Economy and Society The factors of production are resources Land is natural resources. It includes lands, hills, sea, oceans, and air. Labor is made up of the workers and managers who make the goods and services. Capital is man-made goods that are used to produce other goods and services. Capital can also refer to the money used to invest in an industry. Advances in transportation sparked the success of many new industries. Steamboats created the growth of cities such as Chicago, Cincinnati, and Buffalo. Railroad growth in the 1840s and 1850s connected places that were far apart. A railway network in 1860 of nearly 31,000 miles of track linked cities in the North and Midwest. Samuel Morse developed the telegraph in 1844. New inventions changed farming methods John Deere invented the steel-tipped plow in Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper Farmers began planting more wheat because they could harvest it faster. Conditions worsened as factories grew. Average workday = 11.4-hours No laws regulated working conditions or protected workers. By the 1830s workers began to organize to improve working conditions. Trade unions developed Skilled workers of NYC went on strike in the mid- 1830s. Migrated mostly from Western Europe in the mid- 1800s Push-Pull factors Push factors: drives someone from their country Population growth, agricultural changes, crop failures, Industrial Revolution, religious and political turmoil Pull factors: draws someone to a country Freedom, economic opportunity, abundant land Scandinavians: settled in the Midwest Many became farmers Germans: Settled in the Midwest and Texas Settled on farms and cities Strongly influenced American culture Many American customs originated from German immigrants Potato famine in the 1840s caused many Irish to emigrate Most Irish were poor and uneducated Effects Became city-dwellers Took low paying and back-breaking jobs Competed with free blacks for jobs nobody else wanted million fled Ireland Made up 1/4 of the population of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore by 1850 Back to Transparencies Geography: Settlement of Germans and Irish, 1860 Cities grew rapidly between Problems with rapid growth Not enough houses Disease spread from unsanitary conditions Increase in crime Most cities lacked a police force, fire departments, and sewage systems Many immigrants faced anger and prejudice from native born citizens Know-Nothing Party Nativists party that opposed immigration What they wanted ban Catholics and foreign-born from holding of office cut immigration A 21-year wait to become a citizen The economy of the South thrived by 1850 because of cotton. Became known as King Cotton The value of slaves increased The South remained rural and agricultural The entire South produced fewer manufactured goods than the state of PA in the 1860s. Barriers to industry developed in the South: - Farming was important, not new business. - Lack of capital - Believed their economy would continue to prosper. - Market for manufactured goods in the South was smaller than in the North - Some Southerners did not want industry. Romanticism: stressed individual, imagination, creativity, and emotion. American writers and painters turned to nature for inspiration Noah Webster: wrote a dictionary using American spelling and slang Artists painted portraits of American landscapes THE OXBOW by Thomas Cole Genesee Scenery by Thomas Cole/cole_genesee.jpg.html The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak by Albert Bierstadt=0&viewmode=1&item=07%2E123 Kindred Spirit By Asher Durand Bird Sketches by John Jay Audubon Transcendentalism: spiritual world more important than physical world Find truth within ones self Encouraged people to be unique and to express their individual ideas Ralph Waldo Emerson: urged Americans to develop their own beliefs Henry David Thoreau: urged people not to obey laws they considered unjust Ralph Waldo EmersonHenry David Thoreau Poets experimented with American dialect which shaped modern poetry Walt Whitman and Emily Dickenson Edgar Allen Poe developed the modern horror story and detective tail Writers expressed how cruel actions have harmful effects and individuals could alter a society for good. Emily DickinsonWalt Whitman Second Great Awakening anyone could choose salvation Encouraged people to act to make things better Temperance Societys Campaigned to stop the drinking of alcohol Many people viewed that alcohol was corrupting society The progress of intemperance, Plate II. Sick and Repentant (1841), Nathaniel Currier Some workers spent most of their wages on alcohol, leaving their families in poverty. Women of the Lowell, MA Mills formed the first labor union Called for better working conditions, higher wages, and shorter hours Used the strike to force employers to accept demands Power Loom Weaving (1836), George Savage White Factory work was noisy, boring, and unsafe. Massachusetts set up the first state board of education in 1837 Churches and other groups founded private colleges Most barred women and African Americans Alexander Twilight first African American to receive a degree in 1826 Dorothy Dix fought for rights of the mentally ill Efforts led to the building of 32 hospitals Others opened schools for the deaf and blind Reformers fought to improve prison conditions Wanted to separate children from adults Some people sought to build utopias (ideal societies) New Harmony, Indiana and Brook Farm, MA were two attempts that failed Shakers: religious utopian society vowed not to marry or have children shared their goods with each other refused to fight Believed men and women were equal Slavery, Abolition and Womens Rights Only a very few planters could afford the large plantations and numerous slaves to work them. Southerners were of 4 types: yeomen, tenant farmers, rural poor, and plantation owners. Yeomen: farmers without slaves. largest group of whites in the South. Tenant farmers rented land, or worked on landlords estates. Rural Poor: lived in cabins, planted corn, and fished and hunted for food were self-sufficient and refused any work that resembled slave labor. Plantation owners wanted to earn profits Plantations had fixed costs, such as feeding and housing workers and maintaining equipment. Planters sold their cotton to agents from cotton exchanges Planters did not get any money until the agents sold the cotton The agents did extend credit to the planters The wealth of most plantations was measured by possessions Only about 4 percent of the Souths farms and plantations held 20 or more slaves by 1860. Some slaves worked in the house Other slaves were skilled workers Most were field hands Slaves worked long hours, earned no money, and had little hope of freedom. Many were separated from their families when sold to different plantation owners Laws did not recognize marriages, but many slaves did marry. Slave codes made life more difficult. Laws that controlled the slaves Slaves kept their African culture alive and mixed it with American ways. Spirituals : songs with a hidden message Armed rebellions were rare Nat Turner led a revolt in Southampton County, Virginia, in They killed at least 55 whites before being captured. Turner was hanged. David Walker: Wrote Appeal... to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829 Urged slaves to revolt William Lloyd Garrison Northern abolitionist Wrote an anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator William Lloyd Garrison Frederick Douglas Runaway slave that had been educated Spoke out about the horrors of slavery Published an abolitionist newspaper Sojourner Truth Escaped slavery in 1827 Adopted by Quakers Used her life to promote abolition Frederick DouglassSojourner Truth Series of escape routes for runaway slaves from the south to the north Helped thousand of slaves escape to freedom Harriet Tubman Conductor on the Underground Railroad Escaped from slavery in 1849 Made 19 trips to the South to free enslaved persons Harriet Tubman Harriet Tubman as "Conductor" with escaped slaves at an Underground Rail Road station Women were given few legal and political rights Seneca Falls Convention: July 19-20, 1848 Called by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions Based on the Declaration of Independence Listed complaints and resolutions of the women Demanded rights for women, including suffrage Convention was ridiculed by the nation Began the womens rights movement in America Elizabeth Cady StantonLucretia Mott Maria Mitchell Founded the Association for the Advancement of Women First women elected to the American Academy of Arts and Science Susan B. Anthony Built the womens movement into a national organization Supported laws that gave married women rights to their on property and wages Fought for womens suffrage Maria Mitchell Susan B. Anthony