseva, M. G. and Voznesenskaya, F. M. importance of different proportions of copper andmanganese in the diet for the defensive responses of the body rat leukocyte blood. Vop Pitan. 27(6). 77-78. 1968.

FL Kolomiitseva, M. G. and Voznesenskaya, F. M. significance of copper and manganese ratios in thefood ration for protective reactions of the organism. Vop. Pitan. (1968) 27(6): 77-8.

No COC Kolomiytseva, M. G., Voznesenskaya, F. M., Isayeva, E. A., and Generalov, A. A. 1972. role ofultraviolet radiation in increasing natural resistance of the animal organism when associated withdifferent amounts of copper and manganese in the daily ration. Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology,Microbiology, and Immunology 16(2)


CP Kondo, H., Kimura, M., and Itokawa, Y. 1991. manganese, copper, zinc, and iron concentrationsand subcellular distribution in two types of skeletal muscle. Proceedings Of The Society ForExperimental Biology And Medicine. 196(1): 83-88.

FL Kondratyuk, V. A. hygienic significance of trace elements in partially demineralized drinking water. Gig. Sanit. (1989) (2): 81-2.

FL Kondratyuk, V. A. hygienic significance of trace elements in slightly mineralized drinking water. GIG SANIT. Gigiena i Sanitariya. 0 (2). 1989. 81-82.

Surv Kondratyuk, V. A. 1989. public health significance of trace elements in drinking water lowinminerals. Gigiena i Sanitariya.(2): 81-82.

Nut def Konishi, Y., Saito, N., and Kinebuchi, H. 1992. effect of calcium deficiency on changes of varioustrace elements in serum and tibia in the rats treated with long term aluminum administration. Biomed. Res. Trace Elem 3(2): 251-2 .

Nut def Konstantinova, S. G. and Russanov, E. M. 1994. liver superoxide dismutases after copperdeficiency and/or indomethacin treatment of rats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Pharmacol.,Toxicol. Endocrinol. 107C(3): 423-8.

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FL Kooiker, G. recommendations for analytical methods of heavy metals in bird eggs and feathers withatomic-absorption Spectrophotometry. J Ornithol; 127 (1). 1986. 9-24.

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Unrel Kopp, S. J., Perry, H. M. Jr, Perry, E. F., and Erlanger, M. 1983. cardiac physiologic and tissuemetabolic changes following chronic low-level cadmium and cadmium plus lead ingestion in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 69(1): 149-60.

FL Koreleski, J. 1971. effect of dietary copper and its antagonistic trace elements content on proteinutilization in rats. Acta Agrar Silvestria Ser Zootech. 11(1): 17-46.

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No COC Korhonen, A., Hemminki, K., and Vainio, H. toxicity of rubber chemicals towards three-daychicken embryos. Scand J Work Environ Health 9:115-119,1983

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Unrel Korte, J. J. and Prohaska, J. R. 1987. dietary copper deficiency alters protein and lipid compositionof murine lymphocyte plasma membranes. Journal of Nutrition 117(6): 1076-84.

FL Kosaka, Michio. 1983. effects of lead, other metals and diphenylthiocarbazone on conditionedavoidance behavior in rats. Nichidai Igaku Zasshi. 42(5): 537-546.

FL Kosheleva, G. N. 1982. effective use of chelated compounds of trace elements (cu, zn and mn)inpremixes for growing, fattening pigs. Byulleten' Nauchnykh Rabot, Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-Issledovatel'Skii Institut Zhivotnovodstva (68): 58-61.

FL Kosheleva, G. N. 1981. efficiency of utilization of trace elements from mineral andchelatedcompounds by pigs. Khimiya v Sel'Skom Khozyaistve (8): 52-55.

FL Koshkina, N. G., Logachev, E. D., and Tishchenko, L. G. 1978. fine morphology of the genitalorgans of moniezia when normal andaction of some anthelmintics. Trudy Kazakhskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'Skogo Veterinarnogo Instituta (Voprosy Veterinarnoi Parazitologii v Kazakhstane) 17: 100-102.

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FL Kotowski, K. 1990. the efficacy of wisol-t in pig production. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 46(10): 401-402.

No Dose Kowalczyk, D. F., Gunson, D. E., Shoop, C. R., and Ramberg, C. F JR. 1986. the effects of naturalexposure to high levels of zinc and cadmium in the immature pony as a function of age. EnvironRes. 40(2): 285-300.

FL Kozikov, E. V. 1984. growth and development of black pied heifers to 6 months old when fedondiets enriched with mineral supplements and vitamins a and d. Byulleten' Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'Skogo Instituta Razvedeniya i Genetiki Sel'Skokhozyaistvennykh Zhivotnykh (75): 25-28.

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Nut def Kralik, A., Eder, K., and Kirchgessner, M. 1995. effect of deficient iron, copper, zinc andmanganese supply on thyroid hormone metabolism. Mengen- Spurenelem. Arbeitstag., 15th : 443-450. Editor(s): Anke, Manfred. Publisher: Verlag Harald Schubert, Leipzig, Germany..

CP Kralik, A. Technische Univ. Muenchen Freising Germany Inst. fuer Ernaehrungsphysiologie, Eder,K., Kirchgessner, M., and Giesecke, D. 1995. proceedings of the society of nutrition physiology. <original> berichte der gesellschaft fuer ernaehrungsphysiologie. P. 84. V. 4

Plant Kranabetter, J. M. and Trowbridge, R. 1998. soil nitrogen and lodgepole pine seedling responses tofive years of legume cover. The Forestry Chronicle. 74(4): 578-582.

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No COC Krasowska, Alicja and Wlostowski, Tadeusz. 1992. the effect of high fluoride intake on tissue traceelements and histology of testicular tubules in the rat. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Comp.Pharmacol. Toxicol. 103C(1): 31-4 .

FL Kravtsiv, R. I. 1989. physiological basis for optimal level of trace elements in diets foryoungfattening bulls. Vestnik Sel'Skokhozyaistvennoi Nauki (3): 64-68.

Unrel Kreuzer, M. Technische Univ. Muenchen-Weihenstephan Freising Germany F. R. Inst. fuerErnaehrungsphysiologie and Kirchgessner, M. 1990. faecal and urinary excretion of iron, copper,zinc and manganese in faunated and defaunated wethers fed semi-purified diets of differentcarbohydrate composition. Animal Feed Science and Technology. V. 28(1) P. 135-143

Mix Kroc, M. and Vymola, J. 1990. effect of vitamins and microelements in the high producing dairycows feed rations. Biol Chem Zivocisne Vyroby - Vet. 26(4-5): 341-351.

FL Krol, M. Yu. effect of intoxication with mercury on redistribution of copper, zinc and iron in animalorganisms. Veterinariya (Moscow) (1998) (1): 51-55 .

FL Krol, M. Yu. 1988. poisoning of sheep with copper sulfate. Veterinariya, Moscow.(8): 52-54.

CP Kronfeld, D. S., Cooper, W. L., Crandell, K. M., Gay, L. A., Hoffman, R. M., Holland, J. L., Wilson,J. A., Sklan, D., and Harris, P. A. 1996. supplementation of pasture for growth. Nutrition andNutritional Related Disorders in the Foal. Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on HorseNutrition. 16-17 May 1996 Pferdeheilkunde. 12(3): 317-319.

Rev Kronfeld, D. S., Meacham, T. N., and Donoghue, S. 1990. dietary aspects of developmentalorthopedic disease in young horses. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Equine Practice. 6(2): 451-465.

Mineral Kropp, J. R. 1990. reproductive performance of first calf heifers supplemented with aminoacidchelate minerals. Animal Science Research Report, Agricultural Experiment Station, OklahomaState University (MP-129): 35-43.

Nutr Krusic, L., Schramel, P., Dermlj, M., Usaj, A., Stibilj, V., Pagan, J. D., <Editors> Anke, M.,Meissner, D., and Mills, C. F. 1993. influence of high carbohydrate and high fibre diet onmineralmetabolism in horses. 310-313.

No Dose Krusic, L. I., Haready, M. S., Schramel, P., and Dolinar, J. urine and hair analysis as potentialindicators of some macroelements and microelements in performing horses. Acta Veterinaria(Belgrade). 40 (2-3). 1990. 65-76.


FL Kubantsev, B. S. and Rybakova, T. I. 1975. content of trace elements in the body of the vole(microtus arvalis). Zh. Obshch. Biol. 36(1): 142-5.

Nut def Kubena, L. F., May, J. D., Deaton, J. W., Reece, F. N., and Lott, B. D. 1972. effect of dietary ironand copper on mortality of chicks at two temperatures. Poultry Science 51(4): 1470-2.

Fate Kubow, S., Bray, T. M., and Bettger, W. J. 1986. effects of dietary zinc and copper on free radicalproduction in rat lung and liver. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 64(10): 1281-5.

FL Kucherova, F. N. and Chorayan, O. G. 1983. comparative informational characteristics of themicrobiogenetic composition of reproductive cells in various animals. Izv. Sev.-Kavk. Nauchn.Tsentra Vyssh. Shk. Estestv. Nauki (4): 79-80 .

FL Kudlac, E. and Simonik, I. 1990. toxic elements in cow genital organs and their relation to fertility. DTW (Dtsch Tieraerztl Wochenschr). 97(10): 396-398.

Nutr Kudryavtseva, S. V. 1983. efficiency of adding trace element salts to pig diets containingfeedyeasts. Khimiya v Sel'Skom Khozyaistve 21(2): 35-37.

Mix Kuhlman, G. and Rompala, R. E. 1998. the influence of dietary sources of zinc, copper andmanganese on canine reproductive performance and hair mineral content. J Nutr. 128(12 Suppl): 2603S-2605S.

CP Kuhlman G(A) and Rompala, R. E. 1995. the influence of dietary sources of zinc, copper andmanganese on canine reproductive performance. Journal of Animal Science 73(SUPPL. 1): 186.

Surv Kujawa, K. 1994. the white stork ciconia ciconia in the legnica-glogow copper industry district (swpoland) - population density and breeding results. Acta Ornithologica. 29(1): 49-57.

CP Kujawa, M., Macholz, R., Lewerenz, H. J., and Schnaak, W. 1988. on the toxicity of a cu++-treatedrapeseed meal. 7th International Rapeseed Congress / Convened Under the Patronage of StanislawZieba ; by the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute Under the Auspices of the GroupConsultatif International De Recherche Sur Le Colza. 1742-1744.

Surv Kulikov, N. E. and Morozova, K. N. 1981. effect of iron and copper additives in the diet on theirlevels in the rabbit . Nauch. Tr. NII Pushn. Zverovod. i Krolikovod. 25: 101-5.

FL Kulikov, N. E., Morozova, K. N., and Aleksandrova, V. S. 1985. requirement of young (rabbits) forminerals. Krolikovodstvo i Zverovodstvo (1): 14-15.

Mineral Kulinskii, V. I., Sonich, M. G., and Polikarpov, R. V. 1993. effect of minerals on survival andchanges in body weight and weight oforgans in starved rats. Voprosy Pitaniya (5): 58-59.

In Vit Kulkarni-Narla, A., Getchell, T. V., and Getchell, M. L. 1997. differential expression of manganeseand copper-zinc superoxide dismutases in the olfactory and vomeronasal receptor neurons of ratsduring ontogeny. Journal of Comparative Neurology 381(1): 31-40.

Mineral Kumadani, S., Kataoka, M., Sumadani, S., Hayashi, T., Sato, M., Kimura, M., and Itokawa, Y. effects of an essential trace element preparation for parenteral use on mineral nutrition in rats fedan essential trace element-deficient diet. Biomed. Res. Trace Elem. (1990) 1(2): 119-20.

No COC Kumagai, Hajime, Kawashima, Ryoji, and Yano, Hideo. effects of excessive amounts of dietary iron on pregnant rats : iron, copper, zinc, manganese and selenium statuses in mothers and fetuses. Anim. Sci. Technol. (1993) 64(8): 780-9 .


Mix Kumamoto, T., Matsuda, A., Kataoka, M., Sato, M., Kimura, M., and Itokawa, Y. influence of zn,cu, mn-mixture solution on metallothionein concentration and sod activity of organ in rats fed zn,cu, mn-deficient diet. Biomed. Res. Trace Elem. (1993) 4(2): 63-4.

Phys Kumar, Manish. 1996. effects of dietary magnesium on copper and manganese status and activityof selected antioxidant enzymes in adult male rats (free radicals). Avail.: Univ. Microfilms Int. Order No. DA9711754 From: Diss. Abstr. Int., B 1997, 57. 107 pp.

Bio Acc Kumar, R. and Rattan, P. J. S. distribution of trace elements in whole blood plasma and erythrocytesof buffalo-heifers. Journal of Research Punjab Agricultural University. 28 (2). 1991 (1992). 253-256.

No Control Kumaratilake, J. S. and Howell, J. M. 1989. lysosomes in the pathogenesis of liver injury in chroniccopper poisoned sheep an ultrastructural and morphometric study. J. Comp. Pathol. 100(4): 381-390.

Bio Acc Kume, S., Kurihara, M., Takahashi, S., Shibata, M., and Aii, T. effects of hot environmentaltemperatures on trace element balance in lactating cows. Japanese Journal of ZootechnicalScience. 58 (7). 1987. 604-610.

Nutr Kume Shin-Ichi and Tanabe Shinobu. 1993. effect of parity on colostral mineral concentrations ofholstein cows and value of colostrum as a mineral source for newborn calves. Journal of DairyScience 76(6): 1654-1660.

Bio Acc Kummer, H., Polheim, P. von, and Scholl, W. 1973. mineral contents (major and trace elements) inmeadow hay. first-cut innorth and south baden. Landwirtschaftliche Forschung (Sonderheft 28/2): 215-227.

Unrel Kurlyandskii, B. A., Torshina, N. L., Balabanova, E. L., Nevzorova, N. I., and Kibrik, V. E. 1988. some specifics of the toxic effect of water-soluble phthalocyanine Dyes. Gig Tr Prof Zabol.(9): 47-48.

Unrel Kurlyandskii, B. A., Torshina, N. L., and Braude, E. V. 1987. effect of the structure ofphthalocyanine dyes on their behavior in the body. Gig Tr Prof Zabol.(4): 49-52.

In Vit Kurz, Erhard and Goslar, Hans G. 1974. histochemical behavior of the unspecific esterases in theliver and kidney opposite some inorganic and organic compounds. enzyme toxicology. ActaHistochem. (1974) 48(1): 82-101 .

In Vit Kurze, Peter and Knoefler, Wolfram. anodic oxidation under spark discharge (anod) - a new coatingprocedure in medical technology. Z. Klin. Med. (1986) 41(3): 219-22.

FL Kuzin, A. N. and Shulaev, G. M. 1992. [premixes in diets of replacement sows]. <original>premiksy v ratsionakh remontnykh svinok. Byulleten' Nauchnykh Rabot - Vsesoyuznyj InstitutZhivotnovodstva. (No.107) P. 76-78

FL Kuznetsov, S. G. 1996. improvement of mineral nutrition for dairy cows. Sel'Skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya. 0(6): 12-33.

No Dose Kuznetsov, S. G. role of mitochondria of the mucous membrane of hen oviducts in the transport ofcopper, iron, and calcium during egg formation. Dokl. Vses. Akad. S-Kh. Nauk (1975) (6): 39-41.

FL Kuznetsov, S. G. 1975. role of the mitochondria of the oviduct mucous membrane of hens inthetransport of copper, iron and calcium during egg formation. Doklady Vsesoyuznoi OrdenaLenina Akademii Sel'Skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk (6): 39-41.


FL Kuznetsov, S. G. 1973. subcellular distribution of copper and iron in the liver of young hens fedrations with various levels of copper. Byull. Vses. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Fiziol. Biokhim. Pitan. S-Kh. Zhivotn. (4): 63-5.

Unrel Kuznetsov, S. G. 1991. sulphur and trace element requirement of young pigs. DokladyVsesoyuznoi Ordena Lenina i Ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameni AkademiiSel'Skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk Im. V.I. Lenina (4): 50-53.

Nut def Kuznetsov, S. G., Bataeva, A. P., and Kal'nitskii, B. 1984. zinc deficiency in piglets andbioavailability of zinc compounds. Sel'Skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya (10): 107-110.

FL Kuznetsov, S. G., Bataeva, A. P., and Pustovoi, V. V. 1985. endogenous losses of trace elements inyoung pigs fed on semisyntheticdiets and during starvation. Byulleten' Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'Skogo Instituta Fiziologii, Biokhimii i Pitaniya Sel'Skokhozyaistvennykh Zhivotnykh (No1/77): 36-39.

FL Kuznetsov, S. G. and Sycheva, N. S. 1977. activity of some metalloenzymes in hens and chickswith different dietary levels of trace elements. Byull. Vses. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Fiziol., Biokhim.Pitan. S-Kh. Zhivotn. 11(1): 31-3.

FL Kuznetsov, S. G. and Volkov, D. T. 1974. activity of metalloenzymes and distribution of copper,iron, and calcium in chickens in a period of intensive egg laying with different levels of copper in thediet. Byull. Vses. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Fiziol., Biokhim. Pitan. S-Kh. Zhivotn. 8(1): 68-70.

FL Kuznetsov, S. G. and Volkov, D. T. 1974. content of copper and iron and the activity of enzymesbinding with them in the body of chickens at various physiological periods. Byull. Vses.Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Fiziol. Biokhim. Pitan. S-Kh. Zhivotn. 8(1): 65-7.

FL Kuznetsov, S. G. and Volkov, D. T. copper and iron content in the body and eggs of chickens ata varying level of copper in their ration. Vopr. Pitan. (1974) (6): 51-4.

FL Kuznetsov, S. G. and Volkov, D. T. 1973. effect of the level of copper in the ration on the activityof some oxidoreductases and distribution of copper and iron in young hen. Tr. Vses. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Fiziol., Biokhim. Pitan. S-Kh. Zhivotn. 12: 225-31.

FL Kuznetsov, S. G. and Volkov, D. T. 1977. metal enzyme activity, copper and iron content insubcellular fractions of chick livers in different physiological periods. Tr. Vses. Nauchno-Issled.Inst. Fiziol. Biokhim. Pitan. S-Kh. Zhivotn. 17: 85-92.

Phys Kwiatek, W. M., Long, G. J., Pounds, J. G., Reuhl, K. R., Hanson, A. L., and Jones, K. W. 1990. trace element distribution in the rat cerebellum. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B B49(1-4): 561-5.

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CP L'abbe Mary R(A) and Trick Keith D. 1994. changes in pancreatic glutathione peroxidase andsuperoxide dismutase activities in the prediabetic diabetes-prone bb rat. Proceedings of the Societyfor Experimental Biology and Medicine 207(2): 206-212.

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Nut def Lai, C. C., Huang, W. H., Askari, A., Wang, Y., Sarvazyan, N., Klevay, L. M., and Chiu, T. H. 1994. differential regulation of superoxide dismutase in copper-deficient rat organs. Free RadicalBiology & Medicine 16(5): 613-20.

Nutr Lai Chih-Chia, Huang Wu-Hsiung, Askari Augusta, Klevay Leslie M, and Chiu Ted H(A). 1995. expression of glutathione peroxidase and catalase in copper-deficient rat liver and heart. Journal ofNutritional Biochemistry 6(5): 256-262.

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Bio Acc Laiblin, C., Xhaxhiu, D., and Terorde, H. 1998. effect of drinking water composition on traceelement supply in grazing cattle. Praktische Tierarzt. 79(3): 251-254.

No Oral Lal, S. and Sourkes, T. L. 1971. intracellular distribution of copper in the liver during chronicadministration of copper sulfate to the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 18(3): 562-72.

No Oral Lal, S. and Sourkes T. L. 1971. deposition of copper in rat tissues - the effect of dose and durationof administration of copper sulfate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 20(3): 269-283.

Surv Lall, D., Dixit, V. B., Chauhan, T. R., and Khanna, S. 1996. feeding practices vis a vis mineralsupply to lactating buffaloes in hisar district. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 13(2): 95-100.

Mineral Lall, D., Rajan Gupta, and Gupta, V. K. 1994. blood serum levels of certain mineral elements inlactating buffaloesin relation to forages and soil content. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 11(4): 233-236.

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Phys Lamand, M., Barlet, J. P., and Rayssiguier, Y. 1986. details of the clinical biology of minerals inruminants. Recl Med Vet Ec Alfort. 162(10): 1127-1132.


FL Lamand, M. and Perigaud, S. 1973. (trace element deficiencies in ruminants in france. i. datafromveterinary practitioners). Annales De Recherches Veterinaires 4(No.4): 513-534.

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Surv Lang, V., Kirchgessner, M., and Voigtlaender, G. contents of trace elements in meadow fescuefestuca-pratensis in relation to height development and weather conditions. Z Acker- Pflanzenbau. 135 (3). 1972 216-225.

FL Lang, V., Kirchgessner, M., and Voigtlander, G. 1972. trace element content of meadow fescue(festuca pratensis huds.) inrelation to growth height, development and weather. Zeitschrift FurAcker- Und Pflanzenbau 135(3): 216-225.

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Surv Langlands, J. P., Donald, G. E., Bowles, J. E., and Smith, A. J. 1989. selenium concentration in theblood of ruminants grazing in northern new south wales, 3. relationship between blood concentrationand the response in liveweight of grazing cattle given a selenium supplement. Australian Journalof Agricultural Research. 40(5): 1076-1083.

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No Oral Larsen, James B., Nelson, Gordon L., Williams, Brian K., Spencer, Eric G., and Spencer, Lisa M. effects of metallic coatings on the combustion toxicity of engineering plastics. Fire Mater. (1994) 18(2): 121-30.

Mineral Larsen, T. and Poulsen, H. D. 1996. the relationship between mineral and nitrogen balances ingrowing pigsfed diets supplemented with zinc oxide. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76(3): 409-415.

Mineral Larsen, Torben. dephytinization of a rat diet . consequences for mineral and trace elementabsorption. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. (1993) 39(1): 55-71.

No Dose Larson, L. L., Mabruck, H. S., and Lowry, S. R. 1980. relationship between early post partum blood


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CP Lewis, G., Anderson, P. H., and Suttle, N. F. 1983. the nature of trace element problems:delineating the field problem. (Occasional Publication No. 7): 11-16.

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FL Li, Li, Wu, Xunxian, and Niu, Yingdou. the preventive effect of iron, zinc and copper on chicken anemia induced by cadmium. Yingyang Xuebao (1991) 13(1): 39-44.

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FL Lotthammer, K.-H. and Ahlswede, L. 1973. relationship between nutrition and fertility in cows. ii.effect of the major and trace elements. Ubersichten Zur Tierernahrung. 1(Heft 4): 325-353.

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CP Lu, Junxuan and Combs, G. F. Jr. inhibition of pancreatic exocrine function by high levels of dietary zinc. Proc. - Cornell Nutr. Conf. Feed Manuf. (1986) 52-6

FL Lui, Xi, Jiang, Huimin, Han, Guoan, Cui, Kewei, and Sun, Shuai. the effect of copper, zinc,manganese, on selenium content in liver, brain, blood and kidney of mice. Zhonghua YufangYixue Zazhi (1991) 25(6): 345-6.

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FL Maciejewska, M. and Jorasz, K. 1976. influence d'une supplementation en cuivre dans les alimentssur les indices hematologiques et le metabolisme chez le Lapin. Poznan. Tow. Przyj. Nauk, PraceKomis. Nauk Roln. Komis. Nauk Lesn. 41: 165-170.


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FL Mackova, M. and Krchnak, C. 1978. optimum amounts of cobalt in feeds for broiler ducklings. Sbornik Vedeckych Praci Vyzkumneho Ustavu Vyzivy Zvirat, Pohorelice. 12: 103-109.

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FL Madej, J. A. and Radzanowska, G. 1988. the effect of copper and selenium administration onhistopathological picture of organs and accumulation of metals in hens. Pol Arch Weter. 28(1-2): 45-62.

FL Madrid, C., Cseh, S., Odriozola, E., Calandra, W., and Lopez, T. 1987. primary chronic copperpoisoning in sheep. Revista De Medicina Veterinaria, Argentina. 68(5): 246-248.

CP Magee, A. and D'souza, D. growth of and mineral deposition in young rats fed saturated andunsaturated fatty acids. 75th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies forExperimental Biology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, APRIL 21-25, 1991. FASEB (FED AM SOC EXPBIOL) J. 5 (5). 1991. A1311.

No COC Magee, A. C. and Fu, S. C. 1979. effect of the total cationic environment on trace mineralavailabilityin young rats. Nutrition Reports International 19(5): 649-659.

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FL Majewski, T., Ruda, M., and Waligora, J. influence of mineral additives and vitamins on serumlevel of manganese in sows. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 45 (7). 1989. 431-433.

Nutr Majewski, T., Ruda, M., and Waligora, M. 1991. effect of vitamins a + d3, e and microelements cu,mn, zn on selectedblood indices of young sows during spring-summer season. Zeszyty NaukoweAkademii Rolniczej w Krakowie, Zootechnika 27(242): 17-25.

FL Makarova, L. A. 1978. concentration of copper, zinc and iron in serum of hens duringdevelopment. Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov Moskovskoi Veterinarnoi Akademii 102: 5-8.

FL Makarova, L. A. content of copper, zinc, and iron in the blood serum of hens during ontogenesis. Sb. Nauch. Tr. Mosk. Vet. Akad. (1978) (102): 5-8 From: Ref. Zh., Biol. Khim. 1979, Abstr. No.14Ts64.

FL Makarova, L. A. 1979. metalloprotein complexes in the blood serum of growing pullets. SbornikNauchnykh Trudov Moskovskaya Veterinarnaya Akademiya 106: 30-35.

FL Makartsev, N. G. 1986. premixes for young pigs. Zhivotnovodstvo (7): 37-40.

FL Makartsev, N. G., Khadanovich, I., and Gavrilova, O. 1986. use of premixes during the rearing ofyoung pigs. Svinovodstvo, Moscow (3): 34-35.

No COC Makled, M. N., El-Gammal, A. M., and Faltas, A. A. 1977. dietary oxytetracycline and its effect onmineral retention in chickenorganism. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 4(8): 193-201.

Not Avail Makled, M. N., El-Hammady, H. Y. Assiut Univ. Egypt Faculty of Agriculture, and Osman, A. M.Assiut Univ. Egypt Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. 1974. growth and mineral content of certainorgans [liver, heart, spleen, proventiculus] of chicks [local dokki 4 breed] as influenced bysupplemental mn, zn and cu [manganese, zinc, copper]. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Science. V.5(1) P. 99-107

No Oral Malecki, E. A., Lo, H. C., Yang, H., Davis, C. D., Ney, D. M., and Greger, J. L. 1995. tissuemanganese concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activities in rats given total parenteral nutritionwith and without supplemental manganese [see comments]. JPEN. Journal of Parenteral andEnteral Nutrition 19(3): 222-6.

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Fate Malecki, Elise A., Huttner, Donald L., and Greger, J. L. manganese status, gut endogenous losses ofmanganese, and antioxidant enzyme activity in rats fed varying levels of manganese and fat. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. (1994) 42(1): 17-29.

Plant Malhi, C. S. 1997. prevention of bird damage at the sowing and sprouting stages of a sunflowercrop. International Pest Control. 39(4): 127-128.

Alt Malhi, H., Bhargava, K. K., Afriyie, M. O., Volenberg, I., Schilsky, M. L., Palestro, C. J., andGupta, S. 2002. 99mtc-mebrofenin scintigraphy for evaluating liver disease in a rat model ofwilson's disease. Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine,2002 Feb, 43(2):246-52.

CP Malinee Limpoka (Kasetsart Univ., Bangkok Thailand Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Dept. ofPharmacology, Samutra Sirivejapandu, and Prapant Kessank. 1983. research on mineral elementproblems in dairy cattle. <original> kan suksa panha khong rae that thi kieo khong kap kan phasom


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FL Malinowska, A. 1988. synergistic and antagonistic effect of some macroelements and traceelements on Pigs. Med Weter. 44(4): 242-245.

FL Malvisi, S. J., Stracciari, G. L., Rosmini, R., Spagnesi, M., Milillo, M. A., Trocchi, V., and Merlanti,M. 1985. clinical anatomic-histopathologic and chemical observations in hares lepus-europaeus fedwith diets with a high copper Content. Ric Biol Selvaggina.(74): 3-27.

Effl Maly, M. S. 1984. survivorship of meadow voles, microtus pennsylvanicus, from sewage sludge-treated fields. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 32(6): 724-732.

FL Man, L. Kh. and Molchanov, I. A. 1980. effect of dietary protein quality and quantity on mineralmetabolism inhens. Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov Moskovskoi Veterinarnoi Akademii 110: 75-80.

FL Mandak, K. 1982. effect of adding copper sulphate to feeds on growth and carcass yields of ducks. Sbornik Vysoke Skoly Zemedelske v Praze, Fakulta Agronomicka, B.(37): 195-209.

Nutr Manickam, R., Gopalakrishnan, C. A. , Ramanathan, G., Mookkappan, M., and Nagarajan, R. 1977. studies on the relationships between trace elements and fertility incows. Indian Journal of AnimalResearch 11(1): 23-28.

Mix Manickam, R. a and Balagopal, R. 1993. influence of copper and vitamin-a in the reproductiveperformance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairying Foods & Home Sciences. 12(3-4): 153-155.

No Dose Mankes, R., Estel, G., Abraham, R., and Skalko, R. reproductive effects of intrauterine devices inthe Rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 37:125-126,1976

No Oral Mano, M., Kimoto, I., Sakurazawa, K., Satoh, K., Takamizawa, R., Nukaga, S., Tomioka, E.,Takeuchi, S., Arakawa, Y., and et al. influences of low-manganese diet on rats with stz-induceddiabetes mellitus. Biomed. Res. Trace Elem. (1992) 3(2): 269-70.

Alt Mano, T., Sinohara, R., Sawai, Y., Oda, N., Nishida, Y., Mokuno, T., Asano, K., Ito, Y., Kotake, M.,Hamada, M., Nakai, A., and Nagasaka A(A). 1995. changes in lipid peroxidation and free radicalscavengers in the brain of hyper- and hypothyroid aged rats. Journal of Endocrinology 147(2): 361-365.

HHE Manspeaker, J. E., Robl, M. G., and Edwards, G. H. prevention of early embryonic mortality in thebovine fed metalosates. Congress of Future Aspects in Human in Vitro Fertilization, Vienna,Austria, Apr. 2-4, 1986. J in Vitro Fert Embryo Transfer. 3 (2). 1986. 75-76.

FL Maracek, I., Lazar, L., Korenekova, B., Choma, J., and David, V. 1998. residues of heavy metalsand the prevalence of diseases in the reproductive organs of cows near a metallurgical works. Slovensky Veterinarsky Casopis. 23(3): 159-163.

No COC Maritz, G. S. and Windvogel, S. 2003. is maternal copper supplementation during alveolarizationprotecting the developing rat lung against the adverse effects of maternal nicotine exposure? amorphometric study. Experimental Lung Research, 2003 Jun, 29(4):243-60.

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Drug Mark-Savage, P., Keen, C. L., and Hurley, L. S. 1983. reduction by copper supplementation oftheratogenic effects ofd-penicillamine. Journal of Nutrition 113(3): 501-510.

FL Markiewicz, K., Depta, A., Kurska, E., and Smigielska, J. 1975. the effect of mineral fertilization ofpastures and meadows on thebehaviour of some electrolytes in bovine serum and erythrocytes. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczo-Technicznej w Olsztynie, Weterynaria (5): 3-12.

Surv Markiewicz, K. and Kurski, B. 1975. serum alkaline phosphatase activity and serum calcium,phosphorus andmagnesium levels in cows ingesting feed from intensely fertilized pastures andmeadows. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczo-Technicznej w Olsztynie, Weterynaria.(5): 23-32.

FL Markiewicz, K., Markiewicz, Z., and Kuleta, Z. 1975. influence of mineral fertilization of pasturesand meadows on thebehaviour of bovine serum enzymic activities. Zeszyty Naukowe AkademiiRolniczo-Technicznej w Olsztynie, Weterynaria (5): 13-21.

Aquatic Marking, L. L., Bills, T. D., and Crowther, J. R. effects of 5 diets on sensitivity of rainbow troutsalmo-gairdneri to 11 chemicals. Progressive Fish-Culturist. 46 (1). 1984. 1-5.

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Nutr Maro, J. K., Kategile, J. A., and Hvidsten, H. 1980. studies on copper and cobalt in dairy calves. British Journal of Nutrition. 44(1): 25-31. Ref ID: 171.

FL Marois, M. and Buvet, M. 1972. action d'une administration chronique d'acetate de cuivre etd'acetate de zinc sur la fonction ovarienne du rat. C.R. Soc. Biol. 166(6-7): 836-839.

FL Marois, M. and Buvet, M. 1972. effect of the copper ion on gestation in rats and rabbits. C R SOCBIOL . 166: 1237-1240.

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FL Marschang, F., Timme, A., Morscher, H., and Gutekunst, H. P. 1979. copper poisoning in cattle -considerations on a case from general practice. Veterinary Medical Review.(2): 162-171.

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FL Maruyama, Y. 1983. the effect on mice of long-term oral administration of trivalent and hexavalentchromium. Acta Scholae Medicinalis Universitatis in Gifu . 31(1): 25-46.

No Oral Mas, A. and Arola, L. 1985. cadmium and lead toxicity effects on zinc copper nickel and irondistribution in the developing chick embryo. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, Pharmacol. Toxicol. 80(1): 185-188.

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Org Met Massie, H. R. and Aiello, V. R. 1984. excessive intake of copper: influence on longevity andcadmium accumulation in mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 26(2-3): 195-203.

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Mix Masters, D. G., White, C. L., Peter, D. W., Purser, D. B., Roe, S. P., and Barnes, M. J. 1992. amulti-element supplement for grazing sheep:ii. accumulation of trace elements in sheep fed differentlevels of supplement. Aust J Agric Res. 43(4): 809-817.

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FL Matsuda, A., Kimura, M., Yokoi, K., Kabata, H., Itokawa, Y., Kataoka, M., and Sato, M. 1989. [effects of total parenteral nutrition containing essential trace elements on their concentrations inrats]. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 43(6): 1140-8.

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FL Matsuda, Akihiko, Kumadani, Sayo, Kataoka, Mikiko, Sato, Makoto, Kimura, Mieko, and Itokawa,Yoshinori. effects of an essential trace element agent (te-5) for total parenteral nutrition on themineral nutrition in rats fed a trace element-deficient diet. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (1992) 47(3): 695-703.

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Abstract Mayo, RJ, Hauge, SM, Parker, HE, Andrews, FN, and Carrick, CW. 1956. copper tolerance ofyoung chickens. Poult. Sci. 35: 1156.

FL Mazurczak, J., Harenza, T., Piotrowska, J., and Wegorzewska, G. 1975. experimental evaluation inrats of copper sulphate as a growth promoter for swine. Zeszyty Naukowe Szkoly GlownejGospodarstwa Wiejskiego Akademii Rolniczej w Warszawie, Weterynaria.(6 ): 23-34.

Drug Mazurkiewicz, M., Jopek, Z., Madej, J. A., Kucharczak, Ewa, and Gawel, A. studies onpathomechanism in the negative interaction between tiamulin and ionophoric anticoccidials inbroilers. Colloq. INRA (1989) 49(Coccidia Intest. Coccidiomorphs): 273-8.

Unrel Mazurkiewicz, Michal, Grys, Stanislaw, Klimentowski, Stanislaw, and Gawel, Andrzej. the effect ofcarotenoids on some indices of cellular immunity in slaughter cocks receiving feed of high vitamin acontent. Pol. Arch. Weter. (1990) 30(1-2): 117-26.


No Dose McCarren, M. and Eccles, C. U. 1983. neonatal lead exposure in rats: i. effects on activity and brainmetals. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 5(5): 527-31.

Alt McCarren, M. and Eccles, C. U. 1983. neonatal lead exposure in rats: ii. effects on the hippocampalafterdischarge. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol. 5(5): 533-40.

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CP McDowell, L. R. 1996. feeding minerals to cattle on pasture. 15th Western Nutrition Conferenceand the Canola Pre-Conference Seminar 13-14 September 1994 Animal Feed Science andTechnology. 60(3/4): 247-271.

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Mix McNaughton, J. L. and Day, E. J. effect of dietary fe (iron) to cu (copper) ratios on hematologicaland growth responses of broiler chickens. Journal Of Nutrition Apr 1979. v. 109 (4) p. 559-564. ill.

Nutr McNaughton, James L. and Day, Elbert J. effect of dietary iron to copper ratios on hematologicaland growth responses of broiler chickens. J. Nutr. (1979) 109(4): 559-64.

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Rev Medeiros, D. M. 1985. the copper-zinc hypothesis and cardiovascular-disease. BiochemicalArchives 1(2): 67-73.

FL Medellin, Maria Luisa Cardenas, Saldivar, Sergio O. Serna, and De La Garza, Jesus Velazco. effectof raw and cooked nopal (opuntia ficus indica) ingestion on growth and total cholesterol,lipoproteins, and blood glucose in rats. Arch. Latinoam. Nutr. (1998) 48(4): 316-323.

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Mix Meged', S. S. 1985. feed mixtures and concentrates for breeding ewes. Zhivotnovodstvo.(8): 39-41.

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Mix Mehta, U., Mehta, S. N., Georgie, G. C., Mehta, S., Dixit, V. P., and Verma, P. C. 1989. effect ofdietary zinc and copper on peripheral blood plasma cholesterol, testosterone and histomorphology oftestes in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 27(5): 469-71.

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CP Meissner, D. 1983. relations between zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese and arteriosclerosis. Spurenelem.-Symp. 4th. 205-11. Editor(s): Anke, Manfred. Publisher: Friedrich-Schiller-Univ.,


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FL Mejborn H. 1989. effect of copper addition to mink feed during the growth and moulting period ongrowth, skin production, and copper Retention. Scientifur. 13(3): 229-234.

Bio Acc Mel'chenko, A. I. 1972. concentration of some trace nutrients (copper, manganese, cobalt) in theliver of broiler chicks during the incorporation of different phosphorus additives into the ration. Timiryazev. Sel'Skokhoz. Akad : No. 185, 143-6 .

Minseral Mel'chenko, A. I. concentration of trace nutrients in the liver of broilers fed rations containingcalcium from different sources. Dokl. TSKHA (Timiryazev. Sel'Skokhoz. Akad) (1971) : No. 167,167-70.

No Dose Mel'chenko, A. I. content and distribution of trace elements (copper, zinc, manganese, and cobalt) incarcasses and soft tissues of broiler chicks. Dokl. TSKhA (1975) : 205, 225-9 .

FL Mel'nychuk, D. O., Lyubets'ka, T. V., and Honcharuk, V. A. 1997. [method of growing calves andthe reabilit preparation for implementing it]. <original> sposib vyroshchuvannya telyat ta preparatdlya yoho zdiysnennya "reabilit". 4 P.

No Dose Mellanby, K. 1971. sea pollution. Chem. and Ind. (London) ; 40): 1120-1122

CP Menino, A. R., Damron, W. S., Henry, T. E., and O'Claray, J. L. 1984. the effects of dietary copperon growth, the cardiovascular system and reproduction in swiss-webster female mice. Proceedingsof the Annual Meeting - American Society of Animal Science. Western Section. 35: 296-299.

Nut def Menino, A. R. Jr., Damron, W. S., Henry, T. E., and O'Claray, J. L. 1986. the influence of dietarycopper on reproduction, growth and the cardiovascular system in swiss-webster female mice. LabAnim Sci. 36(2): 164-7 .

Unrel Menon, G. K. and Sanders, W. J. 1984. feed compositions containing copper salts of 2-hydroxypyridine-n-oxides.

Phys Mercer, J. F. and Grimes, A. 1986. variation in the amounts of hepatic copper, zinc andmetallothionein mrna during development in the rat. Biochem J . 238(1): 23-7.

FL Merenyuk, G. V. and Burdenko, T. A. toxicology of copper-containing pesticides. Zdravookhranenie (1969) 12(5): 23-6.

Unrel Merry, R. H. and Tiller, K. G. 1986. the effects of contamination of soil with copper, lead andarsenic on the growth and composition of plants. i. effects of season, genotype, soil temperature,and fertilizers. Plant and Soil . 91: 115-128.

FL Mertin, D., Hanusova, E., Suvegova, K., and Stepanok, V. 1995. concentrations of some traceelements in the fur of greenland coypuduring ontogeny. Zivocisna Vyroba 40(3): 115-118.

Surv Mertin, D., Stepanok, V. V., and Georgievskij, V. I. 1992. concentrations of some mineral elementsin the fur of silver fox in the period of fur maturity after addition of zinc, silicon and selenium to thediet. Zivocisna Vyroba. 37(9): 793-799.

FL Mertin, D., Suevegova, K., Oravcova, E., Nitra, and Sviatko, P. 1994. concentrations of somemineral elements in the mink body in the period of fur maturity: <original> koncentracia niektorychmineranlych prvkov v tele noriek v obdobi kozusinovej zrelosti. Zivocisna Vyroba - UZPI. 39(2): 121-`27.


Nut def Mertz, W. 1970. some aspects of nutritional trace element research. Fed. Proc. 29(4): 1482-1488.

Ecol Merwin, I. A. and Stiles, W. C. 1994. orchard groundcover management impacts on apple treegrowth and yield,and nutrient availability and uptake. Journal of the American Society forHorticultural Science 119(2): 209-215.

Unrel Meyer, H. 1996. the newborn foal - everything clear? Pferdeheilkunde 12(3): 171-178.

FL Meyer, H., Kienzle, E., and Dammers, C. 1985. yield and composition of milk from bitches, andfeed intake and weightchange pre- and post-partum. Fortschritte in Der Tierphysiologie UndTierernahrung (16): 51-72.

FL Meyer, H. and Kroger, H. 1973. feeding of copper to pigs. Ubersichten Zur Tierernahrung. 1(1): 9-44.

FL Meyer, H., Kroger, H., and Benten, K. von. 1976. tolerance and residue formation of different cucompounds. DTW (Dtsch Tieraerztl Wochenschr). 83(9): 401-403.

HHE Meyer, I., Heinrich, J. *., Trepka M.J., Krause, C., Schulz, C., Meyer, E., and Lippold, U. 19980100. the effect of lead in tap water on blood lead in children in a smelter town. Sci. TotalEnviron Vol. 209, NO. 2-3: pp. 255-271.

FL Migdal, W., Koczanowski, J., Kaczmarczyk, J., Tuz, R., Klocek, C., Radecka, B., and Gaweda, A. 1993. effect of a mineral supplement, wisol t-87, on the content of zn, cu,fe, mn and mg in the liverand muscle of fatteners. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 49(8): 364-365.

FL Mikhailov, N. G. 1973. feeding trace element salts to young mink in the magadan region. Tr.Dal'Nevost. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Sel'Sk. Khoz. 13(2): 412-14.

Surv Mikkelsen, R. L., Page, A. L., and Bingham, F. T. geochemistry and health in california: recentexperiences with selenium. Trace Subst. Environ. Health (1986) : 20, 413-23 .

In Vit Milachowski, K. A. and Keyl, W. 1984. magnesium and trace-elements copper, manganese andzinc in normal and degenerated intervertebral tissues. Magnesium-Bulletin 6(3): 112-114.

Aquatic Milani, D., Reynoldson, T. B., Borgmann, U., and Kolasa, J. 2003. the relative sensitivity of fourbenthic invertebrates to metals in spiked-sediment exposures and application to contaminated fieldsediment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry / Setac, 2003 Apr, 22(4):845-54.

FL Milanov, Z. 1995. biological indication of the heavy metal pollution with the help of the hare (lepuseuropaeus Pall.). Nauka Za Gorata. 32(2): 59-65.

Unrel Millar, K. R., Meads, W. J., Albyt, A. T., Scahill, B. G., and Sheppard, A. D. 1988. the retentionand efficacy of soluble-glass boluses for providing selenium, cobalt and copper to sheep. NewZealand Veterinary Journal. 36(1): 11-14.

Rev Miller, E. R. 1991. iron, copper, zinc, manganese, and iodine in swine nutrition. Swine Nutrition : 267-284.

Rev Miller, E. R., Lei, X., and Ullrey, D. E. 1991. chapter 16: trace elements in animal nutrition. 593-662.

Rev Miller, E. R., Lei, X., and Ullrey, D. E. 1991. trace elements in animal nutrition. 593-662.


Unrel Miller, J. J. a, Read, B. J., Wentz, D. J., and Heaney, D. J. 1996. major and trace element content ofshallow groundwater associated with dryland saline soils in southern alberta. Water QualityResearch Journal of Canada. 31(1): 101-117.

CP Miller, J. K. and Madsen, F. C. 1994. transition metals, oxidative status, and animal health: doalterationsin plasma fast-acting antioxidants lead to disease in livestock? Biotechnology in the FeedIndustry: Proceedings of Alltech's Tenth Annual Sumposium : 283-301.

Abstract Miller, W. J., O Dell G D, Jones, J. B. Jr, Gentry, R. P., and Roberts, K. R. effect of high dietarynickel on trace element content of various tissues in holstein calves. Federation Proceedings. 33(3 Part 1). 1974 703

Nut def Mills, C. F. 1987. biochemical and physiological indicators of mineral status in animals coppercobalt and zinc. J Anim Sci. 65(6): 1702-1711.

Fate Mills, C. F. 1974. trace element interactions effects of dietary composition on the development ofimbalance and toxicity. Trace Element Metabolish in Animals, No. 2 Proceedings of the SecondInternational Symposium. Madison, WI, USA, June 18-22, 1973.: 79-90.

Bio Acc Mills, C. F. and Dalgarno, A. C. 1972. copper and zinc status of ewes and lambs receivingincreased dietary concentrations of cadmium. Nature. 239(5368): 171-173.

Aquatic Mills Edward L, Roseman Edward F, Rutzke Michael, Gutenmann Walter H, and Lisk Donald J(A). 1993 . contaminant and nutrient element levels in soft tissues of zebra and quagga mussels fromwaters of southern lake ontario. Chemosphere 27(8): 1465-1473.

Aquatic Millward, R. N., Carman, K. R., Fleeger, J. W., Gambrell, R. P., and Portier, R. 2004. mixtures ofmetals and hydrocarbons elicit complex responses by a benthic invertebrate community. Journal ofExperimental Marine Biology and Ecology [j. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.]. Vol. 310, No. 1, Pp. 115-130.Oct 2004.

Mix Milos, M., Contrea, A., and Chisu, I. 1978. changes in blood protein of chickens after use of traceelements in feed. Lucrari Stiintifice, Institutul Agronomic Timisoara, Zootehnie. 15: 37-39.

An Prod Milos, M., Contrea, A., Crista, N., and Rosu, Maria. 1970. effect of chelation of trace minerals(manganese, copper, and cobalt) with edta on oxygen consumption in liver tissue and the activity ofsome enzymes of chicken serum. Lucr. Stiint. Inst. Agron. Timisoara, Ser. Zooteh. 13: 59-66 .

FL Min, S. K., Namkung, H., and Paik, I. K. 1993. effects of supplementary copper complexes on theperformance of broiler chickens. Korean Journal of Animal Nutrition & Feedstuffs. 17(5): 247-257.

FL Min, S. K., Um, J. S., and Paik, I. K. 1994. effects of supplementary methionine-copper andprotein-copper complexes on the growth, mineral metabolism and intestinal microflora of broilerchickens and rats. Korean Journal of Animal Nutrition & Feedstuffs. 18(2): 103-113.

CP Minear, L. R. influence of copper sulfate and mold inhibitors on broiler performance. Proc. Annu.Tex. Nutr. Conf. (1977) : 32, 56-73.

Mix Minina, L. A. 1983. toxicological evaluation of multiple mineral premixes used for preventing theendemic diseases of sheep. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Instituta Eksperimental'Noi Veterinarii. 58: 91-99.

Nutr Minson, D. J. 1984. digestibility and voluntary intake by sheep of five digitaria species.


Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 24(127): 494-500.

Nutr Mirando, M. A(A), Peters, D. N., Hostetler, C. E., Becker, W. C., Whiteaker, S. S., and Rompala, R.E. 1993. dietary supplementation of proteinated trace minerals influences reproductive performanceof sows. Journal of Animal Science 71(SUPPL. 1): 180.

No COC Mishra, U. K., Dwarkanath, P. K., and Hossain, M. I. clinical manifestation and hepatic traceminerals in growing chickens as influenced by t-2 toxin. Indian J. Anim. Sci. (1987) 57(10): 1069-74.

Unrel Mitchell, G. E. Jr, Little, C. O., and Skerski, G. 1968. influence of subacute levels of dietary toxinson carotene disappearance from the rat intestine. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Vitaminforschung. International Journal

CP Miura, K., Nimura, E., and Imura, N. 1986. effects of methylmercury on nerve fiber outgrowth ofcultured chick dorsal root ganglia. Fourth International Congress of Toxicology

No COC Miura, Tsutomu, Uehara, Mariko, Suzuki, Kazuharu, Kanke, Yusuke, and Goto, Shiro. 1998. long-term effect of high dietary calcium level on fecal mineral excretion in rats. Nippon EiyoShokuryo Gakkaishi 51(2): 81-86.

In Vit Miyazaki, Masahiro, Suzuki, Yasunori, Oda, Munehiro, Kawai, Akira, Bai, Liyan, and Sato, Jiro. improved maintenance of adult rat hepatocytes in a new serum-free medium in the presence orabsence of barbiturates.In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. (1989) 25(9): 839-48.

Plant Miyazawa, M., Giminez, S. M. N., Yabe, M. J. S., Oliveira, E. L., and Kamogawa, M. Y. 2002. absorption and toxicity of copper and zinc in bean plants cultivated in soil treated with chickenmanure. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 138 (1-4) Pp. 211-222, 2002.

No Oral Mizejewski, G. J., Antelman, D. E., Keenan, J. F., and Preiss, I. L. effects of heavy metals on alpha-fetoprotein in maternal sera and amniotic fluid of pregnant mice. Toxicology; 64 (1). 1990. 19-32.

Alt Mizuno, Y. changes in super oxide dis mutase catalase glutathione peroxidase and glutathionereductase activities and thio barbituric-acid reactive product levels in early stages of development indystrophic chickens. Experimental Neurology. 84 (1). 1984. 58-73.

No Dose Mizuno, Y. 1984. superoxide dismutase activity in early stages of development in normal anddystrophic chickens. Life Sciences 34(10): 909-14.

No Control Mjor-Grimsrud, M. Soli N. E. and Norheim G. 1980. 1980. the distribution of soluble copperandzinc-binding proteins in liver and kidney of chronic copper-poisoned goats. Acta Vet. Scand. 21: 578-586.

Phys Mohamed, Moustafa Moustafa. direct introduction of microvolume samples into a rotating arcplasma jet. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. (1997) 35(10): 624-635.

Mineral Mohammed R(A), Youssef, F. G(A), and Chang-Yen, I. 1994. trace mineral concentrations in cattletissues in trinidad. Tropical Agriculture 71(4): 309-312.

BioAcc Mohanna, C. and Nys, Y. 1998. influence of age, sex and cross on body concentrations of traceelements (zinc, iron, copper and manganese) in chickens. British Poultry Science 39(4): 536-43.

Plant Mohapatra, Harapriya and Gupta, Rani. concurrent sorption of zn(ii), cu(ii) and co(ii) byoscillatoria angustissima as a function of ph in binary and ternary metal solutions. Bioresource


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CP Mohd Hair Bejo . 1995. copper tolerance in buffalo: the potential toxic effect of copper in buffalofed palm kernel cake [malaysia]. Towards Corporatising the Animal and Feed Industries:Proceedings of the 17th Malaysian Society of Animal Production (MSAP) Annual Conference

CP Mohd Hair Bejo, Davis, M. P., Fatimah, C. T. N. I., Abdul Razak Alimon, and Moonafizad, M. 1995. chronic copper toxicosis: deaths in growing sheep following dietary mineral saltssupplementations [malaysia]. Towards Corporatising the Animal and Feed Industries: Proceedingsof the 17th Malaysian Society of Animal Production (MSAP) Annual Conference : 243-245.

Plant Moilanen Mikko(A), Penttila Timo, and Issakainen Jorma. 1996. effects of fertilization on treegrowth and nutrient status of norway spruce stands on drained peatlands in northern finland. Suo(Helsinki) 47(3): 85-94.

In Vit Mok Josephine S L, Paisley Karen, and Martin William(A). 1998. inhibition of nitrergicneurotransmission in the bovine retractor penis muscle by an oxidant stress: effects of superoxidedismutase mimetics. British Journal of Pharmacology 124(1): 111-118.

FL Molodtsov, G. 1985. green soya meal. Svinovodstvo, Moscow (3): 29-30.

FL Molodtsov, G. P. 1986. improving the system of feeding pigs on farms in far eastern regions oftheussr. <document title>sovershenstvovanie tekhnologii kormleniyasel'skokhozyaistvennykhzhivotnykh. 52-58.

No Dose Monies, R. J. 1997. arsenic poisoning in a dairy heifer following contamination of aredundantindustrial site with a wood tanalising (preserving) compound(copper sulfate, potassium dichromate,and arsenic pentoxide). Cattle Practice 5(4): 307-312.

FL Monkiewicz, J. 1988.Analysis of the Influence of the Legnica-Glogow Copper District on theOrganism and Production of Cows : 74p.

FL Monkiewicz, J., Dynarowicz, I., Jaczewski, S., and Madej, J. A. 1977. effects on rabbits of theprolonged administration of heavy metals. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 33(8): 471-475.

Surv Monkiewicz, J., Jaczewski, S., and Dynarowicz, I. 1975. heavy metal content of the semen of bullsfrom various environments. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 31(11): 684-686.

FL Monkiewicz, J., Jaczewski, S., Pawlina, E. , and Andrzejak, R. 1984. the influence of intoxicationof female rabbits with pb and cu ions on their reproduction.: <original title> wplyw zatruwania krolicjonami pb i cu na ich rozrodczosc. Med. Weter. 40(5): 292-295.

FL Monkiewicz, J., Jaczewski, S., Pawlina, E. , and Andrzejak, R. Akademia Rolnicza wroclaw PolandKatedra Genetyki i Hodowli Ogolnej Zwierzat. 1984. effect of intoxication with pb and cu ions onthe reproduction of rabbits disorders; pollutants: <original> wplyw zatruwania krolic jonami pb i cuna ich rozrodczosc. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 40(5): 292-295.

FL Monkiewicz, J. Jaczewski S. Pawlina E. and Andrzejak R. 1984. 1984. effect of lead and copperintoxication on reproduction in the female rabbit (wplyw zatruwania krolic jonami pb i cu na ichrozrodczosc). Med. Weter. 40(5): 292-295.

No Oral Moo-Young, A. J. and Tatum H. J. 1974. copper levels in maternal and fetal tissues of rabbitsbearing intrauterine copper wires. Contraception . 9(5): 487-496.


Nutr Moore, R. J. and Kornegay, E. T. fiber digestibility and mineral utilization in growing pigs asinfluenced by fiber source mineral level and duration of feeding. Nutrition Reports International. 36 (6). 1987. 1237-1250.

Nutr Moore, R. J., Kornegay, E. T., Grayson, R. L., and Lindemann, M. D. 1988. growth, nutrientutilization and intestinal morphology of pigs fedhigh-fiber diets. Journal of Animal Science 66(6): 1570-1579.

No COC Moore, R. J., Kornegay, E. T., and Lindemann, M. D. effect of dietary oat hulls or wheat bran onmineral utilization in growing pigs fed diets with or without salinomycin. Canadian Journal ofAnimal Science. 66 (1). 1986. 267-276.

BioAcc Moore, T., Sharman, I. M., Todd, J. R., and Thompson, R. H. 1972. copper and vitamin aconcentrations in the blood of normal and cu- poisoned sheep. Br. J. Nutr. 28(1): 23-30.

Alt Moorhead, P. D. and Cross, R. F. 1970. whole blood ascorbic acid levels in chickens withexperimental aplastic anemia and the effect of supplemental ascorbic acid, b 12, and minerals onmortality and pathologic manifestations. Poultry Science 49(4): 1065-9.

Method Moos, T. 1993. simultaneous application of timm's sulphide silver method and immunofluorescencehistochemistry. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 48(1-2): 149-56.

BioAcc Mora, M. A. 1996. organochlorines and trace elements in four colonial waterbird species nesting inthe lower laguna madre, texas. Arch.Environ Contam Toxicol. 31(4): 533-537.

Surv Mora, M. A., Lee, M. C., Jenny, J. P., Schultz, T. W., Sericano, J. L., and Clum, N. J. 1997. potential effects of environmental contaminants on recovery of the aplomado falcon in south texas. J Wildl Manag. 61(4): 1288-1296.

FL Morawiec, M., Kryska, M., and Brzozowska, A. 1991. effect of copper on protein metabolism inrats intoxicated with lead.: <original title> wplyw miedzi na metabolism bialka u szczurowzatruwanych olowiem. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 24(3-4): 305-308.

Bio Acc Morera, M. Universitat Automona de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain, Sanpera, C., Crespo, S., Jover, L.,and Ruiz, X. inter- and intraclutch variability in heavy metals and selenium levels. Arch EnvironContam Toxicol. V33, N1, P71(5)

Nut def Morgan, Paula N., Keen, Carl L., and Lonnerdal, Bo. effect of varying dietary zinc intake ofweanling mouse pups during recovery from early undernutrition on tissue mineral concentrations,relative organ weights, hematological variables and muscle composition. J. Nutr. (1988) 118(6): 699-711 .

Abstract Morimoto, Hiroshi, Noro, Harunobu, Otaki, Hiroyasu, and Takagi, Hisao. influence of dietary minerals on their distribution in broilers. Nippon Kakin Gakkaishi (1978) 15(6): 296-301.

FL Moroz, I. G. and Leskov, A. A. 1995. effect of micronutrients on number of fetuses and milkperformance in sows. <original> vliyanie mikroehlementov na mnogoplodie i molochnost'svinomatok. Veterinariya. (No.7) P. 17-18

Unrel Morozov, Victor N., Seeman, Nadrian C., and Kallenbach, Neville R. new methods for depositingand imaging molecules in scanning tunneling microscopy. Scanning Microsc. (1993) 7(3): 757-79.

FL Morozova, K. N. and Kulikov, N. E. 1985. efficiency of utilization of trace elements in pregnant


rabbits. Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov Nauchno-Issledovatel'Skogo Instituta Pushnogo Zverovodstvai Krolikovodstva 32: 137-141.

FL Morozova, K. N. and Kulikov, N. E. 1980. maintenance and growth of rabbits fed mixed feedcontaining different amounts of iron and copper. Nauch. Tr. NII Pushn. Zverovod. i Krolikovod. 23: 73-80.

FL Moskalik, R. S., Bobrinskii, V. M., and Onofrash, N. I. 1985. relationship between the occurrenceof bovine leukosis and the chemical composition of drinking water. Doklady Vsesoyuznoi AkademiiSel'Skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk.(1): 37-38.

FL Moster, M. F., Synek, S., and Pac, L. 1990. [pathogenesis of disorders of transparency of the opticMedia of the eye. vi. transmission electron microscopy in chalcosis of the lens]. Cesk Oftalmol. 46(4): 276-84.

FL Muecke, T. sedimentpetrographische und organo-geochemische untersuchungen an ausgewaehltenoberflaechensedimenten niedersaechsischer gewaesser. (sediment-petrographic and organochemicalstudies on selected surface sediments of lower-saxonian water). Govt-Reports-Announcements-&-Index-(GRA&I),-Issue-13,-1995.

Nutr Muehlenbein, E. L. D. R. Brink G. H. Deutscher M. P. Carlson and A. B. Johnson. 2001. effects ofinorganic and organic copper supplemented to first-calf cows on cow reproduction and calf healthand performance. Journal of Animal Science. 79: 1650-1659.

Fate Mueller, L., Abel, J., and Ohnesorge, F. K. 1986. absorption and distribution of cadmium copperand zinc following oral subchronic low level administration to rats of different binding forms ofcadmium cadmium acetate cadmium metallothionein cadmium glutathione. Toxicology. 39(2): 187-196.

FL Mukhamedyanov, M. M. and Zhukov, N. A. 1983. hydrolysed wood in diets for cattle. Zhivotnovodstvo (8): 39-40.

Surv Mukherjee, Suman, Mukherjee, Swati, Bhattacharyya, P., and Duttagupta, A. K. 2004. heavy metallevels and esterase variations between metal-exposed and unexposed duckweed lemna minor: fieldand laboratory studies. Environment International. 30(6): 811-814.

Herp Muller, Jean Pierre, Wouters-Tyrou, Daniele, Erraiss, Nour Eddine, Vedel, Michele, Touzet, Nicole,Mesnard, Jacqueline, Sautiere, Pierre, and Wegnez, Maurice. molecular cloning and expression of ametallothionein mrna in xenopus laevis. DNA Cell Biol. (1993) 12(4): 341-9 .

Mix Mullins, G. L., Martens, D. C., Miller, W. P., Kornegay, E. T., and Hallock, D. L. copperavailability form and mobility in soils from 3 annual copper enriched hog manure applications. Journal of Environmental Quality. 11 (2). 1982. 316-320.

Mix Mullis, L. A. J. W. Speers and R. L. McCraw. 2003. effects of breed (angus vs simmental) andcopper and zinc source on mineral status of steers fed high dietary iron. Journal of Animal Science. 81: 318-322.

CP Mundy, G. D. 1993. nutrient requirements for the growing horse. <document title>proceedings ofthe thirty-ninth annual convention ofthe american association of equine practitioners, san antonio,texas,usa, december 5-8, 1993. 49-55.

Unrel Munim, A., Asayama, K., Dobashi, K., Suzuki, K., Kawaoi, A., and Kato, K. 1992. immunohistochemical localization of superoxide dismutases in fetal and neonatal rat tissues.


Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 40( 11): 1705-13.

CP Munim A(A), Asayama K(A), Dobashi K(A), Hayashibe H(A), Uchida N(A), Kawaoi, A.,Nakazawa S(A), <Book> Asada K, and Yoshikawa T: Eds. 1994. prenatal development ofglutathione peroxide (gpx) in rat tissues: comparison with those with superoxide dismutases. <book> international congress series; frontiers of reactive oxygen species in biology and medicine. International Congress Series (1058): 307-310.

CP Munim A(A), Asayama K(A), Dobashi K(A), Suzuki, K., Kawaoi, A., Kato K(A), <Book> Yagi K,Kondo, M., Niki, E., and Yoshikawa T: Eds. 1992. prenatal development of copper-zinc superoxidedismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase in rat. <book> international congress series; oxygenradicals. International Congress Series (998): 683-686.

CP Munoz, C., Chahoud, I., Elkasaby, A., Krause, C., Schwabe, R., and Dieter, H. H. 1989. uptake anddistribution of different forms of copper (ii) by neonatalrats. 6th International Trace ElementSymposium. Vol.2 : 541-548.

CP Munshower, Frank F. and Neuman, Dennis R. 1979. pathways and distribution of some heavymetals in a grassland ecosystem. Manage. Control Heavy Met. Environ. Int. Conf. 206-9Publisher: CEP Consultants Ltd., Edinburgh, Scot..

Unrel Murillo, J. M., Cabrera, F., and Lopez, R. 1997. response of clover trifolium fragiferum l. cv.'salina' to a heavy urban compost application. Compost Science & Utilization 5(4): 15-25.

Nut def Murthy, L., Highhouse, S., Levin, L., Menden, E. E., and Petering, H. G. 1975. a study of thecombined toxic effects of oral cadmium and lead in rats. Trace Subst. Environ. Health : 9, 395-401.

Mix Murthy, L. and Petering, H. G. 1976. effect of dietary zinc and copper interrelationships on bloodparameters of the rat. J Agric Food Chem. 24(4): 808-11.

Not Avail Murthy, L. and Petering, H. G. 1971.Studies in Zinc Metabolism IV. Interactions of Zn and Cd. <NOTE> Annual Rept

Mix Murthy, R. C., Lal, Shyam, Saxena, D. K., Shukla, G. S., Ali, M. Mohd, and Chandra, S. V. effectof manganese and copper interaction on behavior and biogenic amines in rats fed a 10% casein diet. Chem.-Biol. Interact. (1981) 37(3): 299-308 .

No Oral Murthy, R. C., Migally, N., Doye, A., and Zambernard, J. 1982. ultrastructural changes in ratalveolar macrophages exposed to oxides of copper and cadmium. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. 14(2): 347-353.

FL Musbah, M., Harris, G. C. Jr., and Waldroup, P. W. 1978. the effects of supplementation ofdrinking water with zinc, molybdenum,and copper on skin fatty acids and dermatitis in broilers. Poultry Science 57(4): 1174.

Mix Muscalu, G., Grumberg, R., Ganea, M., Litinski, C., and Poleac, G. 1986. improved performance ofbroiler chickens given chelated trace elementsin a mixed feed. Revista De Cresterea Animalelor 36(6): 14-20.

Unrel Musci, G., Bellenchi, G. C., and Calabrese, L. 1999. the multifunctional oxidase activity ofceruloplasmin as revealed by anion binding studies. European Journal of Biochemistry 265(2): 589-97.


Fate Mussa, P. P. and Ladetto, G. 1990. diet and liver disease in dogs. Animalis Familiaris. 5(1): 14-18.

No COC Muto, Hajime, Shinada, Masayuki, Tokuta, Kazuko, and Takizawa, Yukio. rapid changes inconcentrations of essential elements in organs of rats exposed to methylmercury chloride andmercuric chloride as shown by simultaneous multielemental analysis. Br. J. Ind. Med. (1991) 48(6): 382-8 .

CP Mylroie, A. A. effect of ingested lead on tissue levels of copper, iron, zinc and manganese in rats. Trace Substances In Environmental Health; ; Proceedings Of University Of Missouri's ... AnnualConference. 1980. 1980. (14th) p. 195-202.

Rev Mylroie, A. A., Boseman, A., and Kyle, J. 1986. metabolic interactions between lead and copper inrats ingesting lead acetate. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 9(4): 221-232.

Nut def Mylroie, A. A., Boseman, A., Kyle, J., and <Editors> Hemphill, D. D. 1988. further studies on theeffects of dietary copper deficiency on ratpancreas. 419-428.

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FL Ogunmodede, B. K. and Legel, S. 1987. comparative investigations of the feed and nutrientconsumption, growth, a nutrient efficiency of broiler chickens under different climatic conditions innigeria. Archiv Fur Tierernahrung 37(12): 1127-33.

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No Oral Ohchi, Hidehito, Gunshin, Hiromi, and Katayama, Tetsuyuki. effect of dietary pcb on themetabolism of eight trace elements (iron, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, nickeland cobalt) in rats. Nutr. Rep. Int. (1986) 33(1): 157-62.

Unrel Ohkubo, M., Masuda, M., Ando, T., Kawamoto, N., Nishio, T., Takizawa, T., Shizuoka, Y., andSasajima, H. load tests of a large coil. Proc. Symp. Eng. Probl. Fusion Res. (1981) 9th(1): 178-81.

Surv Ohlendorf, Harry M., Hothem, Roger L., Aldrich, Thomas W., and Krynitsky, Alexander J. 1987. selenium contamination of the grasslands, a major california waterfowl area. Sci. Total Environ. 66, 169-83.

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Bio Acc Osowski, S. L., Brewer, L. W., Baker, O. E., and Cobb, G. P. 1995. the decline of mink in georgia,north carolina, and south carolina: the role of contaminants. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 29(3): 418-23.

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Alt Oster, Michelle H., Uriu-Hare, Janet Y., Trapp, Christine L., Stern, Judith S., and Keen, Carl L. dietary macronutrient composition influences tissue trace element accumulation in diabetic sprague-dawley rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1994) 207(1): 67-75.

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Bio Acc Owen, C. A. Jr. 1974. similarity of chronic copper toxicity in rats to copper deposition ofwilson'sdisease. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 49(6): 368-375.

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FL Paik, I. K., Namkung, H., and Choi, Y. J. 1991. effects of interaction between copper sulfate and faton the performance of broiler chickens. KOREAN J ANIM NUTR FEEDST. 15(6): 281-286.

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FL Pallauf, J. Giessen Univ. Germany Inst. fuer Tierernaehrung, Hoehler, D., and Rimbach, G. 1992. effect of microbial phytase supplementation to a maize-soya diet on the apparent absorption of mg, fe,cu, mn and zn and parameters of zn-status in piglets. <original> effekt einer zulage an mikrobiellerphytase zu einer mais-soja-diaet auf die scheinbare absorption von mg, fe, cu, mn und zn sowie aufparameter des zinkstatus beim ferkel. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. V. 68(1)P. 1-9


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CP Panic, Bozidar, Bezbradica, L. J., Nedeljkov, N., and Istwani, A. G. 1974. some characteristics oftrace element metabolism in poultry. Trace Elem. Metab. Anim. Proc. Int. Symp., 2nd Meeting Date1973, 635-7. Editor(s): Hoekstra, W. G. Publisher: Univ. Park Press, Baltimore, Md.

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FL Panteleeva, M. D. effect of trace element salts on the physiological state of chicks. Sb. Nauchn.Rab. Sib. Nauchno-Issled. Vet. Inst. (1975) : 24, 115-18 .

FL Panteleeva, M. D. and Kononov, Yu. V. 1973. effect of added zinc in rations on assimilation ofmineral substances by chickens. Nauchn. Tr. Sib. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Sel'Sk. Khoz. 5: 188-90

FL Panteleeva, M. D. and Polyakov, A. A. 1973. supplementing the feed of chicks with zinc sulfate. Nauchn. Tr. Sib. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Sel'Sk. Khoz. 5: 197-9.

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Herp Papadimitriou, E. A. and Loumbourdis, N. S. 2003. copper kinetics and hepatic metallothioneinlevels in the frog rana ridibunda, after exposure to cucl2. Biometals : an International Journal onthe Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry, and Medicine, 2003 Jun, 16(2):271-7.

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FL Papp, L., Horvath, Z., and Kardos, Z. 1978. experimental studies on chronic copper poisoning insheep. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja. 33(7): 490-493.

FL Parada, R., Berqvist, E., and Gonzalez, S. 1985. chronic copper poisoning of cattle in the vicinity ofa smelter. Archivos De Medicina Veterinaria. 17(1): 53-59.


FL Parada, R., Berqvist, E., and Gonzalez, S. 1985. industrial chronic copper toxicosis in beef cattle. ARCH MED VET . 17(1): 49-52.

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FL Park, J. H. and Kim, C. S. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Seoul Korea R. 1984. effects of over-dosed lead and its interaction with iron, copper, zinc or protein supplement inchicks. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research. V. 24(1) P. 24-30

FL Park, J. H. Korea Advanced Inst. of Science and Technology Seoul Korea R. and Kim, C. S. TankookUniv. Seoul Korea R. 1985. nickel toxicity and its interaction with zinc, copper and lead in growingchicks. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research. V. 25(2) P. 145-148

Bio Acc Parker, G. H. 1985. copper, nickel, and iron in plumage of three upland gamebird species from non-contaminated environments. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35: 776-780.

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Herp Patil, H. S. and Shivaraj, K. M. 1984. sub-lethal effects of copper on the blood cells of ranacyanophlyctis. Geobios. 11(3): 108-111.

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Plant Patten, K. D., Neuendorff, E. W., Leonard, A. T., and Haby, V. A. mulch and irrigation placementeffects on soil chemistry properties and rabbiteye blueberry plants irrigated with sodic water. J.Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. (1988) 113(1): 4-8.

FL Paulicks, B. R. Technische Univ. Muenchen Freising Germany Inst. fuer Ernaehrungsphysiologie. 1991. [trace element concentrations in milk and blood of lactating cows affected by bovine growthhormone]. <original> spurenelementgehalte in milch und blutserum von laktierenden kuehen unterdem einfluss von bovinem wachstumshormon. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. V. 66(3-4) P. 166-167

FL Paulicks, B. R. Technische Univ. Muenchen Freising Germany Inst. fuer Ernaehrungsphysiologie andKirchgessner, M. 1991. the influence of recombinant bovine growth hormone on the concentrationsof various trace elements in milk and blood of dairy cows. <original> zum einfluss vonrekombinantem bovinem wachstumshormon (rbgh) auf die spurenelementgehalte in milch und blutvon laktierenden kuehen. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. V. 66(2) P. 89-93

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FL Pawlina, E., Jaczewski, S., and Monkiewicz, J. 1988. total and productive life length and cullingreasons in cows maintained in area polluted by the copper smelter. Zeszyty Naukowe AkademiiRolniczej We Wroclawiu. Zootechnika.(168): 87-94.

FL Paya, A. B. 1980. the effect of zn and cd on bone metabolism and their interaction. 2. Avances EnAlimentacion y Mejora Animal 21(6/7): 273-280.

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Bio Acc Paynter, D. I. and Caple, I. W. age-related changes in activities of the superoxide dismutase ec-1.15.1.1 enzymes in tissues of the sheep and the effect of dietary copper and manganese on thesechanges. Journal of Nutrition. 114 (10). 1984. 1909-1916.

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FL Perepelenko, S. D., Isakov, Kh. I., and Mavaeva, E. N. effect of excess copper and zinc on nucleicacid metabolism in rabbit organs. Uzb. Biol. Zh. (1979) (1): 32-4 .

FL Perez, H. A. and Lopez, L. R. 1988. chronic copper intoxication in cattle. Veterinaria . 19(3): 241-244.

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CP Petering, H. G. 1974. the effect of cadmium and lead on copper and zinc metabolism. TraceElement Metabolism in Animals, No. 2. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium.Madison, Wis., U.S.A., June 18-22, 1973.: 311-325.

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Surv Petering, H. G., Murthy, L., and Cerklewski, F. L. 1977. role of nutrition in heavy metal toxicity. Biochemical Effects of Environmental Pollutants, Edited by S. D. Lee and B. Peirano : pp. 365-376.

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Nut def Petering, Harold G., Murthy, Lalitha, and O'Flaherty, Ellen. influence of dietary copper and zincon rat lipid metabolism. J. Agric. Food Chem. (1977) 25(5): 1105-9 .

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FL Petrova, G. G. and Berestov, V. A. 1982. effect of nutrition on the physiological status of fur-bearing animals. Fiziol. Sostoyanie Pushnykh Zverei Puti Ego Regul. 44-54 .

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CP Phillippo, M. and Suttle, N. F. 1983. the role of dose-response trials in predicting trace elementdeficiency disorders. (Occasional Publicat. 7): 51-59.

FL Phuah, C. H. and Hutagalung, R. I. effects of zinc, iron and copper supplementation in cassava-baseddiets for broiler chickens. Pertanika (1980) 3(2): 71-7 .

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FL Piech-Schleicher, A. 1979. effect of the physical form of feeds and growth promoting substancesadded to the diet on performance and some physiological parameters in broiler chickens. ROCZNauk Roln Ser B Zootech. 100: 13-30.

Nutr Pignattelli, P. and Carrara, M. 1986. use of a mixture of trace elements and an amino acid pool in thefeeding of hares. Coniglicoltura 23(7): 37-39.


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CP Pimentel, J. L., Greger, J. L., and Cook, M. E. anemia induced by high zinc intake in chicksmechanisms. 75th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for ExperimentalBiology, Atlanta, Georgia, Usa, April 21-25, 1991. FASEB (Fed Am Soc Exp Biol) J. 5 (5). 1991.A1312.

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In Vit Pinheiro, M. S., Barrucand, L., Ricciardi, I. D., and Tibana, A. evaluation of cefoxitin medium andthe microaerophilic environment produced by a combination of iron copper and sodium bicarbonatefor the culture of campylobacter-jejuni and campylobacter-coli.Rev MICROBIOL. Revista DeMicrobiologia. 22 (4). 1991. 298-302.

Bio Acc Pinowska, B. and Krasnicki, K. 1985. changes in the content of magnesium, copper, calcium,nitrogen and phosphorus in female house sparrows during the breeding cycle. ARDEA. 73(2): 175-182.

Bio Acc Pinowski, J., Pinowska, B., Krasnicki, K., and Tomek, T. 1983. chemical composition during growthin nestling rooks corvus-frugilegus. ORNIS SCAND. 14(4): 289-298.

In Vit Pinteaux Emmanuel, Copin Jean-Christophe, Ledig Marc, and Tholey Georges(A). 1996. modulationof oxygen-radical-scavenging enzymes by oxidative stress in primary cultures of rat astroglial cells. Developmental Neuroscience 18(5-6): 397-404.

Unrel Pinxteren Jef(A), Jimenez Del Rio Marlene, Velez Pardo Carlos, Vauquelin Guy Ebinger Georges,and De Potter Werner. 1993. soluble serotonin and catecholamine binding proteins in the bovineadrenal medulla. Neurochemistry International 23(4): 343-350.

Surv Pisa, J. and Cibulka, J. 1989. cadmium, lead, mercury, copper and zinc content in hair and cervicalmucus in cattle kept in industrial area in czechoslovakia. Ekologia-CSSR. 8(4): 421-432.

FL Pisarski, R. K. 1988. effect of the amount and kind of protein and of energy value of thediet on theamount of some mineral components in the blood plasma ofbroiler chickens. Roczniki NaukRolniczych. Seria B, Zootechniczna 104(3): 105-115.

FL Pisarski, R. K. 1988. effect of the amounts of dietary minerals on the content of somemineralcomponents in the blood plasma of broiler chickens. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych. Seria B,Zootechniczna 104(3): 117-126.

FL Pisarski, R. K. Akademia Rolnicza Lublin Poland Inst. Zywienia i Higieny Zwierzat. 1988. [effect ofdietary protein and energy level on plasma mineral content in broiler chicken]. <original> wplywzawartosci i rodzaju bialka oraz wartosci energetycznej paszy na poziom niektorych skladnikowmineralnych w osoczu krwi kurczat rzeznych. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych. Seria B - Zootechniczna. <Subtitle>Polish Agricultural Annual. Seria B - Animal Science. V. 104(3) P. 105-115

FL Piva, G., Morlacchini, M., Beretta, G., Cerioli, C., and Prandini, A. 1994. microbial phytase fromaspergillus niger in the feeding of broilerchickens. Rivista Di Avicoltura 63(9): 33-38.


Nut def Planas, Jose and Frieden, Earl. serum iron and ferroxidase activity in normal, copper-deficient, andestrogenized roosters. Amer. J. Physiol. (1973) 225(2): 423-8.

Mix Plaur, K., Wojcik, S., Masiulanis, J., and Tyczkowski, J. 1983. effect of trace elements on fatteningperformance of chickens givendiets with different protein and energy contents. Roczniki NaukoweZootechniki. 10(2): 231-240.

FL Plekhanov, L. A. 1976. content of phosphorus compounds in the organs and tissues of chickens andtheir productivity with various levels of copper in their ration. Byull. Vses. Nauchno-Issled. Inst.Fiziol., Biokhim. Pitan. S-Kh. Zhivotn. 10(1): 53-5.

Imm Pocino, M., Baute, L., and Malave, I. 1991. influence of the oral administration of excess copper onthe immune response. Fund.Appl.Toxicol. 16: 249-256.

Imm Pocino, M., Malave, I., and Baute, L. 1990. zinc administration restores the impaired immuneresponse observed in mice receiving excess copper by oral route. ImmunopharmacolImmunotoxicol. 12(4): 697-713.

FL Podkorytov, F. M. and Kondrat, A. M. 1975. contents of iron, manganese, copper and cobalt inplants in deerpastures in the hilly taiga zone of chitinsk province. <DocumentTitle>Mikroelementy v Sibiri. Vypsuk 10. 16-24.

Nut def Podkorytov, F. M., Nikitina, S. S., Kolchina, R. V., Dolenko, V. D., and Vinokurov, Yu. I. 1983. effect of a diet of reindeer moss (cladomia rangiferina) and concentrates on nutrient retention byreindeer.: diagnostika, profilaktika i terapiya bolezneizhivotnykh na krainem severe. 59-75.

FL Podletskaya, N. N. and Skukovskii, B. A. 1980. effect of vitamin nutrition on trace elementmetabolism in young pigs. Doklady Vsesoyuznoi Ordena Lenina Akademii Sel'SkokhozyaistvennykhNauk (1): 25-27.

Nut def Podshibyakin, A. E., Sapunov, A. G., Golovskoi, I. P., and Chebotarev, I. I. 1988. use of a complexmixture of vitamin a and trace elements as apreventive against vitamin a deficiency in sheep. Doklady Vsesoyuznoi Akademii Sel'Skokhozyaistvennykh Nauk (2): 32-34.

Surv Polack, E. W. 1996.Quantitative and Toxicological Assessment on Equine Motor Neuron Disease (Copper, Vitamin E)

Unrel Polavarapu, R., Spitz, D. R., Sim, J. E., Follansbee, M. H., Oberley, L. W., Rahemtulla, A., and Nanji,A. A. 1998. increased lipid peroxidation and impaired antioxidant enzyme function is associatedwith pathological liver injury in experimental alcoholic liver disease in rats fed diets high in corn oiland fish oil. Hepatology 27(5): 1317-23.

FL Polyakova, E. P. 1984. effect of prolonged feeding of various copper salt additives on theproductivity of hens and the accumulation of copper in organs and tissues. Povysh. Produktiv. Ptitsyi Soversh. Tekhnol. Pr-Va Yaits i Myasa, M.: 50-54.

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Dead Poole, K. G., Elkin, B. T., and Bethke, R. W. 1995. environmental contaminants in wild mink in thenorthwest territories canada. Sci Total Environ . 160-161: 473-486.

Dead Poole, K. G., Elkin, B. T., and Bethke, R. W. 1998. organochlorine and heavy metal contaminants inwild mink in western northwest territories, canada. Arch Environ Contamin Toxicol. 34(4): 406-413.

FL Popov, V. P. 1985. milk yield and fertility in first-calving cows given biologicallyactive compounds. <document title>sovremennye metody selektsii v promyshlennomzhivotnovodstve. 33-36.

Nutr Popov, V. P. and Mokhammad, R. 1991. a protein, vitamin and mineral supplement for intensiverearing ofheifers. Zootekhniya (8): 30-32.

FL Poriadkov, L. F., Aleshko-Ozhevskii, I. u. P., Narodetskaia, R. V., Makhova, N. N., and Sheviakova,L. F. 1986. [content of mineral substances in the internal organs of rats on intravenous feeding]. <original> soderzhanie mineral'nykh veshchestv vo vnutrennikh organakh krys pri vnutrivennompitanii. Voprosy Pitaniia (4): 54-7.

Carc Pories, W. J., Mansour, E. G., and Strain, W. H. 1972. trace elements that act to inhibit neoplasticgrowth. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 199: 265-73.

Nutr Pott, E. B., Almeida, I. Ld, Brum, P. a Rd, Comastri Filho Ja, Pott, A., and Dynia, J. F. beef cattlemineral nutrition in the brazilian pantanal 2. micronutrients in central nhecolandia pantanal brazil. Pesqui Agropecu Bras; 24 (1). 1989. 109-126.

Surv Pott, E. B. and Pott, A. nutrient levels in browse and forb species eaten by cattle in the paiaguassubregion of the pantanal brazil. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira. 22 (11-12). 1987. 1293-1300.

Mix Pott, E. B., Tullio, R. R., Almeida, I. L. D., Brum, P. A. R. D., and Sousa, J. C. D. 1987. cattlereproductive performance in the paiaguas subregion of the brazilian pantanal ii. effect of mineralsupplementation on heifers' reproductive rates. Pesqui Agropecu Bras. 22(11-12): 1265-1278.

CP Poulsen, H. D. 1998. zinc and copper as feed additives, growth factors or unwanted environmentalfactors. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences. 7(Supp 1): 135-142.

CP Pounds, J. G., Long, G. J., Kwiatek, W. M., Jones, K. W., and Gordon, B. M. 1987.Role of High-Energy Synchrotron Radiation in Biomedical Trace Element Research. BNL-40761; CONF-8708180-6

Bact Powell, D. C., Bursian, S. J., Bush, C. R., Napolitano, A. C., and Aulerich, R. J. 1997. reproductionperformance and kit growth in mink fed diets containing copper-treated eggs. Scientifur. 21(1): 59-66.

No COC Prabowo, A. and Spears, J. W. dietary silica effects on mineral metabolism in lambs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 5 (2). 1992. 279-283.

No COC Prabowo, A., Spears, J. W., and Goode, L. 1988. effects of dietary iron on performance and mineralutilization in lambsfed a forage-based diet. Journal of Animal Science 66(8): 2028-2035.

Surv Prasad, C. S., Sarma, P. V., Reddy, A. O., and Chinnaiya, G. P. 1989. trace elements and ovarianhormonal levels during different reproductive conditions in crossbred cattle. Indian Journal of DairyScience. 42(3): 489-492.

Mineral Prasad, K. S. N. and Rao, S. V. N. 1997. blood mineral profile of anestrous and repeat breeder


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Plant Prasad, M. N. V., Malec, P., Waloszek, A., Bojko, M., and Strzalka, K. 2001. physiologicalresponses of lemna trisulca l. (duckweed) to cadmium and copper bioaccumulation. Plant Science,161 (5) Pp. 881-889, 2001.

HHE Prasad, T., Arora, S. P., and Behra, G. D. 1982. note on the dietary investigation of suspectedswayback in Kids. Indian J Anim Sci. 52(9): 837-840.

Mineral Prasad, T., Chhabra, A., and Atreja, P. P. 1994. effect of feeding chelating agent (edta) on tracemineral balances ingoats. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 47(3): 219-221.

FL Preobrazhenskii, S. N., Mal'tsev, V. S., and Gorobets, A. I. 1977. influence of supplementary coppersulphate on nitrogen accumulation, liver vitamin a content, haematopoiesis and growth of chicks. Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov, Moskovskaya Veterinarnaya Akademiya. 89: 101-104.

Bio Acc Prestrud, P., Norheim, G., Sivertsen, T., and Daae, H. L. 1994. levels of toxic and essential elementsin arctic fox in svalbard. Polar Biology. 14(3): 155-159.

CP Price Lalitha T(A), Frank Lee, and Sosenko Ilene R S. 1994. does orally administered epidermalgrowth factor (egf) protect premature lungs in vivo from hyperoxia? Pediatric Research 35(4PART 2): 349A.

Soil Prince, S. W., Senthilkumar, P. *., and Subburam, V. 2001. mulberry-silkworm food chain - atemplet to assess heavy metal mobility in terrestrial ecosystems. Environmental Monitoring andAssessment [Environ. Monit. Assess.]. Vol. 69, No. 3, Pp. 231-238. 1 Jul 2001.

Phy Prins Gail S(A), Woodham Carl, Lepinske Mark, and Birch Lynn. 1993. effects of neonatal estrogenexposure on prostatic secretory genes and their correlation with androgen receptor expression in theseparate prostate lobes of the adult rat. Endocrinology 132(6): 2387-2398.

Nut def Pritchard, G. C., Lewis, G., Wells, G. A. H., and Stopforth, A. 1985. zinc toxicity, copper deficiencyand anaemia in swill-fed pigs. Veterinary Record 117(21): 545-548.

FL Prokudin, A. V., Ababkov, M. M., and Tashenov, K. participation of the digestive system in copperand manganese metabolism in sheep. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi Ssr SeriyaBiologicheskaya. 14 (4). 1976 57-62

FL Proske, U., Kolb, E., Kleman, R., and Salomon, F. V. 1993. the concentration of iron, copper andzinc in 7 tissues in muscovy xpekin and mallard ducks in 12 different age groups during thegrowthperiod. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde 57(3): 113-120.

Bio Acc Proske, U., Kolb, E., Nestler, K., <Editors> Anke, M., Groppel, B., Gurtler, H., Grun, M., Lombeck,I., and Schneider, H. J. 1991. iron, copper and zinc content in liver and spleen during growth ofcrossbred cairina (muscovy duck) and pekin ducks. <Document Title>Mengen- UndSpurenelemente. 11. Arbeitstagung,Leipzig, 12./13. Dezember 1991 : 327-334.

FL Proske, U. Leipzig Univ. Germany Veterinaer-Physiologisch-Chemisches Inst., Kolb, E., Klemm, R.,and Salomon, F. V. 1993. the content of iron, copper and zinc in 7 tissues of crossbreed-ducks(muscovy duck x peking duck) and mallard-ducks during the growth in 12 different age groups. <original> der gehalt an eisen, kupfer und zink in 7 geweben von hybridenten (moschusente xpekingente) und von stockenten im verlaufe des wachstums in 12 verschiedenen altersgruppen. Archiv Fuer Gefluegelkunde. V. 57(3) P. 113-120


Mix Pucheu, Sylvie, Coudray, Charles, Tresallet, Nicole, Favier, Alain, and de Leiris, Joeel. effect of dietary antioxidant trace element supply on cardiac tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion in the rat. J.Mol. Cell. Cardiol. (1995) 27(10): 2303-14 .

Rev Pugh, D. G., Elmore, R. G., and Hembree, T. R. 1985. a review of the relationship between mineralnutrition and reproduction in cattle. Bovine Pract. 20: 10-13.

Surv Puky, M. and Oertel, N. 1997. on the protective role of maternal organism in amphibians. Opuscula Zoologica . 29-30: 125-132.

CP Purdy, J. W., Nelson, T. S., and Kirby, L. K. the effect of zinc manganese fluorine and copper ongrowth and the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers. Eleventh Annual Meeting of theSouthern Poultry Science Society. Poult Sci. 69 (Suppl. 1). 1990. 184.

CP Qi, X. and Guy, J. 1994. immunolocalization of manganese and copper/zinc superoxide dismutasesin guinea pig optic nerve. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 35(4): 1514.

Species Qiao, Taisheng, Tang, Huacheng, Liu, Jingxi, and Li, Li. analysis and evaluation of nutrients andproteins in oxya chinensis. Kunchong Zhishi (1992) 29(2): 113-17.

Nutr Querubin, L. J., Alcantara, P. F., and Princesa, A. O. chemical composition of three azolla species (a.caroliniana, a. microphylla and a. pinnata) and feeding value of azolla meal (a. microphylla) in broilerration ii. Philipp. Agric. (1986) 69(4A): 479-90.

Unrel Quin, J. I., Rimington, C., and Roets, G. C. S. 463-478. studies on the photosensitisation of animalsin south africa. viii. the biological formation of phylloerythrin in the digestive tracts of variousdomesticated animals. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci An Indust

In Vit Quintana, C., Olmedilla, A., Antoine, N., and Ollacarizqueta, A. the occurrence of metals aluminumiron nickel copper zinc in the nuclei of animal cells an ultrastructural in-situ x-ray microanalyticalstudy. Biol Cell; 61 (3). 1987. 115-120.

Unrel Quinton, D. A. 1987. beef cattle nutrition and performance on seeded clearcuts in southern interiorbritish columbia. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 67(4): 919-928.

Nut def Rabiansky, P. A., Mcdowell, L. R A, Velasquez-Pereira, J., Wilkinson, N. S., Percival, S. S., Martin,F. G., Bates, D. B., Johnson, A. B., Batra, T. R., and Salgado-Madriz, Erika. 1999. evaluating copperlysine and copper sulfate sources for heifers. Journal of Dairy Science 82(12): 2642-2650.

Abstract Rader, J. I., Jones, J. W., Banks, T. A., and Fox, M. R. S. dietary carbohydrate and growth promotionby cellulose in purified diets for weanling rats. 71st Annual Meeting of the Federation of AmericanSocieties for Experimental Biology, Washington, D.c., Usa, March 29-april 2, 1987. Fed Proc. 46(3). 1987. 756.

CP Rader, J. I., Tao, S. H., Gaston, C. M., Wolnik, K. A., Fricke, F. L., and Fox, M. R. S. 1985. effectsof phytic acid on bioavailability of trace elements in soy or casein-gelatin diets fed to weanling rats. Trace Elem. Man Anim. -- TEMA 5 Proc. Int. Symp., 5th : Meeting Date 1984, 458-60. Editor(s):Mills, C. F.; Bremner, I.; Chesters, J. K. Publisher: CAB, Farnham Royal, Slough, UK.

Abstract Rader, J. I., Wolnik, K. A., Gaston, C. M., Fricke, F. L., and Fox, M. R. S. effects of fiber and biotinon growth and tissue minerals in weanling long evans rats. 68th Annual Meeting of the Federationof American Societies for Experimental Biology, St. Louis, Mo., Usa, Apr. 1-6, 1984 Fed Proc. 43(4). 1984. Abstract 4565.


No Tox Rader, Jeanne I., Hight, Susan C., and Caper, Stephen G. copper depletion in long-evans rats fedinorganic tin. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. (1990) 3(3): 193-202.

FL Radzanowska, G. 1989. effect of lead, copper and selenium on haematological and biochemicalindices of hen's blood. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej We Wroclawiu, Zootechnika.(31): 5-27.

FL Radzanowska, G. Akademia Rolnicza Wroclaw Poland Katedra Genetyki i Ogolnej HodowliZwierzat. 1989. effect of lead, copper and selenium feeding on haematological and biochemicalindices of hen blood. <original> wplyw podawania olowiu, miedzi i selenu na wskaznikihematologiczne i biochemiczne krwi kur. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej We Wroclawiu.Zootechnika. (No. 179) P. 5-27

CP Rahemtulla A(A), Polavarapu, R., Follansbee, M. H., and Nanji, A. A(A). 1997. hepatic antioxidantenzymes in experimental alcoholic liver disease. Laboratory Investigation 76(1): 147A.

Bio Acc RAINBOW, P. S. copper, cadmium and zinc concentrations in oceanic amphipod and euphausiidcrustaceans, as a source of heavy metals to pelagic seabirds. MAR BIOL (BERL); 103 (4). 1989.513-518.

FL Rajcevic, M., Jazbec, I., Levstek, J., and Ilc, T. 1995. nutritional and mineral matters in rations andmetabolic profile ofcows. Krmiva 37(6): 317-322.

FL Rajcevic, M. PS Mercator Ljubljana Slovenia and Jazbec, I. Ljubljana Univ. Slovenia Veterinary Fac. 1995. mineral supply and metabolism profile in cows during summer period. <original> oskrbljenostz mineralnimi elementi in presnovni profil krav v poletnem obdobju. Sodobno Kmetijstvo. V. 28(12)P. 566-569

Unrel Rajendran, K. V. and Janardana, K. P. 1993. studies on the life-cycle of tremiorchis ranarum. Journal of Helminthology 67(2): 95-101.

FL Rakitskii, D. 1973. mineral briquettes enriched with trace elements for weaned piglets. Svinovodstvo (7): 19-21.

Mix Rakova, T. N. and Kondrat'ev, Yu. N. 1978. growth of piglets from sows given a mineralsupplement, and theirresistance to diarrhoea. Veterinariya, Moscow, USSR.(5): 90-92.

FL Rama, R., Jimenez, J., and Planas, J. iron mobilization and plasma ferroxidase factors in chickens.Rev. Esp. Fisiol. (1981) 37(4): 387-94

Aquatic Ramalingam, K. and Indra, D. 2002. copper sulphate (cuso sub(4)) toxicity on tissue phosphatasesactivity and carbohydrates turnover in achatina fulica. Journal of Environmental Biology [j.Environ. Biol.]. Vol. 23, No. 2, Pp. 181-188. Apr 2002. 23(2): 181-188.

FL Rambeck, Walter A. and Kollmer, Willy E. modifying cadmium retention in chickens by dietary supplements. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (1990) 63(1/2): 66-74.

Nutr Rana, S. V. and Kumar, A. 1980. enzymological studies on the liver of rats fed with molybdenumand copper. Toxicol Lett. 6(3): 163-6.

CP Ranawana, S. S. E., Tilakaratne, N., Rajaratna, A. A. J. Veterinary Research Inst. Peradeniya SriLanka, Srikandakumar, A. Peradeniya Univ. Sri Lanka Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Anon. 1982. water metabolism and mineral nutrition in the water buffalo [wallowing]. workshop on waterbuffalo research in sri lanka, november 24-28, 1980. <subtitle> papers presented. P. 83-90. No.


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Unrel Randolph, J. C. a, Cameron, G. N., and McClure, P. A. 1995. nutritional requirements forreproduction in the hispid cotton rat, sigmodon hispidus. Journal of Mammalogy. 76(4): 1113-1126.

Imm Rangachar, T. R. S. and Hedge, V. R. 1974. copper supplementation and antibody production inchicks. Mysore J. Agric. Sci. 8(1): 147-50.

Imm Rangachar, T. R. S., Jayaprakash, and Thimmaiah, K. 1978. immunological responses to copper andzinc supplementation in poultry. Indian Journal of Poultry Science. 13(1): 39-43.

Bio Acc Ranta, W. B. Tomassini F. D. and Nieboer E. 1978. 1978 . elevation of copper and nickel levels inprimaries from black and mallard ducks collected in the sudbury district, ontario. Can. J. Zool. 56: 581-586.

Unrel Rao, G. A. and Larkin, E. C. 1985. inadequate intake by growing rats of essential nutrients fromliquiddiets used for chronic alcohol consumption. Nutrition Research 5(7): 789-795.

Unrel Rao, G. A., Riley, D. E., and Larkin, E. C. 1986. lieber-decarli alcohol diet modification to enhancegrowth in youngrats. Nutrition Research 6(1): 101-105.

Mix Rao, Ghanta N. and Knapka, Joseph J. contaminant and nutrient concentrations of natural ingredient rat and mouse diet used in chemical toxicology studies. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. (1987) 9(2): 329-38.

No Org Rao, P. Udayasekhara. 1987. chemical composition and biological evaluation of debittered anddefatted neem (azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 64(9): 1348-51 .

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Food Rao, P. Udayasekhara. 1991. nutrient composition and biological evaluation of defatted tomato(lycopersicum esculenta) seed cake.Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. (Dordrecht Neth.) 41(1): 101-6

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Mix Reeves, Philip G. and Rossow, Kerry L. 1996. zinc- and/or cadmium-induced intestinalmetallothionein and copper metabolism in adult rats. J. Nutr. Biochem. 7(3): 128-34 .

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FL Regiusne, M. A., Anke, M., and Szenthihalyi, S. 1985. examination of mineral supply of horses. Allattenyesz Takarmanyozas. 34(1): 83-90.

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FL Regiusne Mocsenyi, A. Allattenyesztesi es Takarmanyozasi Kutatokozp. Herceghalom Hungary. 1991. the degree of supply of zinc, manganese, copper, molybdenum, nickel and cadmium at cattle,sheep and horse. 5th publication. the degree of nickel supply. <original> a szarvasmarha, a juh es a locink-, mangan-, rez-, molibden-, nikkel- es kadmium-ellatottsaga. 5. kozlemeny. a nikkel-ellatottsag. Allattenyesztes Es Takarmanyozas. V. 40(2) P. 151-162

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FL Reichlmayr-Lais, Anna M. and Kirchgessner, M. effects of increasing alimentary iron supplies on theapparent digestibilities of iron, copper, zinc, and manganese and on liver and carcass contents. J.Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (1992) 67(2): 67-73.

FL Reichlmayr-Leis, Anna M., Taubmann, Heike, and Kirchgessner, M. platinum retention in liver andkidneys of lactating rats after alimentary application of ptcl2 and ptcl4. Agribiol. Res. (1994) 47(3/4): 266-72.

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Rev Richards, M. P. 1989. recent developments in trace element metabolism and function role ofmetallothionein in copper and zinc metabolism. Journal of Nutrition. 119(7): 1062-1070.

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No Dose Richards, M. P. and Weinland, B. T. 1985. hepatic zinc, copper, and iron in the developing turkeyembryo and newly hatched poult. Biological Trace Element Research 7(4): 269-284.

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In Vit Richards, Mark P. long-term shell-less culture of turkey embryos. Poult. Sci. (1982) 61(10): 2089-96.

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Unrel Ritter, S. and Dinh, T. T. 1988. capsaicin-induced neuronal degeneration: silver impregnation of cellbodies, axons, and terminals in the central nervous system of the adult rat. Journal of ComparativeNeurology 271(1): 79-90.

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Surv Rose, G. A. and Parker, G. H. 1983. metal content of body tissues, diet items and dung of ruffedgrouse (bonasa umbellus) near the copper-nickel smelters at sudbury, ontario, canada.: effect ofsmelter emissions on metal levels in the plumage of ruffed grouse (bonasa umbellus) near sudbury,ontario, canada. Can J Zool. 61(3): 505-511.

Bio Acc Rose, George A. and Parker, G. H. effects of smelter emissions on metal levels in the plumage ofruffed grouse near sudbury, ontario, canada. Can. J. Zool. (1982) 60(11): 2659-67.

Bio Acc Rose, George A. and Parker, G. H. metal content of body tissues, diet items, and dung of ruffedgrouse near the copper-nickel smelters at sudbury, ont. Can. J. Zool. (1983) 61(3): 505-11

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Nutr Roth, F. X. and Kirchgessner, M. 1972. the intake of trace elements (mn, cu, zn, co) by dairy cowsonpastures. Bayerisches Landwirtschaftliches Jahrbuch 49(4): 387-391.

FL Roth, F. X., Windisch, W., and Kirchgessner, M. 1998. mineral metabolism (p, k, ca, mg, zn, mn,cu) of piglets supplied withpotassium diformate (formitm lhs). Agribiological Research 51(2): 177-183.

FL Roth, H. P. and Kirchgessner, M. 1977. the content of zinc, copper, iron, manganese and calcium inbone and liver of zinc depleted and repleted rats. Zentralbl. Veterinaermed. Reihe A 24(3): 177-88.

FL Roth, H. P. and Kirchgessner, M. CS Inst. Tierernahrung der Technischen Freising-WeihenstephanGerman Federal Republic. 1977. contents of zinc, copper, iron, manganese and calcium in bonesandlivers of rats depleted and refed with zinc. Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedizin, A 24(3): 177-188.

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Nutr Rotter, B., Guenter, W., and Boycott, B. R. 1987. effect of dietary animal fat on the incidence ofsudden death syndromein broiler chicks. Nutrition Reports International 36(2): 403-411.

Nutr Rotter, B., Guenter, W., and Boycott, B. R. 1988. sudden death syndrome in broilers: influence ofdietary fats on theincidence and tissue composition. Nutrition Reports International 38(2): 369-380.

Mix Roughead, Z. K., Johnson, L. K., and Hunt, J. R. 1999. dietary copper primarily affects antioxidantcapacity and dietary iron mainly affects iron status in a surface response study of female rats fedvarying concentrations of iron, zinc and copper. J Nutr. 129(7): 1368-76.

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Minseral Rubio, Luis A., Grant, George, Bardocz, Susan, Dewey, Peter, and Pusztai, A. mineral excretion of rats fed on diets containing faba beans (vicia faba l.) or faba bean fractions. Br. J. Nutr. (1992) 67(2): 295-302.

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Not Avail Ruda, M. 1987. the effect of prophylactic administration of vitamin a andmicroelements cu, mn andzn during reproduction in sows. <document title>zeszyty naukowe akademii rolniczej im.hugonakollataja w krakowie, rozprawa habilitacyjna. (118): 80pp.

FL Ruda, M. and Majewski, T. 1991. the influence of trace elements zn, cu, mn and vitamins a, d3, eindiets for gilts on the performance of piglets. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska.Sectio EE Zootechnica 9: 197-202.

FL Ruda, M., Majewski, T., and Waligora, J. influence of vitamins a plus d-3 e and trace elementscopper manganese and zinc on the reproduction of sows in a litter pig sty. MedycynaWeterynaryjna. 44 (2). 1988. 102-106.

FL Ruda, M., Waligora, J., and Majewski, T. Akademia Rolnicza Krakow Poland. 1992. effect of


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FL Rudometkin, Y. S. 1975. activity of enzymes of the respiratory way and concentration of glutathionein the muscular tissue and liver of chickens in the conditions of feeding by salts of copper and zinc.

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FL Rudometskin, Ya. S. 1976. dynamics of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and respiratory enzyme activitiesof the blood of chickens fed copper and zinc salts. Sb. Nauch. Tr. Saratov. S.-Kh. In-t.(77): 92-5.

Unrel Ruff, M. D., <Editors> McDougald, L. R., Joyner, L. P., and Long, P. L. 1986. reasons forinadequate nutrient utilization during avian coccidiosis: areview. 169-185.

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FL Rukhlova, T. 1987. variations in concentrations of zn, cu and mn and their compounds inrumen andduodenal contents of cows fed on a winter diet. <document title>aktual'nye voprosy obmenaveshchestv. materialy 3konferentsii no voprosu fiziologicheskogo obmena veshchestv vorganizmecheloveka i zhivotnykh, 9-11 sept., 1987. 187-188.

FL Rupic, V. 1980. influence of different amounts of copper sulphate in rations on the erythropoiesis offattening pigs. Poljoprivredna Znanstvena Smotra. 53: 523-529.

Nutr Rupic, V., Huskic, L., Krsmanovic, M., and Jergovic, I. 1992. the effect of vitamin-mineral additiveon production results andhaemo-biochemical values in floor- and cage-managed broilers. PraxisVeterinaria (Zagreb) 40(1): 25-44.

Surv Rusanov, E. and Balevska, P. 1968. distribution of orally administered copper in the organs of rats. Izv. Inst. Fiziol., Bulg. Akad. Nauk. 11: 125-30 .

Alt Rutjawate Taharnklaew, Wipha Wiphamaneeroj, and Peerasak Chantara-prateep (ChulalongkornUniv., Bangkok Thailand Faculty of Veterinary Science. 1985. infertility problems in dairy cattles inphra nakhon si ayuthaya province [thailand]. <original> naeothang kan kaekhai panha phasom maititnai khonom thi changwat phra nakhon si ayuthaya. Journal of the Thai Veterinary MedicalAssociation Under Royal Patronage. <Subtitle>Sattawaphate San. V. 36(3) P. 243-268

No COC Ruvalds, I. W. 1986. effect of silicon on the productivity of fattening hens. Spurenelem.-Symp. 5th (Issue New Trace Elements, ): 1227-32. Editor(s): Anke, Manfred. Publisher: Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Jena, Jena, Ger. Dem. Rep..

Nut Def Ryan, T. 1991. trace elements and their role in avian nutrition. Canine Pract. 16(2): 30-35.

Nut def Saari, Jack T. influence of long-term marginal copper deficiency on trace element status and


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Nut def Saari, Jack T. and Medeiros, Denis M. effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on enlarged hearts of copper-deficient rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. (1991) 31(3): 249-63.

Nut def Saari, Jack T., Schuschke, Dale A., and Ackermann, Douglas M. trace elements in humans andcopper-deficient rats experiencing cardiac ventricular rupture. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. (1994) 7(2): 59-67.

Bio Acc Saba, L. and Bialkowski, Z. 1988. changes in the mineral content of the blood serum and hairs ofkidsduring the growth period. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 44(8): 505-508.

Surv Sadiek, A. H., Radwan, M. E., and Sayed, A. S. 1994. field investigations of some blood traceelements in buffalo-calvessuffering from loss of hair and skin lesions. Assiut Veterinary MedicalJournal 32(63): 164-176.

Nutr Saenkova, R. E. and Korotenko, A. P. 1972. effect of synthetic methionine on trace elementmetabolism in pregnantewes. <Document Title>Mikroelementy v Zhivotnovodstve iRasteinievodstve. 27-33.

FL Sahin, K., Guler, T., Sahin, N., Ertas, O. N., and Erkal, N. 1999. the effect of chromium added intobasal diet on serum total protein,urea, triglyceride, cholesterol and serum and tissue chromium,zinc,copper levels in rabbits. Turk Veterinerlik Ve Hayvancilik Dergisi. 23(2): 109-113.

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In Vit Saito, K., Hagiwara, Y., Hasegawa, T., and Ozawa, E. 1982. indispensability of iron for the growthof cultured chick cells. Development Growth & Differentiation. 24(6): 571-580.

No COC Saito, T., Fujimura, M., Itoh, T., and Saito K(A). 1995. effects of various durations of restraint stresson the trace element metabolism in rat brain regions. Trace Elements and Electrolytes 12(2): 89-94.

CP Saito, T. and Saito, K. 1995. age-related changes in trace element concentrations in 7 brain regionsof long-evans cinnamon (lec) rats with hereditary abnormal copper metabolism. Journal ofNeurochemistry 65(SUPPL.): S61.

Alt Saito Takeshi(A), Itoh Toshihiro, Fujimara Morihiro, and Saito Kazuo. 1995. age-dependent andregion-specific differences in the distribution of trace elements in 7 brain regions of long-evanscinnamon (lec) rats with hereditary abnormal copper metabolism. Brain Research 695(2): 240-244.

FL Sak, Zh. M. and Gukov, F. D. morphological changes of the rabbit intestine neural apparatus underthe influence of some trace elements. Biol. Akt. Veshchestva Zhizni Rast. Zhivotn. (1973) 171-2. Editor: 171-2. Editor(s): Brysov, N. S.; Kudryavtsev, G. P. Publisher: Izd. "Vysheishaya Shkola",Minsk, USSR.


Alt Sakurai, H., Fukudome, A., Tawa, R., Kito, M., Takeshima, S., Kimura, M., Otaki, N., Nakajima, K.,Hagino, T., and et al. unusual accumulation of copper related to induction of metallothionein in theliver of lec rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1992) 184(3): 1393-7 .

Meth Sakurai, Hiromu, Nakajima, Katsuyuki, Kamada, Hiroko, Satoh, Hiromi, Otaki, Noriko, Kimura,Masami, Kawano, Kazuya, and Hagino, Takuroh. copper-metallothionein distribution in the liver oflong-evans cinnamon rats : studies on immunohistochemical staining, metal determination, gelfiltration and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1993) 192(2): 893-8.

Alt Sakurai, Hiromu, Tsuji, Akihiro, Sano, Yoshiyuki, Masuyama, Nobuyuki, Asano, Hidetoshi , Suzuki,Keiji, and Nakajima, Katsuyuki. dietary copper (cu)- and age-dependent changes of cu-metallothionein in relation to the level of nitric oxide (no) in the liver of lec (long-evans cinnamon) rats. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. (1997) 10(2): 89-100 .

Unrel Sakurai, Jun, Fujii, Yoshio, and Nagahama, Masahiro. effect of p-chloromercuribenzoate onclostridium perfringens beta toxin. Toxicon (1992) 30(3): 323-30.

Nutr Salami, S. J., Martins, C. M. O. A., and Ukoha, A. I. assessment of some nigerian poultry feeds inrelation to their nutritive value. Biokemistri (1996) 6(2): 61-71.

FL Salantiu, D., Popa, O., Bogdan, A. T., Babiuc, C., and Cristea, C. 1981. studies on the improvementof semen characters in bulls followingdietary supplements of zinc, copper and manganese. <document title>simpozionul ameliorarea, tehnologia si patologiarumegatoarelor. lucrarile sectiei deameliorare si tehnologie decrestere la rumegatoare. cluj-napoca, 29-30 mai 1981. 105-113.

FL Salantiu, D., Popa, O., Patrascu, M., Babiuc C., Kadar, L., and Bohm, B. 1980. the concentration ofsome minerals in the feed, blood and semen ofbulls. <document title>lucrarile simpozionuluireproductia si patologiareproductiei in cresterea intensiva a animalelor, bucuresti 8-9decembrie 1978. 140-144.

Gene Saleha Banu, B., Ishaq, Mohd., Danadevi, K., Padmavathi, P., and Ahuja, Y. R. 2004. dna damage inleukocytes of mice treated with copper sulfate. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 42(12): 1931-1936.

No Oral Salem, Harry Aberdeen Proving Ground MD and Katz, Sidney A. Rutgers Univ Camden NJ. speciation, bioavailability, and systemic distribution of chromium from. Sci Total Environ. V86,N1-2, P59(6)

Mix Salih, Y., Mcdowell, L. R., Hentges, J. F., Mason, R. M. Jr, and Wilcox, C. J. mineral content of milkcolostrum and serum as affected by physiological state and mineral supplementation. Journal ofDairy Science. 70 (3). 1987. 608-612.

Abstract Salii, N. S. effect of diets with various copper and manganese contents on the vitamin a and cbiosynthesis and on the ceruloplasmin activity. Gig. Toksikol. (1967) 54-6 From: Ref. Zh. Biol.Khim. 1968, Abstr. No. 9F1754.

Surv Salisbury, C. D. C., Chan, W., and Saschenbrecker, P. W. 1991. multi-element concentrations inliver and kidney tissues from five species of canadian slaughter animals. J Assoc off Anal Chem. 74(4): 587-591.

BioX Saloma, A. E., Creger, C., and Couch, J. R. 1970. the intermittent feeding of antibacterial and/orantifungal agents to laying hens. Brit. Poultry Sci. 11(3): 281-9.


HHE Saltman, P. 1983. trace elements and blood pressure. Ann Intern Med. 98(5 Pt 2): 823-7.

Minseral Saltman, P. D. and Strause, L. G. 1993. the role of trace minerals in osteoporosis. Journal of theAmerican College of Nutrition 12(4): 384-9.

Drug Salyanik, V. U. and Salyanik, A. U. 1995. effect of fumaric acid, vitamin c and dipromonium onbiochemical stateand productivity of sows. Vestsi Akademii Agrarnykh Navuk Belarusi (1): 62-66,125.

Mineral Samanta, A. K., Sarkar, S., Bose, S., Duttagupta, R., Senapati, P. K., and Bhowmik, M. K. 1995. influence of macro and micro minerals on anaemia related to productionand reproduction of grazingcattle. Indian Veterinary Journal 72(10): 1031-1034.

Mix Samoggia, G. 1987. effect of copper on the productive performance of meat rabbits. Rivista DiConiglicoltura. 24(10): 41-43.

Unrel Samuelson, D. A., Armstrong, D., and Jolly, R. x-ray microprobe analysis of the retina and rpe insheep with ovine ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Neurobiology of Aging. 11 (6). 1990. 663-668.

No Oral Sanchez, D. J., Colomina, M. T., Domingo, J. L., Llobet, J. M., and Corbella, J. developmental toxicity of cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (cdta) in mice. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol.Pharmacol. (1994) 83(3): 329-40.

Lead Shot Sanderson, G. C., Anderson, W. L., Foley, G. L., Skowron, L. M., Brawn, J. D., and Seets, J. W. acute toxicity of ingested bismuth alloy shot in game-farm mallards. Illinois Natural History SurveyBulletin; 35 (3-4). 1997. 183-215.

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Fate Sandstead, H. H., Burk, R. F., Booth, G. H. Jr., and Darby, W. J. 1970. current concepts on traceminerals. clinical considerations. Med Clin North Am. 54(6): 1509-31.

Unrel Sangha, G. K(A), Sharma, R. K., and Guraya, S. S(A). 1993. distribution of trace elements in bloodand ovary during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy in house rat. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 63(2): 142-145.

FL Sanhueza F, Javier. 1991. [determination of the serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, manganese,zinc and copper at peripartum in holstein friesian cows in los angeles zone]. <original> determinacionde los niveles sericos de calcio, fosforo, manganeso, zinc y cobre en el periparto de vacas holsteinfriesian en la zona de los angeles. 62 P.

No Oral Sankoh, F. A. R. and Boila, R. J. 1987. injectable copper and zinc for grazing yearling steers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67(4): 1033-1041.

Bio Acc Sanpera, C., Morera, M., Crespo, S., Ruiz, X., and Jover, L. 1997. trace elements in clutches ofyellow-legged gulls, larus cachinnans, from the medes islands, spain. Bulletin of EnvironmentalContamination and Toxicology 59(5): 757-762.

In Vit Santamaria, A., Flores-Escartin, A., Martinez, J. C., Osorio, L., Galvan-Arzate, S., Chaverri, J. P.,Maldonado, P. D., Medina-Campos, O. N., Jimenez-Capdeville, M. E., Manjarrez, J., and Rios, C. 2003. copper blocks quinolinic acid neurotoxicity in rats: contribution of antioxidant systems. FreeRadical Biology & Medicine, 2003 Aug 15, 35(4):418-27.


CP Sappington, S. R., Calhoun, M. C., and Engdahl, G. R. 1987. effect of ionophores on copperaccumulation in sheep. 79th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Animal Science (SouthernSection) Nashville, Tennessee, USA, February 1-4, 1987. J Anim Sci. 65(SUPPL. 1): 26-27.

Nutr Sara, A., Dumitrescu, I., Bogdan, A. T., Angi, E., <Editors> Salajan, G., Petre, A., Man, C., Bud, I.,and Muresan, G. 1990. effect of supplementing the diet with trace elements on thyroidactivity inbreeding rams. <document title>actualitati si perspective in zootehnie. 126-131.

No Control Sara, A., Salajan, G., Mierlita, D., and Odagiu, A. 1995. biochemical researches upon somemicroelements from rams testicular parenchyme which received in diet zinc, copper and manganesesupplements. Buletinul Universitatii De Stiinte Agricole Cluj-Napoca Seria Zootehnie Si MedicinaVeterinara. 49: 103-106.

FL Sara, A., Salajan, G., Mierlita, D., and Odagiu Antonia. 1995. researches concerning somemicroelements content of forages and spermatic yield in a i rams. Buletinul Universitatii De StiinteAgricole Cluj-Napoca Seria Zootehnie Si Medicina Veterinara 49(0): 99-102.

No Dose Sargison, N. D., Scott, P. R., Penny, C. D., and Pirie, R. S. 1994. polioencephalomalacia associatedwith chronic copper poisoning in a suffolk ram lamb. Veterinary Record. 135(23): 556-557.

Acute Sargison, N. D. K. J. Stafford and D. M. West. 1999.Fluoroscopic Studies of the Stimulatory Effectsof Copper Sulphate and Cobalt Sulphate on the Oesophageal Groove of Sheep Small RuminantResearch. 32: 61-67.

CP Sarkar, B. 1988. metal-protein interactions in transport accumulation and excretion of metals. FirstInternational Meeting on Molecular Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity and Carcinogenicity

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Ecol Sarode, D. B., Dakshinkar, N. P., Rode, A. M., Shrikhande, G. B., and Meshram, M. D. 1999. management of helminthic infections of rural cattle. Indian Veterinary Journal 76(1): 13-16.

Nut def Sarraga, C. and Regueiro, J. A. Garcia. membrane lipid oxidation and proteolytic activity in thighmuscles from broilers fed different diets. Meat Sci. (1999) 52(2): 213-219

FL Sasaki, K. 1971. histological changes of the liver in ecks fistula dogs following copperadministration with special reference to hepatic coma. Hokkaido J Med Sci. 46(2): 101-112.

Bio Acc Sasimowski, E., Budzynski, M., Lipecka, C., Moczybroda, J., and Kapron, M. chemical compositionof the hoof shoe of thoroughbred and cold-blooded horses entered in the polish pedigree books. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych Seria B Zootechniczna. 103 (1). 1987. 131-147.

FL Sasimowski, W., Budzynski, M., Lipecka, C., Moczybroda, J., and Kapron, M. Akademia RolniczaLublin Poland Inst. Hodowli i Technologii Produkcji Zwierzecej. 1987. chemical composition ofhoof shoe of warm- and cold-blooded horses entered the polish stud books. <original> skladchemiczny puszki kopytowej koni szlachetnych i zimnokrwistych zapisanych do polskich ksiagstadnych. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych. Seria B - Zootechniczna. <Subtitle>Polish AgriculturalAnnual. Series B - Animal Science. V. 103(1) P. 131-147

Alt Sato, S., Shimizu, M., Hosokawa, T., Saito, T., Okabe, M., Niioka, T., and Kurasaki, M. 2000. distribution of zinc-binding metallothionein in cirrhotic liver of rats administered zinc. Pharmacology & Toxicology, 2000 Dec, 87(6):292-6.


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FL Sawada H^Hara A^Kido A^Fukumoto M. studies on metabolism of bromazepam part 4hydroxylation of 2-2 amino-5-bromobenzoyl pyridine by liver microsomal enzymes. YakugakuZasshi. 94 (8). 1974 991-997.

An Prod Sawal, R. K., Bhatia, D. R., Bhasin, V., and Malhi, R. S. 1996. wool attributes and nutrientutilization as affected by mineral supplementation in sheep. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 13(2): 83-86.

Alt Saxena, K. K. and Ranjhan, S. K. 1978. effect of cobalt and copper supplementation separately andin combination on the digestibility of organic nutrients and mineral balances in hariana calves. Indian J Anim Sci. 48(8): 566-571.

Phys Saxena, K. K., Srivastava, R. V. N., Srivastava, S. K., and Ranjhan, S. K. 1980. effect of cobalt andcopper supplementation on the ruminal volatilefatty acids concentration and microbial population inhariana calves. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 50(6): 471-475.

No Org Sayato, Y., Nakamuro, K., Ueno, H., and Goto, R. identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsin mutagenic adsorbates to a copper-phthalocyanine derivative recovered from municipal river water. Mutat-Res; VOL 300, ISS 3-4, 1993, P207-13.

CP Saylor, W. W. and Downer, J. V. alterations in hepatic copper and zinc distribution in the developingchick. 71st Annual Meeting of the Poultry Science Association, Inc. Poult Sci. 61 (7). 1982. 1538-1539.

No COC Saylor, William W. and Downer, Judith V. copper and zinc distribution in the liver and oviduct ofestrogen- and testosterone-treated hens ( gallus domesticus ). Nutr. Res. (N. Y.) (1986) 6(2): 181-90.

No COC Scharp, D. W. 1979. effect of adding superphosphate to the drinking water on the fertilityof dairycows. Australian Veterinary Journal 55(5): 240-243.

Alt Schedl, H. P., Failla, M. L., and Wilson, H. D. 1986. zinc, copper and manganese levels in tissues ofthe spontaneously hypertensive rat. Nutrition Research. 6(10): 1201-1209.

BioAcc Schee, W. van der, Assem, G. H. van den, and Berg, R. van der. 1983. breed differences in sheepwith respect to the interaction between zincand the accumulation of copper in the liver. VeterinaryQuarterly 5(4): 171-174.

Unrel Scheuhammer, A. M. and Dickson, K. M. 1996. patterns of environmental lead exposure inwaterfowl in eastern Canada. Ambio. 25(1): 14-20.

Bio Acc Scheuhammer, A. M. and Templeton, D. M. 1990. metallothionein production: similarresponsiveness of avian liver and kidney to chronic cadmium administration. Toxicology. 60(1-2): 151-160.


Unrel Schleger, A. V. 1970. histo pathology of melanotic sheep liver part 1 histology and non-enzymatichistochemistry . Aust Vet j. 46(2 ): 48-54.

Surv Schlesinger W and Potter G. 1974. lead, copper, and cadmium concentrations in small mammals inthe hubbard brook experimental forest. Oikos. 25: 148-152.

Drug Schlorff, E. C., Husain, K., and Somani, S. M(A). 1999. dose and time dependent effects of ethanolon antioxidant system in rat testes. Alcohol 18(2-3): 203-214.

Unrel Schmalz, G. and Eurich, K. biological and physical study on a new alloy for the preparation of a.gamma.2-free amalgam. Dtsch. Zahnaerztl. Z. (1979) 34(12): 880-4

Bact Schneegurt, Mark A., Arieli, Boaz, McKeehen, John D., Stephens, Steven D., Nielsen, S. Suzanne,Saha, Puspa R., Trumbo, Paula R., and Sherman, Louis A. compositional and toxicologicalevaluation of the diazotrophic cyanobacterium, cyanothece sp. strain atcc 51142. Aquaculture(1995) Volume Date 1995, 134(3,4): 339-49 .

FL Schnegg, A. and Kirchgessner, M. interaction of nickel with iron, copper and zinc. Arch.Tierernaehr. (1976) 26(8): 543-9

FL Schnegg, A and Kirchgessner, M. zur interaktion von nickel mit eisen, kupfer und zink; interaction ofnickel with iron, copper and zinc [as an essential element in the growth of rats]. Arch Tierernahr Aug 1976 26 (8): 543-549. Eng. sum.

Mix Schoene, F., Jahreis, G., and Meixner, B. 1989. feeding of broilers with rapeseed cake treated withcopper ions with reference to the iodine supply. effect on growth and thyroid hormone status. Nahrung. 33(2): 221-3.

FL Schoene, F. Leipzig Univ. Jena Germany Wissenschaftsbereich Tierernaehrungschemie, Gruen, M.,Kronemann, H., Winnefeld, K., Hennig, A., Anke, M., Groppel, B., Guertler, H., Gruen, M.,Lombeck, I., and Schneider, H. J. 1991. assessment of rapeseed meal with different glucosinolatecontents in growing pigs taking into consideration the iodine supply, 2: zn, fe and mn status as well asfurther biochemical parameters. <original> bewertung von rapsextraktionsschrot mitunterschiedlichem glucosinolatanteil an wachsenden schweinen unter beruecksichtigung derjodversorgung, 2: status des fe, mn, cu und zn sowie weitere biochemische parameter. [macro andtrace elements]. <original> mengen- und spurenelemente. P. 510-516

Unrel Schoenherr, W. D. and Jewell, D. E. 1997. nutritional modification of inflammatory diseases. Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim). 12(3): 212-22.

FL Scholz, H. 1976. cu content in organs of veal calves during and after manifest excess of dietary cu. DTW (DTSCH Tieraerztl Wochenschr). 83(2): 61-62.

Not Avail Schone, F., Geinitz, D., Groppel, B., Grun, M., and Ludke, H. 1989. trace element and vitamin astatus of growing pigs fed a rapeseed mealdiet varying in the glucosinolate and iodine content. 777-785.

Not Avail Schone, F., Jahreis, G., and Meixner, B. 1989. feeding copper-treated rapeseed meal to broilers byconsidering supplyof iodine - influence on growth and thyroid hormone status. Nahrung. 33(2): 221-223.

No COC Schone, F., Winnefeld, K., Kirchner, E., Grun, M., Ludke, H., and Hennig, A. 1990. copper andiodine in pig diets with high glucosinolate rapeseed meal.3. treatment of rapeseed meal with copper,and the effect of iodinesupplementation on trace element status and some related blood


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HHE Schor, R. A., Prussin, S. G., Jewett, D. L., Ludowieg, J. J., and Bhatnagar, R. S. trace levels ofmanganese, copper, and zinc in rib cartilage as related to age in humans and animals, both normal anddwarfed. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. (1973) : 93, 346-55..

Nut def Schottler, J. H., Boromana, A., and Williams, W. T. 1977. comparative performance of cattle andbuffalo on the sepik plains papua new-guinea. Aust J Exp Agric Anim Husb. 17(87): 550-554.

Bio Acc Schroeder, H. A. and Nason, A. P. 1976. interactions of trace metals in mouse and rat tissues; zinc,chromium, copper, and manganese with 13 other elements. J Nutr. 106(2): 198-203.

Mix Schroeder, H. A. and Nason, A. P. 1974. interactions of trace metals in rat tissues. cadmium andnickel withzinc, chromium, copper, manganese. Journal of Nutrition 104(2): 167-178.

No COC Schroeder, H. A., Nason, A. P., and Balassa, J. J. 1967. trace metals in rat tissues as influenced bycalcium in water. Journal of Nutrition 93(3): 331-6.

HHE Schroeder, H. A. and Tipton, I. H. 965-1978. the human body burden of lead. Arch. Environ.Health; 17(6)

Fate Schryver, H. F., Millis, D. L., Soderholm, L. V., Williams, J., and Hintz, H. F. 1986. metabolism ofsome essential minerals in ponies fed high levels of Aluminum. Cornell Vet. 76(4): 354-360.

FL Schwarz, F. J. and Kirchgessner, M. 1979. copper, zinc, iron and manganese levels in serum, boneand liver after copper depletion. Zentralbl. Veterinaermed. Reihe A 26(6): 493-6

CP Schwarz, F. J., Stangl, G. I., and Kirchgessner, M. 1998. growth and feed intake of beef cattle fedmaize silage based rations without cu, zn, mn, co, and se supplementation. <original> wachstum undfutteraufnahme von jungbullen bei einsatz maissilagereicher rationen mit fehlender cu-, zn-, mn-, co-und se-ergaenzung. <original> proceedings of the society of nutrition physiology berichte dergesellschaft fuer ernaehrungsphysiologie. P. 64. No. 7

FL Scuka, M. and D'angelo, M. 1970. effects of copper sulfate on the chick embryo. Boll Soc Ital BiolSper. 46: 80-81.

CP Seaborn, C. D(A) and Nielsen, F. H. 1996. dietary silicon affects some collagen synthesizingenzymes in rats. FASEB Journal 10(3): A784.

Nutr Seaborn, Carol D., Cheng, Nancy, Adeleye, Bernice, Owens, Fred, and Stoecker, Barbara J. chromium and chronic ascorbic acid depletion effects on tissue ascorbate, manganese, and 14cretention from 14c-ascorbate in guinea pigs. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. (1994) 41(3): 279-94 .

Mineral Seaborn, Carol D., Mitchell, Earl D., and Stoecker, Barbara J. 1993. vanadium and ascorbate effectson 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase, cholesterol and tissue minerals in guinea pigs fed low-chromium diets. Magnesium Trace Elem. (1993) Volume Date 1992, 10(5-6): 327-38 .

Mineral Seaborn, Carol D. and Nielsen, Forrest H. boron and silicon: effects on growth , plasma lipids,urinary cyclic amp and bone and brain mineral composition of male rats. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.(1994) 13(6): 941-7

No COC Seaborn, Carol D. and Nielsen, Forrest H. effects of germanium and silicon on bone mineralization . Biol. Trace Elem. Res. (1994) 42(2): 151-64


Nutr Sebastian, S., Touchburn, S. P., Chavez, E. R., and Lague, P. C. 1996. the effects of supplementalmicrobial phytase on the performance and utilization of dietary calcium, phosphorus, copper, andzinc in broiler chickens fed corn-soybean diets. Poult. Sci. 75(6): 729-736 .

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CP Suttle, N., Wright, C., MacPherson, A., Harkess, R., Halliday, G., Miller, K., Phillips, P., and Evans,C. 1986. how important are trace element deficiencies in lambs on improved hill pastures inscotland. Proceedings Sixth International Conference on Production Disease in Farm Animals,September 1986, Belfast, UK : 100-103.

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1145| PY- 1979| VO- 42| IS- 1 : 89-96| LA- English| DT- Journal article| AB-

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CP Suttle, N. F. and Field, A. C. effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus concentrations on the fecalexcretion of copper manganese and zinc in sheep. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 29 (2).1970 33a-34a

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FL Sviatko, P. Slovac Academy of Sciences Kosice Slovak Republic Inst. of Animal Physiology,Chandogova, E., Federic, F., Hiscakova, M., Anke, M., Groppel, B., Guertler, H., Gruen, M.,Lanbeck, I., and Schneider, H. J. 1992. modification of microelement nutrition of dairy cows and itsrelation to production and reproduction. macro and trace elements. P. 26-40

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FL Syanchyla, R. A. and Syamenau, V. I. 1987. effect of trace elements on productivity in sows. Vestsi Akademii Navuk BSSR, Sel'Skagaspadarchykh Navuk (3): 99-108, 128.

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Unrel Symonds, H. W., Mather, D. L., and Hall, E. D. 1982. surgical procedure for modifying theduodenum in cattle to measure bileflow and the diurnal variation in biliary manganese, iron, copperandzinc excretion. Research in Veterinary Science 32(1): 6-11.

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Bio Acc Szefer, P. and Falandysz, J. 1987. trace metals in the soft tissues of scaup ducks (aythya marila l.)wintering in gdansk bay, baltic sea . Sci Total Environ. 65: 203-213.

Dead Szeleszczuk, P., Borzemska, W., and Gozlinski, H. 1989. cation content of the fetal fluids of deadchick embryos from hensnaturally infected with adenoviruses. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 45(9-10): 535-537.

FL Szeleszczuk, P., Borzemska, W., and Gozlinski, H. Szkola Glowna Gospodarstwa WiejskiegoAkademia Rolnicza Warszawa Poland Katedra Epizootiologii. 1989. concentration of cations infoetal fluids of dead chicken embryos originating from mothers naturally infected with adenoviruses. <original> zawartosc kationow w plynach plodowych zamarlych zarodkow kurzych pochodzacych odniosek naturalnie zakazonych adenowirusami. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. V. 45(9-10) P. 535-537


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Rev Task Group Metal Interact, Int. 1978. factors influencing metabolism and toxicity of metals aconsensus report. Environ Health Perspect. 25: 3-41.

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Nutr Thompson, S. A. and Weber, C. W. 1981. effect of dietary fiber sources on tissue mineral levels inchicks. Poultry Science 60(4): 840-5.

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CP Tiffany, M. E., Mcdowell, L. R., Connor, G. A. O., Nguyen, H., Martin, F. G., Wilkinson, N. S., andCardoso, E. C. 1999. effects of pasture applied biosolids on forage and soil mineral concentrations innorth florida. Meeting of the American Society of Animal Science

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FL Tykina, L. V. and Malakhov, A. G. age-related changes of liver extract trace element (copper, zinc,and iron) levels in hens. Sb. Nauch. Tr. Mosk. Vet. Akad. (1979) (106): 35-7 From: Ref. Zh., Biol.Khim. 1980, Abstr. No. 5Ts63.

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Nut def Uthus, Eric and Poellot, Rhonda. effect of methionine deficiency on arsenic deprivation in rats :growth , blood parameters, organ weight/body weight ratios, and tissue trace element concentration. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. (1992) 5(3): 153-64.

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Alt Zhang, Shantong, Cui, Kewei, Cao, Shouwei, Li, Jingcun, Lu, Fanghong, Wu, Jianmei, Wu, Licun,Zhang, Jie, Yang, Xiaochun, and Zhang, Jianhua. influence of experimental atherosclerosis on serumcopper, zinc, chromium, manganese, and selenium. Yingyang Xuebao (1989) 11(4): 344-9.

FL Zhang, W. R. 1986. effects of high level of copper feeding on plasma trace element concentration andenzyme activities. Chinese Journal of Animal Science.(4): 5-7.

Nut def Zhang YiYian, Liu XueWen, He ShengHu, Zhang XueJun, Ma YuanZheng, Huang XiaoXing, YunChao, Wang JianHua, Hou RangMin, and Wang LiXin. 1994. relationship between se and ideficiency and infertility or abortion ingoats. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology 24(5): 14-15.

Mix Zhao, X. H., Li, D. F., Tian, F., Yang, H. C., and Yang, T. B. 1999. effect of high level of zinc andcopper on piglet growth performance, immune response and blood antioxidative enzyme activities inblood. Journal of China Agricultural University. 4(1): 91-96.

Meth Zhao, Z., Malik, A., Lee, M. L., and Watt, G. D. a capillary electrophoresis method for studying apo,holo, recombinant, and subunit dissociated ferritins. Anal. Biochem. (1994) 218(1): 47-54.

Mix Zharkina, T. A. 1979. effect of mineral premix on protein spectrum of blood plasma in pigs. SbornikTrudov, Belorusskii Nauchno-Issledovatel'Skii Institut Zhivotnovodstva (20): 84-86.

FL Zharova, E. P. 1970. age dynamics of the levels of copper, zinc, manganese, and cobalt in the musclesof white russian chickens. Timiryazev. Sel'Skokhoz. Akad : No. 157, 247-50 .

FL Zherebtsov, P. I., Shevelev, N. S., and Susova, N. I. 1973. changes in blood morphology andbiochemistry of cattle on rations withdifferent cobalt, copper, manganese and zinc contents. IzvestiyaTimiryazevskoi Sel'Skokhozyaistvennoi Akademii (2): 154-163.

Gene Zhizhina, G. P. and Blyukhterova, N. V. 1997. effect of metal ions and xenobiotics on endogenousoxidation of dna. Biochemistry . 62(1): 88-94.

Mix Zhou, M., Li, X. Q., and Ding, Y. S. 1998. effect of iron and zinc levels in diet containing super-dosage copperon blood parameters and productive performance of swine. Chinese Journal ofVeterinary Science. 18(4): 407-409.

FL Zhou, M. R., Wang, J. F., Wang, Z. Y., and Shao, K. M. 1993. study on the effect of copper, zinc,manganese and selenium on growthperformance and some blood physiological and biochemicalparameters inbroiler chicks. Acta Veterinaria Et Zootechnica Sinica 24(5): 412-422.

Mix Zhou, M. R., Wang, J. F., Wang, Z. Y., Shao, K. M., Abdallah, A. G., Harms, R. H., Wilson, H. R.,and El-Husseiny, O. 1993. study on the effect of copper, zinc, manganese and selenium on growthperformance and some blood physiological and biochemical parameters in broiler chicks.: effect ofremoving trace minerals from the diet of hens laying eggs with heavy or light shell weight. ActaVeterinaria Et Zootechnica Sinica. 24(5): 412-422.

Not Avail Zhou Ming and Li Xiangqiong (Anhui Agricultural Univ., Hefei China Dept. of Animal Science. 1996. effect of dietary copper levels on biological value of iron and zinc. Journal of AnhuiAgricultural University. V. 23(2) P. 137-140

FL Zhou Mingrong . 1993. study on the effect of copper, zinc, manganese and selenium on growthperformance and some blood physiological and biochemical parameters of broiler chicks. ActaVeterinaria Et Zootechnica Sinica. 24(5): 412-422.


Mix Zhou, W., Swinkels, J. W. G. M., Risley, C. R., and Kornegay, E. T. 1992. ability of cobalt to reducecopper deposition in selected tissues of weanling pigs fed growth promoting level of copper. AnimalScience Research Report, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.(10): 44-46.

Minseral Zhu, Zongjian, Kimura, Mieko, and Itokawa, Yoshinori. mineral status in selenium-deficient rats compared to selenium-sufficient rats fed vitamin-free casein-based or torula yeast-based diet. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. (1993) 37(2-3): 219-3.

Unrel Zhumatov, U. Zh. 1996. elementary compositions of the fruits of morus nigra and zizyphusjujuba andtheir biological activities. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 32(1): 100-101.

FL Zicarelli, L., Macri, A., Vittoria, A., Padula, P., Costantini, S., Rania, V., and Giordano, R. 1981. copper poisoning in buffalo calves. Rivista Di Zootecnia e Veterinaria. 9(4): 246-251.

No COC Zidenberg-Cherr, S., Keen, C. L., Lonnerdal, B., and Hurley, L. S. 1983. dietary superoxidedismutase does not affect tissue levels. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 37(1): 5-7.

Unrel Zidenberg-Cherr, Sheri, Benak, Peggy A., Hurley, Lucille S., and Keen, Carl L. altered mineralmetabolism: a mechanism underlying the fetal alcohol syndrome in rats.Drug-Nutr. Interact. (1988) 5(4): 257-74

Nut def Zidenberg-Cherr, Sheri, Han, Bin, Dubick, Michael A., and Keen, Carl L. influence of dietary -induced copper and manganese deficiency on ozone-induced changes in lung and liver antioxidantsystems. Toxicol. Lett. (1991) 57(1): 81-90.

Nut def Zidenberg-Cherr, Sheri, Keen, Carl L., Casey, Sharon M., and Hurley, Lucille S. developmental changes affected by manganese deficiency. manganese-superoxide dismutase, copper-zinc-superoxidedismutase, manganese, copper, iron and zinc in mouse tissues. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. (1985) 7(4): 209-22 .

Mix Zikic, R. V., Stajn, A. S., Ognjanovic, B. I., Saicic, Z. S., Kostic, M. M., Pavlovic, S. Z., and Petrovic,V. M. 1998. the effect of cadmium and selenium on the antioxidant enzyme activities in rat heart. JEnviron Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 17(3-4): 259-64.

FL Zilincar, J., Bystrica, B., Zvada, P., Kubin, D., and Hell, P. 1992. the presence of heavy metals inbrown bears in the west carpathian Mountains. Z Jagdwiss. 38(4): 235-243.

CP Zimmerer, J., Volm, M., Wayss, K., and Wesch, H. 1971. influence of tumor growth on the copperand manganese levels in organs of host animals. investigations with the help of neutron activationanalysis. Aktuel. Probl. Geb. Cancerol. Heidelberg. Symp., 3rd : Meeting Date 1970, 119-23. Editor(s): Lettre, H. Publisher: Springer, Berlin, Ger.

Unrel Zimmermann Nickolas G and Douglass Larry. 1998. a survey of drinking water quality and it' effectsof broiler growth performance on delmarva. Poultry Science 77(SUPPL. 1): 121.

No Oral Zipper, J., Medel, M., and Prager, R. 1969. suppression of fertility by intrauterine copper and zinc inrabbits. a new approach to intrauterine contraception. American Journal of Obstetrics andGynecology 105(4): 529-34.

CP Zipper, J., Mendel, M., and Prager, R. 1970. experimental suppression of fertility by intrauterinecopper and zinc in rabbits. Proc. World Congr. Fert. Steril. 6th. Meeting Date 1968, 380-5Publisher: Isr. Acad. Sci. Humanities, Jerusalem, Israel.

No Oral Zissu, D., Cavelier, C., and De Ceaurriz, J. 1987. experimental sensitization of guinea-pigs to nickel


and patch testing with metal samples. Food and Chemical Toxicology 25(1): 83-5.

FL Zivkovic, R., Kostic, V., and Velickovic, G. 1972. effect of trace elements (cu, co) on production andreproduction of ewes. Savremena Poljoprivreda. 20(2): 5-12.

Drug Zivkovic, S. and Zlatic, H. 1979. a review of ten years of experience in feed additives in pig diets onlarge-scale farms in yugoslavia. Livestock Production Science. 6(1): 61-66.

FL Zmudzki, J. and Szkoda, J. trace elements content of hen eggs in poland. Bromatologia I ChemiaToksykologiczna; 29 (1). 1996. 55-57.

No COC Zou, J. Y., Martinez, D. B., Neafsey, E. J., and Collins, M. A. binge ethanol-induced brain damage inrats: effect of inhibitors of nitric oxide Synthase. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research; 20(8). 1996. 1406-1411.

FL Zyan'kou, A. S., Zharkina, T. A., and Kozyr, G. S. 1981. free amino acids in the liver of pigs givendiets enriched with traceelement salts. Vestsi Akademii Navuk BSSR, Sel'Skagaspadarchykh Navuk(4): 93-96, 143.

No COC Zylka, C. A., Fontenot, J. P., and Allen, V. G. 1988-1989. digestibility and nitrogen and mineralmetabolism by sheep fed ensiledtall fescue with different levels of endophyte infection. AnimalScience Research Report, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station (8): 92-97.

Literature Rejection CategoriesRejection Criteria Description Receptor

ABSTRACT(Abstract)

Abstracts of journal publications or conferencepresentations.

WildlifePlants and Soil Invertebrates

ACUTE STUDIES(Acu) Single oral dose or exposure duration of three days or less. Wildlife

AIR POLLUTION(Air P) Studies describing the results for air pollution studies. Wildlife

Plants and Soil Invertebrates

ALTERED RECEPTOR(Alt)

Studies that describe the effects of the contaminant onsurgically-altered or chemically-modified receptors (e.g.,right nephrectomy, left renal artery ligature, hormoneimplant, etc.).

Wildlife

AQUATIC STUDIES(Aquatic) Studies that investigate toxicity in aquatic organisms. Wildlife


ANATOMICAL STUDIES(Anat)

Studies of anatomy. Instance where the contaminant isused in physical studies (e.g., silver nitrate staining forhistology).

Wildlife

BACTERIA(Bact) Studies on bacteria or susceptibility to bacterial infection. Wildlife


BIOACCUMULATIONSURVEY (Bio Acc)

Studies reporting the measurement of the concentration ofthe contaminant in tissues.


BIOLOGICAL PRODUCT(BioP)

Studies of biological toxicants, including venoms, fungaltoxins, Bacillus thuringiensis, other plant, animal, ormicrobial extracts or toxins.


BIOMARKER(Biom)

Studies reporting results for a biomarker having noreported association with an adverse effect and anexposure dose (or concentration).

Wildlife

CARCINOGENICITYSTUDIES(Carcin)

Studies that report data only for carcinogenic endpointssuch as tumor induction. Papers that report systemictoxicity data are retained for coding of appropriateendpoints.


CHEMICAL METHODS(Chem Meth)

Studies reporting methods for determination ofcontaminants, purification of chemicals, etc. Studiesdescribing the preparation and analysis of the contaminantin the tissues of the receptor.


CONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS(CP)

Studies reported in conference and symposiumproceedings.


DEAD(Dead)

Studies reporting results for dead organisms. Studiesreporting field mortalities with necropsy data where it isnot possible to establish the dose to the organism.


DISSERTATIONS(Diss)

Dissertations are excluded. However, dissertations areflagged for possible future use. Wildlife

DRUG(Drug)

Studies reporting results for testing of drug and therapeuticeffects and side-effects. Therapeutic drugs includevitamins and minerals. Studies of some minerals may beincluded if there is potential for adverse effects.


DUPLICATE DATA(Dup)

Studies reporting results that are duplicated in a separatepublication. The publication with the earlier year is used.



ECOLOGICALINTERACTIONS(Ecol)

Studies of ecological processes that do not investigateeffects of contaminant exposure (e.g., studies of “silver”fox natural history; studies on ferrets identified in ironsearch).


EFFLUENT (Effl)

Studies reporting effects of effluent, sewage, or pollutedrunoff.


ECOLOGICALLYRELEVANT ENDPOINT(ERE)

Studies reporting a result for endpoints considered asecologically relevant but is not used for deriving Eco-SSLs(e.g., behavior, mortality).


CONTAMINANT FATE/METABOLISM(Fate)

Studies reporting what happens to the contaminant, ratherthan what happens to the organism. Studies describing theintermediary metabolism of the contaminant (e.g.,radioactive tracer studies) without description of adverseeffects.


FOREIGN LANGUAGE(FL) Studies in languages other than English. Wildlife


FOOD STUDIES(Food)

Food science studies conducted to improve production offood for human consumption. Wildlife

FUNGUS(Fungus) Studies on fungus. Wildlife


GENE(Gene)

Studies of genotoxicity (chromosomal aberrations andmutagenicity).


HUMAN HEALTH (HHE) Studies with human subjects. Wildlife


IMMUNOLOGY(IMM)

Studies on the effects of contaminants on immunologicalendpoints.


INVERTEBRATE(Invert)

Studies that investigate the effects of contaminants onterrestrial invertebrates are excluded. Wildlife

IN VITRO(In Vit)

In vitro studies, including exposure of cell cultures,excised tissues and/or excised organs.


LEAD SHOT(Lead shot)

Studies administering lead shot as the exposure form. These studies are labeled separately for possible laterretrieval and review.

Wildlife

MEDIA(Media)

Authors must report that the study was conducted usingnatural or artificial soil. Studies conducted in pore water orany other aqueous phase (e.g., hydroponic solution), filterpaper, petri dishes, manure, organic or histosoils (e.g., peatmuck, humus), are not considered suitable for use indefining soil screening levels.


METHODS(Meth) Studies reporting methods or methods development

without usable toxicity test results for specific endpoints. WildlifePlants and Soil Invertebrates

MINERAL REQUIREMENTS(Mineral)

Studies examining the minerals required for betterproduction of animals for human consumption, unlessthere is potential for adverse effects.

Wildlife

MIXTURE(Mix)

Studies that report data for combinations of singletoxicants (e.g. cadmium and copper) are excluded.Exposure in a field setting from contaminated natural soilsor waste application to soil may be coded as Field Survey.



MODELING(Model)

Studies reporting the use of existing data for modeling,i.e., no new organism toxicity data are reported. Studieswhich extrapolate effects based on known relationshipsbetween parameters and adverse effects.


NO CONTAMINANT OFCONCERN(No COC)

Studies that do not examine the toxicity of Eco-SSLcontaminants of concern.


NO CONTROL(No Control)

Studies which lack a control or which have a control that isclassified as invalid for derivation of TRVs.


NO DATA(No Data)

Studies for which results are stated in text but no data isprovided. Also refers to studies with insufficient datawhere results are reported for only one organism perexposure concentration or dose (wildlife).


NO DOSE or CONC(No Dose)

Studies with no usable dose or concentration reported, oran insufficient number of doses/concentrations are usedbased on Eco-SSL SOPs. These are usually identifiedafter examination of full paper. This includes studieswhich examine effects after exposure to contaminantceases. This also includes studies where offspring areexposed in utero and/or lactation by doses to parents andthen after weaning to similar concentrations as theirparents. Dose cannot be determined.


NO DURATION(No Dur)

Studies with no exposure duration. These are usuallyidentified after examination of full paper.


NO EFFECT(No Efct)

Studies with no relevant effect evaluated in a biologicaltest species or data not reported for effect discussed.


NO ORAL(No Oral)

Studies using non-oral routes of contaminantadministration including intraperitoneal injection, otherinjection, inhalation, and dermal exposures.

Wildlife

NO ORGANISM(No Org) or NO SPECIES

Studies that do not examine or test a viable organism (alsosee in vitro rejection category).


NOT AVAILABLE(Not Avail)

Papers that could not be located. Citation from electronicsearches may be incorrect or the source is not readilyavailable.


NOT PRIMARY(Not Prim)

Papers that are not the original compilation and/orpublication of the experimental data.


NO TOXICANT(No Tox)

No toxicant used. Publications often report responses tochanges in water or soil chemistry variables, e.g., pH ortemperature. Such publications are not included.


NO TOX DATA(No Tox Data)

Studies where toxicant used but no results reported thathad a negative impact (plants and soil invertebrates). Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NUTRIENT(Nutrient)

Nutrition studies reporting no concentration relatednegative impact. Plants and Soil Invertebrates

NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY(Nut def)

Studies of the effects of nutrient deficiencies. Nutritionaldeficient diet is identified by the author. If reviewer isuncertain then the administrator should be consulted. Effects associated with added nutrients are coded.

Wildlife

NUTRITION(Nut)

Studies examining the best or minimum level of achemical in the diet for improvement of health ormaintenance of animals in captivity.

Wildlife

OTHER AMBIENTCONDITIONS(OAC)

Studies which examine other ambient conditions: pH,salinity, DO, UV, radiation, etc.



OIL(Oil)

Studies which examine the effects of oil and petroleumproducts.


OM, pH(OM, pH)

Organic matter content of the test soil must be reported bythe authors, but may be presented in one of the followingways; total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organiccarbon (POC), organic carbon (OC), coarse particulateorganic matter (CPOM), particulate organic matter (POM),ash free dry weight of soil, ash free dry mass of soil,percent organic matter, percent peat, loss on ignition(LOI), organic matter content (OMC).

With the exception of studies on non-ionizing substances,the study must report the pH of the soil, and the soil pHshould be within the range of $4 and #8.5. Studies thatdo not report pH or report pH outside this range arerejected.


ORGANIC METAL(Org Met)

Studies which examine the effects of organic metals. Thisincludes tetraethyl lead, triethyl lead, chromiumpicolinate, phenylarsonic acid, roxarsone, 3-nitro-4-phenylarsonic acid,, zinc phosphide, monomethylarsonicacid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), trimethylarsineoxide (TMAO), or arsenobetaine (AsBe) and other organometallic fungicides. Metal acetates and methionines arenot rejected and are evaluated.

Wildlife

LEAD BEHAVIOR OR HIGHDOSE MODELS(Pb Behav)

There are a high number of studies in the literature thatexpose rats or mice to high concentrations of lead indrinking water (0.1, 1 to 2% solutions) and then observebehavior in offspring, and/or pathology changes in thebrain of the exposed dam and/or the progeny. Only arepresentative subset of these studies were coded. Behavior studies examining complex behavior (learnedtasks) were also not coded.

Wildlife

PHYSIOLOGY STUDIES(Phys)

Physiology studies where adverse effects are notassociated with exposure to contaminants of concern. Wildlife

PLANT(Plant) Studies of terrestrial plants are excluded. Wildlife

PRIMATE(Prim) Primate studies are excluded. Wildlife

PUBL AS(Publ as)

The author states that the information in this report hasbeen published in another source. Data are recorded fromonly one source. The secondary citation is noted as PublAs.


QSAR(QSAR)

Derivation of Quantitative Structure-ActivityRelationships (QSAR) is a form of modeling. QSARpublications are rejected if raw toxicity data are notreported or if the toxicity data are published elsewhere asoriginal data.


REGULATIONS(Reg)

Regulations and related publications that are not a primarysource of data.


REVIEW(Rev)

Studies in which the data reported in the article are notprimary data from research conducted by the author. Thepublication is a compilation of data published elsewhere. These publications are reviewed manually to identify otherrelevant literature.



SEDIMENT CONC(Sed)

Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dosereported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment.


SCORE(Score)

Papers in which all studies had data evaluation scores at orlower then the acceptable cut-off (#10 of 18) for plantsand soil invertebrates).


SEDIMENT CONC(Sed)

Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dosereported is for the level of a toxicant in sediment.


SLUDGE Studies on the effects of ingestion of soils amended withsewage sludge.


SOIL CONC(Soil)

Studies in which the only exposure concentration/dosereported is for the level of a toxicant in soil. Wildlife

SPECIES Studies in which the species of concern was not aterrestrial invertebrate or plant or mammal or bird.

Plants and Soil InvertebratesWildlife

STRESSOR(QAC)

Studies examining the interaction of a stressor (e.g.,radiation, heat, etc.) and the contaminant, where the effectof the contaminant alone cannot be isolated.


SURVEY(Surv)

Studies reporting the toxicity of a contaminant in the fieldover a period of time. Often neither a duration nor anexposure concentration is reported.


REPTILE OR AMPHIBIAN(Herp)

Studies on reptiles and amphibians. These papers flagged for possible later review.


UNRELATED(Unrel)

Studies that are unrelated to contaminant exposure andresponse and/or the receptor groups of interest. Wildlife

WATER QUALITY STUDY(Wqual) Studies of water quality. Wildlife


YEAST(Yeast) Studies of yeast. Wildlife


This Page Intentionally Left Blank

Appendix 5-1

Avian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for Wildlife ToxicityReference Value (TRV) - Copper

February 2007


Appendix 5.1 Avian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)Copper

Page 1 of 9

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Biochemical 1 6530 Rangachar and Jayprakash, 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 105 d 10 w JV M C COM 1 BIO CHM HMGL BL 100 N 1.3 N 0.0690 5.31 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 692 2048 Chiou et al, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/250/500 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 3 w 3 w JV NR C DOM 4 BIO ENZ CRKI BL 100 250 Y 1.945 Y 0.1144 5.32 13.3 10 10 5 10 7 1 10 10 10 4 773 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 7 2 0/52.4 mg/L N N DLY M DR 14 d 4 d JV NR C COM 3 BIO CHM GLUC BL 52.4 Y 0.2594 Y 0.04981 10.1 10 5 10 10 7 1 4 10 10 4 714 2294 Pearce et al 1983 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 5 d 27 w JV F C NR 2 BIO CHM LIPD BL 250 500 N 1.6 N 0.07903 12.3 24.7 10 10 5 10 5 1 10 10 10 4 755 2160 Jackson, et. al., 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/23.5/43.84/56.47/60.43 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 224 d 17 w SM F C NR 6 BIO CHM LIPD LI 23.5 43.84 Y 1.886 Y 0.11348 12.5 23.2 10 10 5 10 7 1 10 10 10 4 776 2294 Pearce et al 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 d 26 w SM F C NR 4 BIO CHM LIPD LI 250 500 N 1.6 Y 0.089 13.9 27.8 10 10 5 10 6 1 10 10 10 4 767 36263 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/125/250/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV M C COM 1 BIO CHM FFTA LD 250 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 28.7 10 10 5 4 5 1 10 10 10 4 698 6788 Ward et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 2 0/6.34 mg/org/d N N ADL M FD 10 d 5 d JV M C DOM 4 BIO CHM HMGL BL 6.34 Y 0.3465 Y 0.035 18.3 10 10 10 10 7 1 4 1 10 4 679 2293 Stevenson and Jackson 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/500/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 24 w SM F C NR 4 BIO CHM LIPD LI 500 1000 N 1.6 Y 0.07229 22.6 45.2 10 10 5 10 6 1 10 10 10 4 76

10 2049 Chiou et al, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/400/500/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 1 w 38 w SM F C COM 4 BIO ENZ LADH SR 500 600 N 1.464 N 0.07459 25.5 30.6 10 10 5 10 5 1 10 10 10 4 7511 2050 Chiou et al, 1997 Copper (II) sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/195/405/598/758 ug/g diet N N ADL M FD 4 w 28 w SM F C COM 7 BIO ENZ ASAT SR 405 598 Y 1.427 Y 0.097 27.5 40.6 10 10 10 10 7 1 10 10 10 4 8212 2158 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 280 d 18 w SM F C NR 6 BIO CHM LIPD LI 600 750 Y 1.54 N 0.07709 30.0 37.5 10 10 5 10 6 1 10 10 10 4 7613 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 7 BIO CHM LIPD LI 600 750 Y 1.41 Y 0.08286 35.3 44.1 10 10 5 10 7 1 10 10 10 4 7714 2194 Ledoux, et.al. 1987 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/400/800 mg/kg diet N N ADL UX FD 21 d 1 d JV F C NR 5 BIO ENZ GOTR SR 800 N 0.564 Y 0.0256 36.3 10 10 10 10 6 1 4 8 10 4 7315 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 7 BIO CHM LIPD LI 600 750 Y 1.77 Y 0.118 40.0 50.0 10 10 5 10 7 1 10 10 10 4 7716 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 6 5 0/2.1/9.9/50.15/250.85 mg/L N N DLY M DR 14 d 4 d JV NR C COM 3 BIO CHM URIC BL 50.2 250.9 Y 0.2379 Y 0.245 51.6 258 10 5 10 10 7 1 8 10 10 4 7517 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 2 0/503.4 mg/kg diet N N DLY M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR C COM 3 BIO CHM HEMT BL 503.4 Y 0.8668 Y 0.13002 75.5 10 10 10 10 7 1 4 3 10 4 6918 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 1 4 0/218.5/420/1024 mg/kg diet N N DLY M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR C COM 3 BIO CHM GLUC SR 1024 Y 0.7181 Y 0.208 297 10 10 10 10 7 1 4 10 10 4 7619 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Cupric citrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 4 0/50/75/100 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 3 BIO CHM CHOL BT 50 N 2.19 N 0.09695 2.21 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 6920 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Cupric citrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 3 0/63/125 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 3 BIO CHM CHOL BT 63 N 2.155 N 0.09594 2.80 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 6921 2160 Jackson, et. al., 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/10.39/21.31/31.52/39.91 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 336 d 17 w SM F C NR 5 BIO CHM LIPD LI 10.39 Y 2.032 Y 0.104 5.11 10 10 5 10 7 1 4 10 10 4 7122 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 3 0/125/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 2 BIO CHM CHOL BT 125 N 2.148 N 0.09574 5.57 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 6923 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/125/250/375 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C COM 3 BIO CHM CHOL PL 125 N 1.884 N 0.0879 5.83 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 6924 2107 Gill et al, 1995 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/0.05/0.1/0.5 % in diet N N DLY U FD 2 w 4 w JV M C DOM 3 BIO ENZ SGOT SR 0.05 Y 0.348 Y 0.01397 7.99 10 10 5 10 7 1 4 10 10 4 7125 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 2 0/187 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 3 BIO CHM CHOL BT 187 N 2.26 N 0.09896 8.19 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 6926 25969 Skrivan et al, 2000 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/208 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 38 d 1 d JV M C COM 3 BIO CHM CHOL AD 208 Y 1.876 N 0.08766 9.72 10 10 10 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 7527 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 21 d JV M C COM 3 BIO CHM CHOL BT 250 N 1.963 N 0.09028 11.5 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 6928 2226 Nam et al 1984 Copper carbonate 51.43 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/0.05/0.10 % in diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 3 d JV NR C COM 3 BIO CHM GBCM NR 0.05 N 1.042 Y 0.0543 13.4 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 7029 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 9 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 4 BIO CHM PHPH GZ 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 6930 3717 Bakalli et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 20 d 1 d JV M C COM 3 BIO CHM CHOL PL 250 N 0.564 N 0.04009 17.8 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 6931 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/440 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w SM F C NR 6 BIO ENZ AATT SR 440 Y 1.4 Y 0.07614 23.9 10 10 10 10 7 1 4 10 10 4 7632 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/920 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w JV F C NR 6 BIO ENZ AATT SR 920 Y 1.41 Y 0.04667 30.4 10 10 10 10 7 1 4 10 10 4 7633 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 2 0/1830 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w JV F C NR 5 BIO ENZ AATT SR 1830 Y 1.41 Y 0.02714 35.2 10 10 10 10 7 1 4 10 10 4 7634 2084 Ekperigin and Vohra 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 4 w 12 d JV NR C NR 2 BIO CHM GLCN LI 500 N 0.564 N 0.04009 35.5 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 6935 80 Van Vleet et al, 1981 Copper sulfate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 1 d JV M C COM 3 BIO ENZ GLPX BL 1500 N 0.092 N 0.01231 201 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 69

Behavior 36 2007 Hoda and Maha, 1995 Copper sulfate 25 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/75/150 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 1 d JV NR C LAB 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 150 Y 1.1273 Y 0.05786 1.92 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 3 10 4 6737 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 4 BEH FDB FCNS WO 150 300 Y 1.68 Y 0.11625 10.4 20.8 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8038 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 7 2 0/52.4 mg/L N N DLY M DR 14 d 4 d JV NR C COM 2 BEH FDB WCON WO 52.4 Y 0.2594 Y 0.06226 12.6 10 5 10 10 7 4 4 3 10 4 6739 2048 Chiou et al, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/250/500 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 3 w 3 w JV NR C DOM 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 500 Y 1.945 Y 0.1135 13.3 26.6 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8040 2162 Jenkins et al, 1970 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/229 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 1 d JV B C COM 3 BEH FDB FCNS WO 229 Y 0.986 N 0.05767 13.4 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 6941 2117 Harms and Buresh 1986 Copper sulfate - anhydrous 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/22.3/31.2 mg/org/d N N DLY U FD 6 w 64 w SM F C NR 1 BEH FDB FCNS WO 22.3 31.2 N 1.6 Y 0.0999 13.9 19.5 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 3 4 7242 5812 Ledoux et al, 1989 Copper acetate monohydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/200/300 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C DOM 1 BEH FDB FCNS WO 200 300 N 0.564 Y 0.0428 15.2 22.8 10 10 5 5 6 4 10 10 10 4 7443 2099 Funk and Baker 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/5/8.23 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 5 8.23 Y 0.319 Y 0.025 15.7 25.8 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8044 2221 Miles et al 1998 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 4 0/200/400/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV B C NR 1 BEH FDB FCNS WO 400 600 Y 1.986 Y 0.08176 16.5 24.7 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8045 2294 Pearce et al 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 48 d 26 w SM F C NR 1 BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 500 N 1.6 Y 0.106 16.6 33.1 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 7946 2292 Stevenson and Jackson 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 d 24 w SM F C NR 1 BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 500 N 1.6 Y 0.107 16.7 33.4 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 7947 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 7 BEH FDB FCNS WO 300 450 Y 2.03 Y 0.11491 17.0 25.5 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8048 2221 Miles et al 1998 Tribasic copper chloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 4 0/200/400/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV B C NR 1 BEH FDB FCNS WO 400 600 Y 1.966 Y 0.08452 17.2 25.8 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8049 2165 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 BEH FDB FEFF WO 250 500 Y 0.564 N 0.04009 17.8 35.5 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 7950 2158 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 280 d 18 w SM F C NR 7 BEH FDB FCNS WO 300 450 Y 1.62 Y 0.0968 17.9 26.9 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8051 6170 Stevenson et al, 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/25.8/40.0/45.0 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 5 d 27 w SM F C COM 3 BEH FDB FCNS WO 25.8 40 Y 1.43 Y 0.103 18.0 28.0 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8052 6788 Ward et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 2 0/6.34 mg/org/d N N ADL M FD 10 d 5 d JV M C DOM 2 BEH FDB WCON WO 6.34 Y 0.3465 Y 0.035 18.3 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7053 2099 Funk and Baker 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/2.49/4.71/7.33/8.42 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 1 BEH FDB FCNS WO 4.71 7.33 Y 0.24 Y 0.0183 19.6 30.5 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8054 2158 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 280 d 18 w SM F C NR 6 BEH FDB FCNS WO 450 600 Y 1.91 Y 0.0853 20.1 26.8 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80

Result Data Evaluation ScoreRef Exposure Effects Conversion to mg/kg bw/day



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55 5617 Pimentel et al, 1992 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/211.6 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV B C COM 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 211.6 Y 0.1103 Y 0.0109 20.9 10 10 5 4 7 4 4 8 10 4 6656 2221 Miles et al 1998 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/175/341/529 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 21 d 1 d JV B C NR 1 BEH FDB FCNS WO 341 529 Y 0.568 Y 0.03652 21.9 34.0 10 10 10 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8557 2172 Kassim and Suwanpradit, 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/125/250/375 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C COM 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 375 N 0.564 Y 0.05127 22.7 34.1 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 7958 2160 Jackson, et. al., 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/23.5/43.84/56.47/60.43 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 224 d 17 w SM F C NR 3 BEH FDB FCNS WO 43.84 56.47 Y 1.886 Y 0.10957 23.2 29.9 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8059 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/440 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w SM F C NR 3 BEH FDB FCNS WO 440 Y 1.4 Y 0.07619 23.9 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7060 2194 Ledoux, et.al. 1987 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/400/800 mg/kg diet N N ADL UX FD 21 d 1 d JV F C NR 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 400 800 N 0.564 Y 0.0363 25.7 51.5 10 10 10 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 8461 2050 Chiou et al, 1997 Copper (II) sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/195/405/598/758 ug/g diet N N ADL M FD 4 w 28 w SM F C COM 1 BEH FDB FCNS WO 405 598 Y 1.427 Y 0.097 27.5 40.6 10 10 10 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8562 2157 Jackson, 1977 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/0.01486/0.02857/0.04828/0.07886/0.08657 g/org/d N N ADL U FD 35 d NR NR SM F C NR 3 BEH FDB FCNS WO 0.0483 0.079 Y 1.66 Y 0.1009 29.1 47.5 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8063 2221 Miles et al 1998 Tribasic copper chloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/161/305/468 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 21 d 1 d JV B C NR 1 BEH FDB FCNS WO 468 Y 0.619 Y 0.03905 29.5 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 7964 5734 Hill, 1990 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 19 d 1 d JV F C DOM 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 400 N 0.564 N 0.04291 30.4 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 7265 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/920 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w JV F C NR 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 920 Y 1.41 Y 0.04667 30.4 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7066 2049 Chiou et al, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/400/500/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 38 w SM F C COM 1 BEH FDB FCNS WO 500 600 Y 1.464 Y 0.0978 33.4 40.1 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8067 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 2 0/1830 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w JV F C NR 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 1830 Y 1.41 Y 0.02714 35.2 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7068 2099 Funk and Baker 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/2.67/5.22/10.36/18.79 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 1 BEH FDB FCNS WO 10.36 18.79 Y 0.294 Y 0.0235 35.2 63.9 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8069 2099 Funk and Baker 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 3 0/5.78/11.51 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 11.51 Y 0.317 Y 0.02886 36.3 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 7470 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 6 5 0/2.1/9.9/50.15/250.85 mg/L N N DLY M DR 14 d 4 d JV NR C COM 2 BEH FDB WCON WO 50.2 250.9 Y 0.2379 Y 0.245 51.6 258 10 5 10 10 7 4 8 10 10 4 7871 6170 Stevenson et al, 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/25.5/52.0/100.0 mg/d N N DLY U GV 5 d 27 w SM F C COM 3 BEH FDB FCNS WO 100 Y 1.53 Y 0.1 65.4 10 8 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 6872 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 2 0/503.4 mg/kg diet N N DLY M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR C COM 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 503.4 Y 0.8668 Y 0.13002 75.5 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 3 10 4 7273 18769 Foster, 1999 Cupric acetate monohydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 3 2 0/1024.8 mg/kg diet N N DLY M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR C COM 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 1024.8 Y 0.9584 Y 0.13418 143 10 10 10 5 7 4 4 3 10 4 6774 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 1 4 0/218.5/420/1024 mg/kg diet N N DLY M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR C COM 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 1024 Y 0.7181 Y 0.17234 246 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 3 10 4 7275 2181 Ko et al, 1985 Copper carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/42/76/98 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 3 d JV M C COM 3 BEH FDB FCNS WO 42 Y 0.2039 Y 0.01304 2.69 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 7476 2107 Gill et al, 1995 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/0.05/0.1/0.5 % in diet N N DLY U FD 4 w 4 w JV M C DOM 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 0.05 Y 0.348 Y 0.01397 7.99 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 7477 2112 Griminger 1977 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/0.1/0.2/0.3/0.4 % in diet N N DLY U FD 2 w 7 mo SM F C NR 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 0.1 N 1.6 Y 0.09 22.4 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 7378 2293 Stevenson and Jackson 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/500/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 24 w SM F C NR 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 500 N 1.6 Y 0.07229 22.6 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 7379 2333 Yannakopoulos et al., 1990 copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 1 4 0/200/400/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 34 d 7 d JV B C NR 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 200 Y 0.1865 Y 0.0256 27.5 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 7480 2118 Harms and Buresh 1987 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/500/750 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C NR 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 500 Y 0.3615 Y 0.02225 30.8 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 7481 2052 Christmas and Harms, 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/500/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C DOM 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 500 Y 0.365 Y 0.0229 31.4 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 7482 2165 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 3 0/500/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 BEH FDB FEFF WO 500 Y 0.592 N 0.04137 34.9 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 7383 1403 Jensen, 1975 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 14 d 1 d JV M C NR 3 BEH FDB FCNS WO 1000 Y 0.141 Y 0.0131 92.9 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 74

Physiology84 2259 Rangachar and Hegde 1975 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/100/200 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 120 d 1 d JV F C COM 1 PHY PHY PROT PL 200 N 1.6 N 0.07903 3.93 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 7285 2006 Ankari et al, 1998 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/50/150/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 84 d 25 w SM F C DOM 6 PHY PHY FDCV WO 50 150 Y 1.5161 Y 0.12278 4.05 12.1 10 10 5 4 7 4 10 10 10 4 7486 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Cupric citrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 4 0/50/75/100 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 100 N 2.19 N 0.09695 4.43 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 7287 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Cupric citrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 3 0/63/125 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 125 N 2.155 N 0.09594 5.56 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 7288 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/125/250/375 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 125 250 N 1.884 N 0.0879 5.83 11.7 10 10 5 10 5 4 10 10 10 4 7889 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 2 0/187 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 187 N 2.26 N 0.09896 8.19 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 7290 25969 Skrivan et al, 2000 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/208 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 39 d 1 d JV B C COM 4 PHY PHY FDCV WO 208 Y 1.876 N 0.08766 9.72 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 6991 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 5 0/63/125/185/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 35 d 1 d JV M C COM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 N 1.789 N 0.08499 11.9 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 7292 2160 Jackson, et. al., 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/23.5/43.84/56.47/60.43 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 224 d 17 w SM F C NR 7 PHY PHY FDCV WO 23.5 43.84 Y 1.886 Y 0.11348 12.5 23.2 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8093 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 4 10 10 10 4 7894 2221 Miles et al 1998 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 4 0/200/400/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV B C NR 4 PHY PHY FDCV WO 400 600 Y 1.986 Y 0.08176 16.5 24.7 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8095 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 4 PHY PHY FDCV WO 300 450 Y 2.03 Y 0.11491 17.0 25.5 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8096 2221 Miles et al 1998 Tribasic copper chloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 4 0/200/400/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV B C NR 4 PHY PHY FDCV WO 400 600 Y 1.966 Y 0.08452 17.2 25.8 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8097 2158 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 280 d 18 w SM F C NR 7 PHY PHY FDCV WO 300 450 Y 1.62 Y 0.0968 17.9 26.9 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8098 6788 Ward et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 2 0/6.34 mg/org/d N N ADL M FD 10 d 5 d JV M C DOM 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 6.34 Y 0.3465 Y 0.0351 18.3 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7099 2166 Jensen and Maurice 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/250/500/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 500 Y 0.5 N 0.03706 18.5 37.1 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 79100 2267 Robbins and Baker 1980 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 14 d 8 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 500 Y 0.334 N 0.0285 21.3 42.7 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 79101 6474 Ekperigin and Vohra 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 8 d 7 d JV NR C DOM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 N 0.328 N 0.0282 21.5 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72102 2158 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 280 d 18 w SM F C NR 5 PHY PHY FDCV WO 600 750 Y 1.78 Y 0.0751 25.3 31.6 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80103 2266 Robbins and Baker, 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 8 d 8 d JV M C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 500 Y 0.181 N 0.01913 26.4 52.8 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 79104 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 w 26 w SM F C NR 5 PHY PHY FDCV WO 450 600 Y 1.55 Y 0.09361 27.2 36.2 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80105 2048 Chiou et al, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/250/500 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 3 w 3 w JV NR C DOM 5 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 Y 1.819 Y 0.1035 28.4 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 74106 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/125/250/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 1000 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 57.4 10 10 5 10 5 4 10 10 10 4 78107 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 1000 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 57.4 10 10 5 10 5 4 10 10 10 4 78108 2319 Wang et al 1987 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C COM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 N 0.564 N 0.04009 35.5 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72109 2319 Wang et al 1987 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/125/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C COM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 N 0.564 N 0.04009 35.5 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72



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110 2194 Ledoux, et.al. 1987 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/400/800 mg/kg diet N N ADL UX FD 21 d 1 d JV F C NR 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 800 N 0.564 Y 0.032 45.4 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 78111 2099 Funk and Baker 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/2.49/4.71/7.33/8.42 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 7.33 8.42 Y 0.157 Y 0.0105 46.7 53.6 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80112 2333 Yannakopoulos et al., 1990 copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 1 4 0/200/400/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 34 d 7 d JV B C NR 4 PHY PHY FDCV WO 600 Y 0.1764 Y 0.0241 82.0 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 74113 22 Mehring et al, 1960 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/403/570/749/1180 mg/kg diet N N NR M FD 10 w 1 d JV B C NR 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 1180 Y 0.5556 N 0.0397 84.3 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 69114 2181 Ko et al, 1985 Copper carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/42/76/98 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 3 d JV M C COM 4 PHY PHY FDCV WO 42 Y 0.2039 Y 0.01304 2.69 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 74115 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Cupric citrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 8 2 0/63 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 63 N 2.393 N 0.10271 2.70 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72116 2171 Kashani et al., 1986 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 2 0/120 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 1 d JV M C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 120 Y 2.8 N 0.11377 4.88 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73117 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 9 2 0/125 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 125 N 2.309 N 0.10035 5.43 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72118 2164 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/125/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PHY PHY GPHY WO 125 Y 0.476 N 0.0359 9.43 10 10 5 4 6 4 4 10 10 4 67119 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 21 d JV M C COM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 N 1.963 N 0.09028 11.5 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72120 2226 Nam et al 1984 Copper carbonate 51.43 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/0.05/0.10 % in diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 3 d JV NR C COM 4 PHY PHY FDCV WO 0.05 N 1.042 Y 0.0543 13.4 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73121 3717 Bakalli et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 41 d 1 d JV M C COM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72122 2164 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/240 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 4 PHY PHY IRRI FE 240 Y 0.606 N 0.04201 16.6 10 10 5 4 6 4 4 10 10 4 67123 2164 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PHY PHY GPHY DT 250 Y 0.53 N 0.0385 18.2 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73124 2164 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper chloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PHY PHY GPHY DT 250 Y 0.516 N 0.03783 18.3 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73125 2164 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PHY PHY GPHY DT 250 Y 0.513 N 0.03769 18.4 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73126 2164 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PHY PHY GPHY DT 250 Y 0.496 N 0.03687 18.6 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73127 2112 Griminger 1977 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/0.1/0.2/0.3/0.4 % in diet N N DLY U FD 2 w 7 mo SM F C NR 3 PHY PHY IRRI FE 0.1 N 1.6 Y 0.09 22.4 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73128 2266 Robbins and Baker, 1980 Copper carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 8 d 8 d JV M C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 Y 0.181 N 0.01913 26.4 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73129 2166 Jensen and Maurice 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 Y 0.519 N 0.03797 36.6 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73130 2267 Robbins and Baker 1980 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 12 d 8 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 Y 0.211 N 0.02114 50.1 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73131 2266 Robbins and Baker, 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 8 d 8 d JV M C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 Y 0.16 N 0.01765 55.2 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73132 2267 Robbins and Baker 1980 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 8 d 8 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 Y 0.144 N 0.01648 57.2 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73133 2267 Robbins and Baker 1980 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 12 d 8 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 Y 0.132 N 0.01557 59.0 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73

Pathology 134 2114 Guenthner et al, 1978 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 2 0/120 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 24 w 1 d JV M C DOM 3 PTH HIS GHIS HE 120 Y 11.61 N 0.28716 2.97 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73135 2007 Hoda and Maha, 1995 Copper carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/75/150 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 1 d JV M C LAB 4 PTH ORW SMIX AT 75 150 Y 1.2861 Y 0.06186 3.61 7.21 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80136 2048 Chiou et al, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/250/500 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 3 w 3 w JV NR C DOM 3 PTH HIS GHIS DT 100 250 Y 1.997 Y 0.1144 5.73 14.3 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80137 2007 Hoda and Maha, 1995 Copper oxide 80 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 3 0/75/150 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 1 d JV NR C LAB 4 PTH ORW SMIX LI 150 Y 1.0887 Y 0.05698 6.28 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 3 10 4 67138 2163 Jensen et al, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/120/240/480 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C COM 3 PTH HIS GLSN XX 120 240 Y 0.589 N 0.04124 8.40 16.8 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 79139 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper chloride dihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 11 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH HIS GHIS GZ 250 500 N 1.6 N 0.07903 12.3 24.7 10 10 5 10 5 4 10 10 10 4 78140 2294 Pearce et al 1983 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 5 d 27 w JV F C NR 1 PTH ORW SMIX LI 250 500 N 1.6 N 0.07903 12.3 24.7 10 10 5 10 5 4 10 10 10 4 78141 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/250/500/750/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH HIS GHIS GZ 250 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 4 10 10 10 4 78142 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH HIS GHIS GZ 250 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 4 10 10 10 4 78143 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/125/250/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH HIS GHIS GZ 250 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 4 10 10 10 4 78144 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 9 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH HIS GHIS GZ 250 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 4 10 10 10 4 78145 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH HIS GHIS GZ 250 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 4 10 10 10 4 78146 2325 Wideman et al 1996 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/118/191/259/264 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 2 w 1 d JV M C NR 1 PTH HIS GHIS PR 191 259 Y 0.374 N 0.03068 15.7 21.2 10 10 10 4 6 4 10 10 10 4 78147 2294 Pearce et al 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 12 d 26 w SM F C NR 3 PTH ORW SMIX LI 250 500 N 1.6 Y 0.101 15.8 31.6 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 79148 2165 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 PTH HIS USTR GZ 250 500 Y 0.564 N 0.04009 17.8 35.5 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 79149 6170 Stevenson et al, 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/25.8/40.0/45.0 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 5 d 27 w SM F C COM 4 PTH ORW SMIX LI 25.8 40 Y 1.43 Y 0.103 18.0 28.0 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80150 36216 Wood and Worden, 1973 Copper sulfate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 3 2 0/135 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 16 d 2 d JV B C COM 1 PTH ITX GITX WO 135 N 0.092 N 0.01231 18.1 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72151 2160 Jackson, et. al., 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/23.5/43.84/56.47/60.43 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 232 d 17 w SM F C NR 5 PTH ORW ORWT LI 43.84 56.47 Y 1.886 Y 0.10957 23.2 29.9 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80152 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 6 PTH ORW ORWT LI 600 750 Y 1.82 Y 0.072 23.7 29.7 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80153 2292 Stevenson and Jackson 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 d 24 w SM F C NR 5 PTH ORW SMIX LI 500 1000 N 1.6 Y 0.087 27.2 54.4 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 79154 2050 Chiou et al, 1997 Copper (II) sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/195/405/598/758 ug/g diet N N ADL M FD 4 w 28 w SM F C COM 5 PTH HIS GHIS LI 598 758 Y 1.395 Y 0.065 27.9 35.3 10 10 10 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 85155 6170 Stevenson et al, 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/25.5/52.0/100.0 mg/org/d N N DLY U GV 5 d 27 w SM F C COM 4 PTH ORW SMIX LI 52 100 Y 1.53 Y 0.104 34.0 65.4 10 8 10 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 83156 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 6 PTH ORW SMIX GZ 600 750 Y 1.41 Y 0.08286 35.3 44.1 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80157 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 6 PTH ORW ORWT GZ 600 750 Y 1.77 Y 0.118 40.0 50.0 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80158 2194 Ledoux, et.al. 1987 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/400/800 mg/kg diet N N ADL UX FD 21 d 1 d JV F C NR 4 PTH ORW SMIX LI 800 N 0.564 Y 0.032 45.4 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 78159 2157 Jackson, 1977 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/0.01486/0.02857/0.04828/0.07886/0.08657 g/org/d N N ADL U FD 35 d NR NR SM F C NR 5 PTH ORW ORWT LI 0.0789 0.087 Y 1.58 Y 0.082 49.9 54.8 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80160 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 6 5 0/2.1/9.9/50.15/250.85 mg/L N N DLY M DR 14 d 4 d JV NR C COM 4 PTH HIS GLSN WO 50.2 250.9 Y 0.2379 Y 0.245 51.6 258 10 5 10 10 7 4 8 10 10 4 78161 80 Van Vleet et al, 1981 Copper sulfate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 1 d JV M C COM 2 PTH HIS NCRO GZ 1500 N 0.092 N 0.01231 201 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72162 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 1 4 0/218.5/420/1024 mg/kg diet N N DLY M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR C COM 4 PTH HIS GLSN LI 1024 Y 0.7181 Y 0.208 297 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 70163 3727 Shivanandappa et al., 1983 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/200/600/800/1200/1600 mg/kg bw N N DLY U OR 3 w 25 w JV M V NR 4 PTH ORW ORWT LI 1600 Y 1.7 N 0.08221 637 10 8 5 10 10 4 4 1 10 4 66164 2007 Hoda and Maha, 1995 Copper sulfate 25 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/75/150 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 1 d JV M C LAB 4 PTH ORW SMIX AT 75 Y 1.0704 Y 0.05833 1.02 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 74



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165 36216 Wood and Worden, 1973 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/50 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 2 d JV B C COM 1 PTH ORW ORWT LI 50 N 0.564 N 0.04009 3.55 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72166 2177 King, 1975 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 1 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 56 d 8 d JV B C COM 2 PTH ORW SMIX IN 100 N 2.644 N 0.1096 4.15 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72167 2178 King, 1972 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 9 w 1 d JV B C COM 2 PTH ORW SMIX IN 100 N 1.8966 N 0.08828 4.65 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72168 2160 Jackson, et. al., 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/10.39/21.31/31.52/39.91 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 336 d 17 w SM F C NR 6 PTH ORW ORWT LI 10.39 Y 2.032 Y 0.104 5.11 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 74169 2164 Jensen and Maurice 1978 copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 3 0/120/240 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH ORW SMIX LI 120 Y 0.709 N 0.04653 7.87 10 10 5 4 6 4 4 10 10 4 67170 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 7 PTH ORW ORWT GZ 150 Y 2.23 Y 0.12753 8.58 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 74171 2325 Wideman et al 1996 Copper (II) sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/250/500/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV M C NR 1 PTH HIS GHIS PR 250 N 1.3 N 0.06904 13.3 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72172 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH HIS GHIS GZ 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72173 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 8 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH HIS GHIS GZ 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72174 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH HIS GHIS GZ 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72175 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 10 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH HIS GHIS GZ 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72176 2164 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/240 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH HIS GHIS GZ 240 Y 0.606 N 0.04201 16.6 10 10 5 4 6 4 4 10 10 4 67177 2191 Latymer and Coates, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 24 d 1 d JV B V COM 4 PTH ORW ORWT LI 250 Y 0.335 N 0.02856 21.3 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73178 2267 Robbins and Baker 1980 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 14 d 8 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH HIS GHIS GZ 250 Y 0.334 N 0.0285 21.3 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73179 2293 Stevenson and Jackson 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/500/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 24 w SM F C NR 5 PTH ORW SMIX LI 500 N 1.6 Y 0.07229 22.6 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73180 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/440 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w SM F C NR 5 PTH ORW ORWT KI 440 Y 1.4 Y 0.07619 23.9 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 79181 2284 Smith 1969 Cupric sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/200/350 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 25 d 1 d JV M C COM 3 PTH ORW ORWT LI 350 Y 0.32 N 0.02772 30.3 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73182 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/920 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w JV F C NR 5 PTH ORW ORWT KI 920 Y 1.41 Y 0.04667 30.4 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 79183 2052 Christmas and Harms, 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/500/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C DOM 4 PTH HIS USTR GZ 500 Y 0.365 Y 0.0229 31.4 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 74184 2165 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 3 0/500/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH ORW SMIX GZ 500 Y 0.592 N 0.04137 34.9 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73185 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 2 0/1830 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w JV F C NR 4 PTH ORW ORWT KI 1830 Y 1.41 Y 0.02714 35.2 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 79186 2166 Jensen and Maurice 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 PTH ORW SMIX SP 500 Y 0.519 N 0.03797 36.6 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73187 80 Van Vleet et al, 1981 Copper sulfate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 1 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 1 d JV M C COM 1 PTH HIS NCRO GZ 1500 N 0.092 N 0.01231 201 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72188 3727 Shivanandappa et al., 1983 Copper oxychloride 59.51 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/900/1200/1500/1800 mg/kg bw N N DLY U OR 3 w 25 w JV M V NR 2 PTH ORW ORWT LI 900 Y 1.7 N 0.08221 536 10 8 5 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 75

Reproduction189 2006 Ankari et al, 1998 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/50/150/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 84 d 25 w LB F C DOM 1 REP REP EGPN WO 50 150 Y 1.5161 Y 0.12278 4.05 12.1 10 10 5 4 7 10 10 10 10 4 80190 2117 Harms and Buresh 1986 Copper sulfate - anhydrous 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/22.3/31.2 mg/org/d N N DLY U FD 6 w 64 w LB F C NR 1 REP REP EGPN WO 22.3 31.2 N 1.6 Y 0.0999 13.9 19.5 10 10 5 10 6 10 10 10 10 4 85191 2158 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 280 d 18 w LB F C NR 3 REP EGG EGWT EG 300 450 Y 2.16 Y 0.112 15.6 23.3 10 10 5 10 7 10 10 10 10 4 86192 6170 Stevenson et al, 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/25.5/52.0/100.0 mg/org/d N N DLY U GV 5 d 27 w LB F C COM 2 REP REP PROG WO 25.5 52 Y 1.53 Y 0.104 16.7 34.0 10 8 10 10 7 10 10 10 10 4 89193 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w LB F C NR 3 REP REP EGPN WO 300 450 Y 2.03 Y 0.11491 17.0 25.5 10 10 5 10 7 10 10 10 10 4 86194 6170 Stevenson et al, 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/25.8/40.0/45.0 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 5 d 27 w LB F C COM 2 REP REP PROG WO 25.8 40 Y 1.43 Y 0.103 18.0 28.0 10 10 5 10 7 10 10 10 10 4 86195 2158 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 280 d 18 w LB F C NR 3 REP EGG EGWT EG 300 450 Y 1.5 Y 0.0968 19.4 29.0 10 10 5 10 7 10 10 10 10 4 86196 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w LB F C NR 3 REP REP EGPN WO 300 450 Y 1.6 Y 0.10908 20.5 30.7 10 10 5 10 7 10 10 10 10 4 86197 2160 Jackson, et. al., 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/10.39/21.31/31.52/39.91 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 336 d 17 w LB F C NR 3 REP REP EGPN WO 39.9 Y 1.85 Y 0.0997 21.6 10 10 5 10 7 10 4 1 10 4 71198 2112 Griminger 1977 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/0.1/0.2/0.3/0.4 % in diet N N DLY U FD 2 w 7 mo LB F C NR 4 REP EGG ESTH EG 0.1 0.2 N 1.6 Y 0.09 22.4 44.8 10 10 5 10 6 10 10 10 10 4 85199 2294 Pearce et al 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 12 d 26 w LB F C NR 2 REP REP EGPN WO 500 1000 N 1.6 Y 0.072 22.5 45.0 10 10 5 10 6 10 10 10 10 4 85200 2160 Jackson, et. al., 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/23.5/43.84/56.47/60.43 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 232 d 17 w LB F C NR 4 REP REP EGPN WO 43.8 56.47 Y 1.886 Y 0.10957 23.2 29.9 10 10 5 10 7 10 10 10 10 4 86201 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/440 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w LB F C NR 4 REP REP EGPN WO 440 Y 1.4 Y 0.07619 23.9 10 10 10 10 7 10 4 1 10 4 76202 2292 Stevenson and Jackson 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 d 24 w LB F C NR 3 REP REP EGPN WO 500 1000 N 1.6 Y 0.087 27.2 54.4 10 10 5 10 6 10 10 10 10 4 85203 2050 Chiou et al, 1997 Copper (II) sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/195/405/598/758 ug/g diet N N ADL M FD 4 w 28 w LB F C COM 3 REP REP EGPN WO 405 598 Y 1.427 Y 0.097 27.5 40.6 10 10 10 10 7 10 10 10 10 4 91204 2157 Jackson, 1977 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/0.01486/0.02857/0.04828/0.07886/0.08657 g/org/d N N ADL U FD 35 d NR NR LB F C NR 4 REP REP PROG WO 0.0483 0.079 Y 1.66 Y 0.01009 29.1 47.5 10 10 5 10 7 10 10 10 10 4 86205 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/920 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w LB F C NR 3 REP REP EGPN WO 920 Y 1.41 Y 0.04667 30.4 10 10 10 10 7 10 4 1 10 4 76206 2049 Chiou et al, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/400/500/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 38 w LB F C COM 2 REP REP EGPN WO 500 600 Y 1.464 Y 0.0978 33.4 40.1 10 10 5 10 7 10 10 10 10 4 86207 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 2 0/1830 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w LB F C NR 3 REP REP EGPN WO 1830 Y 1.41 Y 0.02714 35.2 10 10 10 10 7 10 4 1 10 4 76208 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w LB F C NR 4 REP REP ORWT OV 600 750 Y 1.77 Y 0.118 40.0 50.0 10 10 5 10 7 10 10 10 10 4 86209 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w LB F C NR 3 REP REP EGPN WO 750 Y 2.13 Y 0.123 43.3 10 10 5 10 7 10 4 1 10 4 71210 3727 Shivanandappa et al., 1983 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/200/600/800/1200/1600 mg/kg bw N N DLY U OR 3 w 25 w JV M V NR 1 REP REP SPCV TE 600 800 Y 1.7 N 0.08221 239 318 10 8 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 4 87211 11876 Kadirvel and Kothandaraman, 1978 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/0.05 % in diet N N ADL U FD 28 w 12 w LB F C COM 2 REP EGG EGWT WO 0.05 Y 1.4976 Y 0.0591 19.7 10 10 5 10 7 10 4 10 10 4 80212 2293 Stevenson and Jackson 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/500/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 24 w LB F C NR 3 REP REP EGPN WO 500 N 1.6 Y 0.07229 22.6 10 10 5 10 6 10 4 10 10 4 79213 3727 Shivanandappa et al., 1983 Copper oxychloride 59.51 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/900/1200/1500/1800 mg/kg bw N N DLY U OR 3 w 25 w JV M V NR 3 REP REP SPCV TE 900 Y 1.7 N 0.08221 536 10 8 5 10 10 10 4 10 10 4 81

Growth214 2007 Hoda and Maha, 1995 Copper sulfate 25 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/75/150 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 1 d JV M C LAB 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 150 Y 1.1273 Y 0.05786 1.92 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 78215 2171 Kashani et al., 1986 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 2 4 0/60/120/240 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 1 d JV M C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 60 120 Y 3.14 N 0.12258 2.34 4.68 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83216 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Cupric citrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 8 2 0/63 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 63 N 2.393 N 0.10271 2.70 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76217 1369 Hill, 1974 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/32 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV B C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 32 N 0.328 N 0.02817 2.75 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76218 2114 Guenthner et al, 1978 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 2 0/120 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 24 w 1 d JV M C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 120 Y 11.61 N 0.28716 2.97 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68



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219 14453 McGhee et al, 1965 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/20/40/80/160 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 4 w NR NR JV NR C NR 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 40 80 Y 0.2393 N 0.02294 3.83 7.67 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83220 2177 King, 1975 copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 1 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 56 d 8 d JV B C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 100 N 2.644 N 0.1096 4.15 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76221 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Cupric citrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 4 0/50/75/100 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 100 N 2.19 N 0.09695 4.43 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76222 2178 King, 1972 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 9 w 1 d JV B C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 100 N 1.8966 N 0.08828 4.65 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 67223 5149 Kayongo-Male and Palmer, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/8/75 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR JV NR C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 75 Y 0.787 N 0.0498 4.75 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68224 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 9 2 0/125 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 125 N 2.309 N 0.10035 5.43 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76225 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Cupric citrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 3 0/63/125 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 125 N 2.155 N 0.09594 5.56 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76226 14405 Waibel et al, 1964 Cupric carbonate 100 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/100/800 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 3 w 7 d JV NR C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 100 800 N 1 N 0.0582 5.82 46.6 10 10 5 5 5 8 8 10 10 4 75227 2007 Hoda and Maha, 1995 Copper oxide 80.0 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 3 0/75/150 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 1 d JV NR C LAB 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 150 Y 1.0887 Y 0.05698 6.28 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 78228 2007 Hoda and Maha, 1995 Copper carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/75/150 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 1 d JV NR C LAB 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 150 Y 1.2283 Y 0.06186 7.55 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 78229 92 Hill, 1974 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV B C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WI 100 N 0.46 N 0.03511 7.63 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76230 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 2 0/187 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 187 N 2.26 N 0.09896 8.19 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76231 2181 Ko et al, 1985 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/54/94/134 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 3 d JV M C COM 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 134 Y 0.6283 Y 0.0394 8.40 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69232 6474 Ekperigin and Vohra 1981 Copper carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 4 0/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 7 d 6 d JV NR C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 100 500 N 0.328 N 0.0282 8.59 42.9 10 10 5 10 5 8 8 10 10 4 80233 6474 Ekperigin and Vohra 1981 Copper chloride dihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/100/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 7 d 7 d JV NR C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 100 500 N 0.328 N 0.0282 8.59 42.9 10 10 5 10 5 8 8 10 10 4 80234 2107 Gill et al, 1995 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/0.05/0.1/0.5 % in diet N N DLY U FD 3 w 4 w JV M C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 0.05 0.1 Y 0.292 Y 0.01397 9.52 19.0 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84235 25969 Skrivan et al, 2000 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/208 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 38 d 1 d JV B C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 208 Y 1.876 N 0.08766 9.72 10 10 10 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 82236 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 6 5 0/2.1/9.9/50.15/250.85 mg/L N N DLY M DR 14 d 4 d JV NR C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 9.9 50.15 Y 0.2379 Y 0.245 10.2 51.6 10 5 10 10 7 8 8 10 10 4 82237 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 3 0/125/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 N 2.148 N 0.09574 11.1 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76238 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 21 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 N 1.963 N 0.09028 11.5 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 67239 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 5 0/63/125/185/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 35 d 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 N 1.789 N 0.08499 11.9 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76240 2226 Nam et al 1984 Copper carbonate 51.43 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/0.05/0.10 % in diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 3 d JV NR C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 0.05 0.1 N 1.042 Y 0.04922 12.2 24.3 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83241 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 7 2 0/52.4 mg/L N N DLY M DR 14 d 4 d JV NR C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 52.4 Y 0.2594 Y 0.06226 12.6 10 5 10 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 78242 2048 Chiou et al, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/250/500 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 3 w 3 w JV NR C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 500 Y 1.945 Y 0.1135 13.3 26.6 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84243 2162 Jenkins et al, 1970 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/229 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 1 d JV B C COM 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 229 Y 0.986 N 0.05767 13.4 10 10 10 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 73244 25968 Marron, et al, 2001 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 7 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 N 0.564 Y 0.08020 14.2 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68245 5734 Hill, 1990 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 5 0/25/50/100/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 19 d 1 d JV F C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 200 N 0.564 N 0.04009 14.2 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76246 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 8 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 8 10 10 10 4 82247 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/125/250/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 8 10 10 10 4 82248 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 8 10 10 10 4 82249 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/250/500/750/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 8 10 10 10 4 82250 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 8 10 10 10 4 82251 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 67252 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 67253 3717 Bakalli et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 41 d 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76254 2099 Funk and Baker 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/5/8.23 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 5 8.23 Y 0.319 Y 0.025 15.7 25.8 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84255 2221 Miles et al 1998 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 4 0/200/400/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV B C NR 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 400 600 Y 1.986 Y 0.08176 16.5 24.7 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84256 2292 Stevenson and Jackson 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/250/500/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 d 24 w SM F C NR 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 500 N 1.6 Y 0.107 16.7 33.4 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83257 2221 Miles et al 1998 Tribasic copper chloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 4 0/200/400/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV B C NR 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 400 600 Y 1.966 Y 0.08452 17.2 25.8 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84258 2244 Pesti and Bakalli 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/125/250/375 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 375 N 1.884 N 0.0879 17.5 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76259 2284 Smith 1969 Cupric sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/200/350 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 25 d 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 200 350 Y 0.2982 N 0.02647 17.8 31.1 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83260 2319 Wang et al 1987 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/125/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 500 N 0.564 N 0.04009 17.8 35.5 10 10 5 10 5 8 10 10 10 4 82261 6170 Stevenson et al, 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/25.8/40.0/45.0 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 5 d 27 w SM F C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 25.8 40 Y 1.43 Y 0.103 18.0 28.0 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84262 2164 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.53 N 0.0385 18.2 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68263 6788 Ward et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 2 0/6.34 mg/org/d N N ADL M FD 10 d 5 d JV M C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 6.34 Y 0.3465 Y 0.116 18.3 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 74264 2164 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper chloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.516 N 0.03783 18.3 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68265 2164 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.513 N 0.03769 18.4 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68266 2166 Jensen and Maurice 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/250/500/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 500 Y 0.5 N 0.03706 18.5 37.1 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83267 2164 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.496 N 0.03687 18.6 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68268 2099 Funk and Baker 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/2.49/4.71/7.33/8.42 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 4.71 7.33 Y 0.24 Y 0.0183 19.6 30.5 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84269 11876 Kadirvel and Kothandaraman, 1978 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/0.05 % in diet N N ADL U FD 28 w 12 w SM F C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 0.05 Y 1.4976 Y 0.0591 19.7 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69270 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 300 450 Y 1.6 Y 0.10908 20.5 30.7 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84271 5617 Pimentel et al, 1992 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/211.6 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV B C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 211.6 Y 0.1103 Y 0.0109 20.9 10 10 5 4 7 8 4 6 10 4 68272 2267 Robbins and Baker 1980 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 14 d 8 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 500 Y 0.334 N 0.0285 21.3 42.7 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83273 6474 Ekperigin and Vohra 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/100/250/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 7 d 9 d JV NR C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 500 N 0.328 N 0.0282 21.5 42.9 10 10 5 10 5 8 10 10 10 4 82274 6474 Ekperigin and Vohra 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 8 d 9 d JV NR C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 N 0.328 N 0.0282 21.5 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76



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275 2160 Jackson, et. al., 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/10.39/21.31/31.52/39.91 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 336 d 17 w SM F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 39.91 N 1.85 Y 0.0997 21.6 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68276 2325 Wideman et al 1996 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/118/191/259/264 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 2 w 1 d JV M C NR 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 264 Y 0.374 N 0.03068 21.7 10 10 10 4 6 8 4 10 10 4 76277 2221 Miles et al 1998 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/175/341/529 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 21 d 1 d JV B C NR 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 341 529 Y 0.568 Y 0.03652 21.9 34.0 10 10 10 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 89278 2112 Griminger 1977 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/0.1/0.2/0.3/0.4 % in diet N N DLY U FD 2 w 7 mo SM F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 0.1 0.2 N 1.6 Y 0.09 22.4 44.8 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83279 2172 Kassim and Suwanpradit, 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/125/250/375 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 375 N 0.564 Y 0.05127 22.7 34.1 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83280 2158 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 280 d 18 w SM F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 450 600 Y 1.62 Y 0.0829 23.0 30.7 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84281 2160 Jackson, et. al., 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/23.5/43.84/56.47/60.43 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 232 d 17 w SM F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 43.84 56.47 Y 1.886 Y 0.10957 23.2 29.9 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84282 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 450 600 Y 1.96 Y 0.10128 23.3 31.0 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84283 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/440 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w SM F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 440 Y 1.4 Y 0.07619 23.9 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 74284 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper chloride dihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 11 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 N 1.6 N 0.07903 24.7 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 67285 2158 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 280 d 18 w SM F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 450 600 Y 1.91 Y 0.0853 26.4 35.2 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84286 6788 Ward et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 2 2 0/10.33 mg/org/d N N ADL M DR 10 d 5 d JV M C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 10.33 Y 0.389 Y 0.116 26.6 10 5 10 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69287 5812 Ledoux et al, 1989 Copper acetate monohydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/200/300 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C DOM 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 200 300 N 0.564 Y 0.07589 26.9 40.4 10 10 5 5 6 8 10 10 10 4 78288 2050 Chiou et al, 1997 Copper (II) sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/195/405/598/758 ug/g diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 28 w SM F C COM 4 GRO GRO BDWT WO 598 758 Y 1.395 Y 0.065 27.9 35.3 10 10 10 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 89289 7091 Hill, 1989 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 19 d NR NR JV NR C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 400 N 0.564 N 0.04009 28.4 10 10 5 4 5 8 4 10 10 4 70290 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 1000 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 57.4 10 10 5 10 5 8 10 10 10 4 82291 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 9 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 67292 2221 Miles et al 1998 Tribasic copper chloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/161/305/468 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 21 d 1 d JV B C NR 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 468 Y 0.619 Y 0.03905 29.5 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 83293 14404 Vohra and Kratzer, 1968 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/400/800 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR JV B C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 400 800 N 0.5 N 0.0371 29.7 59.3 10 10 5 10 5 8 10 10 10 4 82294 5734 Hill, 1990 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/100/200/400 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 19 d 1 d JV F C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 400 N 0.564 N 0.04291 30.4 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76295 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/920 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w JV F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 920 Y 1.4 Y 0.04667 30.7 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 74296 22 Mehring et al, 1960 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/403/570/749/1180 mg/kg diet N N NR M FD 10 w 1 d JV B C NR 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 570 749 Y 1.0166 N 0.05883 33.0 43.3 10 10 10 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 88297 2163 Jensen et al, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/120/240/480 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 480 Y 0.567 N 0.04023 34.1 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68298 2118 Harms and Buresh 1987 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/500/750 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 750 Y 0.3217 Y 0.02225 34.6 51.9 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84299 2099 Funk and Baker 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/2.67/5.22/10.36/18.79 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 10.36 18.79 Y 0.294 Y 0.0235 35.2 63.9 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83300 2517 Bafundo et al, 1984 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 N 0.564 N 0.04009 35.5 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 67301 5734 Hill, 1990 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 19 d 1 d JV F M DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 N 0.564 N 0.04009 35.5 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76302 2099 Funk and Baker 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 3 0/5.78/11.51 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 11.51 Y 0.317 Y 0.02886 36.3 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 78303 2166 Jensen and Maurice 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.519 N 0.03797 36.6 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77304 1278 Davis et al, 1996 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 14 d JV M C LAB 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.484 Y 0.0359 37.1 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69305 2049 Chiou et al, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/400/500/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 38 w SM F C COM 5 GRO GRO BDWT WO 600 Y 1.464 Y 0.0978 40.1 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69306 6368 Southern and Baker, 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.374 N 0.0307 41.0 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68307 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 750 Y 2.13 Y 0.123 43.3 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69308 2172 Kassim and Suwanpradit, 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/125/250/375 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 3 w JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 375 N 0.564 Y 0.11161 49.5 74.2 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83309 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 750 Y 1.77 Y 0.118 50.0 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69310 14404 Vohra and Kratzer, 1968 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 2 3 0/338/676 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR JV B C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 676 N 0.5 N 0.0371 50.1 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76311 2157 Jackson, 1977 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/0.01486/0.02857/0.04828/0.07886/0.08657 g/org/d N N ADL U FD 35 d 1 yr SM F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 0.0789 0.087 Y 1.55 Y 0.082 50.9 55.9 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84312 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 1 4 0/218.5/420/1024 mg/kg diet N N DLY M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 218.5 420 Y 0.8 Y 0.208 56.8 109 10 10 10 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 89313 14404 Vohra and Kratzer, 1968 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 3 5 0/810/1620/2430/3240 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR JV B C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 810 1620 N 0.5 N 0.0371 60.0 120 10 10 5 10 5 8 10 10 10 4 82314 6170 Stevenson et al, 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/25.5/52.0/100.0 mg/org/d N N DLY U GV 5 d 27 w SM F C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 100 Y 1.53 Y 0.1 65.4 10 8 10 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 72315 2333 Yannakopoulos et al., 1990 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 1 4 0/200/400/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 34 d 7 d JV B C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 600 Y 0.1764 Y 0.0241 82.0 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 78316 2196 Leeson and Summers, 1982 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/20/40/80 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 80 N 0.564 Y 0.7271 103 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68317 18769 Foster, 1999 Cupric acetate monohydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 3 2 0/1024.8 mg/kg diet N N DLY M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 1024.8 Y 0.9584 Y 0.13418 143 10 10 10 5 7 8 4 10 10 4 78318 2181 Ko et al, 1985 Copper carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/42/76/98 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 3 d JV M C COM 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 42 Y 0.2039 Y 0.01304 2.69 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 78319 2171 Kashani et al., 1986 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 2 0/120 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 1 d JV M C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 120 Y 2.8 N 0.11377 4.88 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77320 9234 Harms and Eberst 1974 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 2 0/0.05 % in diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR C DOM 1 GRO GRO GGRO WO 0.05 Y 0.389 N 0.03148 10.3 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77321 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 10 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76322 2165 Jensen and Maurice 1978 copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.591 N 0.04133 17.5 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77323 2191 Latymer and Coates, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 24 d 1 d JV B V COM 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.335 N 0.02856 21.3 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77324 2293 Stevenson and Jackson 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/500/1000/2000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 24 w SM F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 N 1.6 Y 0.07229 22.6 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77325 2194 Ledoux, et.al. 1987 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/400/800 mg/kg diet N N ADL UX FD 21 d 1 d JV F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 400 N 0.564 Y 0.032 22.7 10 10 10 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 82326 2266 Robbins and Baker, 1980 Copper carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 8 d 8 d JV M C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.181 N 0.01913 26.4 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77327 2266 Robbins and Baker, 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 8 d 8 d JV M C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.181 N 0.01913 26.4 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77328 1369 Hill, 1974 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV B C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76329 2052 Christmas and Harms, 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/500/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.365 Y 0.0229 31.4 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 78330 2165 Jensen and Maurice 1978 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 3 0/500/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.592 N 0.04137 34.9 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77



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331 2291 Stevenson and Jackson 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 2 0/1830 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 24 w JV F C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 1830 Y 1.41 Y 0.02714 35.2 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 83332 2084 Ekperigin and Vohra 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 1 w 12 d JV B C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 N 0.564 N 0.04009 35.5 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76333 2319 Wang et al 1987 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 N 0.564 N 0.04009 35.5 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76334 92 Hill, 1974 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/500/1000/1500/2000/2500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV B C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 N 0.328 N 0.02817 42.9 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76335 2267 Robbins and Baker 1980 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 12 d 8 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.211 N 0.02114 50.1 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77336 2266 Robbins and Baker, 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 8 d 8 d JV M C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.16 N 0.01765 55.2 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77337 2267 Robbins and Baker 1980 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 8 d 8 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.144 N 0.01648 57.2 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77338 2267 Robbins and Baker 1980 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 12 d 8 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.132 N 0.01557 59.0 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77339 14404 Vohra and Kratzer, 1968 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 4 4 0/810/910/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR JV B C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 810 N 0.5 N 0.0371 60.0 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76340 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 2 0/503.4 mg/kg diet N N DLY M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 503.4 Y 0.8668 Y 0.13002 75.5 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 83341 1370 Hill, 1979 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV NR C COM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 1000 N 0.328 N 0.02817 85.9 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76342 1403 Jensen, 1975 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 14 d 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.141 Y 0.0131 92.9 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 78343 395 Hill, 1980 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 1 w 1 d JV F C DOM 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 1000 N 0.084 N 0.0116 138 10 10 5 4 5 8 4 10 10 4 70

Survival344 1369 Hill, 1974 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/32 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 2 w NR NR JV B C COM 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 32 N 0.328 N 0.02817 2.75 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 3 10 4 70345 36216 Wood and Worden, 1973 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/50 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 49 d 2 d JV B C COM 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 50 N 0.564 N 0.04009 3.55 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77346 36216 Wood and Worden, 1973 Copper sulfate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 2 0/50 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 49 d 2 d JV B C COM 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 50 N 0.092 N 0.01231 6.69 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77347 92 Hill, 1974 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV B C COM 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 100 N 0.46 N 0.03511 7.63 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 1 10 4 68348 14453 McGhee et al, 1965 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/20/40/80/160 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 4 w NR NR JV NR C NR 1 MOR MOR MORT WO 80 160 Y 0.2019 N 0.02054 8.14 16.3 10 10 5 10 6 9 10 10 10 4 84349 2181 Ko et al, 1985 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/54/94/134 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 3 d JV M C COM 1 MOR MOR MORT WO 134 Y 0.6283 Y 0.0394 8.40 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79350 25969 Skrivan et al, 2000 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/208 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 38 d 1 d JV B C COM 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 208 Y 1.876 N 0.08766 9.72 10 10 10 10 6 9 4 1 10 4 74351 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper chloride dihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 11 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 5 MOR MOR MORT WO 500 N 1.6 N 0.07903 11.7 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 1 10 4 68352 2162 Jenkins et al, 1970 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/229 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 6 w 1 d JV B C COM 1 MOR MOR MORT WO 229 Y 0.986 N 0.05767 13.4 10 10 10 10 6 9 4 10 10 4 83353 25968 Marron, et al, 2001 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 7 d JV M C COM 4 MOR MOR MORT WO 250 N 0.564 Y 0.08020 14.2 10 10 5 10 6 9 4 10 10 4 78354 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/250/500/750/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 4 MOR MOR MORT WO 250 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 9 10 10 10 4 83355 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 4 MOR MOR MORT WO 250 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 9 10 10 10 4 83356 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 4 MOR MOR MORT WO 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77357 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 4 MOR MOR MORT WO 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77358 36216 Wood and Worden, 1973 Copper sulfate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 3 2 0/135 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 16 d 2 d JV B C COM 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 135 N 0.092 N 0.01231 18.1 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77359 6788 Ward et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 2 0/6.34 mg/org/d N N ADL M FD 10 d 5 d JV M C DOM 5 MOR MOR MORT WO 6.34 Y 0.3465 Y 0.0351 18.3 10 10 10 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 84360 2006 Ankari et al, 1998 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/50/150/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 84 d 25 w SM F C DOM 3 MOR MOR MORT WO 250 Y 1.5315 Y 0.12176 19.9 10 10 5 4 7 9 4 10 10 4 73361 2191 Latymer and Coates, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 24 d 1 d JV B V COM 1 MOR MOR MORT WO 250 Y 0.335 N 0.02856 21.3 10 10 5 10 6 9 4 1 10 4 69362 2160 Jackson, et. al., 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/10.39/21.31/31.52/39.91 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 336 d 17 w SM F C NR 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 39.91 Y 1.85 Y 0.0997 21.6 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79363 6788 Ward et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 2 2 0/10.33 mg/org/d N N ADL M DR 10 d 5 d JV M C DOM 5 MOR MOR MORT WO 10.33 Y 0.389 Y 0.116 26.6 10 5 10 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79364 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 7 4 0/250/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 4 MOR MOR MORT WO 500 1000 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 57.4 10 10 5 10 5 9 10 10 10 4 83365 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/125/250/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 4 MOR MOR MORT WO 500 1000 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 57.4 10 10 5 10 5 9 10 10 10 4 83366 1369 Hill, 1974 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV M C COM 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 3 10 4 70367 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 8 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 4 MOR MOR MORT WO 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77368 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 6 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 4 MOR MOR MORT WO 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77369 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 9 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 5 MOR MOR MORT WO 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77370 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 10 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 5 MOR MOR MORT WO 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77371 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 750 Y 1.82 Y 0.072 29.7 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79372 2221 Miles et al, 1998 Tribasic copper chloride 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 4 0/200/400/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV B C NR 3 MOR MOR MORT WO 600 Y 1.335 Y 0.06617 29.7 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79373 2221 Miles et al, 1998 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 4 0/200/400/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d 1 d JV B C NR 3 MOR MOR MORT WO 600 Y 1.543 Y 0.07917 30.8 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 1 10 4 70374 2158 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 280 d 18 w SM F C NR 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 750 Y 1.78 Y 0.0751 31.6 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79375 22 Mehring et al, 1960 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/403/570/749/1180 mg/kg diet N N NR M FD 10 w 1 d JV B C NR 1 MOR MOR MORT WO 570 749 Y 1.0166 N 0.05883 33.0 43.3 10 10 10 10 6 9 10 10 10 4 89376 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 750 Y 1.33 Y 0.0624 35.2 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79377 2158 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 280 d 18 w SM F C NR 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 750 Y 1.5 Y 0.0708 35.4 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79378 2160 Jackson et al, 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/23.5/43.84/56.47/60.43 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 232 d 17 w SM F C NR 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 60.43 Y 1.704 Y 0.07556 35.5 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79379 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 750 Y 2.13 Y 0.123 43.3 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79380 14405 Waibel et al, 1964 Cupric carbonate 100 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/100/800 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 3 w 7 d JV NR C DOM 2 MOR MOR SURV WO 800 N 1 N 0.0582 46.6 10 10 5 5 5 9 4 10 10 4 72381 2052 Christmas and Harms, 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/500/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C DOM 3 MOR MOR MORT WO 750 Y 0.32 Y 0.0206 48.3 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79382 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 750 Y 1.77 Y 0.118 50.0 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79383 14404 Vohra and Kratzer, 1968 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 3 5 0/810/1620/2430/3240 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d NR NR JV B C COM 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 810 1620 N 0.5 N 0.0371 60.0 120 10 10 5 10 5 9 10 10 10 4 83384 2157 Jackson, 1977 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/0.01486/0.02857/0.04828/0.07886/0.08657 g/org/d N N ADL U FD 35 d NR NR SM F C NR 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 0.0866 N 1.38 Y 0.045 62.7 10 10 5 10 6 9 4 10 10 4 78385 92 Hill, 1974 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/500/1000/1500/2000/2500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 5 w 1 d JV F C COM 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 1000 1500 N 0.38 N 0.031 81.6 122 10 10 5 10 5 9 10 10 10 4 83



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386 1370 Hill, 1979 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 2 w 1 d JV B C COM 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 1000 N 0.328 N 0.02817 85.9 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77387 1403 Jensen, 1975 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 14 d 1 d JV NR C NR 2 MOR MOR MORT WO 1000 Y 0.141 Y 0.0131 92.9 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79388 80 Van Vleet et al, 1981 Copper sulfate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 1 d JV M C COM 1 MOR MOR MORT WO 1500 N 0.092 N 0.01231 201 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77389 2181 Ko et al, 1985 Copper carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/42/76/98 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 3 d JV M C COM 1 MOR MOR MORT WO 42 Y 0.2039 Y 0.01304 2.69 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79390 18769 Foster, 1999 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 4 2 0/605.4 mg/L N N DLY M DR 4 d 4 d JV NR C COM 1 MOR MOR MORT WO 605.4 N 0.092 N 0.01193 78.5 10 5 10 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77391 3727 Shivanandappa et al., 1983 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/200/600/800/1200/1600 mg/kg bw N N DLY U OR 3 w 25 w JV M V NR 3 MOR MOR MORT WO 200 Y 1.7 N 0.08221 79.6 10 8 5 10 10 9 4 10 10 4 80392 80 Van Vleet et al, 1981 Copper sulfate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 1 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 1 d JV M C COM 3 MOR MOR MORT WO 1500 N 0.092 N 0.01231 201 10 10 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 77393 3727 Shivanandappa et al, 1983 Copper oxychloride 59.51 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/900/1200/1500/1800 mg/kg bw N N DLY U OR 4 d 25 w JV M V NR 1 MOR MOR MORT WO 900 Y 1.7 N 0.08221 536 10 8 5 10 10 9 4 10 10 4 80

Data Not Used to Derive TRV394 2007 Hoda and Maha, 1995 Copper sulfate 25 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/75/150 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 1 d JV NR C LAB 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 150 Y 1.1273 Y 0.05786 1.92 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65395 2160 Jackson et al, 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/10.39/21.31/31.52/39.91 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 336 d 17 w SM F C NR 4 BEH FDB FCNS WO 39.91 Y 18.5 Y 0.0997 2.16 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65396 2329 Wilson et al, 1975 Copper sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/48/96 mg/L N N ADL U DR 6 w 1 d JV M C NR 3 PTH HIS GHIS MT 96 N 1.042 Y 0.0712 2.61 10 5 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 59397 2329 Wilson et al, 1975 Copper sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/48/96 mg/L N N ADL U DR 6 w 1 d JV M C NR 4 PHY PHY FDCV WO 96 N 1.042 Y 0.0712 2.61 10 5 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 59398 2329 Wilson et al, 1975 Copper sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/48/96 mg/L N N ADL U DR 6 w 1 d JV M C NR 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 96 N 1.042 Y 0.0712 2.61 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 63399 2329 Wilson et al, 1975 Copper sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/48/96 mg/L N N ADL U DR 6 w 1 d JV M C NR 1 BEH FDB WCON WO 96 N 1.042 Y 0.0712 2.61 10 5 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 59400 2114 Guenthner et al, 1978 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 2 0/120 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 24 w 1 d JV F C DOM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 120 Y 11.61 N 0.28716 2.97 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64401 5149 Kayongo-Male and Palmer, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/8/75 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR JV NR C DOM 3 PTH ORW SMIX LI 75 Y 0.787 N 0.0498 4.75 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64402 5149 Kayongo-Male and Palmer, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/8/75 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w NR NR JV NR C DOM 2 BIO CHM HMCT BL 75 Y 0.787 N 0.0498 4.75 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 1 10 4 61403 2171 Kashani et al, 1986 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 2 4 0/60/120/240 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 24 w 1 d JV M C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 240 Y 13.64 N 0.31892 5.61 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64404 2007 Hoda and Maha, 1995 Copper oxide 80.0 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 3 0/75/150 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 1 d JV M C LAB 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 150 Y 1.0887 Y 0.05698 6.28 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65405 2007 Hoda and Maha, 1995 Copper oxide 80.0 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 3 0/75/150 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 1 d JV M C LAB 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 150 Y 1.0887 Y 0.05698 6.28 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65406 36216 Wood and Worden, 1973 Copper sulfate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 2 2 0/50 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 49 d 2 d JV B C COM 1 PTH ORW ORWT LI 50 Y 0.092 N 0.01231 6.69 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64407 2007 Hoda and Maha, 1995 Copper carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/75/150 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 1 d JV NR C LAB 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 150 Y 1.2283 Y 0.06186 7.55 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65408 2007 Hoda and Maha, 1995 Copper carbonate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/75/150 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 1 d JV NR C LAB 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 150 Y 1.2283 Y 0.06186 7.55 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65409 2181 Ko et al, 1985 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/54/94/134 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 3 d JV M C COM 4 PHY PHY FDCV WO 134 Y 0.6283 Y 0.0394 8.40 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65410 2181 Ko et al, 1985 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/54/94/134 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 3 d JV M C COM 3 BEH FDB FCNS WO 134 Y 0.6283 Y 0.0394 8.40 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65411 2282 Shajahan and Coligado, 1982 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 6 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 PTH ORW ORWT IN 200 N 1.04 N 0.05971 11.5 10 10 5 4 5 4 4 1 10 4 57412 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 Copper chloride dihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 11 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 4 BIO CHM PHPH GZ 500 N 1.6 N 0.07903 11.7 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 1 10 4 60413 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 Copper chloride dihydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 11 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 BEH FDB FEFF WO 500 N 1.6 N 0.07903 11.7 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63414 25968 Marron et al, 2001 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 7 d JV M C COM 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 N 0.564 Y 0.08020 14.2 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64415 25968 Marron et al, 2001 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 7 d JV M C COM 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 N 0.564 Y 0.08020 14.2 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64416 5734 Hill, 1990 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 5 0/25/50/100/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 19 d 1 d JV F C DOM 2 BIO CHM GBCM LI 200 N 0.564 N 0.04009 14.2 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 6 10 4 65417 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 3 PTH HIS GHIS GZ 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63418 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63419 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 N 1.042 N 0.05978 14.3 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63420 2164 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 3 0/120/240 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 4 PHY PHY FDCV WO 240 Y 0.709 N 0.04653 15.7 10 10 5 4 6 4 4 1 10 4 58421 2164 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 3 0/120/240 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 240 Y 0.709 N 0.04653 15.7 10 10 5 4 6 8 4 1 10 4 62422 2164 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/240 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 240 Y 0.606 N 0.04201 16.6 10 10 5 4 6 8 4 1 10 4 62423 2164 Jensen and Maurice, 1978 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/125/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV NR C NR 1 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 0.476 N 0.0359 18.9 10 10 5 4 6 8 4 1 10 4 62424 11876 Kadirvel and Kothandaraman, 1978 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/0.05 % in diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 12 w SM F C COM 3 BEH FDB FCNS WO 0.05 Y 1.4976 Y 0.0591 19.7 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65425 2006 Ankari et al, 1998 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/50/150/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 84 d 25 w SM F C DOM 4 GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 1.5315 Y 0.12176 19.9 10 10 5 4 7 8 4 1 10 4 63426 2006 Ankari et al, 1998 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/50/150/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 84 d 25 w SM F C DOM 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 Y 1.5315 Y 0.12176 19.9 10 10 5 4 7 4 4 1 10 4 59427 11876 Kadirvel and Kothandaraman, 1978 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/0.05 % in diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 12 w SM F C COM 4 PHY PHY FDCV WO 0.05 Y 1.4976 Y 0.0591 19.7 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65428 5812 Ledoux et al, 1989 Copper acetate monohydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/200/300 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C DOM 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 300 N 0.564 Y 0.0383 20.4 10 10 5 5 6 4 4 1 10 4 59429 5617 Pimentel et al, 1992 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/211.6 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV B C COM 3 BIO CHM HMGL BL 211.6 Y 0.1103 Y 0.0109 20.9 10 10 5 4 7 1 4 6 10 4 61430 2191 Latymer and Coates, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 24 d 1 d JV M V COM 3 BIO CHM GBCM LI 250 Y 0.335 N 0.02856 21.3 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 3 10 4 63431 5824 Ledoux et al, 1989 Cupric acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/200/300 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 22 d 1 d JV M C NR 2 GRO GRO BDWT WO 300 N 0.564 N 0.04009 21.3 10 10 5 5 5 8 4 1 10 4 62432 5824 Ledoux et al, 1989 Cupric acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/200/300 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 22 d 1 d JV M C NR 3 BIO CHM CALC LI 300 N 0.564 N 0.04009 21.3 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 10 4 64433 5824 Ledoux et al, 1989 Cupric acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/200/300 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 22 d 1 d JV M C NR 1 BEH FDB FCNS WO 300 N 0.564 N 0.04009 21.3 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 58434 2160 Jackson et al, 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/10.39/21.31/31.52/39.91 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 336 d 17 w SM F C NR 7 PHY PHY FDCV WO 39.91 N 1.85 Y 0.0997 21.6 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64435 2099 Funk and Baker, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 3 0/5/8.23 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 8.23 Y 0.319 Y 0.025 25.8 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65436 6788 Ward et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 2 2 0/10.33 mg/org/d N N ADL M DR 10 d 5 d JV M C DOM 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 10.33 Y 0.389 Y 0.116 26.6 10 5 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65437 6788 Ward et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 2 2 0/10.33 mg/org/d N N ADL M DR 10 d 5 d JV M C DOM 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 10.33 Y 0.389 Y 0.116 26.6 10 5 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65438 6788 Ward et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 2 2 0/10.33 mg/org/d N N ADL M DR 10 d 5 d JV M C DOM 4 BIO CHM HMGL BL 10.33 Y 0.389 Y 0.116 26.6 10 5 10 10 7 1 4 1 10 4 62439 2226 Nam et al 1984 Copper carbonate 51.43 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/0.05/0.10 % in diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 3 d JV NR C COM 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 0.1 N 1.042 Y 0.0543 26.8 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64440 14398 Goldberg et al, 1956 Copper acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/50 mg/d N N DLY U OR 7 d NR NR AD F C DOM 1 BIO CHM HMGL BL 50 Y 1.8 N 0.0853 27.8 10 8 5 5 6 1 4 1 3 4 47



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441 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 8 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63442 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 9 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63443 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 5 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63444 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 10 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63445 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen, 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 10 3 0/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 4 BIO CHM PHPH GZ 500 N 1.042 N 0.05978 28.7 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 1 10 4 60446 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 5 BIO CHM LIPD LI 750 Y 1.82 Y 0.072 29.7 10 10 5 10 7 1 4 1 10 4 62447 2284 Smith, 1969 Cupric sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/200/350 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 25 d 1 d JV M C COM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 350 Y 0.2982 N 0.02647 31.1 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64448 2158 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 280 d 18 w SM F C NR 4 PTH ORW ORWT LI 750 Y 1.78 Y 0.0751 31.6 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65449 2158 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 280 d 18 w SM F C NR 7 BIO CHM LIPD LI 750 Y 1.78 Y 0.0751 31.6 10 10 5 10 7 1 4 1 10 4 62450 2172 Kassim and Suwanpradit, 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/125/250/375 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C COM 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 375 N 0.564 Y 0.04827 32.1 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64451 2052 Christmas and Harms, 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/500/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV NR C DOM 5 PHY PHY FDCV WO 750 Y 0.459 Y 0.0206 33.7 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65452 2163 Jensen et al, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/120/240/480 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 3 w 1 d JV M C COM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 480 Y 0.567 N 0.04023 34.1 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64453 2158 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 280 d 18 w SM F C NR 5 PTH ORW ORWT LI 750 Y 1.5 Y 0.0708 35.4 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65454 2517 Bafundo et al, 1984 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 N 0.564 N 0.04009 35.5 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63455 2517 Bafundo et al, 1984 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 3 BIO ENZ ALPH BL 500 N 0.564 N 0.04009 35.5 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 1 10 4 60456 2099 Funk and Baker, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 4 3 0/5.78/11.51 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 11.51 Y 0.317 Y 0.02886 36.3 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65457 1278 Davis et al, 1996 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 14 d JV M C LAB 3 PTH ORW ORWT LI 500 Y 0.484 Y 0.0359 37.1 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65458 1278 Davis et al, 1996 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 14 d JV M C LAB 4 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 Y 0.484 Y 0.0359 37.1 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65459 1278 Davis et al, 1996 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 14 d JV M C LAB 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 500 Y 0.484 Y 0.0359 37.1 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65460 2049 Chiou et al, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/400/500/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 38 w SM F C COM 3 PTH ORW ORWT LI 600 Y 1.464 Y 0.0978 40.1 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65461 6368 Southern and Baker, 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C COM 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 Y 0.374 N 0.0307 41.0 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64462 6368 Southern and Baker, 1983 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C COM 3 BIO CHM HMGL BL 500 Y 0.374 N 0.0307 41.0 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 1 10 4 61463 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 5 PHY PHY FDCV WO 750 Y 2.13 Y 0.123 43.3 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65464 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 4 BIO CHM LIPD LI 750 Y 2.13 Y 0.123 43.3 10 10 5 10 7 1 4 1 10 4 62465 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 3 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 8 BEH FDB FCNS WO 750 Y 2.13 Y 0.123 43.3 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65466 14405 Waibel et al, 1964 Cupric carbonate 100 Turkey (Melagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/100/800 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 3 w 7 d JV NR C DOM 3 BIO CHM HMGL BL 800 N 1 N 0.0582 46.6 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 1 10 4 55467 2118 Harms and Buresh, 1987 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo ) 1 3 0/500/750 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C NR 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 750 Y 0.2877 Y 0.0186 48.5 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65468 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 5 PHY PHY FDCV WO 750 Y 1.77 Y 0.118 50.0 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65469 2159 Jackson and Stevenson, 1981 Copper oxide 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 6 0/150/300/450/600/750 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 336 d 26 w SM F C NR 3 BEH FDB FCNS WO 750 Y 1.77 Y 0.118 50.0 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65470 5824 Ledoux et al, 1989 Cupric acetate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/100/200/300 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 22 d 1 d JV M C NR 1 BEH FDB FCNS WO 300 N 0.564 N 0.04009 53.8 10 10 5 5 5 4 4 1 10 4 58471 2250 Poupoulis and Jensen 1976 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 5 0/250/500/750/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 1 d JV NR C NR 2 PHY PHY FDCV WO 1000 N 1.042 N 0.05978 57.4 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 63472 2099 Funk and Baker 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 5 0/2.67/5.22/10.36/18.79 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 14 d 8 d JV M C NR 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 18.79 N 0.294 Y 0.0235 63.9 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64473 2172 Kassim and Suwanpradit, 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/125/250/375 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 3 w JV M C COM 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 375 N 0.564 Y 0.10858 72.2 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64474 2172 Kassim and Suwanpradit, 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 2 4 0/125/250/375 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 3 w JV M C COM 2 BEH FDB FCNS WO 375 N 0.564 Y 0.10858 72.2 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64475 2333 Yannakopoulos et al, 1990 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica ) 1 4 0/200/400/600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 34 d 7 d JV B C NR 3 PTH ORW ORWT BT 600 Y 0.1764 Y 0.0241 82.0 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65476 5619 Pimentel et al, 1992 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 3 0/222.39/529.92 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV B C COM 1 BIO CHM HMGL BL 529.92 N 0.0397 N 0.00712 95.1 10 10 5 4 5 1 4 10 10 4 63477 2196 Leeson and Summers, 1982 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/20/40/80 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C COM 3 PHY PHY FDCV WO 80 N 0.564 Y 0.7271 103 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64478 2196 Leeson and Summers, 1982 Copper sulfate 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/20/40/80 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 d 1 d JV M C COM 2 BEH FDB FDNG WO 80 N 0.564 Y 0.7271 103 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64479 18769 Foster, 1999 Cupric acetate monohydrate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 3 2 0/1024.8 mg/kg diet N N DLY M FD 35 d 3 d JV NR C COM 3 BIO CHM HEMT BL 1024.8 Y 0.9584 Y 0.13418 143 10 10 10 5 7 1 4 3 10 4 64480 80 Van Vleet et al, 1981 Copper sulfate 100 Duck (Anas platyrhynchos ) 1 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 1 d JV M C COM 2 BIO ENZ GLPX BL 1500 N 0.092 N 0.01231 201 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 3 10 4 62481 2006 Ankari et al, 1998 Copper 100 Chicken (Gallus domesticus ) 1 4 0/50/150/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 84 d 25 w SM F C DOM 5 BIO CHM CHOL PL 50 Y 1.5161 Y 0.12278 4.05 10 10 5 4 7 1 4 10 10 4 65

All abbreviations and definitions are used in coding stuides are available from Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA 2003).Duplicate values for NOAELs and LOAELs for the same reference represent results from different experimental designs and are identified by different Phase numbers.


Appendix 6-1

Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted and Reviewed for WildlifeToxicity Reference Value (TRV) - Copper

February 2007


Appendix 6.1 Mammalian Toxicity Data Extracted for Wildlife Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)Copper

Page 1 of 7

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Biochemical1 2625 Cerklewski and Forbes, 1977 Copper chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/20 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 1 w NR NR JV M C LAB BIO CHM HMGL UR 20 Y 0.196 Y 0.0150 1.53 10 10 5 10 7 1 4 10 10 4 712 36349 Uthus, 2001 Cupric carbonate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/25 ug/g diet N N ADL U FD 62 d NR NR JV M C LAB BIO CHM HMGL BL 25 Y 0.351 N 0.0291 2.07 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 703 10086 Amer, et al, 1973 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 1 3 0/107/201 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 4 w 3 d JV M C COM BIO ENZ GENZ BL 107 201 N 220 N 5.79 2.71 5.09 10 10 10 10 5 1 10 10 10 4 804 36240 Miranda et al, 1981 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/55.1 ug/g diet N N ADL M FD 5 w NR NR JV M C LAB BIO ENZ ASAT PL 55.1 Y 0.225 Y 0.0147 3.60 10 10 10 10 7 1 4 8 10 4 745 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 6 0/500/1000/2000/4000/8000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 13 w 6 w JV B C LAB BIO ENZ AATT BL 500 1000 Y 0.36 Y 0.0170 6.02 12.0 10 10 5 10 7 1 10 10 10 4 776 21243 Irie,M., 1990 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/20/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 4 mo JV NR C DOM BIO CHM FFTA WO 200 Y 98.6 N 2.99 6.07 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 707 2304 Thacker, 1991 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 7 d NR NR GE F C NR BIO CHM PRTL MK 250 Y 232 N 6.04 6.51 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 708 20975 Kline et al, 1971 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 4 0/151/197/246 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 88 d 69 d JV NR C DOM BIO CHM HMGL BL 246 Y 87.232 N 2.71 7.63 10 10 10 10 6 1 4 1 10 4 669 2182 Kornegay, et al, 1986 Copper 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/200/400 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 25 d NR NR JV B C COM BIO CHM HMGL BL 200 400 Y 18.4 Y 0.790 8.59 17.2 10 10 5 4 7 1 10 10 10 4 71

10 2033 Brandt, 1983 Copper (II) sulfate 100 Mink (Mustela vision ) 1 3 0/166/320 mg/kg diet N Y ADL M FD 4 mo 90 d JV M C NR BIO CHM HMGL PL 166 320 Y 1.92 N 0.11744 10.2 19.6 10 10 10 10 6 1 10 10 10 4 8111 3757 Suttle and Mills, 1966 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/250/425 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 34 d NR NR JV F C DOM BIO ENZ ASAT SR 250 425 Y 30 Y 1.43 11.9 20.3 10 10 5 10 7 1 10 10 10 4 7712 3756 Smith et al, 1975 Cupric carbonate 100 Horse - Shetland pony (Equus caballus ) 1 4 0/691.7/1209.1/2088.2 mg/org/d N N ADL M FD 84 d NR NR JV NR C DOM BIO CHM PCLV BL 2088.2 Y 151.8 Y 2.64 13.8 10 10 10 10 7 1 4 1 10 4 6713 12718 Moffitt and Murphy, 1973 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 4 0/50/150/450 mg/L N N ADL U DR 15 d NR NR JV B C LAB BIO ENZ AHDX LI 150 450 Y 0.25 N 0.0284 17.1 51.2 10 5 5 10 6 1 10 10 10 4 7114 2020 Bassuny, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 5 0/75/150/300/450 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 7 w 35 d JV M C NR BIO CHM PRTL BL 75 Y 2.224 Y 0.0883 0.758 10 10 5 10 7 1 4 10 10 4 7115 36748 Solaiman, et al, 2001 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Goat (Capra hircus ) 1 3 0/50/100 mg/org/d N N DLY U GV 9 w 7-8 mo JV F C DOM BIO ENZ GGTR PL 50 Y 34.06 N 1.2487 1.47 10 8 10 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 7316 36231 Kakela et al, 1999 Copper sulfate 100 Mink (Mustela vision ) 1 2 0/62 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 28 d 6 mo JV F C NR BIO CHM VTMA PL 62 Y 1.4 N 0.0906 4.01 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 7017 36248 Kakela and Hyvarinen, 1999 Copper sulfate 100 Mink (Mustela vision ) 1 2 0/62 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 28 d 6 mo JV F C NR BIO CHM FFTA LD 62 Y 1.4 N 0.0906 4.01 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 7018 3752 Adam et al, 1977 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Goat (Capra hircus ) 1 4 0/20/40/80 mg/kg bw/d Y N DLY U GV 144 d 12 mo AD B C NR BIO CHM GLYC LI 20 N 82.5 N 2.58 5.36 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 6 4 7319 2064 DeGoey et al 1971 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 98 d NR mo JV NR C NR BIO CHM HMGL BL 250 Y 90.5 Y 2.70 7.46 10 10 5 10 7 1 4 10 10 4 7120 14396 Gipp et al, 1973 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 12 w NR NR JV F C COM BIO CHM HMGL BL 250 Y 93.2 N 2.86 7.66 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 7021 12809 Myres and Bowland, 1973 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 10 w 70 d JV B C COM BIO CHM FFTA LD 250 Y 64.7 Y 2.03 7.84 10 10 5 10 7 1 4 10 10 4 7122 14402 Ritchie et al, 1963 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 w 7 w JV NR C COM BIO CHM HMGL WO 250 Y 69.31 N 2.24 8.08 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 7023 2237 Onifade and Abu 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 4 0/125/250/375 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 70 d 7 w JV NR C LAB BIO CHM TWBC BL 125 Y 0.5768 N 0.043704 9.47 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 7024 14397 Gipp, et al, 1974 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 35 d 3 w JV B C COM BIO CHM HMGL BL 250 Y 21.9 Y 0.870 9.93 10 10 5 10 7 1 4 10 10 4 7125 2255 Radecki et al 1992 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 14 d 21 d JV B C NR BIO ENZ G6PD GT 250 Y 7.384 N 0.355 12.0 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 7026 2064 DeGoey et al 1971 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 23 d NR mo JV NR C NR BIO CHM HMGL BL 500 Y 89 N 2.75 15.5 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 7027 2256 Rana and Kumar 1980 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/100 mg/kg bw N N DLY U GV 20 d 90 d JV M C LAB BIO CHM RBCE BL 100 Y 0.101 N 0.010435 39.8 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 7728 2186 Kumar et al, 1987 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.1 g/kg bw/d N N DLY U GV 45 d 90 d JV M C LAB BIO CHM PRTL KI 0.1 Y 0.103 N 0.010605 39.8 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 7729 36346 Gautam et al, 2001 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.1 g/kg bw N N ADL U FD 2 w NR NR JV NR C WLD BIO CHM CALC LI 0.1 Y 0.06 N 0.006801 39.8 10 10 5 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 7430 10891 DeVries et al, 1986 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/12 mg/org/d N N NR U DR 11 mo 3 w JV F C LAB BIO HRM GHRM BR 12 Y 0.262 Y 0.0250 45.8 10 5 5 10 7 1 4 10 10 4 6631 25964 Aburto, et al, 2001 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/500 ug/g diet N N ADL U FD 6 mo 10 w JV M C LAB BIO CHM GCHM LI 500 Y 0.14 N 0.0136 48.7 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 7032 23825 Pribyl et al, 1980 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/12.7 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 4 d NR NR JV M C LAB BIO ENZ GENZ SR 12.7 Y 0.2 N 0.018298 63.5 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 7033 36247 Rana and Verma, 1997 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/75 mg/kg bw/d N N EOD U FD 30 d NR NR JV M C LAB BIO CHM GLTH LI 75 Y 0.14 N 0.0136 75.0 10 10 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 7934 36389 Tatum et al, 2000 Copper chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/800 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w NR NR JV F C LAB BIO ENZ GENZ PL 800 Y 0.165 N 0.0156 75.7 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 7035 13236 Rana et. al, 1985 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.1 g/kg bw/d N N DLY U GV 30 d 90 d JV M C LAB BIO CHM GLYC LI 0.1 Y 0.1 N 0.0104 100 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 7736 36364 Fuentealba et al, 2000 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 12 w 21 d JV B C LAB BIO ENZ AATT LI 1500 N 0.38 N 0.0310 122 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 6937 36364 Fuentealba et al, 2000 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 18 w NR NR GE F C LAB BIO ENZ AATT LI 1500 N 0.25 N 0.0220 132 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 6938 2097 Fuentealba et al 1993 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 1 w NR mo JV M C NR BIO CHM GBCM LI 1500 N 0.217 N 0.01957 135 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 6939 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 8 4 0/129/259/551 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 92 d 6 w JV M C COM BIO ENZ AATT BL 129 N 0.352 N 0.0291 146 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 6940 2123 Haywood and Comerford 1980 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 1 w NR mo JV M C NR BIO ENZ AATT BL 2000 N 0.235 N 0.0209 178 10 10 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 6941 36355 Zhang et al, 2000 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/357 mg/kg bw/d N N 5 per w U GV 8 w 8 w JV B C LAB BIO ENZ GENZ SR 357 N 0.217 N 0.0196 357 10 10 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 7942 36374 Pettersen, et al, 2002 Copper chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 1 3 0/3.5/7 g/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 4 w JV B C LAB BIO CHM NACO HE 3.5 Y 0.0175 N 0.00247 494 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 10 10 4 7043 36200 Gooneratne and Howell, 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/7.14 g/kg bw/d N N 5 per w U DR 66 d 9-12 mo JV M C COM BIO ENZ GLPX LI 7.14 N 65.1 N 4.24 1817 10 5 5 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 6944 36234 Sansinanea et al, 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/7.14 g/kg bw/d N N 5 per w U OR 14 w 12 mo JV F C DOM BIO CHM GLUC SR 7.14 N 80 N 2.52 7140 10 8 10 10 10 1 4 10 10 4 77

Behavior 45 36240 Miranda et al, 1981 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/55.1 ug/g diet N N ADL M FD 5 w NR NR JV M C LAB BEH FDB FCNS WO 55.1 Y 0.225 Y 0.0147 3.60 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 6 10 4 7546 2010 Anugwa et al, 1984 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 3 0/122.2/223.67 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 8 w 8 w JV B C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 122.2 223.67 Y 1.787 Y 0.05326 3.64 6.67 10 10 10 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8547 2020 Bassuny, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 5 0/75/150/300/450 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 7 w 35 d JV M C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 450 Y 2.218 Y 0.0823 4.25 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 7448 1888 Ward, et al, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/199 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 144 d 31 d JV B C NR BEH FDB FDNG WO 199 Y 108 Y 2.37 4.37 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7049 14387 Allcroft et al, 1961 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 4 0/380/560/934 mg/org/d N N ADL M FD 4 w 8-10 w JV B C DOM BEH FDB FCNS WO 560 934 N 100 Y 2.36 5.60 9.34 10 10 10 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 8450 136 Gershbein et al 1983 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/75 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C NR BEH BEH NMVM WO 75 Y 0.47 N 0.03693 5.89 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 3 10 4 6651 2304 Thacker, 1991 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 35 d NR NR LC F C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 Y 213 Y 5.7 6.69 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 7452 25922 Apgar et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 4 0/115/156/242 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 5 w 31 d JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 242 Y 20.4 Y 0.582 6.90 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7053 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper chloride - tribasic 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/116/218 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 29 d JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 218 Y 17.7 Y 0.598 7.37 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7054 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper chloride - tribasic 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/116/218 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 29 d JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 218 Y 17.7 Y 0.598 7.37 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7055 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 2 0/231 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 30 d JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 231 Y 20.8 Y 0.739 8.21 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7056 14387 Allcroft et al, 1961 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 4 0/345/579/843 mg/org/d N N ADL M FD 19 w 8-10 w JV B C DOM BEH FDB FCNS WO 843 N 100 Y 2.15 8.43 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 69




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57 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 3 0/117/226 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 29 d JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 226 Y 17.7 Y 0.666 8.50 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7058 2061 Cromwell et al 1989 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 5 0/125/250/375/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 33 d 28 d JV B C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 375 Y 18 Y 0.73 8.67 13.0 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8059 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper chloride 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 4 0/124/167/241 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 30 d JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 241 Y 20.8 Y 0.749 8.68 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7060 2061 Cromwell et al 1989 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 4 0/125/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 28 d JV B C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 500 Y 12.2 Y 0.486 10.0 19.9 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8061 2075 Edmonds and Baker 1986 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/250/650 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 4 w JV NR C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 650 Y 17.53 Y 0.725 10.3 26.9 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8062 25928 Apgar and Kornegay, 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/16.5 mg/kg bw/d N N 2 per d M FD 14 d NR NR JV M C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 16.5 Y 81.4 Y 0.066 16.5 10 10 10 10 10 4 4 1 10 4 7363 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 6 0/300/1000/3000/10000/30000 mg/L N N ADL U DR 15 d 6 w JV B C LAB BEH FDB WCON WO 1000 3000 Y 0.174 Y 0.01176 17.2 51.6 10 5 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 7564 2113 Grobner et al, 1986 Anhydrous Copper sulfate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 6 6 0/55.9/121.5/199.2/498.1/821.6 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 498.1 821.6 Y 1.6024 Y 0.0892 27.7 45.7 10 10 10 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8565 2043 Bush et al., 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Mink (Mustela vision ) 1 3 0/308/568 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 132 d 10 w JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 568 Y 2.403 N 0.141233 33.4 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 6966 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 6 0/300/1000/3000/10000/30000 mg/L N N ADL U DR 15 d 6 w JV B C LAB BEH FDB WCON WO 1000 3000 Y 0.0211 Y 0.0028 33.8 101 10 5 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 7567 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 6 0/500/1000/2000/4000/8000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 13 w 6 w JV B C LAB BEH FDB FCNS WO 4000 8000 Y 0.338 Y 0.0165 49.7 99.4 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8068 2113 Grobner et al, 1986 Anhydrous Copper sulfate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 6 0/50.9/99.1/176.9/504.5/901.5 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 901.5 Y 1.6276 Y 0.1066 59.0 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7069 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 6 0/1000/2000/4000/8000/16000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 7 d 6 w JV B C LAB BEH FDB FCNS WO 8000 16000 Y 0.151 Y 0.0133 179 359 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8070 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 5 0/41/113/175/140 mg/org/d N N ADL U DR 2 w 6 w JV M C COM BEH FDB WCON WO 113 175 Y 0.174 N 0.020518 259 400 10 5 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 7471 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 5 0/41/95/226/524 mg/org/d N N ADL U DR 2 w 6 w JV M C COM BEH FDB WCON WO 41 95 Y 0.0277 N 0.003925 589 1365 10 5 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 7472 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 6 0/92/180/363/777/1275 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV M C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 777 1275 Y 0.151 N 0.014524 2049 3361 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 7973 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 6 0/168/362/773/1154/2817 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 773 1154 Y 0.0246 N 0.003268 12509 18675 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 7974 36759 Ortolani et al, 2003 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/3 mg/kg bw/d N N ADL U DR 14 d 6 mo JV M C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 3 Y 31.6 Y 0.5000 3.00 10 5 5 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 7275 2640 Freundt and Ibrahim, 1990 Cuprous chloride 64.18 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/100 mg/L N N ADL U DR 91 d NR NR JV F C NR BEH FDB WCON WO 100 Y 0.278 N 0.031281 5.78 10 5 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 6876 2064 DeGoey et al 1971 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 98 d NR NR JV NR C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 Y 90.5 Y 2.70 7.46 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 7477 2237 Onifade and Abu 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 4 0/125/250/375 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 70 d 7 w JV NR C LAB BEH FDB FCNS WO 125 Y 0.5768 N 0.043704 9.47 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 7378 14653 Boyden, 1938 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 5 0/5.1/5.05/8.2/9.8/11.8/7.6 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 4 w 28 d JV B C DOM BEH FDB FCNS WO 5.1 N 0.217 Y 0.0101 23.5 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 7379 12079 Komulainen, 1983 Copper chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 4 0/28/50/64 mg/kg bw/d N N ADL U DR 3 w 4 w JV M C COM BEH FDB WCON WO 28 Y 0.194 Y 0.00021 28.0 10 5 5 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 72

Physiology80 25941 Bailey et al, 2001 Copper sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 1 3 0/28/55.31 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 112 d NR NR JV NR C DOM PHY PHY FDCV WO 55.31 Y 363.4 N 8.742 1.33 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 6981 2012 Arthur, 1965 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus ) 1 3 0/10/20 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR JV B C NR PHY PHY GPHY HA 20 Y 0.662 N 0.048944 1.48 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 7382 43456 Omole, et al, 1976 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/125/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 127 d NR NR NR B C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 125 200 Y 90.2 Y 2.0 2.77 4.43 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 6 4 7683 36748 Solaiman, et al, 2001 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Goat (Capra hircus ) 1 3 0/50/100 mg/org/d Y N DLY U GV 9 w 7-8 mo JV F C DOM PHY PHY FDCV WO 100 Y 33.57 N 1.2339 3.14 10 8 10 10 6 4 4 3 10 4 6984 2010 Anugwa et al, 1984 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 3 0/122.2/223.67 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 8 w 8 w JV B C NR PHY PHY DIFD WO 122.2 223.67 Y 1.787 Y 0.05326 3.64 6.67 10 10 10 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8585 1888 Ward, et al, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/199 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 144 d 31 d JV B C NR PHY PHY FDCV WO 199 Y 108 Y 2.37 4.37 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7086 25922 Apgar et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 4 0/115/156/242 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 5 w 31 d JV B C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 242 Y 20.4 Y 0.582 6.90 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7087 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper chloride - tribasic 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/116/218 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 29 d JV B C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 218 Y 17.7 Y 0.598 7.37 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7088 20975 Kline et al, 1971 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 4 0/151/197/246 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 88 d 69 d JV NR C DOM PHY PHY FDCV WO 246 Y 87.232 N 2.71 7.63 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 6989 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 2 0/231 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 30 d JV B C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 231 Y 20.8 Y 0.739 8.21 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7090 2034 Braude and Ryder, 1973 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 4 0/147/194/240 mg/kg diet Y N DLY M FD 112 d 9 w JV NR C DOM PHY PHY FDCV WO 240 Y 87.5 N 2.71 8.29 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 6991 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 3 0/117/226 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 29 d JV B C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 226 Y 17.7 Y 0.666 8.50 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7092 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper chloride 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 4 0/124/167/241 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 30 d JV B C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 241 Y 20.8 Y 0.749 8.68 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 7093 2061 Cromwell et al 1989 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 4 0/125/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 28 d JV B C NR PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 500 Y 12.2 Y 0.434 8.89 17.8 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8094 2113 Grobner et al, 1986 Anhydrous Copper sulfate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 6 6 0/55.9/121.5/199.2/498.1/821.6 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR C NR PHY PHY FDCV WO 199.2 498.1 Y 1.86 Y 0.1237 9.45 23.6 10 10 10 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8595 2075 Edmonds and Baker 1986 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/250/650 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 4 w JV NR C NR PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 650 Y 17.53 Y 0.725 10.3 26.9 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8096 2113 Grobner et al, 1986 Anhydrous Copper sulfate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 6 0/50.9/99.1/176.9/504.5/901.5 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR C NR PHY PHY FDCV WO 504.5 901.5 Y 1.86 Y 0.1237 33.6 59.0 10 10 10 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 8597 11928 Keen et al, 1982 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 4 0/100/1000/2000 ug/g diet N N ADL U FD 7 w NR NR JV F C COM PHY PHY GPHY PL 2000 Y 0.167 N 0.015777 189 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 3 10 4 6698 2020 Bassuny, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 5 0/75/150/300/450 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 7 w 35 d JV M C NR PHY PHY FDCV WO 75 Y 2.224 Y 0.0883 0.758 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 7499 2061 Cromwell et al 1989 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 5 0/125/250/375/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 33 d 28 d JV B C NR PHY PHY FDCV WO 125 Y 18 Y 0.59 4.10 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 74

100 2061 Cromwell et al 1989 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/125/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 28 d JV B C NR PHY PHY FDCV WO 125 Y 15.6 Y 0.61 4.89 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 74101 2064 DeGoey et al 1971 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 23 d NR mo JV NR C NR PHY PHY IRRI SK 500 Y 89 N 2.750143 15.5 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73102 2256 Rana and Kumar 1980 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/100 mg/kg bw N N DLY U GV 20 d 90 d JV M C LAB PHY PHY IRRI FO 100 Y 0.101 N 0.010435 39.8 10 8 10 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 80

Pathology103 36349 Uthus, 2001 Cupric carbonate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/25 ug/g diet N N ADL U FD 62 d NR NR JV M C LAB PTH ORW ORWT KI 25 Y 0.351 N 0.029054 2.07 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73104 36240 Miranda et al, 1981 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/55.1 ug/g diet N N ADL M FD 5 w NR NR JV M C LAB PTH ORW SMIX LI 55.1 Y 0.225 Y 0.0147 3.60 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 79105 36762 Humann-Ziehank et al, 2001 Copper sulfate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/3.7 mg/kg bw/d N N 2 per d U FD 84 d 1 yr AD M C COM PTH ITX GITX WO 3.7 Y 2.5 N 0.145903 3.70 10 10 5 10 10 4 4 10 3 4 70106 1888 Ward, et al, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/199 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 144 d 31 d JV B C NR PTH HIS GHIS GT 199 Y 108 Y 2.37 4.37 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 70107 3752 Adam et al, 1977 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Goat (Capra hircus ) 1 4 0/20/40/80 mg/kg bw/d Y N DLY U GV 144 d 12 mo AD B C NR PTH HIS GHIS LI 20 40 N 82.5 N 2.583937 5.35 10.7 10 8 10 10 10 4 10 10 6 4 82108 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 6 0/300/1000/3000/10000/30000 mg/L N N ADL U DR 15 d 6 w JV F C LAB PTH ORW ORWT TS 300 1000 Y 0.0265 Y 0.00192 5.53 18.4 10 5 5 10 7 4 8 10 10 4 73109 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 6 0/500/1000/2000/4000/8000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 13 w 6 w JV F C LAB PTH HIS GLSN KI 500 1000 Y 0.36 Y 0.017 6.01 12.0 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80110 2304 Thacker, 1991 copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 7 d NR NR GE F C NR PTH GRS BDWT WO 250 N 232 N 6.044882 6.51 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72111 2010 Anugwa et al, 1984 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 3 0/122.2/223.67 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 8 w 8 w JV B C NR PTH ORW SMIX LI 223.67 Y 1.787 Y 0.05326 6.67 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 70112 14402 Ritchie et al, 1963 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 w 7 w JV NR C COM PTH ORW ORWT LI 250 Y 69.31 N 2.24 8.08 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 6 10 4 69



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113 2237 Onifade and Abu 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 4 0/125/250/375 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 70 d 7 w JV NR C LAB PTH ORW SMIX BR 125 250 Y 0.5776 N 0.043754 9.47 18.9 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 79114 36230 Howell et al, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/14.3 mg/kg bw/d N N 5 per wk U GV 19 w 6-9 mo JV M C COM PTH HIS CTYP LI 14.3 N 65.1 N 2.126769 14.3 10 8 10 10 10 4 4 3 10 4 73115 2253 Prince et al 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 63 d 53 d JV NR C NR PTH ITX GITX WO 500 Y 61 N 2.016034 16.5 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73116 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 6 0/300/1000/3000/10000/30000 mg/L N N ADL U DR 15 d 6 w JV B C LAB PTH ITX GITX WO 1000 3000 Y 0.174 Y 0.01176 17.2 51.6 10 5 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 75117 2043 Bush et al., 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Mink (Mustela vision ) 1 3 0/308/568 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 132 d 10 w JV B C COM PTH HIS NCRO LI 568 Y 2.403 N 0.141233 33.4 10 10 10 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 78118 2186 Kumar et al, 1987 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.1 g/kg bw/d N N DLY U GV 45 d 90 d JV M C LAB PTH ORW ORWT KI 0.1 Y 0.103 N 0.010605 39.8 10 8 10 10 10 4 4 6 10 4 76119 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 6 0/1000/2000/4000/8000/16000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV B C LAB PTH ORW ORWT LI 2000 4000 Y 0.183 Y 0.0147 40.9 81.8 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80120 10891 DeVries et al, 1986 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/12 mg/org/d N N NR U DR 11 mo 3 w JV F C LAB PTH ORW ORWT LI 12 Y 0.262 Y 0.025 45.8 10 5 5 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 69121 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 7 5 0/64/129/259/551 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 92 d 6 w JV M C COM PTH HIS HYPL SH 64 129 Y 0.362 N 0.0298 70.4 142 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 79122 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 6 0/1000/2000/4000/8000/16000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 13 w 6 w JV B C LAB PTH ORW ORWT LI 2000 4000 Y 0.0295 Y 0.0048 82.8 166 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80123 11928 Keen et al, 1982 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 4 0/100/1000/2000 ug/g diet N N ADL U FD 7 w NR NR JV F C COM PTH HIS GHIS MT 1000 2000 Y 0.198 N 0.018147 91.7 183 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 79124 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 5 6 0/1000/2000/4000/8000/16000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV M C LAB PTH ORW ORWT LI 2000 4000 Y 0.0246 Y 0.0047 97.2 194 10 10 5 10 7 4 10 10 10 4 80125 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 6 0/92/180/363/777/1275 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV B C COM PTH HIS HYPL SH 92 180 Y 0.186 N 0.017238 197 385 10 10 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 79126 2069 Dodds-Smith et al., 1992 Copper chloride 100 Common shrew (Sorex araneus ) 1 2 0/2.13 mg/org/d N N DLY U FD 12 w NR NR JV B C NR PTH ORW ORWT KI 2.13 Y 0.0085 N 0.001364 251 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 6 10 4 69127 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 5 0/41/113/175/140 mg/org/d N N ADL U DR 2 w 6 w JV B C COM PTH ITX GITX WO 113 175 Y 0.174 N 0.020518 259 400 10 5 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 74128 2121 Haywood 1985 Copper 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 5 0/3000/4000/5000/6000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 1 w NR NR JV M C NR PTH HIS NCRO LI 3000 4000 Y 0.202 N 0.018448 274 365 10 10 5 4 6 4 10 10 10 4 73129 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 5 0/41/95/226/524 mg/org/d N N ADL U DR 2 w 6 w JV B C COM PTH ITX GITX WO 95 226 Y 0.0265 N 0.003772 1427 3395 10 5 5 10 6 4 10 10 10 4 74130 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 10 5 0/382/736/1563/3201 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 92 d 6 w JV B C COM PTH ITX GITX WO 3201 Y 0.0264 N 0.003464 48270 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73131 2113 Grobner et al, 1986 Anhydrous Copper sulfate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 6 0/50.9/99.1/176.9/504.5/901.5 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR C NR PTH ORW ORWT DT 50.9 Y 1.8572 Y 0.1241 3.40 10 10 10 10 7 4 4 10 10 4 79132 2148 Howell et al, 1974 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 3 0/20/30 mg/kg bw/d N N DLY U GV 37 w 6-12 mo JV B C DOM PTH HIS GHIS BR 20 N 65.1 N 2.1267 5.09 10 8 10 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 80133 36202 Gopinath et al, 1974 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/20 mg/kg bw/d N N DLY U DR 10 w 6 mo JV F C COM PTH HIS GHIS KI 20 N 59.1 N 3.891024 5.09 10 5 5 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 72134 2179 King, 1975 copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 5 w JV B C COM PTH ORW SMIX IN 100 N 3.76 N 0.204062 5.43 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72135 2155 Ishmael et al 1971 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/0.714 g/org/d N N 5 per w U OR 88 d 6 mo JV F C NR PTH ORW SMIX LI 0.714 N 24 N 0.936463 7.57 10 8 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 70136 2179 King, 1975 copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 2 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 5 w JV B C COM PTH ORW SMIX IN 200 N 3.76 N 0.204062 10.9 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72137 2255 Radecki et al 1992 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 14 d 21 d JV B C NR PTH HIS GHIS GT 250 Y 7.384 N 0.35538 12.0 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73138 2064 DeGoey et al 1971 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 23 d NR mo JV NR C NR PTH HIS NCRO LI 500 Y 89 N 2.750143 15.5 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73139 14653 Boyden, 1938 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 5 0/5.1/5.05/8.2/9.8/11.8/7.6 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 4 w 28 d JV B C DOM PTH ORW ORWT SP 5.1 N 0.217 Y 0.0101 23.5 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73140 2256 Rana and Kumar 1980 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/100 mg/kg bw N N DLY U GV 20 d 90 d JV M C LAB PTH HIS NCRO LI 100 Y 0.101 N 0.010435 39.8 10 8 10 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 80141 2257 Rana and Kumar 1985 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.1 g/kg bw/d N N DLY U GV 20 d 90 d AD M C LAB PTH HIS GHIS LI 0.1 Y 0.1 N 0.01035 39.8 10 8 10 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 80142 25964 Aburto, et al, 2001 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/500 ug/g diet N N ADL U FD 12 mo 10 w JV M C LAB PTH HIS GHIS LI 500 Y 0.14 N 0.0136 48.7 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73143 2047 Chesta et al., 1989 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus ) 1 2 0/0.185 % in diet N N NR U DR 45 d NR NR GE F C LAB PTH HIS GHIS LI 0.185 N 0.9 N 0.090044 73.7 10 5 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 67144 13236 Rana et. al, 1985 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.1 g/kg bw/d N N DLY U GV 30 d 90 d JV M C LAB PTH ORW SMIX LI 0.1 Y 0.1 N 0.01035 100 10 8 10 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 80145 36364 Fuentealba et al, 2000 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 12 w 21 d JV B C LAB PTH HIS NCRO LI 1500 N 0.38 N 0.031013 122 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72146 36364 Fuentealba et al, 2000 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 18 w NR NR GE F C LAB PTH HIS NCRO LI 1500 N 0.25 N 0.021982 132 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72147 2095 Fuentealba et al 1989 Copper 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 4 w 6 w JV M C NR PTH HIS USTR LI 1500 N 0.217 N 0.019567 135 10 10 5 4 5 4 4 10 10 4 66148 2096 Fuentealba et al 1989 Copper 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 16 w NR mo JV M C NR PTH HIS HYPL BI 1500 N 0.217 N 0.019567 135 10 10 5 4 5 4 4 10 10 4 66149 2097 Fuentealba et al 1993 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 10 w NR mo JV M C NR PTH HIS HYPL BI 1500 N 0.217 N 0.01957 135 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72150 2098 Fuentealba et al 1989 Copper 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 6 w JV M C NR PTH HIS GHIS KI 1500 N 0.217 N 0.023489 135 10 10 5 4 5 4 4 10 10 4 66151 2094 Fuentealba and Haywood 1988 Copper 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 1 w 6 w JV M C NR PTH HIS GHIS LI 1500 N 0.217 N 0.023489 135 10 10 5 4 5 4 4 10 10 4 66152 2122 Haywood 1980 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/2000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 w NR mo JV M C NR PTH HIS HYPL BI 2000 N 0.4702 N 0.036946 157 10 10 5 10 5 4 4 10 10 4 72153 2125 Haywood et al 1985 copper 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/3 g/kg diet N N ADL U FD 5 w NR mo AD M C NR PTH HIS NCRO KI 3 N 0.5 N 0.038861 233 10 10 5 4 5 4 4 10 10 4 66154 2124 Haywood and Loughran 1985 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 5 0/3000/4000/5000/6000 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 6 w NR mo JV M C NR PTH HIS NCRO LI 3000 Y 0.162 N 0.015388 285 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 10 10 4 73155 36200 Gooneratne and Howell, 1980 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/7.14 g/kg bw/d N N 5 per w U DR 63 d 6-9 mo JV M C COM PTH HIS GHIS MU 7.14 N 65.1 N 4.244808 1817 10 5 5 10 10 4 4 10 10 4 72

Reproduction156 2013 Aulerich et al 1982 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Mink (Mustela vision ) 1 5 0/25/50/100/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 357 d NR mo JV F C NR REP REP PROG WO 50 100 Y 1.068 N 0.072517 3.40 6.79 10 10 5 10 6 10 10 10 10 4 85157 2304 Thacker, 1991 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 7 d NR NR GE F C NR REP REP PROG WO 250 Y 232 N 6.044882 6.51 10 10 5 10 6 10 4 10 10 4 79158 823 Webster, 1979 Copper chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 1 4 0/30/100/400 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 19 d 4 mo GE F C LAB REP REP PRWT WO 400 Y 0.032 N 0.004057 50.7 10 10 5 10 6 10 4 10 10 4 79159 2193 Lecyk, 1980 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 7 0/0/5/1.0/1.5/2.0/3.0/4.0 g/kg diet N N ADL U FD 49 d NR NR GE B C LAB REP REP PROG WO 2 3 Y 0.0575 N 0.006568 90.9 136 10 10 5 10 5 10 10 10 10 4 84160 2193 Lecyk, 1980 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 1 7 0/0.5/1.0/1.5/2.0/3.0/4.0 g/kg diet N N ADL U FD 49 d NR NR GE B C LAB REP REP PROG WO 2 3 N 0.0575 N 0.006568 90.9 136 10 10 5 10 5 10 10 10 10 4 84161 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 6 0/500/1000/2000/4000/8000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 13 w 6 w JV M C LAB REP REP SPCL SM 8000 Y 0.275 Y 0.0144 107 10 10 5 10 7 10 4 10 10 4 80162 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 9 4 0/32/129/259 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 92 d 6 w JV M C COM REP REP SPCL SM 259 Y 0.339 N 0.028235 304 10 10 5 10 6 10 4 1 10 4 70163 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 6 0/1000/2000/4000/8000/16000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 13 w 6 w JV M C LAB REP REP SPCL SM 8000 Y 0.029 Y 0.0051 358 10 10 5 10 7 10 4 6 10 4 76164 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 11 4 0/173/736/3201 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 92 d 6 w JV M C COM REP REP SPCL SM 3201 Y 0.0264 N 0.003464 48270 10 10 5 10 6 10 4 1 10 4 70165 2062 Cromwell et al 1993 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 783 d 10 mo GE F C NR REP REP RSUC WO 250 Y 152 Y 3.35 5.51 10 10 5 10 7 10 4 10 10 4 80166 1717 Bataineh et al., 1998 Copper chloride dihydrate 37.28 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/1000 mg/L N N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR AD M V LAB REP REP TEWT TE 1000 Y 0.33067 N 0.036567 41.2 10 5 5 10 6 10 4 10 3 4 67



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Growth167 25940 Engle and Spears, 2001 Copper sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 1 2 0/40 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 239 d NR NR JV M C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 40 Y 430 Y 8.730 0.812 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69168 25935 Engle et al, 2000 Copper chloride - tribasic 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 1 2 0/40 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 154 d NR NR JV M C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 40 Y 400.1 Y 8.520 0.852 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69169 25941 Bailey et al, 2001 Copper sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 1 3 0/28/55.31 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 112 d NR NR JV NR C DOM GRO GRO BDWT WO 55.31 Y 361.2 N 8.698 1.33 10 10 10 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 73170 2012 Arthur, 1965 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus ) 1 3 0/10/20 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w NR NR JV B C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 20 Y 0.662 N 0.048944 1.48 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 3 10 4 70171 36349 Uthus, 2001 Cupric carbonate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/25 ug/g diet N N ADL U FD 62 d NR NR JV M C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 25 Y 0.351 N 0.029054 2.07 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77172 36240 Miranda et al, 1981 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/55.1 ug/g diet N N ADL M FD 5 w NR NR JV M C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 55.1 Y 0.225 Y 0.0147 3.60 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 8 10 4 81173 2020 Bassuny, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 5 0/75/150/300/450 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 7 w 35 d JV M C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 450 Y 2.218 Y 0.0823 4.25 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 78174 1888 Ward, et al, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/199 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 144 d 31 d JV B C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 199 Y 108 Y 2.37 4.37 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 74175 2179 King, 1975 copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 2 0/100 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 5 w JV B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 100 N 3.76 N 0.204062 5.43 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76176 2062 Cromwell et al 1993 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 783 d 10.3 mo GE F C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 152 Y 3.35 5.51 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69177 14387 Allcroft et al, 1961 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 4 0/380/560/934 mg/org/d N N ADL M FD 4 w 8-10 w JV B C DOM GRO GRO BDWT WO 560 934 N 100 Y 2.36 5.6 9.34 10 10 10 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 88178 136 Gershbein et al 1983 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/75 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 75 Y 0.47 N 0.036934 5.89 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68179 2010 Anugwa et al, 1984 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 3 0/122.2/223.67 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 8 w 8 w JV B C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 223.67 Y 1.787 Y 0.05326 6.67 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 74180 25922 Apgar et al, 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 4 0/115/156/242 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 5 w 31 d JV B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 242 Y 20.4 Y 0.582 6.90 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 74181 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper chloride 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 4 0/100/150/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 26-32 d JV B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 25.5 Y 0.917 7.19 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69182 12977 Omole, 1977 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 4 0/100/150/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 6 w JV B C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 1.724 Y 0.0633 7.34 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69183 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 6 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 26-32 d JV B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 25.5 Y 0.939 7.36 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69184 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper chloride - tribasic 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/116/218 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 29 d JV B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 218 Y 17.7 Y 0.598 7.37 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 74185 20975 Kline et al, 1971 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 4 0/151/197/246 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 88 d 69 d JV NR C DOM GRO GRO BDWT WO 246 Y 87.232 N 2.705156 7.63 10 10 10 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 73186 14396 Gipp et al, 1973 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 12 w NR NR JV F C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 93.2 N 2.856384 7.66 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68187 2061 Cromwell et al 1989 Copper oxide 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 3 0/125/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 28 d JV B C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 17.8 Y 0.547 7.68 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69188 25929 Luo and Dove, 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 26 d JV M C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 10.1 Y 0.312 7.72 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69189 12809 Myres and Bowland, 1973 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 10 w 70 d JV B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 64.7 Y 2.03 7.84 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69190 14402 Ritchie et al, 1963 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 w 7 w JV NR C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 69.31 N 2.24 8.08 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68191 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 2 0/231 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 30 d JV B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 231 Y 20.8 Y 0.739 8.21 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 74192 2034 Braude and Ryder, 1973 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 4 0/147/194/240 mg/kg diet Y Y DLY M FD 112 d 9 w JV NR C DOM GRO GRO BDWT WO 240 Y 87.5 N 2.711985 8.29 10 10 10 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 73193 14387 Allcroft et al, 1961 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 4 0/345/579/843 mg/org/d N N ADL M FD 19 w 8-10 w JV B C DOM GRO GRO BDWT WO 843 N 100 Y 2.15 8.43 10 10 10 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 73194 2253 Prince et al 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 59 d 64 d JV NR C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 54 N 1.82383 8.44 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68195 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 3 0/117/226 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 29 d JV B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 226 Y 17.7 Y 0.666 8.50 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 74196 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper chloride 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 4 0/124/167/241 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 30 d JV B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 241 Y 20.8 Y 0.749 8.68 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 74197 2061 Cromwell et al 1989 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/125/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 28 d JV B C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 15.6 Y 0.599 9.60 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69198 14397 Gipp, et al, 1974 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 35 d 3 w JV B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 21.9 Y 0.87 9.93 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69199 2033 Brandt, 1983 Copper (II) sulfate 100 Mink (Mustela vision ) 1 3 0/166/320 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 4 mo 90 d JV M C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 166 320 Y 1.92 N 0.117444 10.2 19.6 10 10 10 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 88200 2075 Edmonds and Baker 1986 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/250/650 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 4 w JV NR C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 650 Y 17.53 Y 0.725 10.3 26.9 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84201 2255 Radecki et al 1992 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 14 d 21 d JV B C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 7.384 N 0.35538 12.0 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68202 2013 Aulerich et al 1982 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Mink (Mustela vision ) 1 5 0/25/50/100/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 20 w NR mo JV B C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 1.753 N 0.10898 12.4 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68203 3760 Felsman et al., 1973 Copper sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 1 4 0/125/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 98 d 6 w JV M C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 269 N 6.826736 12.7 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68204 3756 Smith et al, 1975 Cupric carbonate 100 Horse - Shetland pony (Equus caballus ) 1 4 0/691.7/1209.1/2088.2 mg/org/d N N ADL M FD 84 d NR NR JV NR C DOM GRO GRO BDWT WO 2088.2 Y 151.8 Y 2.64 13.8 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 74205 3757 Suttle and Mills, 1966 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/250/425 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 14 d NR NR JV F C DOM GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 425 Y 22 Y 1.43 16.2 27.6 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84206 2061 Cromwell et al 1989 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 5 0/125/250/375/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 33 d 28 d JV B C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 18 Y 0.59 16.4 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69207 25928 Apgar and Kornegay, 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/16.5 mg/kg bw/d N N 2 per d M FD 14 d NR NR JV M C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 16.5 Y 81.4 Y 0.066 16.5 10 10 10 10 10 8 4 1 10 4 77208 2061 Cromwell et al 1989 Copper oxide 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 4 0/125/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 28 d JV B C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 13.2 Y 0.441 16.7 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69209 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 6 0/300/1000/3000/10000/30000 mg/L N N ADL U DR 15 d 6 w JV B C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 1000 3000 Y 0.174 Y 0.01176 17.2 51.6 10 5 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 79210 2189 Lalich,, et. al., 1965 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.5 g/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d NR NR JV M C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 0.5 Y 0.2509 N 0.022047 17.5 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68211 2061 Cromwell et al 1989 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 3 4 0/125/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 28 d JV B C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 12.2 Y 0.434 17.8 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69212 3760 Felsman et al., 1973 Copper sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 4 0/300/600/900 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 98 d 6 w JV M C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 900 Y 263 N 6.70132 22.9 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68213 2113 Grobner et al, 1986 Anhydrous Copper sulfate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 6 6 0/55.9/121.5/199.2/498.1/821.6 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 498.1 821.6 Y 1.6024 Y 0.0892 27.7 45.7 10 10 10 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 89214 2237 Onifade and Abu 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 4 0/125/250/375 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 70 d 7 w JV NR C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 375 Y 0.5761 N 0.04366 28.4 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77215 2043 Bush et al., 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Mink (Mustela vision ) 1 3 0/308/568 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 132 d 10 w JV B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 568 Y 2.403 N 0.141233 33.4 10 10 10 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 82216 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 6 0/300/1000/3000/10000/30000 mg/L N N ADL U DR 8 d 6 w JV B C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 1000 3000 N 0.0211 Y 0.0028 33.8 101 10 5 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 78217 2179 King, 1975 copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 2 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 5 w JV B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 200 N 3.76 N 0.204062 37.1 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 67218 2324 White et al, 1985 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 50 d 21 d JV M C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 500 Y 0.280 N 0.024128 43.1 10 10 6 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 68219 10891 DeVries et al, 1986 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/12 mg/org/d N N NR U DR 11 mo 3 w JV F C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 12 Y 0.262 Y 0.025 45.8 10 5 5 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 73220 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 6 0/500/1000/2000/4000/8000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 13 w 6 w JV B C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 4000 8000 Y 0.338 Y 0.0165 49.8 99.6 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84221 12079 Komulainen, 1983 Copper chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 4 0/28/50/64 mg/kg bw/d N N ADL U DR 1 w 4 w JV M C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 50 64 Y 0.112 Y 0.00019 50.0 64.0 10 5 5 10 10 8 10 10 10 4 82222 2113 Grobner et al, 1986 Anhydrous Copper sulfate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 6 0/50.9/99.1/176.9/504.5/901.5 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 901.5 Y 1.6276 Y 0.1066 59.0 10 10 10 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 74223 2225 Myers et al, 1993 Copper (I) acetate 51.84 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.125 % in diet N N DLY U DR 6 w NR mo JV M C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 0.125 Y 0.261 N 0.029554 73.4 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 10 10 4 67



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224 36389 Tatum et al, 2000 Copper chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/800 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w NR NR JV F C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 800 Y 0.165 N 0.015622 75.7 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 68225 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 6 0/1000/2000/4000/8000/16000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV B C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 4000 8000 Y 0.178 Y 0.0144 82.5 165 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84226 11928 Keen et al, 1982 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 4 0/100/1000/2000 ug/g diet N N ADL U FD 7 w NR NR JV F C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 1000 2000 Y 0.198 N 0.018147 91.7 183 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83227 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 6 0/32/64/129/259/551 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 92 d 6 w JV M C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 129 259 Y 0.352 N 0.029122 146 293 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83228 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 6 0/1000/2000/4000/8000/16000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 13 w 6 w JV B C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 4000 8000 Y 0.029 Y 0.0051 179 358 10 10 5 10 7 8 10 10 10 4 84229 440 Dodds-Smith et al., 1992 Copper chloride 100 Common shrew (Sorex araneus ) 1 2 0/2.11 mg/org/d N N DLY U FD 12 w NR NR JV B C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 2.11 Y 0.0092 N 0.001456 229 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77230 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 5 0/41/113/175/140 mg/org/d N N ADL U DR 2 w 6 w JV M C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 113 175 Y 0.174 N 0.020518 259 400 10 5 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 78231 36374 Pettersen, et al, 2002 Copper chloride 100 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 1 3 0/3.5/7 g/kg diet N N ADL U FD 3 w 4 w JV B C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 3.5 7 Y 0.0175 N 0.00247 494 988 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83232 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 5 6 0/1000/2000/4000/8000/16000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV B C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 16000 Y 0.0236 Y 0.004 690 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 10 4 69233 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 6 0/92/180/363/777/1275 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV M C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 363 777 Y 0.178 N 0.016627 812 1738 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83234 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 5 0/41/95/226/524 mg/org/d N N ADL U DR 2 w 6 w JV M C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 95 226 Y 0.0265 N 0.003772 1427 3395 10 5 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 78235 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 6 0/173/382/736/1563/3201 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 92 d 6 w JV M C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 173 382 Y 0.0326 N 0.004119 2113 4665 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83236 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 6 0/168/362/773/1154/2817 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV F C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 1154 2817 Y 0.0236 N 0.003159 19466 47519 10 10 5 10 6 8 10 10 10 4 83237 36748 Solaiman, et al, 2001 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Goat (Capra hircus ) 1 3 0/50/100 mg/org/d N N DLY U GV 9 w 7-8 mo JV F C DOM GRO GRO BDWT WO 50 Y 34.06 N 1.2487 1.47 10 8 10 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 80238 36759 Ortolani et al, 2003 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/3 mg/kg bw/d N N ADL U DR 35 d 6 mo JV M C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 3 Y 33.1 Y 0.5 3.00 10 5 5 10 10 8 4 10 10 4 76239 2640 Freundt and Ibrahim, 1990 Cuprous chloride 64.18 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/100 mg/L N N ADL U DR 91 d NR NR JV F C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 100 Y 0.278 N 0.031281 5.78 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 72240 2064 DeGoey et al 1971 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 98 d NR NR JV B C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 Y 90.5 Y 2.7 7.46 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 10 10 4 78241 2064 DeGoey et al 1971 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 23 d NR NR JV NR C NR GRO MPH MUSC MU 500 Y 89 N 2.750143 15.5 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77242 14653 Boyden, 1938 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 5 0/5.1/5.05/8.2/9.8/11.8/7.6 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 4 w 28 d JV B C DOM GRO GRO BDWT WO 5.1 N 0.217 Y 0.0101 23.5 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77243 2186 Kumar et al, 1987 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.1 g/kg bw/d N N DLY U GV 45 d 90 d JV M C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 0.1 Y 0.103 N 0.010605 39.8 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 10 10 4 84244 2256 Rana and Kumar 1980 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/100 mg/kg bw N N DLY U GV 20 d 90 d JV M C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 100 Y 0.101 N 0.010435 39.8 10 8 10 10 10 8 4 10 10 4 84245 2203 Llewellyn et al, 1985 Copper acetate 51.84 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/2600 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 21 w NR NR JV M C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 2600 N 0.4702 N 0.036946 106 10 10 5 5 5 8 4 10 10 4 71246 36364 Fuentealba et al, 2000 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 2 2 0/1500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 12 w 21 d JV B C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 1500 N 0.38 N 0.031013 122 10 10 5 10 5 8 4 10 10 4 76247 2121 Haywood 1985 Copper 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 5 0/3000/4000/5000/6000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 w NR NR JV M C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 3000 Y 0.202 N 0.018448 274 10 10 5 4 6 8 4 10 10 4 71248 2124 Haywood and Loughran 1985 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 5 0/3000/4000/5000/6000 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 6 w NR mo JV M C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 3000 Y 0.162 N 0.015388 285 10 10 5 10 6 8 4 10 10 4 77

Survival249 2020 Bassuny, 1991 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 5 0/75/150/300/450 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 7 w 35 d JV M C NR MOR MOR MORT WO 450 Y 2.218 Y 0.0823 4.25 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79250 2062 Cromwell et al 1993 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 783 d 10.3 mo GE F C NR MOR MOR MORT WO 250 Y 152 Y 3.35 5.51 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 1 10 4 70251 14387 Allcroft et al, 1961 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 4 0/380/560/934 mg/org/d N N ADL M FD 4 w 8-10 w JV B C DOM MOR MOR MORT WO 560 934 N 100 Y 2.36 5.6 9.34 10 10 10 10 6 9 10 10 10 4 89252 2033 Brandt, 1983 Copper (II) sulfate 100 Mink (Mustela vision ) 1 3 0/166/320 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 4 mo 90 d JV M C NR MOR MOR MORT WO 166 320 Y 1.92 N 0.117444 10.2 19.6 10 10 10 10 6 9 10 10 10 4 89253 48117 Jenkins, 1989 Copper 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 1 5 0/50/200/500/1000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w 3 d JV M C DOM MOR MOR MORT WO 500 1000 N 67 N 2.177661 16.3 32.5 10 10 5 4 5 9 10 10 10 4 77254 14653 Boyden, 1938 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 5 0/5.1/5.05/8.2/9.8/11.8/7.6 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 1 w 28 d JV B C DOM MOR MOR MORT WO 5.05 7.6 N 0.217 Y 0.0059 23.3 35.0 10 10 5 10 6 9 10 10 10 4 84255 2075 Edmonds and Baker 1986 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/250/650 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 4 w JV NR C NR MOR MOR MORT WO 650 Y 15.71 Y 0.626 25.9 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79256 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 6 0/300/1000/3000/10000/30000 mg/L N N ADL U DR 15 d 6 w JV B C LAB MOR MOR MORT WO 3000 10000 Y 0.088 Y 0.00384 33.3 111 10 5 5 10 7 9 8 10 10 4 78257 2043 Bush et al., 1995 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Mink (Mustela vision ) 1 3 0/308/568 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 132 d 10 w JV B C COM MOR MOR MORT WO 568 Y 2.403 N 0.141233 33.4 10 10 10 10 6 9 4 10 10 4 83258 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 6 0/300/1000/3000/10000/30000 mg/L N N ADL U DR 15 d 6 w JV F C LAB MOR MOR MORT WO 1000 3000 Y 0.0211 Y 0.0028 33.8 101 10 5 5 10 7 9 10 10 10 4 80259 2113 Grobner et al, 1986 Anhydrous Copper sulfate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 6 6 0/55.9/121.5/199.2/498.1/821.6 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR C NR MOR MOR MORT WO 821.6 Y 1.2328 Y 0.0683 45.5 10 10 10 10 7 9 4 1 10 4 75260 2113 Grobner et al, 1986 Anhydrous Copper sulfate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 5 6 0/50.9/99.1/176.9/504.5/901.5 mg/kg diet N N ADL M FD 28 d 28 d JV NR C NR MOR MOR MORT WO 901.5 Y 1.6276 Y 0.1066 59.0 10 10 10 10 7 9 4 1 10 4 75261 11928 Keen et al, 1982 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 4 0/100/1000/2000 ug/g diet N N ADL U FD 7 w NR NR JV F C COM MOR MOR MORT WO 1000 2000 Y 0.198 N 0.018147 91.7 183 10 10 5 10 6 9 10 10 10 4 84262 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 4 6 0/500/1000/2000/4000/8000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 13 w 6 w JV B C LAB MOR MOR MORT WO 8000 Y 0.275 Y 0.0144 107 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79263 440 Dodds-Smith et al., 1992 Copper chloride 100 Common shrew (Sorex araneus ) 1 2 0/2.11 mg/org/d N N DLY U FD 12 w NR NR JV B C NR MOR MOR MORT WO 2.11 Y 0.0092 N 0.001456 229 10 10 5 10 6 9 4 10 10 4 78264 2127 Hebert et al 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 5 0/41/113/175/140 mg/org/d N N ADL U DR 2 w 6 w JV M C COM MOR MOR MORT WO 113 175 Y 0.174 N 0.020518 259 400 10 5 5 10 6 9 10 10 10 4 79265 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 6 0/1000/2000/4000/8000/16000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV B C LAB MOR MOR MORT WO 16000 Y 0.122 Y 0.0092 307 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79266 2121 Haywood 1985 Copper 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 5 0/3000/4000/5000/6000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 2 w NR NR JV M C NR MOR MOR MORT WO 5000 6000 Y 0.202 N 0.018448 457 548 10 10 5 4 6 9 10 10 10 4 78267 2126 Hebert 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 5 6 0/1000/2000/4000/8000/16000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV B C LAB MOR MOR MORT WO 16000 Y 0.0236 Y 0.004 690 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 1 10 4 70268 2126 Hebert,1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 6 0/1000/2000/4000/8000/16000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 13 w 6 w JV B C LAB MOR MOR MORT WO 16000 Y 0.0268 Y 0.005 760 10 10 5 10 7 9 4 10 10 4 79269 2127 Hebert et al, 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 6 0/32/64/129/259/551 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 92 d 6 w JV B C COM MOR MOR MORT WO 551 Y 0.275 N 0.023773 798 10 10 5 10 6 9 4 10 10 4 78270 2127 Hebert et al, 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 2 5 0/41/95/226/524 mg/org/d N N ADL U DR 2 w 6 w JV B C COM MOR MOR MORT WO 95 226 Y 0.0265 N 0.003772 1427 3395 10 5 5 10 6 9 10 10 10 4 79271 2127 Hebert et al, 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 3 6 0/92/180/363/777/1275 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV M C COM MOR MOR MORT WO 1275 Y 0.122 N 0.012188 4160 10 10 5 10 6 9 4 10 10 4 78272 2127 Hebert et al, 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 6 0/168/362/773/1154/2817 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV B C COM MOR MOR MORT WO 2817 Y 0.0236 N 0.003159 47519 10 10 5 10 6 9 4 10 10 4 78273 2127 Hebert et al, 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 6 0/173/382/736/1563/3201 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 92 d 6 w JV B C COM MOR MOR MORT WO 3201 Y 0.0264 N 0.003464 48270 10 10 5 10 6 9 4 10 10 4 78274 36202 Gopinath et al, 1974 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/20 mg/kg bw/d N N DLY U DR 10 w 6 mo JV F C COM MOR MOR MORT WO 20 N 59.1 N 3.891024 5.09 10 5 5 10 10 9 4 10 10 4 77275 2155 Ishmael et al, 1971 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/0.714 g/org/d N N 5 per w U OR 31 d 6 mo JV F C NR MOR MOR MORT WO 0.714 N 24 N 0.936463 7.57 10 8 5 10 5 9 4 10 10 4 75276 14402 Ritchie et al, 1963 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 w 7 w JV NR C COM MOR MOR MORT WO 250 Y 69.31 N 2.24 8.08 10 10 5 10 6 9 4 10 10 4 78277 2064 DeGoey et al, 1971 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 23 d NR NR JV NR C NR MOR MOR MORT WO 500 Y 89 N 2.750143 15.5 10 10 5 10 6 9 4 10 10 4 78278 2216 McNatt et al, 1971 Copper (I) acetate 51.84 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.2 % in diet N N ADL U DR 3 w 4-11 mo JV M C COM MOR MOR MORT WO 0.200 Y 0.356 N 0.039079 114 10 5 5 5 6 9 4 10 10 4 68

Data Not Used to Derive TRV279 25940 Engle and Spears, 2001 Copper sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 1 2 0/40 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 239 d NR NR JV M C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 40 Y 430 Y 8.730 0.812 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65



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280 25940 Engle and Spears, 2001 Copper sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 1 2 0/40 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 239 d NR NR JV M C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 40 Y 430 Y 8.730 0.812 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65281 25940 Engle and Spears, 2001 Copper sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 1 2 0/40 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 239 d NR NR JV M C COM BIO CHM CHOL PL 40 Y 430 Y 8.730 0.812 10 10 5 10 7 1 4 1 10 4 62282 25935 Engle et al, 2000 Copper chloride - tribasic 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 1 2 0/40 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 154 d NR NR JV M C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 40 Y 400.1 Y 8.520 0.852 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65283 25935 Engle et al, 2000 Copper chloride - tribasic 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 1 2 0/40 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 112 d NR NR JV M C COM BIO CHM CHOL SR 40 Y 400.1 Y 8.520 0.852 10 10 5 10 7 1 4 1 10 4 62284 36762 Humann-Ziehank et al, 2001 Copper sulfate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/3.7 mg/kg bw/d N N 2 per d U FD 84 d 1 yr AD M C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 3.7 Y 2.5 N 0.145903 3.70 10 10 5 10 10 8 4 1 3 4 65285 43456 Omole et al, 1976 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/125/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 127 d NR NR NR B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 90.2 Y 2 4.43 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 6 4 65286 43456 Omole et al, 1976 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/125/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 127 d NR NR NR B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 200 Y 90.2 Y 2 4.43 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 6 4 61287 2062 Cromwell et al, 1993 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 783 d 10 mo GE F C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 Y 152 Y 3.35 5.51 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65288 757 Mercado and Bibby, 1973 Copper chloride dihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/50 mg/L N N ADL U DR 50 d 23 d JV M C NR PHY PHY GPHY TH 50 N 0.267 N 0.03016 5.65 10 5 5 10 5 4 4 1 10 4 58289 757 Mercado and Bibby, 1973 Copper chloride dihydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/50 mg/L N N ADL U DR 50 d 23 d JV M C NR GRO GRO BDWT WO 50 N 0.267 N 0.03016 5.65 10 5 5 10 5 8 4 1 10 4 62290 136 Gershbein et al, 1983 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/75 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 80 d 44 d JV M C NR PTH HIS GHIS MT 75 Y 0.47 N 0.036934 5.89 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64291 41706 Omole and Bowland, 1974 Copper 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/125/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 99 d NR NR JV B C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 200 Y 77.1 Y 2.41 6.25 10 10 5 4 7 4 4 1 10 4 59292 41706 Omole and Bowland, 1974 Copper 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/125/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 99 d NR NR JV B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 200 Y 77.1 Y 2.41 6.25 10 10 5 4 7 8 4 1 10 4 63293 41706 Omole and Bowland, 1974 Copper 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/125/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 99 d NR NR JV B C COM BEH FDB FDNG WO 200 Y 77.1 Y 2.41 6.25 10 10 5 4 7 4 4 1 10 4 59294 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper chloride 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 4 0/100/150/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 26-32 d JV B C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 200 Y 25.5 Y 0.917 7.19 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65295 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper chloride 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 5 4 0/100/150/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 26-32 d JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 200 Y 25.5 Y 0.917 7.19 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65296 12977 Omole, 1977 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 4 0/100/150/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 6 w JV B C LAB PHY PHY FDCV WO 200 Y 1.724 Y 0.0633 7.34 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65297 12977 Omole, 1977 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus ) 1 4 0/100/150/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 8 w 6 w JV B C LAB BEH FDB FCNS WO 200 N 1.724 Y 0.0633 7.34 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65298 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 6 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 26-32 d JV B C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 200 Y 25.5 Y 0.939 7.36 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65299 25930 Cromwell et al, 1998 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 6 2 0/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 26-32 d JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 200 Y 25.5 Y 0.939 7.36 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65300 2064 DeGoey et al, 1971 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 98 d NR NR JV NR C NR PHY PHY IRRI SK 250 Y 90.5 Y 2.7 7.46 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65301 14396 Gipp et al, 1973 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 12 w NR NR JV F C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 Y 93.2 N 2.856384 7.66 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64302 2061 Cromwell et al, 1989 Copper oxide 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 3 0/125/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 28 d JV B C NR PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 Y 17.8 Y 0.547 7.68 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65303 2061 Cromwell et al, 1989 Copper oxide 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 2 3 0/125/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 28 d JV B C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 Y 17.8 Y 0.547 7.68 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65304 25929 Luo and Dove, 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 26 d JV M C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 Y 10.1 Y 0.312 7.72 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65305 25929 Luo and Dove, 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 26 d JV M C COM BIO ENZ GENZ IN 250 Y 10.1 Y 0.312 7.72 10 10 5 10 7 1 4 1 10 4 62306 25929 Luo and Dove, 1996 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 26 d JV M C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 Y 10.1 Y 0.312 7.72 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65307 12809 Myres and Bowland, 1973 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 10 w 70 d JV B C COM PTH ORW ORWT LI 250 Y 64.7 Y 2.03 7.84 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65308 12809 Myres and Bowland, 1973 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 10 w 70 d JV B C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 Y 64.7 Y 2.03 7.84 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65309 12809 Myres and Bowland, 1973 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 10 w 70 d JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 Y 64.7 Y 2.03 7.84 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65310 14402 Ritchie et al, 1963 Copper sulfate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 w 7 w JV NR C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 Y 69.31 N 2.24 8.08 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64311 3755 Olson et al, 1984 Copper 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/257 mg/kg diet N N DLY M FD 140 d 4-13 yr AD F C DOM PTH ITX GITX WO 257 N 65.1 N 2.126769 8.40 10 10 10 4 5 4 4 10 3 4 64312 2253 Prince et al, 1979 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 59 d 64 d JV NR C NR BEH FDB FEFF WO 250 Y 54 N 1.82383 8.44 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64313 2061 Cromwell et al, 1989 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/125/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 28 d JV B C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 Y 15.6 Y 0.599 9.60 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65314 14397 Gipp et al, 1974 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 35 d 3 w JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 Y 21.9 Y 0.870 9.93 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65315 2013 Aulerich et al, 1982 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Mink (Mustela vision ) 1 5 0/25/50/100/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 153 d NR mo JV M C NR PTH ORW SMIX LI 200 Y 1.753 N 0.10898 12.4 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64316 2013 Aulerich et al, 1982 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Mink (Mustela vision ) 1 5 0/25/50/100/200 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 357 d NR mo JV B C NR BIO CHM HMGL BL 200 Y 1.753 N 0.10898 12.4 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 1 10 4 61317 3760 Felsman et al, 1973 Copper sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 1 4 0/125/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 98 d 6 w JV M C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 500 Y 269 N 6.826736 12.7 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64318 3760 Felsman et al, 1973 Copper sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 1 4 0/125/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 98 d 6 w JV M C NR BIO CHM HMGL BL 500 Y 269 N 6.826736 12.7 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 1 10 4 61319 36756 Zacharias et al, 2003 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/80/175 mg/kg diet N N CON U FD 60 d NR NR NR M C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 175 Y 55 Y 4.456 14.2 10 10 5 10 7 8 4 1 6 4 65320 36756 Zacharias et al, 2003 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/80/175 mg/kg diet N N CON U FD 60 d NR NR NR M C COM BIO CHM CALC BO 175 Y 55 Y 4.456 14.2 10 10 5 10 7 1 4 1 6 4 58321 2085 Elliot and Bowland, 1972 Copper 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 8 w 3 w JV B C LAB PHY PHY FDCV WO 250 N 0.267 Y 0.0175 16.4 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64322 2085 Elliot and Bowland, 1972 Copper 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 8 w 3 w JV B C LAB BIO CHM FFTA WO 250 Y 0.267 Y 0.0175 16.4 10 10 5 4 7 1 4 1 10 4 56323 2085 Elliot and Bowland, 1972 Copper 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 8 w 3 w JV B C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 250 N 0.267 Y 0.0175 16.4 10 10 5 4 6 8 4 1 10 4 62324 2085 Elliot and Bowland, 1972 Copper 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N DLY U FD 4 w 3 w JV B C LAB BEH FDB FCNS WO 250 N 0.267 Y 0.0175 16.4 10 10 5 4 6 4 4 1 10 4 58325 2061 Cromwell et al, 1989 Copper oxide 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 4 0/125/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 28 d JV B C NR PHY PHY FDCV WO 500 Y 13.2 Y 0.441 16.7 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65326 2061 Cromwell et al, 1989 Copper oxide 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 4 4 0/125/250/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 28 d 28 d JV B C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 500 Y 13.2 Y 0.441 16.7 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65327 2189 Lalich et al, 1965 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.5 g/kg diet N N ADL U FD 42 d NR NR JV M C NR PTH HIS GHIS BO 0.5 Y 0.2509 N 0.022047 17.5 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64328 2182 Kornegay et al, 1986 Copper 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/200/400 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 5 w NR NR JV B C COM PHY PHY FDCV WO 400 Y 17.5 Y 0.79 18.1 10 10 5 4 7 4 4 1 10 4 59329 2182 Kornegay et al, 1986 Copper 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/200/400 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 5 w NR NR JV B C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 400 Y 17.5 Y 0.79 18.1 10 10 5 4 7 8 4 1 10 4 63330 2182 Kornegay et al, 1986 Copper 100 Pig (Sus scrofa ) 1 3 0/200/400 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 5 w NR NR JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 400 Y 17.5 Y 0.79 18.1 10 10 5 4 7 4 4 1 10 4 59331 3760 Felsman et al, 1973 Copper sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 4 0/300/600/900 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 98 d 6 w JV M C NR BIO CHM HMGL BL 900 Y 266 N 6.764091 22.9 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 1 10 4 61332 3760 Felsman et al, 1973 Copper sulfate 100 Cattle (Bos taurus ) 2 4 0/300/600/900 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 98 d 6 w JV M C NR BEH FDB FCNS WO 900 Y 266 N 6.764091 22.9 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64333 12718 Moffitt and Murphy, 1973 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 4 0/50/150/450 mg/L N N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV B C LAB BEH FDB WCON WO 450 Y 250 N 14.2489 25.6 10 5 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 59334 13235 Rana and Kumar, 1979 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.100 g/kg bw N N ADL U FD 20 d NR NR JV B C LAB BIO ENZ ALPH KI 0.1 Y 0.11 N 0.011194 39.8 10 10 5 10 10 1 4 1 10 4 65335 2324 White et al, 1985 Copper sulfate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/500 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 50 d 21 d JV M C NR BIO CHM HMGL BL 500 Y 0.280 N 0.024128 43.1 10 10 6 10 5 1 4 1 10 4 61336 12718 Moffitt and Murphy, 1973 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 4 0/50/150/450 mg/L N N ADL U DR 30 d NR NR JV B C LAB GRO GRO BDWT WO 450 Y 0.25 N 0.02843 51.2 10 5 5 10 6 8 4 1 10 4 63337 12079 Komulainen, 1983 Copper chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 4 0/28/50/64 mg/kg bw/d N N ADL U DR 3 w 4 w JV M C COM BIO HRM DOPA BR 64 Y 0.158 Y 0.00016 64.0 10 5 5 10 10 1 4 6 10 4 65



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338 36389 Tatum et al, 2000 Copper chloride 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/800 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 6 w NR NR JV F C LAB PTH ORW SMIX LI 800 Y 0.165 N 0.015622 75.7 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64339 2216 McNatt et al, 1971 Copper (I) acetate 51.84 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.2 % in diet N N ADL U DR 4 w 4-11 mo JV M C COM PTH ORW SMIX LI 0.2 Y 0.356 N 0.039079 114 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 8 10 4 61340 2216 McNatt et al, 1971 Copper (I) acetate 51.84 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.2 % in diet N N ADL U DR 4 w 4-11 mo JV M C COM GRO GRO BDWT WO 0.2 Y 0.356 N 0.039079 114 10 5 5 5 6 8 4 8 10 4 65341 2126 Hebert, 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 5 6 0/1000/2000/4000/8000/16000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV B C LAB BEH FDB FCNS WO 16000 Y 0.0236 Y 0.0040 690 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65342 2127 Hebert et al, 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 5 6 0/32/64/129/259/551 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 92 d 6 w JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 551 Y 0.275 N 0.023773 798 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64343 2126 Hebert, 1993 Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 6 0/1000/2000/4000/8000/16000 mg/kg diet N N ADL U FD 13 w 6 w JV B C LAB BEH FDB FCNS WO 16000 Y 0.0268 Y 0.0050 1188 10 10 5 10 7 4 4 1 10 4 65344 2127 Hebert et al, 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 4 6 0/168/362/773/1154/2817 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 15 d 6 w JV B C COM PTH ORW ORWT MT 2817 Y 0.0236 N 0.003159 47519 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64345 2127 Hebert et al, 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 6 0/173/382/736/1563/3201 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 92 d 6 w JV B C COM BIO CHM FECO SP 3201 Y 0.0264 N 0.003464 48270 10 10 5 10 6 1 4 1 10 4 61346 2127 Hebert et al, 1993 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Mouse (Mus musculus ) 6 6 0/173/382/736/1563/3201 mg/org/d N N ADL U FD 92 d 6 w JV B C COM BEH FDB FCNS WO 3201 Y 0.0264 N 0.003464 48270 10 10 5 10 6 4 4 1 10 4 64347 36201 Gopinath and McC. Howell, 1975 Copper sulfate pentahydrate 25.45 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/30 mg/kg bw/d N N DLY U DR 55 d NR NR AD F C COM PTH HIS GHIS KI 30 N 73 N 4.705717 7.64 10 5 5 10 10 4 4 10 3 4 65348 2307 Thompson and Todd, 1976 Copper acetate 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/250 mg/kg diet N N NR U FD 1 mo NR NR MA NR C DOM BIO ENZ GLRE ER 250 N 65.1 N 2.126769 8.17 10 10 5 5 5 1 4 10 3 4 57349 3755 Olson et al, 1984 Copper 100 Sheep (Ovis aries ) 1 2 0/257 mg/kg diet N N DLY M FD 140 d 4-13 yr AD F C DOM BIO ENZ GENZ BL 257 N 65.1 N 2.126769 8.40 10 10 10 4 5 1 4 10 3 4 61350 36321 Ozcelik et al, 2003 Copper 100 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/100 mg/L N N ADL U DR 4 w NR NR JV M C LAB BIO CHM GBCM PL 100 Y 0.21 N 0.024301 11.6 10 5 5 4 6 1 4 10 10 4 59351 1717 Bataineh et al, 1998 Copper chloride dihydrate 37.28 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/1000 mg/L N N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR AD M V LAB PTH GRS BDWT WO 1000 Y 0.33067 N 0.036567 41.2 10 5 5 10 6 4 4 10 3 4 61352 1717 Bataineh et al, 1998 Copper chloride dihydrate 37.28 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/1000 mg/L N N ADL U DR 12 w NR NR AD M V LAB BEH BEH AGGT WO 1000 Y 0.33067 N 0.036567 41.2 10 5 5 10 6 4 4 10 3 4 61353 2225 Myers et al, 1993 Copper (I) acetate 51.84 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.125 % in diet N N DLY U DR 6 w NR mo JV M C LAB PTH HIS GHIS LI 0.125 Y 0.261 N 0.029554 73.4 10 5 5 5 6 4 4 10 10 4 63354 2225 Myers et al, 1993 Copper (I) acetate 51.84 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.125 % in diet N N DLY U DR 6 w NR mo JV M C LAB BIO CHM PHPH LI 0.125 Y 0.261 N 0.029554 73.4 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60355 2047 Chesta et al, 1989 Copper (II) sulfate 39.81 Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus ) 1 2 0/0.185 % in diet N N NR U DR 45 d NR NR GE F C LAB BIO CHM GBCM PL 0.185 N 0.9 N 0.090044 73.7 10 5 5 10 5 1 4 10 10 4 64356 2216 McNatt et al, 1971 Copper (I) acetate 51.84 Rat (Rattus norvegicus ) 1 2 0/0.2 % in diet N N ADL U DR 4 w 4-11 mo JV M C COM BIO ENZ ACPH LI 0.2 Y 0.356 N 0.039079 114 10 5 5 5 6 1 4 10 10 4 60

All abbreviations and definitions are used in coding stuides are available from Attachment 4-3 of the Eco-SSL guidance (U.S. EPA 2003).Duplicate values for NOAELs and LOAELs for the same reference represent results from different experimental designs and are identified by different Phase numbers.


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Ecological Soil Screening Levels for Copper...Ecological Soil Screening Levels for Copper Interim Final OSWER Directive 9285.7-68 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid