ECOLOGY!

Chapters – 13 and 14.1, 14.2

Read Chapters Thoroughly!!!!

Complete section assessments in your notebook

Complete Vocabulary words for all of chapter 13 and 14.1, 14.2

WHAT IS ECOLOGY?

The study of the interactions of organisms with their environment.

IMPORTANT VOCABULARY

WORDS!Biotic Specialist AbioticGeneralist Biodiversity Trophic Level Keystone Species Food Chain ProducerFood Web Autotroph Hydrologic cycleConsumer Heterotroph Chemosynthesis Nitrogen Fixation Food Chain BiomassHerbivore Energy Pyramid Carnivore Habitat Omnivore NicheBiogechemical Cycle Detritivore Decomposer(saprobe) Ecological equivalent Competition PredationSymbiosis Mutualism CommensalismCompetitive Exclusion ParasitismBiological Magnification

ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

Species- A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

Population- All members of a species in a given area

Community- All living things in a given area (Interacting populations)

ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

Ecosystem- A community and the environment that it interacts with Weather, climate, etc

Biosphere- Any portion of Earth where life exists Composed of all ecosystems

Biodiversity – The variety of living things in an ecosystem

Keystone Species – A species that has a large effect on its ecosystem

ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE &

FUNCTION Ecosystems are made up of abiotic and biotic

factors

Abiotic Factors- physical and chemical factors that affect an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce.

Non-living factors

Ex) soil, precipitation, pH, oxygen, light, minerals

Biotic Factors- Living factors that affect an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

Ex) Predator, prey . . . ALL LIVING THINGS!

ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Limiting Factor- any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the ability of an organism to live, survive, and reproduce

Predator, prey, disease

Tolerance Limit- an organism’s limits when withstanding extreme environmental conditions

Oysters in “brackish” water

NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Nutritional Relationships— transfer of nutrients from one organism to another

Organisms that make their food are called autotrophs.

Photosynthesis- uses sunlight to make food

Chemosynthesis- use chemicals to make food Many bacteria (archaebacteria)

Hot springs, thermal vents

NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Heterotrophs— organisms that depend on or eat other organisms for food

Ex) lions, people, fungi

Herbivores— plant eaters Cows, sheep, deer, horses

Carnivores— meat eaters (eat other animals) Lions

Omnivores— eat both plants and animals Bears, humans

Saprobe/Saprophyte— decomposers Fungi, bacteria , insects, worms

NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Herbivore – “vole” Carnivore - Wolf

NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Omnivore – “black bear” Decomposer – “fungi”

NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Symbiotic Relationship— when 2 or more organisms live close together

Called symbiosis

Mutualism— both organisms benefit (+/+) “cleaner fish” eats/large fish is cleaned

Coral releases CO2 for algae and algae releases O2 and organic compounds for coral reef survival

NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Parasitism— one organism benefits, and one is harmed (+/-) Tick/dog

Tapeworm/human

Athlete’s foot/human

Commensalism— one organism benefits, the other is unaffected (+/0) Ramora fish/shark

Clown fish/sea anemone

How does energy flow through the ecosystem?

PATTERNS OF ENERGY TRANSFER

producer 1° consumer 2°consumer

3 ° consumer decomposer

(primary) (secondary)

(tertiary)

PATTERNS OF ENERGY TRANSFER…Food Chain

INTERACTIONS IN ECOSYSTEMS

Food Relationships: Producers

Consumers

Decomposers

producer 1° consumer 2° consumer

Food chain: not likely

Food web: more realistic and more complex!

(primary) (secondary)

3 ° consumer decomposer(tertiary)

PATTERNS OF ENERGY TRANSFER

PATTERNS OF ENERGY TRANSFER

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMID

The amount of energy in a food web decreases with each higher trophic level (energy level)

Why? Where does it go?

Passes out in waste

Given off as body heat

Used to maintain metabolism

Only around 10% passes up each trophic level

THREE KINDS OF ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS

Pyramid of Energy

Pyramid of Biomass

Pyramid of Numbers

PYRAMID OF ENERGY

Remember, only 10% of “energy” is passed from each trophic level to the next

Less energy = more consumption

PYRAMID OF ENERGY

10 calories

100 calories

1,000 calories

10,000 calories

QUESTION??

Explain why someone would make the following statement.

“We could feed more of the world if we fed them grain instead of livestock raised on grain”

BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION

As pollutants/ pesticides move through a food chain they become more highly concentrated at each trophic level DDT as an insecticide/peregrine falcon

Can possibly cancer in humans

HABITAT VS. NICHE

The area where an organism lives is its habitat

A niche is an organism’s habitat AND the role it plays in its environment

Competitive Exclusion Principle – When two species are competing for resources, one will be better suited to the niche, and the other will be pushed to another niche or go extinct

Example - MacArthur’s Warblers He studied 5 species of Warblers that coexisted in the same habitat

(coniferous northeast United States)

Study revealed that each species feeds in different areas of the same trees—they occupy different niches

Organisms can share the same habitat, but they don’t have to compete for resources if they occupy different niches—niche partitioning

MacArthur’s Warblers

NUTRIENT CYCLESBiogeochemical Cycles

“Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy”

Energy Flows through Ecosystem

Matter Cycles

Water Cycle

Carbon/Oxygen Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Phosphorous Cycle

HYDROLOGIC(WATER) CYCLE

Water Cycle Precipitation- rain

Condensation

Evaporation- water goes from a liquid to a gas and dispersed into the air

Transpiration- water evaporated from leaves of green plants

THE WATER CYCLE

THE WATER CYCLE

THE WATER CYCLE

NUTRIENT CYCLES

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen fixation- changing atmospheric nitrates into a usable form

Biological: bacteria Legumes- peas, clover, beans

Atmospheric: Lightning

THE NITROGEN CYCLE

Nitrogen Cycle

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/tlw3/eBridge/Chp29/animations/ch29/1_nitrogen_cycle.swf

http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/em05_pg20_nitrogen/em05_pg20_nitrogen.html

NUTRIENT CYCLES

The Carbon/Oxygen Cycle Cell Respiration

Photosynthesis

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP

glucose + oxygen carbon + water + energy dioxide

Carbon Cycle

Habitat DisruptionBiodiversity and

Conservation

Algal Blooms (Eutrophication)- large population of algae. As the algae dies/decomposes it chokes the lake of oxygen = fish die

Forest fires

Floods

Human activity/development

What is Biodiversity

CLASS ASSIGNMENTSTAY TUNED – TO BE DETERMINED

Read chapter 16

Complete Chapter 16 Section Assessments

Important Terms

Biodiversity Acid Precipitation Endangered SpeciesHabitat Degradation Habitat Fragmentation Ozone LayerSustainable Use Threatened SpeciesReintroductionExtinction Exotic Species

Eutrophication