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8/14/2019 Economic Determinants.pdf
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Economic Determinants
Prof. Buenalyn Teresita Ramos-Mortel
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Economics
Process of provisioning a societywith the goods and services itrequires to meet the needs ofmembers of society
Susser, Watson and Hopper
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Economics
How men and society utilize scarceor limited productive resources toproduce various commodities anddistribute them to various membersto society for their consumption
Samuelson
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Political Economy
Social and institutional processesthrough which certain groups ofeconomic and political elites chooseto allocate scarce productiveresources now and in the future fortheir own benefits or that of the
larger population
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Socio-economics
Income, wealth, poverty, and healthare strongly related people whoare poor tend to have worse healthoutcomes than people who are rich
As population wealth increases, so
the health status of the populationrapidly improves
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Socio-economics
Describe those factors that affect apersons ability to act as a freeagent, and to engage with andinfluence the society around them
Income, wealth, level of education,
and social influence
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Macro-economic Issues
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Micro-economic Issues
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Culture of poverty
Oscar Lewis, 1959
The poor use preventive services
less often and they are lessknowledgeable about appropriatehealth behavior because theypossess a culture which does not
place a high value on health
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Socio-structural view
The poor have undergone multiplenegative experiences withorganizational systems, leading toavoidance behavior, lack of trust,and therefore avoid seekingprofessional care and only follow
medical regimen in emergencysituation
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Scenarios for the Future and Socialand Cultural Development
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Health Conditions
Health conditions are directlytraceable to certain specific factors
Availability of nutritious food and safewater
Sanitation
Environmental and medical practices
Access to affordable and effectivemedicines
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Health Conditions
Health conditions are influenced bybroader socio-economic andinstitutional circumstances whichensure (or curtail), for example, thesupply of good food, water, and air,the affordability of medicine and the
accessibility of health services
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Broader socio-economic and
institutional circumstances
Self-sufficiency in agriculture canhelp meet nutrition needs
Literacy can help improve sanitationand environmental quality
Peace and order would meangreater mental and physical security
and would facilitate delivery ofhealth services
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Broader socio-economic and
institutional circumstances
Low literacy can mean ignoranceabout and lack of access to healthservices
Environmental decay can reduce theincome of vulnerable groups, andhence access to services
Industrial and technologicaladvances can bring alongoccupational stresses and health
hazards
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Broader socio-economic and
institutional circumstances
Capitalist ethos of relentless profit-maximizing tolerates aggressiveadvertisement of cigarettes,alcoholic drinks and junk foodaimed at young people
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Measures that should be
immediately taken
Implement the Health InsuranceLaw enacted in 1995; persuade SSSto give its share of funds
Increase the capabilities of localgovernment units in health
management, resource mobilizationand investment in health
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Measures that should be
immediately taken
Redefine the role of the DOH in thecontext of changing modes of healthservice provision and delivery dueto devolution and privatization
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Measures that should be
taken beyond the first decade
Introduce changes in the medicaleducation in line with changes inthe mix of preventive-curativeservices
Increase peoples awareness of howlifestyles can affect health and how
they can articulate their demandsfor health
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Health policies should
Mobilize and empower the massestoward self-reliant and self-sustaining management of theirhealth problems
Support and develop community-
based and managed health careapproaches
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Health policies should
Encourage optimum and propermobilization and use of healthresources at all levels, incl
indigenous community resources
Support the strategic distributionand use of appropriate medical careand information technology toimprove health services
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Health policies should
Ensure and strengthencommitment, participation, andcollaboration among government,NGOs and communities in healthand overall development efforts
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STYLIZED FACTS LINKINGECONOMIC GROWTH AND
URBANIZATION WITH HEALTH
OUTCOMES
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Income, Urbanization, and
Urban Health
Population and economic growth willbe urban-centered
More of the poor will be living in thecities
Urban poverty begets slums
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Income, Urbanization, and
Urban Health
Poverty and slums equal greaterhealth inequity
Rising incomes can directly improvehealth status and lessen healthinequity by financing provision of
public goods
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Income, Urbanization, and
Urban Health
Capital (physical and human) andTFP (total factor productivity) drivegrowth in industrializing countries
Income inequality follows in thewake of GDP growth
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Income, Urbanization, and
Urban Health
Income inequality does not impacton health conditions
Clean water and sanitation makehealthy cities
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Consider this.
Relying mainly on the heavyartillery of expensive and oftenineffectual curative medicine maynot be a cost-effective approach
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Consider this.
The pay-off from these four areasinfrastructure, primary health care,education, and urban and transportdesignin terms of healthoutcomes would completely dwarfthe returns from new drugs and
curative hospital-based medicine Yusuf, Nabeshima, Ha, 2007