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pla
nts.
anim
als.
glo
bal c
limat
e ch
ange
.
rela
tionsh
ips
betw
ee...
pla
nts
and
anim
als.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Ecology is the study of
1. plants.
2. animals.
3. global climate change.
4. relationships between organisms and their environment.
5. plants and animals.
man
ages
its
econo
m...
sat
isfie
s th
e nee
ds o
f i..
pro
tect
s th
e pro
spec
t...
mee
ts th
e nee
ds of i
t...
all
of th
ese
answ
ers.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
An environmentally sustainable society
1. manages its economy and population size without doing irreparable environmental harm.
2. satisfies the needs of its people by harvesting without depleting Earth's capital.
3. protects the prospects of future generations of humans and other species.
4. meets the needs of its people without jeopardizing the needs of future generations.
5. all of these answers.
the
king w
ho p
rom
ise.
..
hum
an p
opulat
ion g
r...
driv
ing 1
0 m
ph fo
r o..
mon
ey in
a s
avin
gs ...
bac
teria
popu
latio
n ...
20% 20% 20%20%20%
All of the following illustrate exponential growth except
1. the king who promised to double the number of grains of wheat he put on each successive square of a checkerboard.
2. human population growth.
3. driving 10 mph for one minute; then 20 mph for one minute; then 30 mph for one minute; then 40 mph for one minute.
4. money in a savings account.
5. bacteria population growth.
incr
easi
ng lin
early
.
dec
reas
ing li
nearly
.
incr
easi
ng ex
ponen
tia...
dec
reas
ing e
xpon
enti.
..
are
nei
ther
incr
easi
n...
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Most of the environmental problems we face are
1. increasing linearly.
2. decreasing linearly.
3. increasing exponentially.
4. decreasing exponentially.
5. are neither increasing nor decreasing.
gro
ss n
atio
nal p
roduc
t.
gro
ss d
omes
tic p
rodu
ct.
per
cap
ital G
NP.
per
cap
ita G
DP.
gro
ss g
row
th p
roduc
t.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
The market value in dollars of goods and services produced in a country for use within
a year is the1. gross national
product.
2. gross domestic product.
3. per capital GNP.
4. per capita GDP.
5. gross growth product.
They
mak
e up a
bout...
They
hav
e hig
h ave
r...
They
incl
ude
the
USA...
They
use
abou
t 12%
..
They
are
hig
hly
indus.
..
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Which of the following generalizations about developing countries is true?
1. They make up about one-tenth of the world's population.
2. They have high average GNPs per person.
3. They include the USA, Canada, Japan, the former Soviet Union, and European countries.
4. They use about 12% of the world's resources.
5. They are highly industrialized.
They
mak
e up a
bout...
They
hav
e lo
w to
mo...
They
are
prim
arily
in ..
.
They
tend to
be
highl..
.
They
use
abou
t eig
hty...
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Which of the following statements about developed countries is true?
1. They make up about one-fifth of the world's population.
2. They have low to moderate GNPs per person.
3. They are primarily in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
4. They tend to be highly agricultural.
5. They use about eighty five percent of the world's resources.
50 60 70 80 90
20% 20% 20%20%20%
About ____% of the world's human population lives in the developing countries.
1. 50
2. 60
3. 70
4. 80
5. 90
gro
undwat
er
tree
s in
a fo
rest
ferti
le s
oil o
il
cro
ps
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Which of the following is not a renewable resource?
1. groundwater
2. trees in a forest
3. fertile soil
4. oil
5. crops
rene
wab
le re
sourc
es.
nonre
newab
le re
sou...
per
petual
reso
urce
s.
am
enity
reso
urces
.
recy
clin
g.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Use of a natural resource based on sustainable yield applies to
1. renewable resources.
2. nonrenewable resources.
3. perpetual resources.
4. amenity resources.
5. recycling.
usi
ng s
olar p
ower a
t ...
usi
ng o
il to
mak
e gas
...
cutti
ng tree
s fo
r wood
...
letti
ng ag
ricultu
ral r
uno..
All
of thes
e an
swer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Which of the following best describes the concept of environmental degradation?
1. using solar power at a rapid rate
2. using oil to make gasoline
3. cutting trees for wood products
4. letting agricultural runoff cause oxygen depletion and fish kills downstream
5. All of these answers.
A fa
ctory
pollu
tes
a ri.
..
Som
e le
vels
of p
ollu
ti..
Som
e ac
tiviti
es h
arm
...
Irrig
ated
cro
plan
d ca
...
Cro
pland c
an d
ecre
a..
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Which of the following statements best illustrates the tragedy of the commons?
1. A factory pollutes a river as much as the law allows.
2. Some levels of pollution are life threatening.
3. Some activities harm the environment, but others do not.
4. Irrigated cropland can be ruined by salinization.
5. Cropland can decrease biodiversity.
are
als
o cal
led p
erpet
...
are
onl
y re
sourc
es th
..
are
cap
able
of e
conom
..
incl
ude fe
rtile
soi
l and
...
can
be
recy
cled
or r
e...
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Resources that are called nonrenewable
1. are also called perpetual resources.
2. are only resources that are alive.
3. are capable of economic depletion.
4. include fertile soil and clean water.
5. can be recycled or reused.
recy
cle
or reu
se e
xist
i..
was
te le
ss.
dev
elop s
ubstitu
tes.
All
of thes
e an
swer
s.
None
of the
se a
nswer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
When a resource is economically depleted, we can
1. recycle or reuse existing supplies.
2. waste less.
3. develop substitutes.
4. All of these answers.
5. None of these answers.
bei
ng u
nable
to s
ee t.
.
aci
d ra
in-in
duce
d des
...
spre
ad o
f dis
ease
fro...
fish
kill
s in
lake
s an
d ...
All
of thes
e an
swer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Effects of pollution might include
1. being unable to see the top of skyscrapers because of the smog.
2. acid rain-induced destruction of a statue in your city park.
3. spread of disease from an open dump.
4. fish kills in lakes and streams.
5. All of these answers.
an a
utom
obile ta
ilpip
e.
a fa
ctory
sm
okes
tack
.
a d
rain
pipe
from
a p
...
runoff
from
cro
pland.
runoff
from
a s
tock
yard
.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Point sources of pollution include all of the following except
1. an automobile tailpipe.
2. a factory smokestack.
3. a drainpipe from a power plant.
4. runoff from cropland.
5. runoff from a stockyard.
pes
ticid
es d
isper
sed.
..
runoff
from
a s
tock
yard
.
a s
moke
stac
k fro
m a
...
ferti
lizer
runoff
from
...
runoff
from
a c
ropla
nd.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Nonpoint sources of pollution include all of the following except
1. pesticides dispersed by airplane and wind onto a crop.
2. runoff from a stockyard.
3. a smokestack from a power plant.
4. fertilizer runoff from lawns.
5. runoff from a cropland.
conce
ntra
tion
per
sist
ence
orig
in
chem
ical
nat
ure
rate
of d
egra
datio
n
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Which of the following is not important in determining the damage produced by a
pollutant?1. concentration
2. persistence
3. origin
4. chemical nature
5. rate of degradation
they
ofte
n tran
sfer
po...
once
pollu
tants
are
d...
they
can
be
over
whe.
..
All
of thes
e an
swer
s.
None
of the
se a
nswer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Pollution cleanup efforts can be ineffective because
1. they often transfer pollutants from one part of the environment to another.
2. once pollutants are dispersed, it costs too much to reduce them to acceptable levels.
3. they can be overwhelmed by growth in population and consumption.
4. All of these answers.
5. None of these answers.
tech
nology;
sust
ainab
...
sust
aina
bility
; tec
hn...
sust
aina
bility
; eco
nom
ic
cultu
ral;
sust
ainab
ility
sust
aina
bility
; cultu
ral
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Because the environment and economy are intimately linked, improving the environmental quality is good for the
economy. Thus, the ____ revolution is also a(an) ____ revolution.
1. technology; sustainability
2. sustainability; technology
3. sustainability; economic
4. cultural; sustainability
5. sustainability; cultural
labor
nat
ural r
esourc
es
eco
nomic
reso
urces
man
ufact
ured c
apita
l
food
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Which of the following categories includes the others?
1. labor
2. natural resources
3. economic resources
4. manufactured capital
5. food
run p
aral
lel t
o eac
h o...
are
reci
proca
ls o
f eac
...
inte
rsec
t at t
he m
arke
...
are
stra
ight l
ines
that
...
None
of the
se a
nswer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
If price, supply, and demand are the only factors involved, the demand and supply
curves1. run parallel to each other.
2. are reciprocals of each other.
3. intersect at the market equilibrium.
4. are straight lines that run in opposite directions.
5. None of these answers.
contro
lling h
uman
po...
elim
inat
ing th
e na
tion.
.
max
imiz
ing th
e flo
w ..
min
imizi
ng pollu
tion ..
.
max
imiz
ing p
ollu
tion.
..
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Environmentally sustainable development focuses on
1. controlling human population size and resource use so carrying capacity is not exceeded.
2. eliminating the national debt.
3. maximizing the flow of matter and energy resources.
4. minimizing pollution costs.
5. maximizing pollution costs.
it is
too c
ostly
.
nat
ure c
an h
andle
s...
som
e bu
sines
ses
wou..
All
of thes
e an
swer
s.
None
of the
se a
nswer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Realistically, our goal for most pollutants should not be zero pollution because
1. it is too costly.
2. nature can handle some of the pollution.
3. some businesses would go bankrupt.
4. All of these answers.
5. None of these answers.
find re
sourc
e su
bsti.
..
use
eco
-labe
ling
use
subsi
dy sh
iftin
g
util
ize
tax
shift
ing
sel
l ser
vice
s in
stea
d o...
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Which of the following is not a strategy recommended by ecological environmental economists to help make the
transition to a more sustainable eco-economy?
1. find resource substitutes
2. use eco-labeling
3. use subsidy shifting
4. utilize tax shifting
5. sell services instead of things
gen
uine
progre
ss in
d...
real
gro
ss n
atio
nal p
...
hum
an d
evel
opmen
t ...
net
nat
ional
pro
duct ..
.
None
of the
se a
nswer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
All of the following are environmental indicators of quality of life except
1. genuine progress indicator (GPI).
2. real gross national product (real GNP).
3. human development index (HDI).
4. net national product (NNP).
5. None of these answers.
mai
ntenan
ce a
nd repai
r.
gas
oline
pollu
tion a
nd hea
lth.
raw m
ater
ials
and
labor.
oil.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
All of the following are internal costs of an automobile except
1. maintenance and repair.
2. gasoline
3. pollution and health.
4. raw materials and labor.
5. oil.
dis
connec
ting th
e ai
r...
thro
wing a
cig
aret
te b
...
bla
ring th
e ra
dio a
t a...
tuni
ng th
e m
otor.
hav
ing a
n acc
iden
t.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
All of the following behaviors would increase the external costs of operating a car except
1. disconnecting the air pollution control system.
2. throwing a cigarette butt out the window.
3. blaring the radio at a stoplight.
4. tuning the motor.
5. having an accident.
taxe
s.
hea
lth in
sura
nce p
r...
pric
es.
hea
lth c
osts.
None
of the
se a
nswer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
External costs of owning a car are paid for by all of the following except higher
1. taxes.
2. health insurance premiums.
3. prices.
4. health costs.
5. None of these answers.
invo
lves
mak
ing th
e ...
fails
to in
clude
the
co..
om
its th
e co
sts
of tax
es.
incr
ease
s th
e ch
ance
f..
None
of the
se a
nswer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Internalizing external costs
1. involves making the market price approach the true cost of an economic good.
2. fails to include the cost of pollution.
3. omits the costs of taxes.
4. increases the chance for environmental degradation.
5. None of these answers.
pen
aliz
es lo
w-inco
m...
enco
urag
es fu
ll-co
st ..
.
does
not p
rovi
de in
ce...
can
not e
asily
be
adm
...
it is
diff
icul
t to d
etec
t...
20% 20% 20%20%20%
A drawback to implement environmental taxes and fees is
1. penalizes low-income groups unless safety nets are provided
2. encourages full-cost pricing
3. does not provide incentives to business to do better and save money
4. cannot easily be administered by existing tax agencies
5. it is difficult to detect cheaters
dis
coura
ged e
ffici
en...
enco
urag
ed in
nova
ti..
dec
reas
ed p
rofit
s.
incr
ease
d cost
s.
incr
ease
d pro
fits.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Most studies of the effects of environmental regulation on U.S. businesses indicate they
have1. discouraged efficient
use of resources.
2. encouraged innovative products.
3. decreased profits.
4. increased costs.
5. increased profits.
rate
of a
ltern
ativ
e en
...
abili
ty to
inte
grate
e...
qual
ity o
f life
inst
ead ..
sust
aina
ble re
sourc
e...
tota
l outp
ut of g
oods.
..
20% 20% 20%20%20%
The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) measures
1. rate of alternative energy use
2. ability to integrate economic and human development with sound natural resource management
3. quality of life instead of economic growth
4. sustainable resource use within a country
5. total output of goods and services of a nation over a one-year period.
The
humili
ty p
rinci
ple
The
reve
rsib
ility
prin
c...
The
preca
utionar
y pri.
..
The
preve
ntion p
rinci
ple
The
envi
ronm
enta
l jus.
..
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Knowing that our understanding of nature and the consequences of our actions is quite
limited is a demonstration of ____.1. The humility principle
2. The reversibility principle
3. The precautionary principle
4. The prevention principle
5. The environmental justice principle
The
humili
ty p
rinci
ple
The
inte
grat
ive
princi
ple
The
preca
utionar
y pri.
..
The
preve
ntion p
rinci
ple
The
envi
ronm
enta
l jus.
..
20% 20% 20%20%20%
When substantial evidence indicates that an activity threatens human health or the environment, take measure to prevent or reduce such harm, even if some of the cause-and-effect relationship are not fully
established scientifically. This is an example of ____.
1. The humility principle
2. The integrative principle
3. The precautionary principle
4. The prevention principle
5. The environmental justice principle
laws
pass
ed b
y th
e le
...
fund
ing to
impl
emen
t...
regu
latio
ns in
stitu
ted ..
All
of thes
e an
swer
s.
None
of the
se a
nswer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
The U.S. government creates and implements policies, which are composed of
1. laws passed by the legislative branch.
2. funding to implement laws and regulations.
3. regulations instituted by the executive branch to put laws into effect.
4. All of these answers.
5. None of these answers.
votin
g.
lobb
ying.
free
ly e
xpre
ssin
g pub...
par
ticip
atin
g in
gra
s...
All
of thes
e an
swer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Individual's influence and change government policies in constitutional
democracies by1. voting.
2. lobbying.
3. freely expressing public opinion.
4. participating in grass-roots activities.
5. All of these answers.
sec
uring s
uffici
ent f
...
convi
ncing la
wm
aker
...
dev
elopin
g a c
ohesi..
sec
uring s
upport f
or...
educa
tion o
f the
public
.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
The first step in establishing an environmental policy is
1. securing sufficient funds to develop a public relations campaign.
2. convincing lawmakers that there is a problem.
3. developing a cohesive approach to the problem.
4. securing support for your position.
5. education of the public.
in th
e W
este
rn U
nite
...
in A
lask
a.
in th
e North
east
Unit.
.
in N
atio
nal P
arks
.
None
of the
abo
ve.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Most federal public land is located
1. in the Western United States.
2. in Alaska.
3. in the Northeast United States.
4. in National Parks.
5. None of the above.
is th
e fa
stes
t-gro
win
...
is p
ract
iced
in a
bout ..
.
is a
spec
ialty
of o
ver .
..
set
s st
anda
rds
for p
ol...
All
of thes
e an
swer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Environmental law
1. is the fastest-growing sector of the American legal profession.
2. is practiced in about 100 public interest law firms and groups.
3. is a specialty of over 20,000 attorneys.
4. sets standards for pollution.
5. All of these answers.
diff
icul
ty o
f pro
ving
...
lengt
h of t
ime
for c
ou..
lack
of r
ecove
ry o
f at..
.
All
of thes
e an
swer
s.
None
of the
se a
nswer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
The effectiveness of environmental lawsuits is limited by
1. difficulty of proving defendant is liable and responsible for a harmful action.
2. length of time for court proceedings.
3. lack of recovery of attorneys' fees by public interest law firms.
4. All of these answers.
5. None of these answers.
are
less
will
ing to
co...
are
figh
ting
imm
edia
te...
wan
t pollu
tion s
topped
.
wan
t pollu
tion p
reve
...
All
of thes
e an
swer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Compared to national- and state-level environmental organizations, grassroots
groups1. are less willing to
compromise.
2. are fighting immediate threats to their families' lives.
3. want pollution stopped.
4. want pollution prevented.
5. All of these answers.
fede
ral l
aws
sensi
tive.
..
a c
oalit
ion
of anti-
en...
ste
pped
-up
lobbyi
ng...
All
of thes
e an
swer
s.
b a
nd c
onl
y.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
The environmental movement currently faces
1. federal laws sensitive to risk-benefit analyses.
2. a coalition of anti-environmental grass-roots groups.
3. stepped-up lobbying against environmental laws and regulations.
4. All of these answers.
5. b and c only.
Sel
f-cen
tere
d
Hum
an-c
ente
red
Life
-cen
tere
d
Eco
syst
em-c
ente
red
Ear
th-c
ente
red
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Which of the following is synonymous with an anthropocentric worldview?
1. Self-centered
2. Human-centered
3. Life-centered
4. Ecosystem-centered
5. Earth-centered
spac
eshi
p-Ear
th.
free
-mar
ket s
chool.
"no p
robl
em" s
choo
l.
eco
cent
rism
.
ste
wardsh
ip.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Planetary management worldviews include all of the following variations except
1. spaceship-Earth.
2. free-market school.
3. "no problem" school.
4. ecocentrism.
5. stewardship.
pure
cap
italis
m s
houl..
.
bet
ter s
cien
ce a
nd te...
an e
thic
al re
sponsi
bili..
a m
ixtu
re o
f mar
ket-b
...
All
of thes
e an
swer
s.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
People calling for more stewardship generally believe that
1. pure capitalism should be used to make our economic decisions.
2. better science and technology can fix our problems.
3. an ethical responsibility to "tend our garden" would improve most technological-economic growth worldviews.
4. a mixture of market-based competition, improved technology, and government intervention can solve our problems.
5. All of these answers.
"no p
robl
em" s
choo
l
free
-mar
ket g
lobal
e...
resp
onsible
pla
neta
r...
ste
wardsh
ip
eco
cent
rism
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Which of the following worldviews is most likely to support the view that most public property should
be turned over to private ownership?
1. "no problem" school
2. free-market global economy
3. responsible planetary management
4. stewardship
5. ecocentrism
"no p
robl
em" s
choo
l
free
-mar
ket s
chool
resp
onsible
pla
neta
r...
ste
wardsh
ip
eco
cent
rism
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Which of the following worldviews is based on a belief in the least government
interference?1. "no problem" school
2. free-market school
3. responsible planetary management
4. stewardship
5. ecocentrism
net
worth
.
aes
thet
ic v
alue.
inst
rum
enta
l val
ue.
inhe
rent v
alue.
dolla
r val
ue.
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Species which have a right to life regardless of their usefulness to humans have
1. net worth.
2. aesthetic value.
3. instrumental value.
4. inherent value.
5. dollar value.
Hum
an in
genui
ty c
an ..
.
Ear
th h
as li
mite
d res.
..
Eve
r-incr
easi
ng pro
d...
Ear
th h
as li
mite
d cap
a...
Eve
r-incr
easi
ng co
n...
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Which of the following beliefs does not characterize a life-centered worldview?
1. Human ingenuity can fix any problems we face.
2. Earth has limited resources.
3. Ever-increasing production will severely stress earth's systems.
4. Earth has limited capability to absorb human pollutants.
5. Ever-increasing consumption will severely stress earth's systems.
see
ing th
e world
as
a...
see
ing o
ur most
fu...
bel
ievi
ng that
all
type.
..
see
ing th
e nee
d for l
...
som
e fo
rms
of e
con.
..
20% 20% 20%20%20%
An environmental-wisdom worldview is characterized by all of the following except
1. seeing the world as an integrated, interconnected, interdependent whole rather than as a fragmented collection of parts.
2. seeing our most fundamental value as maintaining earth's life-support systems.
3. believing that all types of economic growth are important for alleviating poverty.
4. seeing the need for less competition and more cooperation in building relationships.
5. some forms of economic growth are environmentally beneficial and some are not.
Wor
k to
elim
inat
e in
ju...
Appre
ciat
e div
ersi
ty.
Pro
tect
loca
l eco
sys.
..
Sat
isfy
hum
an n
eeds
...
Res
tore
loca
l eco
sys.
..
20% 20% 20%20%20%
Which of the following lifestyle guidelines is incompatible with deep ecology?
1. Work to eliminate injustice to humans and other species.
2. Appreciate diversity.
3. Protect local ecosystems.
4. Satisfy human needs and wants in all cultures.
5. Restore local ecosystems.
![Plants organisms[1]](https://img.pdfslide.net/doc/110x75/54c517644a7959ce348b457b/plants-organisms1.jpg)
