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© 2019 IJRAR May 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR19K1027 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 198
ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THROUGH
MICRO ENTERPRISES PROMOTED BY KUDUMBASREE-
A CASE STUDY OF WAYANAD DISTRICT Sujisha.A.S Dr,Biju T.
Research scholar AssistantProfessor Pg Department of Commerce,KGcollege,Pambadi BJM Govt.college
MG University,Kottayam, India Chavara,Kollam
Abstract :
Kudumbasree: Kudumbasree is a project launched by the Government of Kerala (GOK) with the help of Government of
India (GOI) and NABARD and is a multifaceted women based participatory poverty eradication programme. This project aims to
empower women physically, socially, economically and politically.Micro enterprise: Micro enterprise promotion and
development is one of the important strategies of kudumbasree for the economic empowerment of poor women. The role of micro
enterprise in rural development and women empowerment is widely recognized world over, particularly in developing nations
like India.In this thesis the author made an attempt to study the problems and prospects of Kudumbasree micro enterprises
keywords:economicempowerment,microenterprise
I.INTRODUCTION
Kudumbasree function as a catalyst for women empowerment, at multiple levels which includes economic, social and political
empowerment. Economic development is the base for other development. Collective effort has been recognized as tenets of
women empowerment. It has been proven without doubt that women empowerment is the best strategy for poverty eradication
women, who were regarded as voiceless and powerless started identifying their inner strength, opportunities for growth and their
role in reshaping their own destiny. The process of empowerment becomes the beacon light to their children, their families and
the society at large. It opens a new vista in development history.
Micro enterprise is an effective instrument of social and economic empowerment. It helps to generate employment for a number
of people within their own social system. This is more beneficial for women in rural areas as it enables them to add to the family
income while taking care of their own home. The micro entrepreneurship is strengthening the women empowerment and removes
the gender inequalities. A micro enterprise is not only enhancing national productivity, generate employment but also helping to
develop economic independence, personal and social capabilities among rural women.
This chapter looks into the role of micro enterprises in the economic empowerment of women. The measures of empowerment
taken here are annual personal income, consumption pattern, monthly savings, household things owned by members, ownership
of house, asset holding, financial sustainability, freedom of movement, motivational factors to indulge in micro enterprise, job
satisfaction level,improvement in entrepreneurship skill etc.
II.REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A literature review is an evaluative report of studies found in the literature related to the selected area. The review should
describe, summarize, evaluate and clarify this literature. It should give a theoretical basis for the research and helps to determine
the nature of our own research. The literature review is important because: It describes how the proposed research is related to
prior research in statistics. It shows the originality and relevance of our research problem. Specifically, your research is different
from other statisticians. It justifies the proposed methodology and It demonstrates our preparedness to complete the research.
Here are some reviews of literatures conducted in India mostly in Kerala related to Kudumbasree,Women empowerment,Poverty
alleviation programmes ,SHGs ,Micro finanace and Micro enterprises development,Linkage banking etc.
Jomy Jose (2015) in his study Role of kudumbasree and women empowerment: a study of thiruvanathapuram district analysed
the major factors on the empowerment of women, and income level of women per year after joining a kudumbasree unit. And
found that 34.8% of the total 250 respondent’s income increased to Rs.30000 to 40000 per year. And kudumbasree make fast
changes in the socio economic life of women in Kerala generally.
Sreeram V.,S.V Prasad and T.Lakshmi (2015) in their work a study on entrepreneurial behaviour of kudumbasree
neighbourhood group members in Kerala observed that kudumbasree has succeeded in harassing the entrepreneurial potential of
rural women for their own development through collective action. The variables like mass media exposure extension contact,
marketing facilities and management orientation are positively contributed to the most of the changes in entrepreneurial behaviour
of members kedumbasree NHGs.
Minimol MC &Mukesh K G(2016),in their study ‘Empowering rural women in Kerala-a study on the role of SHG’, undertaken
to critically evaluate the role played by SHG in imparting social, economic, and financial empowerment to the rural women.
Exploratory research design is used for the study. And examined that the concept of SHGs for rural women empowerment has not
yet run its full course in attaining its objectives. Further efforts in refining group characteristics and realigning group objective
can ensure furtherance of effectiveness of SHGs in translating rural women into a more powerful section of the society.
Kiran arya & M. A. Ansari (2016),’Micro enterprise –way for development rural women entrepreneurship in Uttarakhand
(India)’, made an observation that women entrepreneurs can play a role of catalyst in social and economic development of
country like India. They faced many obstacles specifically in finance and marketing of their produce women entrepreneur.
© 2019 IJRAR May 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR19K1027 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 199
Networks are major source of knowledge about women’s entrepreneurship and they are increasingly recognized as a valuable tool
for its development and promotion.
Dr.Reji (2016) in his study ‘Economic empowerment of women through SHG in Kerala’, with the objective of assessing the
effectiveness of SHGS in the economic empowerment of women. It was conducted in Idukki district. And found that in
Ernakulam and Idukki district SHG has been playing a vital role in the empowerment of women. This is an important institution
for improving the life of women in various social political and economic components and the number of women inclined towards
SHG in increasing which implies that women are aspiring for empowerment.
Ebrahimkunju Sulaiman (2016) in his study ‘Women empowerment through micro enterprises-an empirical analysis of
kudumbasree units in kerala’, conducted to critically analyse the influence of micro enterprises run by the kudumbasree units in
poverty eradication process and to compare the economic status of entrepreneurs before and after their membership in the
enterprises. It was conducted in Alapuzha district and observed that most of the members engaged in micro enterprises and
important bread earners in the family. But the SC/ST composition of membership was very nominal. It shows a significant
relationship between average amount of loan and net profit ,average amount of annual turnover and net profit.
Sivvala Radhika(2016)’ Women empowerment through micro enterprise development in urban areas-need for support
mechanisms and government action’, opined that empowerment is the process which enables individual groups to fully access
personal or collective power, authority or influence. Majority of women in developing countries lack economic power resulting in
minimal access to basic healthcare and decreased standard of living of families and communities
Vijay B Singh & Ravish Raj singh (2016), ‘The women empowerment through micro financing in India- a case study of rural
women’, to study the level of empowerment of rural women in Ranchi district to examine the extent of involvement of women in
SHG and found that age is not the criteria for SHG membership and any person who is an employed can become member of the
SHG.And SHGs are not just a financing system but for social and economic change especially for women. It provide the poor
women the access to economic resources.
MercyVarghese, in her study ‘Women empowerment through kudumbasree a study in Ernakulum district’ made a detailed
presentation about to know the growth trend of the strategies followed by kudumbasree in empowering women. And to compare
the quality of NHGs in rural and urban areas of the district and observed that the problem faced by the members are inadequate
co-operation from peers, lack of visit by of leaders etc. The empowerment strategies in the social development sector includes
balasabha, buds school,shreepada viswa yampadanam,ashrya-destitute rehabilitation project,eksat-hrd training centre,bhavanasree
micro financing scheme, and other empowerment programmes include interest subsidy scheme, development of sc/st women,
National rural development guarantee scheme, legal literacy workshop,karma2009,training for NHG president etc
Lathika.K K in her study ‘,A study on women empowerment in Kerala with special reference to kudumbasree project’, made an
effort to assess the level of empowerment of the respondents at individual level, to measure the empowerment status at group
level and to identify the problems confronted and opinion on matters particularly affecting them and analysed that Majority in
sample refrain from engaging in any type of micro entrepreneurial activity. Uncongenial family atmosphere has emerged the
principal factor checking the entry of women respondents into the micro entrepreneurial arena followed by absence of responsible
person to assume the rein of the activity.
Research gap All of the studies included in review of literatures are related to kudumbasree ,the state poverty eradication mission of
govt.of kerala,right from its inception in 1998,identified livelihood development as a major objective to promote economic
empowerment.Here most of the studies are conducted in SHGs and women empowerment,SHGs and poverty alleviation,scaling
up of kudumbasree,income generating activities ,micro finance and linkage banking etc.and some of the researchers mentioned
about the importance of micro enterprises and its role in economic development.but the fact is that no studies have conducted in
the field of micro enterprises promoted by kudumbasree and its role in economic empowerment of women in wayanad district of
Kerala. This paper looks into the major role of micro enterprise in economic empowerment of women .
Scope and Significance of the study
The present study will enable us to understand the role of micro enterprise in economic empowerment of women . The
result and suggestions of the study will contribute to improve the financial performance of these enterprises and it will also help
the policy makers and Kudumbashree to evolve suitable policies for sustainable functioning of Micro Enterprises and to introduce
advanced measures for increased economic empowerment of women in Kerala.
Problem Statement
The role of micro enterprises in rural development and women empowerment is widely recognized the world over, particularly in
developing nations like India. Micro enterprises play a vital role in poverty alleviation and socio-economic development of the
poor, and help to bring about equitable and balanced economic development with relatively low amount of capital investment.
the present Research Study looks to understand the role of micro enterprise in economic empowerment of women.
Objectives of the study 1. To analyze the role of kudumbasree micro enterprises in economic empowerment of women in wayanad district.
Hypothesis of the study
H0 : There is no significant difference between general measures of enhancement in economic empowerment before and after
joining micro enterprises.
© 2019 IJRAR May 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR19K1027 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 200
III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The design of the present study is descriptive one based on survey method. The study attempts to describe and analyze the role of
micro enterprises promoted by Kudumbasree in economic empowerment of women in Kerala.
3.1 Data Source
The present study is descriptive one based on survey method. The study will make use of both primary date and secondary data.
Primary data will be collected from Kudumbashree Micro Enterprises and member beneficiaries. The Micro Enterprises member
beneficiaries promoted by the Kudumbashree in wayanad district constitute the population of the study. It amounts to 1887.
Among them 200 members selected randomly.data were collected from these members.
The Secondary data for the present study constitute the Audited Financial Statements of micro enterprises and other details
obtained from journals, magazines, books and other periodicals, authentic publications and reports of Government of India,
Government of Kerala, and Kudumbashree.
3.2 Research approach
Survey research using a well structured interview schedule is adopted. This will be used for collecting data from member
beneficiaries of kudumbasree who runs micro enterprises.
3.3 Research Instrument
A well structured interview schedule was prepared with the objective of getting information from the member beneficiaries of
kudumbasree.
3.4 Population and sample
Population of the study constitute the entire Kudumbasree women member beneficiaries of micro enterprises of Wayanad
district.It includes 1887 member beneficiaries.and the sample constitute 200 member beneficiaries.
3.5 Type of analysis and statistical tools used
Paired sample test
The paired sample T test compares two means that are from the same individual, object, or related units. The two means typically
represents two different times (here before joining micro enterprise and after joining micro enterprise).the purpose of this test is to
determine whether there is statistical evidence that the mean difference between paired observations on a particular outcome is
significantly different from Zero. It’s a parametric test.
IV THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK
4.1 Structure of Kudumbasree
For the effective functioning of the Kudumbasreeprogramme the community based organization consists of a three tier structure.
The lowest stratum of NHG consists of 20-40 women members selected from poor families. NHG meets every week in the house
of NHG members. In the meeting various issues faced by the group members are discussed and solved. Second tier Is ADS (Area
Development Society), which is formed at the ward level by federating 10-15 NHGs. And the third and highest tier is CDS.
Organization-
The Kudumbasree has a three tier community oriented structure.
1. Kudumbasree Ayalkkotam or Neighbourhood Groups (NHG).
2. Kudumbasree ward samithy or Area Development Society (ADS).
3. Kudumbasree Panjayath samithy or Community Development Society (CDS).
4.1.1 NHG (Neighbourhood group)
In Kerala, the first step for NHG initiation was started by D.Pankajakshan in Kanjipalam in Alappuzha district. He with his
friends organized a group named ‘Darshanam’, A micro level organization in the village (1989).Members of 10 homes formed as
a group called tharakkottam, 10 such Tharakkottam made an Ayalkkottam (NHG).This is the lowest tier consisting of 10-20
women. In their weekly meetings all members bring their thrift, which will be collected and recycled to the system by way of
sanctioning loans. Five office bearers will be there.
1a.Community health Volunteer
This person look after the health related aspects of the group members including their family. They are also responsible for
converging the activities of health and social service department.
1b.Income generation activity Volunteer
This person looks after various activities like collection, consolidation, and maintenance of books of accounts and registers of
NHG.
1c.Infrastructure volunteer
For the local development this person identify the infrastructural backwardness of the group with the help of various government
programmes.
1d.Secretary
Secretary has to record the proceedings of the meeting. She also need to motivate the members of the group.
1e.President
She presides over the weekly meeting and imparts necessary leadership and guidelines to the team members.
© 2019 IJRAR May 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR19K1027 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 201
4.1.2 ADS (Area Development Society)
Area Development society ,the second tier formed at the ward level by federating 10-15 NHGs. Activities and decisions in the
ADS are decided by the representatives elected from NHGs.ADS co-ordinate and monitor the functioning of NHGs under its
jurisdiction, provide guidance related to micro enterprises, supports in getting bank linkages etc.ADS reports various activities of
each NHG and submits their relevant documents related to finance and administration to CDS.
4.1.3 CDS (Community Development Society)
The highest strata of Kudumbasree is the CDS.It is formed by federating various ADSs,
Main activities of CDS:
a) They help to implement the plans of NHGs.
b) CDS collects small savings of NHGs and were used to provide financial assistance to start income generating activities.
c) In order to benefit the community as whole, the CDS sought to bring under a single umbrella all departments and agencies and
helps to address the various causes of poverty.
4.2 Alappuzha Community Based Nutrition Programme (CBNP)
In 1991 Alappuzha Municipal Urban Basic Service for the poor (UBSP), initiated Community Based Nutrition Programme
(CBNP).Main objective of this project was to improve the nutritional status of the children of 0-15 age group and women of 15-
45).
4.3 Programmes for economic empowerment under Kudumbasree
4.3.1.Micro finance
.a. Trift and credit
Kudumbasree promotes neighbourhood groups (NHGs) And are used in thrift mobilization,that encourage poor women to save
more and also to avail credit at low cost. But how much amount is to provided as loan and for what purpose it to be used always
decided by NHG. Repayment is collected during weekly NHG meetings.
b..Linkage banking
Linkage banking is one of the flagship programmes of kudumbasree. NABARD SHG bank linkage grading procedures are
applied while selecting the NHGs for availing lkoan.CDS assists NHG in getting graded by the bank.Bank will provide loan to
those NHGs who pass 80% mark in grading. Loan amount provided to NHG is linked with thrift amount maintained by the group
as internal loans. Four times of thrift maintained by the NHG is the maximum amount of loan that can be given to NHG.CDS
sometimes borrow bulk loans from banks for the purpose of lending it to the NHG for that CDS charges more interest than bank
charges to NHG. Then bank fixes a date for the repayment of loan ,within that date NHG pays it to the CDS and CDS in turn pay
the collected amount to bank.
c. Matching grant to thrift and credit societies.
It is an incentive provided to NHGs. It is linked to the thrift mobilised,performance of NHG in the grading and loan availed from
the banks.
4.3.2 Micro enterprises of Kudumbasree
Enterprises engaged in the manufacture or production, processing or preservation of goods –A micro enterprises is an enterprise
where investment in plant and machinery does not exceed rs.25 lakh. Innovation fund was initiated by Kudumbasree for
supporting Micro enterprises. The maximum amount eligible should not exceed 50% of the total project cost including subsidy
and innovation fund. Suitable innovative micro enterprise project will be identified by micro enterprise and samagra teams in
district and head office. Who will then submit the proposal to the head office.
Technology fund is mainly used to procure advanced and innovative technologies for setting up micro enterprises under
Kudumbasree. The cost of technology includes the cost to develop a new technology, purchase of a technology from research
organisation, laboratory, individuals etc.
The proposal from the district mission team will be scrutinized by a screening committee at state level.supporting and sustaining
micro enterprise is always a challenge faced by development administration. Many efforts were taken by the kudumbasree
mission with the help of local self government for the purpose. There is a micro enterprise team headed by programme officer
,under the leadership of assistant district mission co-ordinators. In the CDS level, there is a micro enterprise subcommittee to co-
ordinate the micro enterprise in the panjayaths in the ADS and the NHG levels there are income generating volunteer to look after
the matters of ME.
4.3.3Innovative enterprises under Kudumbasree
a. Solid waste management
Kudumbasree initiated solid waste management to clean Kerala business. Women fro kudumbasree and belongs to poor families
are engaged top involve in these kinds of activities in door household waste collection and transport to the transit point fixed by
the urban local bodies.
b. Nature fresh
Kudumbasree started a micro enterprise called nature fresh in Idukki district and Palakkad district. Cows were distributed to
women entrepreneurs. The milk produced is delivered to houses within one hopur in bottles by a four member women marketing
group.
c.Amrutham food supplement
© 2019 IJRAR May 2019, Volume 6, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR19K1027 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 202
The amrutham unit produces a baby food supplement developed by central plantation crops research institute (CPCRI)
Kasargode. This has four hundred operational unit. Wheat required for the production of the food supplement is provided in a
subsidy rate of Rs. 4.5/Kg under wheat based nutrition programme.
4.4 Samagra
Samagra is an initiative independently developed by kudumbasree being implemented in the state in collaboration with the three
tier local self governments and other agencies. It is an attempt to address the entire production- supply value chain holistically, by
scaling up productive activity both qualitatively and quantitatively and seeking viable supply opportunities.
The samagra projects are owned and implemented by the three tier panjayaths. At the grass root level CDS take care of
implementation programme. District mission co-ordinator will be the implementing officer. Details of samagra projects that are
implemented in various districts are given below.
a. Nendran banana
b. Harithasree
It is proposed to cultivate, collect and market vegetables in the panjayaths neighbouring the corporation area. Different
types of vegetables will be packed in two kilo packets and delivered to houses once in three days. For this a marketing network
will be formed.
c. Ksheerashree
This project is to enhance the production of milk to meet the milk production deficit in Trivandrum district. The milk
produced will directly marketed to the consumers as fresh milk within two hours.
d Nedumoana Mini apparel park
In Nedumpana grama panjayath skill development in tailoring has been extensively undertaken. The proposed unit would
be a high end semi automated facility and would employ state of the art machinery for producing high quality apparels.it would
be an integrated facility and would have adequate operation functions from fabric processing to final packaging and quality
control.
e Madhuram
It was carried by Pathanamthita district panjayaths with the objective of providing direct employment and income to
10000 women by production of 20 lakh litres of honey and participation of 25000 rubber farmers.
f. ornamental fish projects
g.Ksheerasagaram
h. Thirumadhurama
i. Haritham
j. Nivedyam
k. Kondattom
l.Manufacturing of footwear uppers.
m. Goat village
n. Saphalam
This is the first time that a community based cashew project has been attempted in the district known for its high quality of
cashew.The above said initiatives of Kudumbasree helped the poor women to attain freedom , autonomy and self confidence. It is
obviously a women based poverty alleviation project.
4.5 Collective farming
This programme initiated by the Kudumbasree, which include identification of available land, selection of beneficiaries,
clustering them into groups, giving them training, distribution of inputs and release of incentives.
4.6 Responsible tourism
This is an initiative led by the state department of tourism to make the tourism industry socially , environmentally, and
economically responsible to the people.
V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1Annual Personal income
Income determines the background of the respondent’s livelihood and improves standard of living of the respondents
family.increase in income shows empowerment of women.Table 5.1 shows paired sample statistics of annual personal income
before and after joining ME.
Table 5.1 Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N Std. DevStd. Error
Mean
before joining
micro enterprise9500.00 200 31281.35 2211.93
after joining micro
enterprise108060.00 200 104306.40 7375.58
Annual
personal
income
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IJRAR19K1027 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 203
It may be observed from the table 5.1 that mean for annual personal income after joining Micro enterprise is very high compared
to before joining Me.(108060). Average income of the member increased a lot after joining Micro enterprise.
Table 5.2 shows the result of paired sample test of annual personal income.
Table 5.2 Paired Samples Test
Lower Upper
Annual personal
income: before
joining micro
enterprise - after
joining micro
enterprise
-98560.00 93446.55 6607.67 -111590.04 -85529.96 -14.916 199 0.0000
Paired Differences
t dfSig.
(2-tailed)Mean Std. Dev
Std.
Error
Mean
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
H0 3a: There is no significant difference in annual personal income before and after joining micro enterprises
Table 5.2 shows The result of paired sample test shows that there is significant difference between annual personal income before
and after joining Micro enterprise because p<.05.
Percentage of earned income expended
The consumption pattern of the members of Micro enterprise before and after joining Micro enterprise will clearly shows how
much they empowered to look after various aspects like daily family expenditure, Repayment of loan, clothing, rent, education of
their children, fuel or electricity, medical expenses, savings etc.
Table 5.4 shows paired sample statistics of consumption pattern before and after joining Micro enterprise.
Table 5.4 Paired Sample Statistics
Mean N
Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
Daily family expenditure on
earned income before joining
ME in percentage to total
.5285 200 7.06993 .49992
Daily family expenditure on
earned income after joining
ME in percentage to total
.3153 200 .17373 .01228
Expenditure on repayment of
loan before joining ME in
percentage to total
.0105 200 0.05223 .00369
Expenditure on repayment of
loan after joining ME in
percentage to total
.0348 200 .07555 .00534
Expenditure on clothing
before joining ME in
percentage to total
.0100 200 0.03979 .00281
Expenditure on clothing after
joining ME in percentage to
total
.0682 200 .05631 .00398
Expenditure on rent before
joining ME in percentage to
total
.0010 200 0.00997 .00071
Expenditure on rent after
joining ME in percentage to
total
.0040 200 .01689 .00119
Expenditure on education
before joining ME in
percentage to total
.0085 200 0.04430 .00313
Expenditure on education
after joining ME in
percentage to total
.2653 200 1.40803 .09956
Expenditure on Fuel or
electricity before joining ME
in percentage to total
.0015 200 0.00991 .00070
Expenditure on education
after joining ME in
percentage to total
.2653 200 1.40803 .09956
Pair 1
Pair 2
Pair 3
Pair 4
Pair 5
Pair 6
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Table 5.4 shows that the mean is higher for the percentage of income expended by the members in all aspects of life like
Repayment of loan, education, electricity,rent,clothing except family expenditure after joining Micro enterprise. So it is very clear
that members are capable of spending more for their family than before their entry in Micro enterprise and they are running a
better life after joining Micro enterprise because they are earning much more than before joining Micro enterprise.
Table 5.5 shows the result of paired sample test of consumption pattern
Table 5.5 Paired Samples Test
Lower Upper
Pair 1 Daily family expenditure on
earned income: before joining
ME - after joining ME
0.21 7.07 0.50 -0.77 1.20 0.426 199 0.6704
Pair 2 Expenditure on repayment of
loan: before joining ME - after
joining ME
-0.02 0.07 0.01 -0.03 -0.01 -4.666 199 0.0000
Pair 3 Expenditure on clothing:
before joining ME -after
joining ME
-0.06 0.06 0.00 -0.07 -0.05 -13.002 199 0.0000
Pair 4 Expenditure on rent: before
joining ME - after joining ME 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 -3.062 199 0.0025
Pair 5 Expenditure on education:
before joining ME- after
joining ME
-0.26 1.41 0.10 -0.45 -0.06 -2.577 199 0.0107
Pair 6 Expenditure on Fuel or
electricity: before joining ME -
after joining ME
-0.26 1.41 0.10 -0.46 -0.07 -2.649 199 0.0087
Figures in bold indicate significant at 5% level
Paired Differences
t dfSig.
(2-tailed)MeanStd.
Dev
Std.
Error
Mean
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
H0 3b: There is no significant difference in consumption pattern before and after joining micro enterprises
It may be observed from table 5.5 the paired sample test of consumption pattern before and after joining Micro enterprise that
significant difference were found in all the cases of paired samples except in the case of Family expenditure.In the case of Family
Expenditure p>.05(.6704) means that there is no significant difference in the percentage of income spent on family expenditure
before and after joining Micro enterprises.
5.2 Monthly savings
The first thing women developed after joining Kudumbasree especially Micro enterprises is the habit of savings. Saving only in
group is not enough to be economically sufficient or to meet the emergency need. They should have regular habit of savings with
bank or anywhere also to say they are empowered much.
Table 5.6 shows paired sample statistics of monthly savings before and after joining Micro enterprise.
Table 5.6 Paired Samples Statistics
Mean NStd.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
MonthlySavings before joining ME 84.2550 200 393.78156 27.84456
Monthly saving after joing ME 1658.5500 200 1807.86400 127.83529Pair 1
Table 5.6 shows The paired sample statistics of monthly savings before and after joining Micro enterprise shows that the mean
value of total savings is very higher after joining Micro enterprise than before joining Micro enterprise (1658.5500).Table 5.7
shows the result of paired sample test of monthly savings
Table 5.7 Paired Samples Test
Lower Upper
Pair 1
MonthlySavings
before joining ME -
Monthly saving after
joing ME
-1574.30 1781.16 125.95 -1822.66 -1325.93 -12.500 199 0.0000
Paired Differences
t dfSig.
(2-tailed)MeanStd.
DeviationStd.
Error
Mean
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
H0 3c: There is no significant difference in monthly savings before and after joining micro enterprises
Table 5.7 shows The result of paired sample test shows that there is significant difference between monthly savings before and
after joining Micro enterprise because p<.05.
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5.3Household Things owned – before and after joining ME
Access to employment and increased income helps members to avail the basic amenities of life like gas connection, cooker, mixer
grinder, mobile, refrigerator, TV, fan, iron box, electricity, sanitary latrine, drinking water etc.to examine the role of micro
enterprise in women empowerment it is essential to compare the household things owned by members before and after joining
Micro enterprise.Table 5.8 shows paired sample statistics of household things owned before and after joining Micro enterprise
Table 5.8 Paired Samples Statistic
Mean N Std. DevStd. Error
Mean
Whether gas connection
owned before joining ME0.935 200 0.247 0.017
Whether gas connection
owned after joining ME1.000 200 0.000 0.000
Whether cooker owned
before joining ME0.645 200 0.480 0.034
Whether cooker owned
after joining ME0.990 200 0.100 0.007
Whether mixi owned before
joining ME0.480 200 0.501 0.035
Whether mixi owned after
joining ME0.890 200 0.314 0.022
Whether mobile owned
before joiningME0.170 200 0.377 0.027
Whether mobile owned
after joiningME0.940 200 0.238 0.017
Whether refrigerator owned
before joining ME0.050 200 0.218 0.015
Whether refrigerator owned
after joining ME0.355 200 0.480 0.034
Whether TV owned before
joining ME0.810 200 1.034 0.073
Whether TV owned after
joining ME0.965 200 0.184 0.013
Whether fan owned before
joing ME0.175 200 0.381 0.027
Whether fan owned after
joing ME0.635 200 0.483 0.034
Whether iron box owned
before joining ME0.885 200 0.320 0.023
Whether iron box owned
after joining ME0.990 200 0.100 0.007
Whether electricity owned
before joining ME0.980 200 0.140 0.010
Whether electricity owned
after joining ME1.000 200 0.000 0.000
Whether sanitary latrine
owned before joining ME0.990 200 0.100 0.007
Whether sanitary latrin
owned after joining ME1.000 200 0.000 0.000
Whether drinking water
owned before joing ME0.930 200 0.256 0.018
Whether drinking water
owned after joining ME1.000 200 0.000 0.000
Pair 9
Pair
10
Pair
11
Pair 4
Pair 5
Pair 6
Pair 7
Pair 8
Pair 1
Pair 2
Pair 3
Paired sample statistic of household things owned before and after joining micro enterprises in table 5.8 shows that the mean
value increased after joining micro enterprises in all the cases. And the highest mean difference can be found in the case of mobile
use. And a very low increase can be seen in the case of gas connection,electricity,drinking water etc.Most of the members have
basic amenities with them even before joining ME but they started to purchase luxury items after joining micro enterprise.Table
5.9 shows the result of paired sample test of household things owned
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Table 5.9 Paired Samples Test
Lower Upper
Pair 1
Whether had gas
connection: before
joining ME - after
joining ME
-0.065 0.247 0.017 -0.099 -0.031 -3.719 199 0.0003
Pair 2
Whether cooker owned:
before joining ME -
after joining ME
-0.345 0.487 0.034 -0.413 -0.277 -10.019 199 0.0000
Pair 3
Whether mixi owned:
before joining ME -
after joining ME
-0.410 0.503 0.036 -0.480 -0.340 -11.524 199 0.0000
Pair 4
Whether mobile phone
owned: before
joiningME - after
joiningME
-0.770 0.434 0.031 -0.830 -0.710 -25.112 199 0.0000
Pair 5
Whether refrigerator
owned: before joining
ME - after joining ME
-0.305 0.462 0.033 -0.369 -0.241 -9.345 199 0.0000
Pair 6
Whether TV owned:
before joining ME -
after joining ME
-0.155 1.047 0.074 -0.301 -0.009 -2.093 199 0.0376
Pair 7
Whether fan owned:
before joing ME - after
joing ME
-0.460 0.510 0.036 -0.531 -0.389 -12.766 199 0.0000
Pair 8
Whether iron box
owned: before joining
ME - after joining ME
-0.105 0.338 0.024 -0.152 -0.058 -4.387 199 0.0000
Pair 9
Whether had electricity
connection: before
joining ME - after
joining ME
-0.020 0.140 0.010 -0.040 0.000 -2.015 199 0.0452
Pair 10
Whether sanitary
latrine owned: before
joining ME - after
-0.010 0.100 0.007 -0.024 0.004 -1.418 199 0.1578
Pair 11
Whether had drinking
water connection:
before joing ME - after
joining ME
-0.070 0.256 0.018 -0.106 -0.034 -3.870 199 0.0001
Figures in bold indicate significant at 5% level
Paired Differences
t dfSig.
(2-tailed)MeanStd.
Dev
Std.
Error
Mean
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
H0 3d: There is no significant difference in household things owned before and after joining micro enterprises
It may be observed from table 5.9 the paired sample test of household things owned before and after joining Micro enterprise that
significant difference were found in all the cases of paired samples except in the case of sanitary latrine. In the case of sanitary
latrine p>.05(.1578) means that there is no significant difference in the ownership of sanitary latrine before and after joining
Micro enterprises
5.4Housing details Ownership of house is one of the important factors to determine women empowerment. They were measured in terms of own
home, rented home, government provided.Table 5.10 shows housing wise distribution of respondents.
Table 5.10 Housing wise distribution of respondents
Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
Own 182 91.0 193 96.5
Rented 18 9.0 7 3.5
Total 200 100.0 200 100.0
Before Joining ME After Joining ME
It may be observed from the table 5.10 that in the case of own house highest frequency can be seen in after joining ME group
(96.5). And rented home is very low after joining ME (3.5)
Table 5.11 shows the paired sample statistics of ownership of homes.
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Table 5.11 Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N
Std.
Deviation
Std.
Error
Mean
House owned before
joining ME1.0900 200 .28690 .02029
House owned after
joining ME1.0350 200 .18424 .01303
Note: House owned =1, Rented =2,
Table 5.11 shows that Number of rented houses decreased after joining ME. So mean falls from 1.09 to 1.03
Table 5.12 shows the result of paired sample test of ownership of home
Table 5.12 Paired Samples Test
Lower Upper
House owned before
joining ME - House
owned after joining ME
.05500 .24957 .01765 .02020 .08980 3.117 199 0.0021
Figure in bold indicate significant at 5% level
Paired Differences
t dfSig.
(2-tailed)Mean Std. Dev
Std.
Error
Mean
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
H0 3e: There is no significant difference in ownership of homes before and after joining micro enterprises
Table 5.12 shows the result of paired sample test shows that there is significant difference between housing details before and
after joining Micro enterprise because p<.05.
5.5Asset holding
Holding of asset refers to the possession of land, livestock, jewellery shop, furniture etc.after joining ME and possession in the
name of women. Women having capacity to purchase asset whether fixed or productive after having membership in ME from
their income are considered as economically empowered. To assess the extent of ownership it is also important to identify how
much asset a women is having in her own name.
Table 5.13 shows the paired sample statistics of asset holding.
Table 5.13 Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N
Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
Land holding in cent
before joining ME9.710 200 10.817 0.765
Land holding in cent
after joining ME10.005 200 10.666 0.754
Live stock holding in
rupees before joining
ME
1540.015 200 9850.559 696.540
Live stock holding in
rupees after joining ME8445.000 200 28711.824 2030.233
Jewellery owned in
rupees before joining
ME
90620.010 200 123889.738 8760.327
Jewellery owned in
rupees after joining ME207580.013 200 173659.687 12279.594
Shop in rupees before
joining ME160.000 200 2262.742 160.000
Shop in rupees after
joining ME45825.000 200 357882.739 25306.131
Furniture in rupees
before joining ME28745.500 200 37411.221 2645.373
Furniture in rupees after
joining ME59169.510 200 55620.827 3932.986
Pair 3
Pair 4
Pair 5
Pair 1
Pair 2
Paired sample statistic of asset holding before and after joining micro enterprises in table 5.13 shows that the mean value
increased after joining micro enterprises in all the cases. And the highest mean difference can be found in the case of purchase of
shop (160-45825). And a very low increase can be seen in the case of land (9.7 to 10.005). Table 5.14 shows the result of paired
sample test of consumption pattern
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Table 5.14 Paired Samples Test
Lower Upper
Pair 1 Land holding in cent:
before joining ME - after
joining ME
-0.295 1.239 0.088 -0.468 -0.122 -3.367 199 0.0009
Pair 2 Live stock holding in
rupees; before joining
ME - after joining ME
-6904.985 24077.892 1702.564 -10262.367 -3547.603 -4.056 199 0.0001
Pair 3 Jewellery owned in
rupees: before joining
ME - after joining ME
-116960.003 121023.451 8557.650 -133835.317 -100084.688 -13.667 199 0.0000
Pair 4 Shop in rupees: before
joining ME - after
joining ME
-45665.000 357880.377 25305.964 -95567.262 4237.262 -1.805 199 0.0727
Pair 5 Furniture in rupees:
before joining ME - after
joining ME
-30424.010 56288.278 3980.182 -38272.757 -22575.263 -7.644 199 0.0000
Figures in bold indicate significant at 5% level
Paired Differences
t dfSig.
(2-tailed)Mean Std. DeviationStd. Error
Mean
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
H0 3f: There is no significant difference in asset holding before and after joining micro enterprises
It may be observed from table 5.14 the paired sample test of asset holding before and after joining Micro enterprise that
significant difference were found in all the cases of paired samples except in the case of shop. In the case of shop holding
p>.05(.0727) means that there is no significant difference in the ownership of shop before and after joining Micro enterprises
5.6Financial sustainability
Women spend at least twice as much time as men on unpaid domestic work hours longer than men’s in every region. Women also
lack access to and control over financial resources, which reduces their autonomy and increase their vulnerability. Even when
they are earning an independent cash income, significant percentage of married women, especially poor married women, have no
say in the management of cash. Therefore it is very important to assess how much their involvement in ME empowered them in
the case of financial management.
Table 5.15 shows the paired sample statistics of financial sustainability of before and after joining ME.
Table 5.15 Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N Std.
Dev
Std.
Error
Mean
Know how to rotate and manage
cash before joining ME2.590 200 0.914 0.065
Know how to rotate and manage
cashafter joining ME4.835 200 0.538 0.038
Could manage cash before
joining ME2.700 200 0.956 0.068
Can manage cash after joining
ME4.800 200 0.530 0.038
There is increase in my income
before joining ME2.505 200 0.880 0.062
There is increase in my income
after joining ME4.870 200 0.484 0.034
Have capacity to use income and
credit in a profitable way before
joining ME
2.500 200 0.868 0.061
Have capacity to use income and
credit in a profitable way after
joining ME
4.835 200 0.509 0.036
Pair 1
Pair 2
Pair 3
Pair 4
Paired sample statistic of financial sustainability before and after joining micro enterprises in table 5.15 shows that the mean
value increased after joining micro enterprises in all the cases. And the highest mean difference can be found in the case of
increase in income (2.505-4.870). And lowest mean difference in the case of ability to manage cash (2.700-4.800)Table 5.16
shows the result of paired sample test of financial sustainability
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Table 5.16 Paired Samples Test
Lower Upper
Pair 1
Know how to rotate and manage
cash before joining ME - Know
how to rotate and manage
cashafter joining ME
-2.24500 .96417 .06818 -2.37944 -2.11056 -32.929 199 0.0000
Pair 2
Can manage cash before joining
ME - Can manage cash after
joining ME
-2.10000 .95633 .06762 -2.23335 -1.96665 -31.055 199 0.0000
Pair 3
There is increase in my income
before joining ME - There is
increase in my income after
joining ME
-2.36500 .93603 .06619 -2.49552 -2.23448 -35.732 199 0.0000
Pair 4
Have capacity to use income and
credit in a profitable way before
joining ME - Have capacity to
use income and credit in a
profitable way after joining ME
-2.33500 .92033 .06508 -2.46333 -2.20667 -35.880 199 0.0000
Figures in bold indicate significant at 5% level
Paired Differences
t dfSig.
(2-tailed)MeanStd.
Dev
Std.
Error
Mean
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
H0 3g: There is no significant difference in financial sustainabilitybefore and after joining micro enterprises
It may be observed from table 5.16 the paired sample test of financial sustainability before and after joining Micro enterprise that
significant difference were found in all the cases of paired sample distribution.
5.7Factors that prompted to indulge in micro enterprise
Kudumbasree mission encourages rural women mainly to indulge in micro enterprises as a part of earning more income and
thereby reduce poverty and increase the standard of living of them. Here an attempt is made to find out which are the most
important factors that prompted the women to indulge in Micro entrepreneurial activity through ranking method. Factors included
are market potential, influence of spouse, low investment requirement, less risk, high success rate, earn additional income,
unemployment, self interest, utilize time properly, poverty alleviation, education of children, savings, increase in standard of
living, for survival etc.
Table 5.17 shows the mean rank of the factors that prompted women to indulge in micro enterprise.
Table 5.17 Ranks
Mean
Rank
Assigned
Ranks
Market potential 10.01 2
Influence of spouse 12.61 1
Low investment requirement 9.22 5
Less risk that prompted you to indulge in ME 7.45 7
High success rate observed 7.12 9
Earn additional income 3.57 13
Unemployment 3.38 14
Self interest 3.94 12
Utilize time properly 8.26 6
Poverty alleviation 9.34 4
Education of children 7.39 8
Savings 6.30 11
Increase in Standard of living 6.99 10
Survival 9.45 3
N
Chi-Square
df
Asymp. Sig.
Friedman Test
200
1029.704
13
0.0000
H0 3h: There is no significant difference between the factors that prompted women to indulge in Micro entrepreneurial
activity before and after joining micro enterprises
It may be observed from the table 5.17 that highest mean rank was assigned to the factor influence of spouse (12.61) means it was
the important factor that prompted women to indulge in Micro entrepreneurial activity. Next highest rank to market potential
(10.01) and survival (9.45). and chi-square test was also applied to test whether there is significant difference between the factors,
and the result shows that significant difference were found between the factors (p<.05).
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Capabi1ilities in Managing
Women are generally take care of homes and engage in household related activities. But after their engagement in Kudumbasree
especially Micro enterprise their mobility is assumed to increase up to a great extent. After joining ME they begin to visit banks,
market, govt.offices, other places to acquire training, skill and for meetings etc.Then for various exhibitions to sell their products
etc. Women can be considered as empowered socially and economically if they are capable of managing these things. So this is
important to assess whether there is any change in the capability of managing things after joining micro enterprises.
Table 5.18 shows paired sample statistics of capabilities in managing before and after joining Micro enterprise.
Table 5.18 Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N
Std.
Dev
Std.
Error
Mean
Freedom to go to market for
buying: before joining ME0.890 200 0.398 0.028
Freedom to go to market for
buying: after joining ME1.000 200 0.000 0.000
Freedom to go to market for
selling before joining ME0.015 200 0.122 0.009
Freedom to go to market for
selling after joining ME0.940 200 0.238 0.017
Freedom to go to govt offices
before joining ME0.180 200 0.385 0.027
Freedom to go to govt offices
after joining ME1.020 200 0.730 0.052
Freedom to go to bank before
joining ME0.545 200 0.499 0.035
Freedom to go to bank after
joining ME1.000 200 0.000 0.000
Freedom to go for medical
facility before joining ME0.885 200 0.320 0.023
Freedom to go for medical
facility after joining ME1.000 200 0.000 0.000
Freedom to go to post office
before joining ME0.715 200 0.453 0.032
Freedom to go to post office
after joining ME1.000 200 0.000 0.000
Freedom to go to schools or
colleges before joining ME0.915 200 .27958 0.020
Freedom to go to schools or
colleges after joining ME1.000 200 0.00000 0.000
Pair 1
Pair 2
Pair 3
Pair 4
Pair 5
Pair 6
Pair 7
It may be observed from table 5.18 that Paired sample statistic of capabilities of managing before and after joining micro
enterprises in table 5.23 shows that the mean value increased after joining micro enterprises in all the cases. And the highest mean
difference can be found in the case of freedom to go to market (0.015-0.940). And lowest mean difference in the case of freedom
to go to school (0.915-1.000).
Table 5.19 shows the result of paired sample test of capabilities of managing
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Table 5.19 Paired Samples Test
Lower Upper
Pair 1
Freedom to go to market for
buying: before joining ME -
after joining ME
-0.110 0.398 0.028 -0.166 -0.054 -3.905 199 0.0001
Pair 2
Freedom to go to market for
selling: before joining ME -
after joining ME
-0.925 0.264 0.019 -0.962 -0.888 -49.541 199 0.0000
Pair 3
Freedom to go to govt
offices: before joining ME -
after joining ME
-0.840 0.766 0.054 -0.947 -0.733 -15.501 199 0.0000
Pair 4
Freedom to go to bank:
before joining ME - after
joining ME
-0.455 0.499 0.035 -0.525 -0.385 -12.889 199 0.0000
Pair 5
Freedom to go for medical
facility: before joining ME -
after joining ME
-0.115 0.320 0.023 -0.160 -0.070 -5.085 199 0.0000
Pair 6
Freedom to go to post office:
before joining ME - after
joining ME
-0.285 0.453 0.032 -0.348 -0.222 -8.906 199 0.0000
Pair 7
Freedom to go to schools or
colleges: before joining ME -
after joining ME
-0.085 0.280 0.020 -0.124 -0.046 -4.300 199 0.0000
Figures in bold indicate significant at 5% level
Paired Differences
t dfSig.
(2-tailed)MeanStd.
Deviation
Std.
Error
Mean
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
H0 3i: There is no significant difference in freedom of movement before and after joining micro enterprises
It may be observed from table 5.19 the paired sample test of capabilities of managing before and after joining Micro enterprise
that significant difference were found in all the cases of paired sample distribution.
5.8 Job satisfaction related to micro enterprise
Table 5.20 shows the job satisfaction level of micro entrepreneurs of Kudumbasree.
Table 5.20 Satisfaction wise distribution of respondents
Frequency Percent
Not Satisfied 5 2.5
Least Satisfied 22 11.0
Moderately Satisfied 59 29.5
Highly Satisfied 114 57.0
Total 200 100.0
Source: Primary data
It may be observed from the table 5.20 that 57% of members were highly satisfied with their ME. And only 2.5% were not
satisfied.
Conclusion
This chapter clearly shows how the membership in micro enterprises influenced the member beneficiaries to make them
economically empowered. Their personal income is higher than before joining in micro enterprise. And their consumption
patterns have changed entirely. After being an entrepreneur, every woman was capable of managing things much better than
earlier. Now they can contribute a part of their income to their children’s education, repayment of loan, electricity bill, rent, daily
family expenditure etc. And they also save money for the future. They started to move from their home to market for buying and
selling, banks, government offices, schools and colleges etc. without the support of family members and friends. And while
making a look through the household things owned by members, analysis clearly portray that the purchase of luxury items
increased after started micro enterprise. They started to purchase gold, livestock, land etc. by using income from micro enterprise.
Changes in financial sustainability of members are another important thing to be noted. And they were getting a good support
from spouse and family members and they were highly satisfied with their micro entrepreneurial activities.
Even if they were highly empowered through micro enterprises by socially and economically. They faced so many struggles as a
biginner in this field. They were facing so many problems both as a woman and an entrepreneur. Next chapter throw some lights
on problems and prospects of member beneficiaries of micro enterprises and analyses whether there is any significant difference
in problems of member beneficiaries between different experience groups.
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