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ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR
RECYCLING
Jean–Pierre Hannequart ( IBGE / ACR+)
Association of Cities and Regions for Recycling
96 members
22 countries
1100 local and regional authorities
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TO DEVELOP THE EUROPEAN RECYCLING SOCIETY
WE NEED EU HARMONIZATION
OF SOME ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS (eco-taxes on raw materials and non-recyclables products;
taxes on waste incineration and landfill )
STATEMENT 1
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EU MUST STOP THE “GREEN CERTIFICATES”
based on CO2 emissions reduction FOR WASTE INCINERATION and…
CONSIDER GREEN CERTIFICATES
FOR RECYCLED PRODUCTS
STATEMENT 2
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1.
WHICH KIND OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS ARE AVAILABLE FOR RECYCLING?
2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLING ARE USED BY MEMBER STATES?
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL?
PLAN
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1. WHICH KIND OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS ARE AVAILABLE FOR RECYCLING?
Raw materials
Recycled products Selective
collection
Products
Waste
Raw material taxes
Eco-taxes Green certificatesEPR fees
Deposit refunds
Waste collection taxes (PAYT)
Disposal taxes
Life cycle
Secondary raw materials
Incineration taxes
Tax rebates
Tax rebates
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• RAW MATERIAL TAXES
cfr the UK Aggregate Levy
• ECOTAXES
cfr the Danish and Dutch taxes on packaging based on environmental impacts
• TAX REBATES
cfr the French VAT reduction on recycling activities
2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLING ARE USED BY MEMBER STATES?
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• MANDATORY DEPOSITS
cfr -
Scandinavian systems
-
the German deposit (2005-2006) on all one way containers for beer, water and soft drinks
( except ecologically advantageous packaging)
2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLING ARE USED BY MEMBER STATES?
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• EPR FEES
Cfr
2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLING ARE USED BY MEMBER STATES?
• Packaging
• Batteries & accumulators
• End-of-Life vehicles
• Electric & electronic
equipment
•• PackagingPackaging
•• Batteries & accumulatorsBatteries & accumulators
•• EndEnd--ofof--Life vehiclesLife vehicles
•• Electric & electronic Electric & electronic
equipmentequipment
• Packaging• Batteries & accumulators• End-of-life vehicles• Electric & electronic
equipment • Paper• Pharmaceuticals• Textiles• Tyres• Waste oils• Paints• Building materials• Pesticides• Carpets
•• PackagingPackaging•• Batteries & accumulatorsBatteries & accumulators•• EndEnd--ofof--life vehicleslife vehicles•• Electric & electronic Electric & electronic
equipmentequipment•• PaperPaper•• PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals•• TextilesTextiles•• TyresTyres•• Waste oilsWaste oils•• PaintsPaints•• Building materialsBuilding materials•• PesticidesPesticides•• CarpetsCarpets
EU DirectivesEU Directives
Some Member StatesSome Member States
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2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLING ARE USED BY MEMBER STATES?
Splitting of tariffs· Stable income· Prevention adverse effects
Billing Parameters· Volume· Frequency· Weight
Container dependent systems· Bags : Stickers or pay-bags· Individual bins : size or weight
•
PAYT
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Cfr BJUV -SWEDEN :WEIGHT-BASE FEE
(kg/household/year)1999 2000
Waste Collected 302kg 245 Residual Waste 246 136Recycled Waste 56 109
2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLING ARE USED BY MEMBER STATES? “PAYT”
cfr. Dresden- Germany :BEFORE AND AFTER « PAYT »
2007 2008
Total 318kg 281 Residual 228 148Recyclables 90 133
Source : EUNOMIA/REICHENBACH
Cfr . FLANDERS +/-0.60 EUR per grey waste bags
(1993-1996)
Separate waste +82 to +155 kg/inh/yResidual waste -22 to -140 kg/inh/y
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2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLINGARE USED BY MEMBER STATES ? Landfill Taxes (or Bans) +…Incineration
Country Landfill Tax (€/t)
Incineration Tax (€/t)
Landfill Ban
Banned Materials / Wastes
Austria (87)/26 7 2004 Biodegradability and other criteria
Finland 30 2005 Biodegradable and compostable waste
Germany 2001 Biodegradability and other criteria
Ireland 30 In consideration 2009 Waste that is not pre-treated
Italy 262003/2007
Biodegradability and other criteria
Belgium- Flanders 60 7 1998/
2000
Unsorted wastes, sorted and non-sorted wastes for recovery, combustible residual fraction from sorting, combustible wastes
Belgium- Wallonia 3 2004 Various
Source:EUNOMIA
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2. WHICH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES FOR RECYCLINGARE USED BY MEMBER TATES ? Landfill Taxes (or Bans) +…Incineration
Country Landfill Tax
Incinera-tion Tax
Landfill Ban
Denmark 50 44 1997 Combustible wasteFrance 9.15 2002 ‘Ultimate Waste Flows’
The Netherlands 85 1996 Various, incl household waste
Norway 40 Pollutant based From mid-2009 Biodegradable waste
Sweden 43Varies with
energy generation
2002 2006
Combustible waste Organic waste
Czech Republic 16 1997: Paper, 2004: BMWEstonia 8 2008 Unsorted wasteSlovakia 7.9Slovenia 2001Spain - Catalonia 10 5 None
United Kingdom 56Under consideration by devolved administrations
Source:EUNOMIA
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3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL?
1. TO CLARIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND RECYCLING PERFORMANCES
2. TO HARMONIZE THE USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
3. TO STOP THE ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS ACTING AGAINST THE WASTE HIERARCHY
4. TO PROMOTE THE USE OF SOME ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS (ESPECIALLY IN LESS PERFORMING COUNTRIES)
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> 1. TO CLARIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND RECYCLING PERFORMANCES
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL?
Cfr Flanders-2008: HIGH RECYCLING RATE OF HOUSEHOLDS WASTE AND A COMBINATION OF ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS
-
EUR 30 paid through EPR
-
EUR 195 paid to Public Authorities
( 1/3 related to the amount1/3 fixed tax1/3 related to household income)
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> 1. TO CLARIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND RECYCLING PERFORMANCES
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL?
Cfr EPR IN France
PRODUCTS –
RECYCLING PERFORMANCES
Pneus 28%
Papiers 54%
Textiles 11%
Embal. phyto 10%
Films agricoles 21%
Embal. Fertilisants 35%
EEE professionnels 7%
EEE ménagers 20%
Automobiles 48%
Lubrifiants 43%
Emballages ménagers 63%
Fluides frigorigènes 11%
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3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL?
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
No variablecharching
Volume Volume andfrequency
Weight Expensivebag
glasspaperorganic wasteresidual waste
> 1. TO CLARIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS AND RECYCLING PERFORMANCES
Cfr Evaluation of PAYT
schemes in NEDERLAND
(by SENTERNOVEM)
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> 2. TO HARMONIZE THE USE OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL?
-
The development of economic instruments at member states level creates distortions of competition
-
The EU level is appropriate for some economic instruments for recycling (raw materials taxes, eco-taxes, …)
-
There is a need of more harmonization on deposits, EPR schemes and disposal taxes
-
There is a need of EU support for the exchange of information and experience (especially between local authorities) on «
PAYT
»
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> 3. TO STOP THE ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS ACTING AGAINST THE WASTE HIERARCHY
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL?
Cfr GREEN CERTIFICATES …For waste incineration
IN BELGIUM WITH GREEN CERTIFICATES :
more interesting to recover energy from wood waste than to recycle wood (gate fees for recycling > 30 to 70€/ton)
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> 3. TO STOP THE ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS ACTING AGAINST THE WASTE HIERARCHY
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL?
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> 4. TO PROMOTE THE USE OF SOME ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS (ESPECIALLY IN LESS PERFORMING COUNTRIES)
We need a follow-up to the Thematic Strategy on Recycling …including a global approach of economic instruments for recycling !
3. WHAT TO DO NOW AT EU LEVEL?
ATTITUDES OF EUROPEAN CITIZENS :
- How do you prefer to pay for waste management?- to pay taxes : 14%- to pay proportionally (PAYT) : 75%- don’t know : 11%
- Do you prefer the integration of the waste costs into the price of the products?
- to pay taxes : 25%- to integrate into the price : 59%- don’t know : 16%
CfrEURO BAROMETERMarch 2011:
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Gulledelle 1001200 Brussels32.2.775.76.02
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TO DEVELOP THE EUROPEAN RECYCLING SOCIETY
WE NEED EU HARMONIZATION
OF SOME ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS (eco-taxes on raw materials and non-recyclables products;
taxes on waste incineration and landfill )
STATEMENT 1
RE.gif
EU MUST STOP THE “GREEN CERTIFICATES”
based on CO2 emissions reduction FOR WASTE INCINERATION and…
CONSIDER GREEN CERTIFICATES
FOR RECYCLED PRODUCTS
STATEMENT 2
