ED 389 199 FL 023 406 AUTHOR Gastellum, David; … 389 199 FL 023 406 AUTHOR Gastellum, David; And Others TITLE A Historical Odyssey: ... 35. 14. Recommended ... for the students to

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 389 199 FL 023 406

AUTHOR Gastellum, David; And OthersTITLE A Historical Odyssey: Research of the Opposing

Perspectives of the Battle of San Pasqual. ASpecially Adapted Unit Plan for Secondary EducationalSheltered/Bilingual Programs. [A Fully IntegratedInstructional Unit.]

PUB DATE 23 May 95NOTE 278p.; For related instructional units, see FL 023

405-410. Photographs and illustrations may notreproduce clearly.

PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (ForTeacher) (052)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC12 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Bilingual Education; Community Involvement;

Elementary Education; English (Second Language);*History Instruction; Lesson Plans; *Limited EnglishSpeaking; Parent Participation; Poetry; *SchoolCommunity Programs; Secondary Education; *SecondarySchool Curriculum; Second Language Learning; SelfEsteem; State Departments of Education

IDENTIFIERS *Sheltered English

ABSTRACTThis lesson plan uses a poem about a specific battle

as the starting point for a secondary educational sheltered/bilingualprogram for limited-English-proficient (LEP) students in San Diego,California. The plan is to use primary and secondary documentation toview both sides of the battle that prompted the writing of the poem.Goals of the program include greater student self-esteem and greaterunderstanding of a historical event through improved reading,writii.g, and overall expression in the English language. Homework andparent/community involvement activities are suggested, and photos anddrawings of relevant places which help to explain the situation areincluded. Much historical background is provided, including an actualbullet (not included here). (NAV)

************************************************************************ Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made* from the original document. *

****************************************************************

s- 1,4 N ' , we

Bilingual/Cross Cultural Teaching Program

PERMISSION 1()RFPRI,-)11IICE.MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANI ED BY

TO THE EOUCA TIONA, RESOURCESINFORMATION c,ENTI-R

A HISTORICAL ODDYSEY:RESEARCH OF THE

OPPOSING PERSPECTIVES OFTHE BATTLE OF SAN PASQUAL

A Specially Adapted Unit PLAN

ForSecondary Educational

Sheltered/Bilingual Programs

Presented to

Dr. Carmen Sadek of

San Diego State University

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for

PLC 651

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,VE E ,%; OF1,IA1 i(`:CP, lEl; I lir'

by

David Gastellum, Julie Jacobson, Angela Shaw, Barbara Shreves

MAY 23, 1995

PEST COPY AVAILABLE

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Table of Contents

1. The Battle of San Pasqual Poem 1

2. Introduction 2

3. Outline of Content-Sources For Unit (See Reading Packet) 4

4. Homework Assignments & Parent/Community InvoIvement 5

5. Self-Esteem Objective And Goals 6

6. English Language Development/Primary LanguageInstruction/Specially Designed Academic ContentIn EnglishDay 1 7

-Day 2 11

Day 3 16Day 4 21Day 5 26

7. Scene Of The First Battle At San Pasqual/Mule Hill 15

8. San Diego Mission/San Carlos Mission 20

9. Twelve-Pound Bronze Mountain Howitzer 25

10. Additional Vocabulary 31

I 1. San Diego Mission 33

12. Art Coloring Handout Of Howitzer/Lancer And Dragoon 34

13. Reading Packet 35

14. Recommended Reading: Californio Review of 36"The Battle Of San Pasqual" By David Gastellum

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THE B.R.fiti:LE OF SANTASCULAL

'We faa the brave men that so sudden& died

ere they marched o'er the (and they had bare4,c espied.

Then peaceful their skep in the Ione grave shall be...

N9 foe with their chargers and lanzes draw nigh -

90 grief o'er their graves but the zephyrs soft sigh.

Farewef we have left thee: companions in arms;

Our fives may be joyful" or fitted with alarms,

Whatever ourjoy or our sorrow may be,

Weft remember the graves by the tone wittow tree.'

6by Dr. E. D. French

1

I. IntroductionA. The goal of the California State Program for Students of

Limited English Proficiency is to produce Fluent EnglishProficient (FEP) students that will function successfullyin mainstream English-speaking classes.

B. There have been many historical accounts of the Battle ofSan Pasqua] and just as many different or disputed'factual interpretations' of this same conflict. Thebattle of San Pasqual continues to rage even in thetwentieth century as historians are engaged in opendebate on many of the details that surround thisintriguing event. Historians continue to maintain diverseassessments of the recorded facts. However, onedominant fact prevails: few historians have been able toagree on the circumstances surrounding the battle. Thebasic issue of whether the victory was the American's(Kearny's) or the Mexican's (Pico's) remains in debate.Available accounts emphasize Kearny's trek across thecontinent and his 'debatable' victory at San Pasqual.

II. Outline of ContentA. Geographic content of the battle of San Pasqual.B. People/Groups involved in the battle.C. Desert/Mountain environments.D. Timeline of march and battle.E. Goals, motivation and results of the battle.

III. Unit GoalsA. Student will understand the hardships endeavered traveling

from Missouri all the way to the west coast.I) Given pictures, students will be able to name

and identify geographic locations and diverseland formations.

2) Students will be able to verbalize the effects ofshortage of food and water in relation to thedistance and terrain.

B. Students will be able to draw their own conclusions fromopposing primary and secondary documentation.

I) Students experience that there can be divergingopinion on the same historical incident.

2) Students understand the idea of seeing the sameincident from a different perspective.

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Introduction (cont.)

IV. Description of Assessment

Student will develop a portfolio including all the weeks work fromthe various classes. Items will be collected daily and returned tothe students for their portfolios. The portfolios will show that thestudent's are 'conscientious' and 'participative'.

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Reading PacketOutline of ContentSources for Unit

Secondary Source

1. "Silver Dons; The History of San Diego" by Richard F. Pourade

2. California View Of "The Battle of San Pasqual", by David R. Gastellum.

Primary Sources

3. "Memories of an Old Man"; abstracted from Pablo Vejar.

4. "San Pasqual" Notes of Benjamin Hayes.

5. Roman Asuna: An Interview by Edgar Hasting.

6. Pioneer data from 1832: From the Memories of Don Juan Foster.

7. Feticita, from Escondido Times-Advocate November 3, 1916.

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5

Homework Assignments

On day 1, students will be assigned homework for the entire week. The

assignments are expected to be completed by the end of the week. One activity is

for the students to go out into their community and interview a Veteran of War.

Possible sources could be family members, teachers, church members, neighbors,

and any armed forces agency. Another day's assignment is for students to write

about a personal experience where their perspective of the incident differed from

someone else who also experienced. it.

Parent/Community Involvement

Parents will be encouraged throughout the weeks activities to participate in

preparation and performance of culminating activities. These activities include

construction of musical instruments, development and performance of plays.

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SELF-ESTEEMOBJECTIVE AND GOALS

1. Dedicated Continue working when others give up. start early, stay late,work for quality.

2. Courteous Students work in cooperative groups and demonstrate courteousbehavior by acknowledging needs of others by helping, sharing, and supportingthe academic needs of classmates.

3. Self-controlled When others are acting out, set an example rather thanjoining in with the inappropriate behavior. When confronted by a peer in anegative manner, react positively.

4. Participative Students work in cooperative groups and volunteer to helpothers complete assignments. Checks with teacher for correctness of work.

5. Cooperative Work in cooperative groups, comply with the teachers requests,and your peer requests (if appropriate).

6. Sensitive Be attentive to others needs, listen well so you know how othersfeel.

7. Creative Use all your resources and abilities as well as your peers. Be openminded to suggestions which may lead to new ideas.

8. Efficient Finish work in a timely manner. Don't waste unnecessary time.Utilize all materials that are available.

9. Conscientious Work is neat and complete. Student follows directions andtries to do best, stay on task, select positive role models.

10. Hard working Students remain on task for entire time allotted. Studentsdo not stop until goal is achieved.

11. Analytical Look for alternative ways to resolve problems, complete tasks,and deal with peers. Be able to self evaluate and accept others suggestions.

12. Persistent Don't give up. Keep working on tasks until completed. If youhave a good idea, continue with it.

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DAYI ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENTRefer to Vocabulary for Day I

PRE-PRODUCTION

7

Show students a map of the United States, and map onP.98 of the test . Have students point to different geo-graphical locations when teacher names them (See.Voc Day 1). Students will make a list of all citiesand rivers.

E, iRLY PRODUCTION 1) Instructor shows pictures from magazines ofdifferent geological formations.2) Label pictures (rivers, valleys, plateaus, etc.).3) List geographical names under categories.

SPEECH EMERGENCE Have students state in a sentence: using the propernames & category, from the talking chart. Example:California is a state in the United States. Studentsthen form groups, and share work (See voc Day 1).

INTERMEDIATEFLUENCY

Have students look at map & answer questions basedon geographical locations & terms. For example, havethe students compare and contrast differentgeographical land formations.

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DAY 1

SPECIALLY DESIGNEDPRIMARY LANGUAGE ACADEMIC CONTENT ININSTRUCTION ENGLISH

LANGUAGEARTS

Discuss voc of "WesternUnited States" that theDragoons marched throughon their way to California(see map on page 98)

8

The students are provided withrelevant quotes from the text.In cooperative groups, they read theprovided sentences and developa list of geographic locations andenter them on a prepared map.

MATH Instruct students aboutthe concept of an averageand practice withexamples. Discuss con-cepts of legend & key.Stress vocabularyrelated to mathematicalterms.

Chart, on a U.S.map the 1600 milemilitary march of Gen. Stephen WattsKearney. Figure total mileage(exactly) using a key or legend, andestimate average mile per day. Chartto see if an alternate, shorter, andmove navigatable route was possible.

SOCIALSTUDIES

Students learn about theimportance of San Pascual.

Only international battle the U.S.ever lost on its own territory.Teacher gives overall story &discuss importance. Teacher'slecture to include geographicalvocabulary. In cooperative groupsstudents share experiences witheach other and then with entireclass. Hand out voc. list ofgeographical locations. Usingbrainstorming techniques, teacherencourages student to relatepersonal experiences in relationshipto travel & geographical locationsfrom vocab. list.

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DAY I


SCIENCE Students learn about &explain terms related tothe varied characteristicsof different land forms.

9

Teacher discusses general geologicalterms of the Southwest. (See voc.Day 1)

ART Students color in a map ofa river, lake or plateau.Teacher explains SDAIEactivity to be performed.

In groups, students using clay make amodel of a geographical land form. Aplateau, mesa, passages, rivers orlakes.

MUSIC Students practice andlearn title of the Balladof San Pasqual.

Students locate setting on atopographical map. Students willlisten to different compositionsfrom the era composed or fromsimilar battles and written aboutthis historical incident.

Students review conceptof weights & its physicaltoll on the body.

Each student tries on backpacks withvarying weights loaded with sand tosimulate travel of soldiers.

DRAMA Drama students discusslist of geographical termsof monologues.

14

Teacher reviews list of geographicalterms. Students write a monologuebased on a personal experience oftravel. Students must include vocab.from list of geographical locations.

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DAY 1

Countries/States

United StatesNew MexicoCaliforniaMissouri

Cities/Areas

San DiegoLos AngelesIndianaSonoraMasonAgna CalienteSanta YsabelAlamo MochaSan PasqualSeelyTemeculaStocktonGila JunctionVallecitoMexicaleSanta MariaTorrey Pines

VOCABULARY

Mountains/Passes

Sierra NevadaCuyamaca MountainsDonna PassSan Felipe Pass

Rivers/Lakes

Colorado RiverLake HodgesSan Louis Rey RiverCariso CreekLake HenshawLos Penasquitos Creek

NalleysICanyons

Imperial ValleySoledad ValleyEarthquake ValleySan Pasqual ValleyEl Cajon ValleyRamona ValleyMission ValleyCurrizo CorridorClevengo CanyonRose Canyon

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DAY2 ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENTRefer to Vocabulary for Day 2

PRE-PRODUCTION

1 1

Show pictures of historical figures and clothing fromthe time period (early to mid 1800's). Students willidentify the historical figures and clothing usingpictures or authentic items (clothing, weapons, etc.).

EARLY PRODUCTION Using pictures and models, students will label itemsand compare and contrast past weapons & clothing totodays.

SPEECH EMERGENCE Students in pairs will review Social Studieshistorical figures and choose one to write a shortsummary on.

INTERMEDIATEFLUENCY

Students in pairs will review Social So Witshistorical figures and choose one to write a shortsummary on, and present to the class.

0

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DAY 2


LANGUAGEARTS

Students will discuss voc.from the Day2 voc (PeopleInvolved & Clothing sec).Teacher will discusscharacters & different grpsof people involved in thestory "The Silver Dons".

1 2

In cooperative groups each groupof students is provided with textexcerpts about the different -partiesinvolved in the story from whichthey will put together as muchknowledge as possible about thoseparties. Then they will identify withthat group or person and presenttheir character/group to the class.

MATH Students review voc.related to estimation ofsupply & demand.

Estimate per day how much food andwater was needed for the companyfor the entire month of March. Howmany supply wagons were needed andhow often did they have to restocktheir supplies. Was there adequatewater sources along the way?

SOCIALSTUDIES

Review names of historicalfigures in voc. list, and theimportance of each. Showpictures of clothing theymay have worn and suppliesused during that timeperiod.

iJ

Study & research major characters &organizations. Students will beprovided in the lecture with a shorthistory of The Lancers, A. Pico, Gen.Kearney, Kit Carson and theCalifornio's. Have students breakinto groups & discuss thesehistorical characters. Each studentis responsible for writing a 1/2page summary cn a chosen character.

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DAY 2 INSTRUCTION ENGLISH

SCIENCE

1 3

Students review what Discuss group dynamics and decideemotional strengths and what physical and emotionalweaknesses are and give strengths would be needed to endurean example of each. this trip. Interview each other to

see if they would be a viablecandidate for the journey. Beginsharing results.

MUSIC

ART

Teacher will explain the Practice & locate voc from Day 1lesson's objective which rivers & lakes, and Day 5 battlewill be to identify the actions. Students will then listeninstruments which are used to arrangements depicting a battlefor battles as opposed to as well as arrangements depictinginstruments that the rivers & waters. Using the voc,composer used to create students will describe thethe impression of moving differences between both.water.

Students review the Discuss & compare shields ofconcepts and purposes of different eras. Design a shield thatshields in battle and their the major characters might havepersonal significance. used.

P.E. Students discuss archery. Discuss games and activities fromlances, concepts of that time period and play a selectactivities from that few, like "Mark your target withhistorical time period, the lance" where students play aTeacher models activities stick-on dart game, or "Archery",to be performed. using arrows.

DRAMA Teacher to discuss Students dress up in costumes fromclothing voc. and help that time period and read theirstudents revise, edit or personal monologues.practice monologues.

8

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VOCABULARY

DAY 2

PEOPLE/GROUPS

United States Arm

Army of the WestFirst Dragoons

-Gen. KearnyKit Carson

-Gen. CastroMajor Swords

-Cap. Abraham Johnson-Cap. B. D. Moore

Gillespie & his volunteers

Californios

MexicansSenoran horse thievesDons

Jose Joaquin OrtegaJose Antonio Pico

Don's Costumes

Traditional rich, ornamented costumesLeathern Cairasses to protect bodiesSerape over one shoulderLeather shield with Castilian heraldGay pennants fluttered from their lances.

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PRE-PRODUCTION

1 6

Show pictures of desert and mountainous regions.Provided with labels, students match labels withpictures, within cooperative groups.

EARLY PRODUCTION Students find own pictures in magazines of desertand mountainous .regions and label pictures. Theywill produce a sentence for each label.

SPEECH EMERGENCE Students will find pictures in magazines, as well asbring photographs to class. Students will describeanimal and plant life in these areas as well as depictlife in these areas.

INTERMEDIATEFLUENCY

Students develop and dramatize a short skit based onpossible experiences traveling through these areas.Students will develop questions which be used forFriday's jeopardy game, related to voc-Day 3.

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DAY 3


LANGUAGEARTS

Brainstorm all facts.feelings, knowledgestudents possessregarding environ. voc.Draw pictures of theirfavorite environ. habitat.

1 7

As class develops a talking chart ofdesert/mountain/valley environ.,consulting specially selectedsentences of the text. In cooperativegroups the student picks one of theenvironments and create a storycrossing their selected environment.

MATH Show pictures of travelbrochures and explainconcepts of charting.Discuss varied brochuresand the deiails eachcontains.

Create a travel brochure chartingthe trail and many of its stops alongthe way. List costs then and now fortravel, entertainment & meals.Compare & contrast. Figure totalmileage, using key or legend, and est.average mileage per day. Chart tosee if an alternate, shorter, and morenavigable route was possible.

SOCIALSTUDIES

Discuss and show picturesof areas in the world whereweather does changenoticeably, and contrastthem with areas thatdon't change as noticeably.

Brief lecture on weather &topographical conditions along thejourney with major areas of thejourney and its surroundings.Students are to coordinate and plotGen. Kearney's trek. Color and designcoordinating legend. Be creative!

SCIENCE Students will discuss theirexperiences or knowledgeof the desert and mountainregions and generate theirvoc. list.

Students begin making a iiagram ortrail of desert or mountainenvironment. Label externally usingvoc from Day 3.

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DAY 3


MUSIC Students review voc.Students will learn andpractice vocabulary wordsfrom the first five lines ofthe ballad. Teacher willexplain forthcoming lesson.

1 8

Teachers will bring in pictures offunerals & students will generatevoc list of related emotions.(sorrow, grief, sadness, etc.)Teacher plays ballad to studentsrepeatedly until students are able torecognize & produce every word offirst five lines.

ART Students analyze thedifferent pictures ofmountain & desert scenes,practicing voc. related toartistic techniques.

Using water colors, students createtheir own picture of a desert ormountain scene. Teacher modelsdifferent techniques and brushstrokes. Many examples aredisplayed.

P.E. Explain the purpose of theactivity and practice voc.relating to desert mountainenvironment.

Walk around the track with weightedpacks (representing the desert) orup the stadium steps with weightedpacks (representing the mountaintrek). They choose which environ-ment to experience, and theyconvince each other as to whichenvironment was the harshest.

DRAMA Students will discussobjective of the assign-ment and will explaineach major componentto be included in thedrama.

Start formulation of play reenactingthe Battle of San Pasqual,implementing, major characters,costumes, hardships & ordeals.

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VOCABULARY

DAY 3

Desert Descriptions

white drifting sand dunesbed of a lost sea200 feet below sea levelsalt lakesalty featsdry canyonsheavy sanddreary desert

Desert Conditions

worst stretch of marshwater receded to a pooldiminished to one halfthick, soapy quagmirewholly unfit for man alid brute

Accessories

TrapperGuide

Related Weather

poured in torrentsdrenching the partyheavy raincold, wet nightcold, frosty morningmuch rain had fallenin the cold of the San Diego Mountains

Mountain Descriptions

mountain edgewhite granite

Mountain Conditions

slow rising climbimpassablerocky & difficult trailcovered with rocks &

stonesascent the mountaindifficult climbsdown the mountain

Plant1;

Mesquite treesDrenopodiaceous shrubOakesSycamores of great

size & ageWild OatsWillow tree

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PRE-PRODUCTION

2 1

Instructor will model a personal timeline for thestudents describing each major event. Students willpractice how to express years (in 1994, 1993, etc.).

EARLY PRODUCTION Instructor will model expressions of times relation toan event. Students will within groups make 10sentences about any major events in their lifeincluding day, month and year.

SPEECH EMERGENCE Given a timeline including specific dates andevents, they will verbalize the information and ingroups work on eight sample sentences.

INTERMEDIATEFLUENCY

Given a blank timeline, student will work incooperative groups to depict the life and majorevents of a fictional or non-fictional character.Teacher provides Bibliographies of persons fromdiverse cultural backgrounds. Students will developquestions from voc-Day 4, to be used for jeopardygame which will be played on Day 5.

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DAY 4

LANGUAGEARTS

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Discuss the concept of a Students develop a timeline of theirtimeline & review pertinent own lives, and write their livesvocabulary from talking story in an essay.chart.

MATH Continue travel brochure Continue working on travel brochure.discussions and ideas.

SOCIALSTUDIES

Students review voc.pertinent to talkingchart & discuss map onP.99.

Short intro & description of what atimeline consists of, how it isdiagramed as well as its advantagesfor learning historical events. Classbreaks up into groups with thefollowing items: butcher paper,colored pencils, crayons anddocuments. Students are to createtheir own time line of the importantactivities of the journey. Studentswill find important dates andactivities from their primary sourcematerial.

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DAY 4


SCIENCE Review voc. again relatedto desert & mountainregions, plus any lifeforms indigenous to theregions.

2 3

Continuing to work on and completediorama's.

MUSIC Teacher explains that theballad will be completed.Students will learnmeaning of voc from linessix through nine andpractice it.

Teacher shows video clips of fare-well scenes from news, commercialsor movies. Students generate voclist about feelings & actions relatedto good-bye scenes. Teacher playsrecording of ballad & studentsrecognize & produce all words ofballad lines 6 through 9. Studentssing words to song to a known tuneof teachers choice.

ART Students will discuss theobjective of the assign-ment, combining pictureswith the timeline, & eachstudent will present averbal summary of whatthey plan to demonstratein their timeline.

P.E. Explain activity

Students will draw & color picturesof the main events from their time-lines. Pictures should be ofappropriate size to attach to thetimeline. Attach pictures totimeline.

The track is now developed into atimeline and at each stage of thistimeline they will perform anactivity.

DRAMA Review voc. students needto complete drama. Eachstudent gives an oraldescription of their play.

Continue to work or play andcomplete. Prepare for tomorrowsperformance. Invite parents.

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DAY 4

Numbers] Dates

1846on November 25The second camp2nd day4th Camp9 O'clock

VOCABULARY

Activities

Camprestresume the marchrested for a daytrudged for 2 days

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PRE-PRODUCTION Students play bingo with vocabulary from entire unit.

EARLY PRODUCTION Students use words, which are previously matched, insentences of their own. Students then participate inmatching voc. test.

SPEECH EMERGENCE Students match words written on vocabulary cardswith 3 other words in same category, and use theword in a sentence.

INTERMEDIATEFLUENCY

Students play jeopardy with all vocabulary from theunit's "talking charts". The categories also includequestions about the journey, battle, the motivations,and the result. One side of room plays against theother. Teams accumulate points as students answerquestions correctly.

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DAY 5


LANGUAGEARTS

Discuss concepts ofmotivation. Play bingowith Day 5 vocabulary.

2 7

In cooperative groups the studentsread preselected sections of the textand create a semantic map, showinginterrelated concepts and ideas, todemonstrate how different groups inthe story interact and relate to eachother. Share with class.

MATH Discuss vocabulary.Howitzer activity.Discuss problem solvingand analytical techniquesin their own lives.

Determine if transporting thehowitzers the entire way was worthit, (small cannons which neededwagons to pull them, gunpowder, and12 lb. balls to fire out of them) wasworth it, or would it have been lesscostly and more advantageous forbattle to transport rifles and pistolswith the appropriate ammunition(gun powder & pellets). Howitzerscould do more overall damage, butwas it worth it for the extra days oftravel and extra wagons. 12 lb. ballsas opposed to powder and pellets.

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DAY 5


SOCIALSTUDIES

Discuss the background ofthe motivation behind thewar, and the concepts ofdiverse opinions. Relatethis with students'personal concreteexperiences.

2 8

Short introduction and discussionon U.S. motives for the Mexican-American War. Teacher hands outcontroversial statements & opinionsof political opinions of Mexican-American War. Students reviewhand-out individually. Class breaksup into groups, and comes up with agroup opinion for the motives behindthe Mexican-American War. Eachgroup presents their interpretationsand class then questions each othersopinions in an open class discussion.Groups will generate an impromptudialogue and read it out loud. Whenanother group says "FREEZE", thisgroup takes the places and posturesof the original group, and then actsout their own opinions about themotives of the Battle of San Pasqual.

SCIENCE The instructor discussesthe cannon and theHowitzer as the mostpowerful weapons of thattime period.

MUSIC

The instructor uses hair spraycannon to demonstrate power of theparabolic arc effect.

Students will receiveinstructions about creatingtheir own interpretation ofthe ballad. Together,students will do a choralreading of the ballad.

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In heterogeneous cooperative groups,students will select from 5 possiblemusical styles (opera, rap, pop, etc.),to create their own interpretation ofthe ballad. Students will performtheir composition for the class.

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DAY 5


ART Students discuss theaspects of a battle,focusing on voc. Brain-storm possible artprojects related to thattopic.

2 9

Using 'the diverse mediums avail-able, students will create a paint-ing, or piece of art entitled"Battle". Teachers give examplesof modern art or past students'work.

P.E. Instructor will explain thevarious aspects to beaccomplished in the relayrace, and its objective.

DRAMA

Students are divided into two teams,the Dons and the U.S. Army. Theyparticipate in relay races through anobstacle course, simulating theweek's activities. Self-esteem willbe enhanced through participationand peer encouragement.

Teacher answers questions, The students act out their plays.refines skits, practice and Parents are encouraged to attend.rehearse lines.

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DAY 5

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RELATED TO WAR - RELACIONADO A LA GUERRA

Actions-Acciones

to surround-rodearto retreat-retirarseto pierce-perforarcaptured-capturadoto divide-dividirto take command-mandarbattered-batir,batidoburried-enterradostriking -pegandoto conceal-esconderto rescue-rescatarfleeing-huyendoto warn-avisarto die-morirto seize-agarrarto reward-recompensarto set free-liberarto march-marcharto mourn-lamentar

Objects-Objetos

spears-lanzasrifles-riflesI ance-lan zacartrig es- cart u ch osswords-espadasguns-pistolasfirearms armaschargerResults-Los Resultadoshardshi ps- di fi c ultadesvictory-victoriamasacre-matonzadangers-peligrosprivations-privar, despojarsu ffering- su fri mi en totragedy -tragedi aattacks-ataqueslosses-las perdidas

to fire-disparar Feelings-Sentimientosto combat-combatir panic-panicoto dart-echar sadness-la tristezato thrust-empujar desperate-des esperadoto stab-apufialar sorrow-pesar, dolorto defend-defenderpursuit-la cazarto force-esforzarwounded-heridoto scoure-buscarto fight-luchar

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People-La Gente

officers-oficialescaptain-capi tanenemies-enemigosleader-liderchief-el jefecommander-comandantevictims-victimasattacker-asaltadorrifleman-matadorvolunteers- vol un tari osthe wounded-los heridos

conquerors-conquistadorespri son ers- pris ion erosinmates-prisionerossoldiers- soldadosfellows-hombresservants-si -vienteswomen-mujeresdeserter-des ertorcaptive-un cautivo

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APP -

Vocabulario

CLOTHING-LA ROPA

Kind-Clasesshoes-los zapatosbelts-los cinturones

ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY IN SPANISHVOCABULARIO ADICIONAL

- San Pascual (Traduccion al espanol)

LAND-LA TIERRA

ANIMALS-LOS ANIMALS

Kinds-Claseshorses-caballosmules-mulaswolves-lobossheep-ovejaschickens-polloscattle-el ganadobuffalo-bit falocoyote-coyote

Actions-Accionesa stampede-una estampidato graze-pastar, rozar

COMMUNICATION -LA COMUNICACION

Kinds-Tiposmessages-mensajesletter-una cartareport-in formememoirs-diario

Action-Accionesto send-enviar, mandarto transport-transportar

People-La Genieinessengers-mensajeros

Types-Tiposvalleys-los valleshills-las colinasravine-precipicio

battlefield-batalla campo de

Kind-Clasesmuddy-lodososaturated-saturado

BODY - EL CUERPO

Parts-Parteshead-la cabezalungs-los pulmonesheart-el corazo'nribs-las costillasneck-el cuelloface-la caralimbs-brazos, piernaslip-el labioarm-el brazofront tooth-el dienteeye-el ojo

FAMILY-LA FAMILIA

Members-Los Miembrosson-el hijobrother-in-law el cunadorelatives-los parientes

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San Pascual Vocabulary

BUILDINGS-LOS EDIFICOS

Types-Los Tiposhut-la chozahouses-las casasfort-la fortaleza

Parts-PartesPlank floors-pisos de maderaroom-cuartos

Materials Materialesabode

PLACES-LOS LUGARES

Cities-Las Ciudadestowns-puebloscummunities-comunidades

DISTANCES-DISTANCIAS

Miles-millasfeet-piesleague-tres millas

NUMBERS-NUMEROS

forty-two cuarenta y dosfifteen-quincea few-unos

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TRAVEL-LA TRANSPORTACION

Actions-Acciones

to transport-transportarto ride-pasear, montar

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BALLAD VOCABULARY'

Memorial

sorrowgriefrememberlay to restdiefarewellhave left theejoyful/joy

Participants

brave mencompanions in armsfoe

Participants' actions

marched over the landbarely spied the landsuddenly diedto draw nighpeaceful sleep

Setting

lone grave/graveslone willow tree (see also voc Day 3)zephyrssoft sigh

Battle equipment

lancerschargers (see also voc Day 5)

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P.1-(

Volume Three of a Series

on the Historic Birthplace of California

THE HISTORY OF SAN DIEGO

SILVER DONSWritten By:

EcRICHARD F. POURAD4EDITOR EMERITUS, THE SAN DIEGO UNION

Commissioned ByJAMES S. COPLEYCHAIRMAN OF THE CORPORATION, THE COPLEY PRESS, INC.

Published By The Union-Tribune Publishing Company

C.at ;1_)

THE BLOODY LANCES

A cold December wind was whipping off the snow on the CuyamacaMountains when Gerk. Kearny and his weary Army of the Westarrived at Warner's Ranch, dragging their two mountain howit-zers along the ground as they had done since leaving New Mexico.

It was while they Were approaching the Colorado River thatthey learned that the situation in California had changed dras-tically since they had met Kit Carson and been assured by himthat the Californios would never fight.

First they encountered a group of Mexicans with a large bandof horses, which, it turned out, belonged in part to a band ofSonoran horse thieves and in part to couriers of Flores on the wayto Sonora to plead for help in the war against the Americans. Next,they captured a Sonoran in whose saddle bags were found dis-patches to Gen. Castro describing in detail all that had transpiredin California since his flight.

Kearny and his men were not discouraged. The First Dragoonswere one of the proudest units of the United States Army and vet-erans of the frontier, and Kearny himself was a respected andproven commander. They had originally set out for California tofight the enemy, and now, no matter their tired and tattered con-dition, they were anxious to get about it. They forded the ColoradoRiver a mile and a half south of the Gila junction on November25, where it was 1500 feet wide, camped, and the next morning,wrapping bundles of grass behind their saddles, and taking "the

THE AMERICANS SUFFERED HEAVY LOSSES in the Battle of San Pasqual.How the actions were fought is shown in Lt. Emory's sketch of the battlefield.

97

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ONE OF THE WORLD'S LONGEST MILITARY MARCHES was that ofthe Army of the West which General Kearny led all the way to San Diego.

great highway between Sonora and California," rounded the baseof the white drifting sand dunes just below eastern Imperial Val-ley, and began crossing the bed of a lost sea at places more thantwo hundred and fifty feet belowsea level. It was the worst stretchof their march of 1600 miles.

The second camp was made at Alamo Mocho, twenty-four milesfrom the river, south and east of Mexicali, in Lower California,where they had to dig for water. The night was made horrible bythe cries of hungry mules. The next day they headed for a salt lakethirty or forty miles away, despite the warnings of the capturedSonorans. The lake evidently was one of the salty flats which occa-sionally filled with flood water from the Colorado.

Emory wrote:

The heavy sand had proved too much for many horses and some mules, andall the efforts of their drivers could bring them no farther than the middle ofthis dreary desert. About 8 o'clock, as we approached the lake, the stench ofdead animals confirmed the reports of the Mexicans and put to flight all hopesof our being able to use the water.

The basin nf the lake, as well as I could judge at night, is about three-quarters-of a mile long and halfa mile wide. The water had receded to a pool, diminishedto one half its size, and the approach to it was through a thick soapy quagmire.It was wholly unfit for man or brute, and we studiously kept the latter from it,thinking that the use of it would but aggravate their thirst.

One or two of the men came in late, and, rushing to the lake, threw them-selves down and took many swallows before discovering their mistake; butthe effect was not injurious except that it increased their thirst.

A few mezquite trees and a chenopodiaceous shrub bordered the lake, andon these our mules munched till they had sufficiently refreshed themselves,

98

when the call to saddle was sounded, and we groped silently our way in thedark. The stoutest animals now began to stagger, and when day dawned,scarcely a man was seen mounted.

With .the sun rose a heavy fog from the southwest, no doubt from the gulf,and sweeping towards us, enveloped us for two or three hours, wetting our blan-kets and giving relief to the animals. Before it had dispersed we came to apatch of sun-burned grass.

The weary column had swung north and crossed into what isnow the United States, probably just west of Seely, and finallyentered the wide gap that led to Carrizo Spring, the first step ina slowly rising climb through the mountains.

The short way to the port of San Diego lay directly over themountain ridges, but they were impassable for military equip-ment and wagons. The route for Kearny led a long way aroundthrough the Carrizo Corridor, which took them in a northwesterlydirection up through dry canyons into a broad green pass thatlifted up to Warner's. Here, several circuitous and difficult trailsled to San Diego. From here also a trail led northerly through aseries of rich, comparatively flat upland valleys to lush Thmecula,from where the trail again branched, one southwest, back towardthe San Luis Rey Mission and down to San Diego, and the othergoing north through open country to Los Angeles.

Emory continued:

When the fog had entirely dispersed we found ourselves entering a gap inthe mountains, which had been before us for four days. The plain was crossed,

THE LONG ,W EARY ROUTE of Gen. Kearny's Army to San Diego was sketchedin detail by Lt. William E mory, of the U S. TopographicalEngineers. His descrip-tions formed the basis of San Diego's hope of being the terminus of the first trans-continental railroad. The dream faded and so did San Diego for many years.

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William H. Emory,asa brigadier general

but we had not yet found water. The first valley we reached was dry, and it wasnot till 12 o'clock, m., that we struck the Cariso (cane) creek, within half a mileof one of its sources, and although so close to the source, the sands had alreadyabsorbed much of its water, and left but little running. A mile or two below,the creek entirely disappears.

They had made fifty-four miles in two days.

Many animals were left on the road to die of thirst and hunger, in spite ofthe generous efforts of the men to bring them to the spring. More than one wasbrought up, by one man tugging at the halter and another pushing up thebrute, by placing his shoulder against its buttocks. Our most serious loss,perhaps, was that of one or two fat mares and colts brought with us for food;for before leaving camp, Major Swords found in a concealed place one of thebest pack mules slaughtered, and the choice bits cut from his shoulders andflanks, stealthily done by some mess less provident than others.

On November 29 they followed the dry sandy bed of CarrizoCreek, riding many miles through thickets:

The day was intensely hot, and the sand deep; the animals, inflated withwater and rushes, gave way by the scores; and, although we advanced only six-teen miles, many did not arrive at camp until 10 o'clock at night. It was a feastday for the wolves (coyotes) which followed in packs close on our track, seizingour deserted brutes and making the air resound with their howls as theybattled for the carcasses.

They reached the "little pools" of Vallecito, where they refreshedthemselves on water that was slightly salty, killed a horse forfood, and rested for a day. Gen. Kearny conducted the last reviewof the Army of the West. Capt. Abraham Johnston, who had notlong to live, wrote in his notes that("Our men were inspectedtoday. Poor fellows! They are well nigh.naked some of them bare-foot a sorry looking set. A Dandy would think that; in thoseswarthy sun-burnt faces, a lover of his country will see no signsof quailing. They will be ready for their hour when it comes."

There were no complaints from such men as Capts. B. D. Mooreand Johnston, Lts. Thomas Hammond and Davidson, all of theFirst Dragoons; or from Lts. Emory and W. H. Warner, of theTopographical Engineers, or Maj. Thomas Swords, of the Quarter-master Corps, and Dr. John S. Griffin, an assistant Army surgeon.The desert and the enemy held no fear, either, for AntoineRobidoux, the trapper and guide, and four other Mountain Men.

For the next two days they trudged through dry Mason andEarthquake Valleys, always over rising land, and drew up intoSan Felipe Pass, between snow covered mountains. The winterhad brought unusually heavy snows, and far to the north, in theSierra Nevada, the Donner party of immigrants, who had leftIndependence, Missouri, without knowledge of the start of war,were trapped by blizzards. Thirty-four out of seventy-nine died.

100

Many of the survivors fell to eating the dead. On the night ofDecember 2, Kearny and his force arrived at Warner's Ranch. Atthat time Warner lived in a house, which may have been begunby Silvestre de La Portilla or José Antonio Pico, when theyhad claimed the valley, and it stood a short distance from thehot sulphur springs.

Emory wrote:

Our camp was pitched on the road to the Pueblo, leading a little north ofwest. To the south, down the valley of the Agua Caliente, lay the road to SanDiego. Above us was Mr. Warner's. backwoods, American-looking house, builtof adobe and covered with a thatched roof...

Warner grew his crops in the vicinity of his home and grazedhis cattle down the valley along the upper stream of the San LuisRey River, on lands now partly covered by Lake Henshaw.

Warner was not there. He was in custody at San Diego, and BillMarshall, the deserter from a whaling ship, was in charge andprovided the Army with the first fresh meat and vegetables theyhad had in many weeks. The Englishman Stokes was summonedfrom Santa Ysabel; and though he proclaimed himself a neutralin the war, agreed to take a message to Stockton asking thatreinforcements be sent to meet Kearny somewhere along theroad to San Diego.

Sixty miles away and near the coast, Andres Pico led h i s seventyto seventy-five men out of Soledad Valley on the road to San Pas-qual. They wore the traditional rich and ornamented costumes ofthe Dons, with leathern cuirasses to protect their bodies, andserape over one shoulder, and a few perhaps carried the oldleather shields with their Castilian heraldry. Gay pennantsfluttered from medieval lances. The sight always had awed theIndians, and a little native girl, Felicita, who witnessed the Battleof San Pasqual, related years later to Elizabeth J. Roberts, howthey feared the Californios:

When I was a child I lived here in San Pasqual. Our village was by theLagunas and the river. There were days when the Mexican soldiers rodethrough San Pasqua] on their beautiful horses. They came from the Presidioat San Diego and carried swords and lances. At sight of them women and chil-dren ran to hide in the brush and rocks of the hills, for these men counted ourlives of little worth, and we feared them.

In a clear and cold moonlit night Gillespie and his Volunteerspushed their horses and mules over the rolling mesa between Mis-sion and El Cajon Valleys. He, as Kit Carson, had little respect forthe Californios as fighters, and had informed the Secretary of theNavy that they had a "holy horror of the American rifle" and "willnever expose themselves to make an attack."

101

Leather Shield

Much of what is known about the events of those days is foundin his official report to Commodore Stockton.

At 3 o'clock A.M. of the 4th, we arrived at the Rancho in the Cajon Valley,where we encamped to rest and await daylight, to commence the ascent of themountains, the trail being rocky and of difficult passage for a Field piece. Al-though it had been reported that the enemy were in considerable numbersabout this place, we saw no signs of them, and at 9 o'clock on the 4th, com-menced our march for the hills. For the first three leagues, our road passedthrough pretty valleys, covered with wild oats, here and there interspersedwith Oaks and Sycamores of great size and age; it then crossed a ridge of highmountains, completely covered with rocks and stones, a species of white gran-ite. Towards sunset we descended the east side of the mountain, and enteredupon the pretty valley of Santa Maria.

They camped that night at the ranch home of Stokes situatedon the east side of the valley.

Kearny left Warner's on December 4, in a heavy rain, campingthat night at Santa Ysabel, the site of the abandoned asistenciaof the San Diego Mission and of the ranch home of Stokes' father-in-law, José Joaquin Ortega. The Indians from neighboring tribesmet with Kearny and offered to aid the Americans. He told themit was best for them to remain neutral. Whe march was resumedthe next morning, with the majordomo of the ranch, a "SailorBill," pressed into unwilling service as a guide. "Sailor Bill" wasBill Williams, the former English sea captain who had been em-ployed by Capt. Fitch in 1841 and later became an Indian agentand was a claimant to Viejas Valley. In the cold of the San Diegomountains "Sailor Bill" preferred his liquor to a long march.

On. the same morningGillespie left Santa Maria Valley, headedeast into the higher mountains:

Much rain had fallen during the night, and as we began the ascent of themountains, with direction for Santa Isabel, it poured in torrents, effectuallydrenching our party. When about half the distance between Sta. Isabel and Sta.Maria, the weather cleared; and at one o'clock, one of the advance returned,reporting that Lieut. Rhusan had met with Gen'l Kearny's advance, & had pro-ceeded forward to report my approach. Our Flag was immediately given to thebreeze, and displayed for the first time upon those distant mountains; cheeringthe way-worn soldiers with the sight of the "Stars and Stripes," where theyleast expected to meet them.

I soon joined Gen'l Kearny, was received with great kindness by himself andofficers, and reported to him what you had ordered; giving him all the informa-tion in my power, in relation to the state and condition of the Country, andalso, said to him, that a force of insurgents under Andres Pico, was reportedto be at San Pascual, and that you advised him "to beat up their camp," shouldhe feel so disposed. This proposition was received with great pleasure by allparties, particularly, Capt. Moore of 1st Dragoons, who was extremely desirousto meet the Enemy as soon as possible.

While Gillespie grazed his horses, Kearny's men moved downinto Santa Maria Valley and camped in a grassy, oak-covered val-

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THE ROUTE TAKEN BY GEN . KEARNY through San Diego County is shownby the solid line. Dotted line indicates the route of Capt. Gillespie, whose Volun-teers joined with Kearny's men and took part in the Battle of San Pasqual.

ley, presumably at the head of Clevenger Canyon, through whichnow descends the highway into San Pasqual Valley. Gillespiefound them there at night:. . .many of the soldiers were lying upon the wet ground, notwithstanding theheavy rain, almost exhausted by their long and arduous march; indeed, thewhole force, save the officers, presented an appearance of weariness and fatigue,rarely, if ever, met with upon any other service. The men were without anyexception sadly in want of clothing; that which they wore was ragged and torn;they were almost without shoes; and although we were constantly accustomedto much privation and suffering, my men considered their own condition, supe-rior to that of these way-worn soldiers, whose strength and spirit seemedto be entirely gone.

Far below them, in San Pasqual Valley, Pico's men slept aroundcamp fires at the squalid Indian village, located along the edge ofthe hills on the north, convinced that a report of American forcesbeing in the vicinity was false, and that Gillespie had gone out to

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capture horses and cattle and would drive them back along theSan Pasqual road to San Diego, where they could be interceptedand the enemy engaged. Not all of the Californios with Pico havebeen identified, though it is known that they included LeonardCota and Tomas Sanchez, as officers, and Ramón Carrillo, Lean-dro and Ramón Osuna, and Jose Antonio Serrano.

There were two routes from Santa Maria to San Diego. One ledover the lower mountains to Lakeside and Santa Monica, or ElCajon Valley, and then down through Mission Valley, the routeover which Gillespie had come. The other led a half dozen milesacross rolling hills to the edge of San Pasqual Valley, down thevalley to the present area of Lake Hodges, then south across SanBernardo Rancho to Los Penasquitos Creek, west into SoledadValley, and then up over Miramar Mesa back of Torrey Pines anddown Rose Canyon to the pueblo. Although both routes had beenin use for some time, the San Pasqual route was preferred to theLakeside route because it was less rocky. Both routes had difficultclimbs, the San Pasqual route at San Pasqual hill and the Lake-side route in the last mile before reaching the Ramona Valley.Gillespie reported the hill covered with rocks. Rocks were hard onhorses' feet and broke the wheels ofwagons.

On this cold, wet night, one route was open, the other blockedby an enemy force. Kearny sent a small detachment under Lt.Thomas C. Hammond and a native scoutz_Rafael Nlachado,attached to Gillespie's command, to reconnoiter Pico's camp anddetermine the number and disposition of his men. The bark ofadog alerted a guard and his shots aroused the sleeping camp. Ham-mond and his men, swords clanking in the still night, gallopedback up the hill. The element of surprise now was gone, but Kearnywas determined to move out and engage the enemy and "beat uphis camp" as Stockton had suggested. The order to mount wasgiven at 2 o'clock in the morning. His Dragoons went to the headof the column, and Gillespie's Volunteers, to their disgust, wereordered to the rear, to help guard the baggage. gillesRietells thestory of what followed:

The weather had cleared, the moon shone as bright as day almost, but thewind coming from the snow covered mountains, made it so cold, we couldscarcely hold our bridle reins.

Our road lay over a mountain which divides the valley of San Pascual fromthat of Santa Maria, and is about six miles in length. The ascent is quite regu-lar, the road smooth, and has been used by the native Californians for carts. Asday dawned, we arrived at the top of the hill, which immediately overlooks theValley of San Pascual; a halt was ordered and preparations made to engage theEnemy. General Kearny addressed the Dragoons and Riflemen, telling them to"be steady and obey implicitly the orders of their officers; that their Country

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expected them to do their duty: and that one thrust of the sabre point, was farmore efl'ective than any number of cuts."

The General told me. that Capt. Moore would direct the charge, and hadorders to surround the Indian Village: in the performance of which duty, he

ished me to cooperate all in rny power: to follow Capt. Moore, and if possiblecapture every man: to shoot any who might resist or attempt to escape, butmake exertions to capture man and horse. Lieutenant Davidson. 1st Dragoons,in command of the Howitzers, was ordered to follow in the rear of' my command.NI:Oor Swords with his command had not yet come up. The order to march is

en. We proceeded down the mountain. The clang of the heavy Dragoon sa-I echoing amongst the hills upon this cold frosty morning, and reverberating11.o11 t lie mountain top back upon the Valley seemed like so many alarm bellsI I i notice of our approach. The grey light of morn appeared as we approachedhe valley. We were marching by twos: and as the advance, commanded bzapt. Johnston had reached the plain, the General gave the order to "Trot,'

%1/4 h ich Capt. Johnston misunderstood for "charge:" a shout, and off dashed the)rat400ns at the charge, as fast as their tired, worn out mules and horses could

rAt Page,THE LANCES OF THE CALIFORNIA HORSEMEN took a terribletoll uf (;en. Kearny's Army of the West, as shown in painting by Walter Francis.

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be urged; whilst my command was still upon the hill side, and more than a halfmile from the Indian village; the boundaries of which, were clearly shown bythe fire that was opened upon the advance, by the Enemy posted in a gulleyat the side fronting our approach.

The charge led down a long hog-back ridge that slopes into thevalley to a point about two miles west of the bridge across theSanta Ysabel Creek which becomes the San Dieguito River a fewmiles further west.

In the valley the alarmed Californios had rounded up theirhorses, and in a disorganized state awaited what mightcome. Fel i-cita, the little Indian girl, saw the start of the action:

...we heard the sounds of voices shouting on the mountain side toward SantaMaria; we ran out of our huts to find the cause. The clouds hung so low that atfirst we could see nothing for the mist, but soon there came the figure of men,like shadows, riding down the mountain. As they drew nearer we saw that theytoo were soldiers, wearing coats of blue.

The Mexican soldiers were sitting on their horses, holding their long lancesin their hands; they now rode swiftly to meet the soldiers in blue, and soonthere came the sounds of battle. But the Indians, in great fear, fled again to themountains. When we had climbed high above the valley, we hid behind thebrush and weeds. Then we looked down and watched. One of our men who hadlived at the mission, told us that these strange soldiers from the hills wereAmericans and that they were fighting to take the land away from the Mexi-cans. The Mexicans had not been good to the Indians, so we were not sorry tosee the new soldiers come against them.

The first man to fall was Capt. Johnston who had led the chargedown the hill. A bullet from the gun of Leandro Osuna struck himin the forehead and he fell dead from his horse. 'The Americansdriving down the hill virtually 'moved over their dead andwounded and slammed into the lances and bullets of the Califor-nians. Kit Carson's horse, plunging down the hillside, stumbledand threw Carson to the ground, breaking his rifle. Though Kearnyrealized a mistake in command had been made, he knew it wastoo late to change it, and he followed his men into the swirlingbattle in the half-light of the morning. After a brief but bloodyencounter the Californians suddenly turned and retreated acrossthe valley and reorganized behind the little hill on which the SanPasqual Battle Monument now stands.

Capt. Moore, believing the enemy to be in retreat, ordered asecond charge. As the Americans followed in a long disorganizedline, the Californios swept out from their hiding place. The Ameri-can Dragoons were cut to pieces. Alone in front, Moore ran upagainst Andrés Pico, fired one pistol shot and then slashed out athim with a sabre. Leandro Osuna and Dionisio Alipas closed in onMoore and pierced him with their lances. He fell from his horseand was finished off with a pistol shot by Tomas Sanchez.

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Lt. Hammond, following close urion Moore, went down with lancethrusts between his ribs. The rifles of the Americans failed tofire because of wet cartridges. Some of the Dragoons were las-soed and hauled from their mules and horses, to be stabbedto death. Their tired mounts could not cope with the fresh andspirited California horses.

Gillespie tells the story:

After a pursuit of over a mile and a half, the Dragoons came upon the Enemyin the open plain, where they made a stand, evidently having observed thescattered position of our force. As we came up, I saw a party of some twenty-fiveor thirty Dragoons, slowly turning before a superior force of the Enemy. Swordin hand I dashed forward to them crying, "Rally men, for God's sake rally, showa front, don't turn your backs, face them, face them, follow me," but to no effect;their brave leader had fallen, pierced by many lances; their travel worn horsesbeing incapable of any more exertion, themselves chilled by the cold, their limbsstiffened by their clothing, soaked by the rain of the night previous; and beingalmost surrounded, they were completely panic stricken; the best men of thiscommand, having already fallen in unequal combat. Instead of the Dragoonsheeding my efforts to rally them, they passed my left, when I fell in up--n thecenter of the Enemy, and was immediately surrounded and saluted with thecry of recognition, "Ya, es Gillespie, adentro hombres, adentro." "There is Gil-lespie, at him men, at him!"

Gillespie was recognized as the American commander whohad made life so unpleasant at Los Angeles for the pleasure-loving Californios.

Four lances were darted at me instantly, which being parried, the fifth andsixth quickly followed, accompanied by the discharge of an Escopeta, almostinto my face. At this moment I noticed a lance "in rest" coming from the frontand when leaning over the neck of my horse, parrying the charge, I was struckon the back of the neck by another lance, at the collar of my coat, with suchforce, as to be thrown clear from my saddle to the ground, with my sabre underme. As I attempted to rise I received a thrust from a lance behind me, strikingabove the heart, making a severe gash open to the lungs. I turned my face inthe direction of my assailant, when, one of the Enemy riding at full speed,charged upon me, dashed his lance at my face, struck and cutting my upper lip,broke a front tooth, and threw me upon my back, as his horse jumped over me.

In the panic of those few minutes, Kearny, fighting alone, aswere most of his men, was lanced three times, in an arm and inthe buttocks, and was 'saved from certain death by Emory whodrove off another attacker. One of the two howitzers was lassoedand hauled away. The Sutter gun and the other howitzer werebrought into play and Gillespie managed to fire one himself byusing his cigar lighter, before he collapsed on the field. The Ameri-can retreat was halted, and the Californios temporarily scattered.

As day dawned, the smoke cleared away, and Emory wrote:

...we commenced collecting our dead and wounded. We found eighteen ofourofficers and men were killed on the field, and thirteen wounded. Amongst the

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killed were Captains Moore and Johnston, and Lt. Hammond of the 1st Dra-gams. The general, Capt. Gillespie, Capt. Gibson, Lt. Warner, and Mr. Robi-deatm badly wounded.

The Indian village was scoured for :he dead and wounded:

The first object which met my eye was the manly figure of Capt. John-ston. He was perfectly lifeless, a ball having passed directly throughthe centre of his head.

The work of plundering the dead had already commenced; his watch wasgone, nothing being left of it but a fragment of the gold chain by which it wassuspended from his neck. . . Captain Johnston and one dragoon were the onlypersons either killed or wounded on our side in the fight by firearms.

Gillespie reported that of the total American force of 153 men,not more than 45 had borne the brunt of the fight. Only one Cali-fornian, Francisco Lara, had been killed, though twelve had beenwounded, one of whom later died. One was captured by PhilipCrosthwaite, a volunteer who came with Gillespie's force.He was Pablo Vejar.

The Americans moved over to the north side of the valley, upon a long hill, and in the notes of Stanley, the artist-draftsmanwith the Kearny force, we find:

At first General Kearny thought to move on the same day. The dead werelashed on mules, and remained two hours or more in that posture. It was a sadand melancholy picture. We soon found, however, that our wounded were un-able to travel. The mules were released of their packs, and the men engaged infortifying the place for the night. During the day the enemy were in sight cur-veting their horses, keeping ourcamp in constant excitement. Three of CaptainGillespie's volunteers started with dispatches to Commodore Stockton. Thedead were buried at night and ambulances made for the wounded. . .

Late that night, the dead were buried in a single grave.Emory wrote:

When night closed in, the bodies of the dead were buried under a willow tothe east of our camp, with no other accompaniment than the howling of themyriads of wolves attracted by the smell. Thus were put to rest together, andforever, a band of brave and heroic men. The long march of 2,000 miles hadbrought our little command, both officers and men, to know each other well.Community of hardships, dangers, and privations, had produced relations ofmutual regard which caused their loss to sink deeply in our memories.

Kit Carson escaped the lances, and years later, when his ex-ploits were ridiculed in a cynical age, Lt. Beale came to his defenseand wrote that "I remember when we lay side by side on the bloodybattlefield all night, when you mourned like a woman, and wouldnot be comforted, not for those who had fallen but for the sadhearts of women at home when the sad tale would be told."

The "wolves" to which Emory referred so many times were coy-otes. With Kearny in great suffering, Capt. H. S. Turner, his

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aide-de-camp, took command and sent three couriers from the Vol-unteers to Commodore Stockton at San Diego, informing him ofwhat had happened and asking assistance. Two of those sent wereAlexis Godey and Thomas Burgess. The third probably was anIndian. Duvall in the log of the Cyane mentions that the Indianwho had gone out and brought back the sheep for the besiegedAmericans at San Diego also was the one who later carried a mes-sage to Kearny, was captured by the Mexicans and badly treated.

The first inkling.. of the tragedy, however, was taken toSan Diego by Capt. Stokes, who had heard reports while enrouteback to his ranch. But he was vague as to details, and no alarmwas sounded.

Stretchers, or ambulances, to carry the wounded were made ofwillow and buffalo robes, in frontier fashion, with one end sus-pended from a mule and the other dragging on the ground. In themorning the march toward San Diego was resumed, with Kearnyback in the saddle and in command, the column passing along aroute taking them over the hills on the north side of the valley. Itwas a painful day for the wounded. That mid-afternoon, after atrek of about five.miles, they turned back toward the valley andreached Rancho San Bernardo and the ranch home of EdwardSnook. It was deserted except for a few Indians. The site is justeast of Highway 395 at the north end of the Lake Hodges cross-ing. Here they killed chickens to feed the wounded and roundedup some cattle.

After a short rest they moved into the valley. The enemy re-appeared from a ravine, attempted an encirclement, which failed,and thirty or forty of them then took positions on a small hillcommanding the road. Emory and six or eight men were sent todislodge them, which they did, amid considerable gunfire. But theArmy of the West could go no further. The cattle had been stam-peded, and the wounded were in dire need of rest and treatment,and unless help arrived, they surely would all be lost.

They dragged themselves up on the rocky hill, which can beseen from Highway 395, and barricadedthemselves behind battle-ments erected with rocks. They bored holes in the river bed forwater and killed the fattest of the mules for food. This rocky pointnow is known as "Mule Hill." The following morning a messengerwith a flag of truce appeared and disclosed that Andrés Pico hadcaptured four Americans and wished to exchange them for a likenumber of Californians. The three couriers to Stockton had gottenthrough but had been captured on attempting to return. As theAmericans held but one captive, only Burgess was able to rejointhe Volunteers on Mule Hill. Pico also passed along some

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goods for Gillespie which had been sent out from San Diegowith the couriers.

The message asking for help had been oddly matter-of-fact, lack-ing a sense of urgency, and while Stockton later said he had begunimmediate preparations to send assistance, all available horseshad been taken by Gillespie and some delay was necessary. Ontheir way back to San Pasqual Valley, and just before their cap-ture, Godey and Burgess committed the contents of the messageto memory and cached the paper in an oak tree. It was found yearslater by one of Juan Bandini's vaqueros, and what is believed tobe a copy is in the Huntington Library. It reads:

Sir: Your letter by Lt. Godoy communicating to me the sad Intelligence ofthe fight which took place yesterday at early dawn, reached me last night, andI would have instantly sent a detachment to aid you but unfortunately everyhorse that could travel had been sent with the riflemen, and left us withoutany means to transport our Artillery. We have not an Animal in the Garrisonthat can go two leagues, besides we have no conveyances or means of any kindto transport the wounded. Under these circumstances and especially becauseMr. Godoy says you have effective force enough to defend yourselves in campor to march to San Diego, I have thought it most wise to postpone the march ofmy men till I can hear from you again as they will only consume provisionswithout being of any use. Mr. Godoy returns to you Immediately with this.Faithfully, Your obt St. R. F. Stockton. To H. S. Turner, Captain U.S.A., Cmdgat Camp Near San Pasqual.

With the situation on Mule Hill now desperate, it was decidedto send another plea for help. Kit Carson, Lt. Beale and an Indianvolunteered to try and get through the enemy lines to San Diego,twenty-nine miles distant. An Indian had accompanied Beale fromSan Diego as a servant, and Frémont in his memoirs identifieshim as the one who went with Carson and Beale.

Under xiver of night they slipped out through the enemy lines.Carson's own story follows:

As soon as dark we started on our mission. In crawling over the rocks andbrush our shoes making noise, we took them off; fastened them under our belts.We had to crawl about two miles. We could see three rows of sentinels, allahorseback, we would often have to pass within 23 yards of one. We got through,but had the misfortune to have lost our shoes, had to travel over a country cov-ered with prickly pear and rocks, barefoot.

During the day they remained in hiding in a gorge, perhapsPefiasquitos Gorge, and at night, when within twelve miles of SanDiego, separated, to multiply the chances of getting in. The cus-tomary evening ball was under way at the Bandini house, and theband of the USS Congress was playing in the Plaza when the In-dian servant reached Old Town with the sad news of Kearny'sperilous situation. Carson arrived soon after. Beale came in later,in such a condition he had to be carried before Stockton.

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On Mule Hill, meanwhile, Sgt. John Cox died of his wounds andwas buried on the hill and his grave covered with heavy rocks.The enemy attempted to drive a herd of wild horses through thecamp and cause a stampede. The herd was turned aside but sev-eral were killed to provide a happy change of diet. The baggagewas ordered destroyed to keep it from falling into the hands of theenemy. At the end of three days on the hill, Dr. Griffin thoughtthe wounded had progressed enough where all but two could ride,and the order was given to resume the march the next morning.They were certain that Beale and Carson had not gotten through.During the night a guard heard voices English voices.

Emory wrote:It was a detachment of 100 tars and 80 marines under Lt. Gray, sent to meet

us by Commodore Stockton, from whom we learned that Lt. Beale, Carson andthe Indian had arrived safely at San Diego. The detachment left San Diego onthe night of the 9th, cached themselves during the day of the 10th, and joinedus on the night of that day. These gallant fellows busied themselves till day,distributing their provisions and clothes to our naked and hungry people.

In two days, on Dec. 12, the battered Army accompanied by Lt.Andrew F. V. Gray of the USS Congress and 180 men arrived atSan Diego, and Emory wrote:

At this place we were in view of the fort overlooking the town of San Diegoand the barren waste which surrounds it . . . the town consists of a few adobehouses, two or three of which only have plank floors . .. the rain fell in torrentsas we entered the town, and it was my singular fate here, as in Santa Fe, to bequartered in the calaboose, a miserable hut, of one room, some 40x30 feetsquare. A huge old gun was mounted in this hovel, looking through an embras-ure to the westward . . . we preferred the open air and the muddy plaza,saturated with all sorts of filth, to this wretched hole. . . .

The "calaboose" probably was the town hall in the Plaza. A dif-fent view of their arrival at San Diego was given by Dr. Griffin:

We all arose freshened with the idea of reaching St. Diego today, and thusfinishing this long weary march. We left and marched into St. Diego around4 p.m., where we receiwd the warmest welcome and kindest attention fromour naval friends. I found everything so far as it was in the power of the sur-geon's post prepared for my wounded men, and every attention that a warmand generous heart extended to the poor fellows. The Congress and Portsmouthwere laying at anchor in the bay and the town of St. Diego garrisoned by thecrew and marines from these two ships.

To Gen. Kearny, San Pasqual had been a victory. The enemyhad fled and the battlefield had been cleared. Two more Dragoonsdied in San Diego making twenty-one in all. One Volunteer alsowas listed as having been killed. As for the Californios, they di-vided into small bands and faded into the hills, a few of themgiving up the fight and entering San Diego under flags of truce.Felipa Osuna Marrón tells how her husband became so embittered

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with his own people that he asked to be allowed to return to Sar.Diego from his ranch at Agua Hedionda. With Felipa and herhusband, under the protection of a white flag, came a number ofmen who had participated in the Battle of San Pasqual. One ofthem was her brother, Leandro Osuna, who had killed Capt. John-ston, and another was Jesus Machado. She said the flag of herbrother's lance was stained with blood and at first the Americansseemed hostile, but nothing happened.

But, as Dr. Griffin wrote. The "enemy have the country and wehave no communication with our friends in the north. The Sono-rians are running off all the cattle and horses, and the fact is thecountry will have nothing in it after the war is over."

There was a sad aftermath to the tragedy of San Pasqual thatleft a legacy of sorrow in a little divided community. Hayes wrote:Some families of San Diego yet mourn for the relatives who were killed bythe San Luis Rey Indians in 1846. The day is remembered only as between diade la Virgen (December 8th) and that of Guadalupe (December 12th). It wasimmediately after the Battle of San Pasqual . it is unknown and inexplicablewhat may have led the Indians to strike this terrible blow at persons livingamongst them, on terms of greatest confidence.

Men who had wet their lances with the blood of American sol-diers themselves were slaughtered and certainly in a moment ofsavage retribution by Indians whose lands they had taken.Fleeing from the field of battle, with the appearance of Lt.Gray's rescue expedition, a number of the Californios went toPauma Valley, in the shadow of Palomar Mountains about forty-two miles northeast of San Diego, on the upper San Luis ReyRiver, four miles west of the Pala Mission and about fifteen milessouthwest of Warner's. This was the ranch of José Antonio Ser-rano, though a number of otherCalifornios, includingJuan MariaOsuna, José Aguilar and Bonifacio Lopez, had sent cattle therefor grazing to keep them from falling into the hands ofAmericans.A report reaching San Diego a few days later that Indians hadkilled eleven Mexicanswas discounted, and Dr. Griffin in his diarynoted that "the best versed in California affairs believe these menwere killed in the action of the 6th, and that the Mexicans com-plained of the red skins to conceal their own loss."Little by little the details began to come out. A small tribe of

Luisetio Indians lived in the valley, with Manuelito Cota as theirchief. Serrano, who understood a little of their language, over-heard two women discussing an attack, and while he warned hiscompanions who were resting at the ranch, he evidently didn'ttake it too seriously, and left that day with his son, Jesits, and hisbrother-in-law, José Aguilar, to join his family at Pala.

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Eleven men were left at the ranch. Hayes wrote:The well-known General Manuelito Cota, was supposed to have been at the

head of this sudden movement of his people. The inmates of the ranch housewere asleep, when he knocked at the door. Recognizing his voice, José MariaAlvarado opened the door, against every remonstrations of the rest. The Indiansrushed in, seized their victims, took them . . . to Potrero and Agua Caliente,and put them to death in the most cruel manner. It is to be hoped the imagina-tion of surviving kinsmen has exaggerated the terrors of this scene as it stillis related by them.

The captured men were first put on exhibition at Agua Caliente,for the benefit of the Cuperios of Warner's, the Cahuillas of theeastern mountain and desert areas, and the Luiserios of the SanLuis Rey Mission lands. Manuelito, in a change of heart, wantedto set the captives free. His companion, Pablo Apis, was againstit. Here the story becomes more murky, obscured by legend andold hates. Counsel was sought from two persons, an American,Bill Marshall, the seafaring deserter of Warner's, and a Mexicanrenegade named Yguera who had married a Cuperio woman. Itwas Marshall who is believed to have influenced the Luiserios tokill their captives, by arguing that the American conquerorswould be greatly pleased.

The disbelief that had failed to alarm Serrano and Aguilarturned to fear when they returned to Pauma and learned whathad transpired. They picked up the trail and followed it to AguaCaliente, from where they sent an appeal for help to Bill Williams,at Santa Ysabel, and the chief of the Santa Ysabel Indians,Ignacio. Williams first sent an Indian with an offer to ransom theprisoners with cattle but, that failing, went himself and sawthem lying bound around a fire. He was warned to be off, or he,too, might die.

There are two versions of the manner of their deaths. One isthat they were forced to stand and then were shot full of arrows.The other is that they were lanced to death with spears heated inthe fire. The story is told that young Santiago AlipAs, only thirteenyears old, alone remained calm in the face of death, and was re-warded with execution by gunfire. The bodies were piled in a heapand the Indians danced around them all night. The bodies, exceptthose of Santiago Osuna, youngest son of Juan Maria Osuna, andAlvarado, were secretly buried. The persistence of legend is thatthe bodies of Osuna and Alvarado were turned over to an old In-dian woman, who had been a servant for their families, andshe buried them separately, and then walked to San Diego withthe sad news.

The others who died were Manuel Serrano, brother of José An-tonio; Ramón Aguilar, José Lopez, his son-in-law, Francisco

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Basualdo, two men from Los Angeles named Dominguez andEstacio Ruiz, Juan de la Cruz of Lower California, and an uniden-tified man from New Mexico.

There were attempts to link Kearny with the massacre, in re-gard to advice he had given to representatives of the Indians atSanta Ysabel, when they expressed a willingness to aid the Amer-ican cause. He told them to remain neutral, though Manuelitoinsisted years later that Kearny also said they had a right todefend themselves from any acts on the part of the Mexicans.Marshall's part in the affair emerged only slowly, and his punish-ment was yet a few years away.

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THOSE ACCURSED HOWITZERS

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35

ived volumeofficial news-ot issued, the['embers cur-Society ney'llzmations andthe functscm

by

WILLIAM L. PERKINS

There is little doubt that the wheel is responsible for many ofthe marvels of today. Yet there have been times when it might havebeen better if this contrivance had not existed. The Americans whofought in the Battle of San Pasqual had good reason to reflect aboutthis premise.

In the history of war, many disasters have been the result ofsome, perhaps minor, factor of error. But it took a pair of mountainhowitzers literally dragged across the deserts of the Southwest towreck the plans of the Army sent to California in 1846.

When the Mexican War broke out, the United States had mili-tary units in California and in Texas. Between these two points laynearly 1500 miles of virtually uninhabited country. The only settle-ment of any size in this wilderness was the Mexican stronghold ofSanta Fe, the gateway of the southern route to California. This war,which cost the United States some 13,000 casualties, was violentlyfelt in Southern California.

Previous works on the San Pasqual affair have been, for the mostfort, studies of the battle. Scant attention has been paid to the event-ful days leading up to the conflict, and yet, it was in these pre-battledays that the tragedy began. A close look at the troubles encounteredby the Army on its march to California makes the wheel suspect asthe true villain of San Pasqual!

To overcome the Mexicans at Santa Fe, to aid in the conquestof California, and to secure the lands that lay in between were the'objectives of the force called the Army of the West. Commanded byStephen Watts Kearny, then a Colonel, the force was organized atFort Leavenworth, Kansas, in the summer of 1846. Nearly 1,000 menleft Kansas in August, on what would become a most trouble-'Plagued march.

e d

Pteau"ommum-416oe Bon

Mr. Perkins, a native Californian, has lived in San Diego since 1939.He has held a life-long interest and study of the application of geology,peuology and paleontology to historical studies related to San DiegoCounty. This article marks his 6zst appearance in this Quarterly as acontributor.

4

As

hist

ory

has

docu

men

ted,

the

conq

uest

of

Sant

a Fe

was

mor

eof

a c

eleb

ratio

n th

an a

fig

ht. T

he c

ity, w

ith it

s of

fici

als

ina

stat

e of

conf

usio

n, a

nd it

s m

ilita

ry in

flig

ht, l

itera

lly h

ung

out t

he b

untin

gfo

r th

e so

ldad

os A

mer

ican

os. T

he tr

oope

rs s

taye

d at

San

ta F

e ne

arly

a m

onth

, set

ting

up a

gov

ernm

ent a

nd r

esup

plyi

ng f

or th

e ov

erla

ndjo

urne

y to

the

Paci

fic.

At S

anta

Fe,

Kea

rny

was

adv

ance

d to

the

rank

of G

ener

al.

Tw

o m

en w

ith th

e A

rmy

kept

exc

elle

nt c

hron

icle

s of

the

jour

-ne

y: L

ieut

enan

t Will

iam

H. E

mor

y, a

topo

grap

hica

l eng

inee

r; a

ndD

octo

r Jo

hn S

. Gri

ffin

, an

Arm

y su

rgeo

n. T

his

artic

le f

inds

its

basi

sup

on th

e w

ritin

gs o

f th

ese

men

.O

n Se

ptem

ber

25, t

he A

rmy

left

San

ta F

e, h

eadi

ng s

outh

wes

t for

the

Val

ley

of th

e R

io G

rand

e. H

ere,

the

firs

t ing

redi

ents

of

the

stew

-po

t whi

ch b

oile

d ov

er a

t San

Pas

qual

wer

e m

ixed

. The

gen

eral

,fa

ced

with

the

task

of

mov

ing

his

forc

es a

cros

s th

e w

ild a

nd d

esol

ate

area

, ove

rloa

ded

his

wag

ons

with

sup

plie

s of

sur

viva

l and

war

fare

.T

his

was

his

fir

st e

rror

in ju

dgm

ent,

for

itw

as 'w

ith g

reat

dif

ficu

ltyth

at th

e w

agon

s pa

ssed

ove

r th

is s

ectio

n of

the

rout

e.T

he C

hihu

ahua

Tra

il ov

er w

hich

the

men

trav

eled

was

anc

ient

and

wel

l-us

ed. T

his

rout

e w

hich

link

ed S

anta

Fe

with

El P

aso

and

Chi

huah

ua C

ity h

ad s

een

muc

h tr

affi

c in

lega

las

wel

l as

cont

raba

ndtr

ade.

Kea

rny

antic

ipat

ed li

ttle

trou

ble

but q

uick

ly f

ound

it w

hen

he r

ealiz

ed h

e ha

d be

en s

old

a po

or s

tock

of

mul

esat

San

ta F

e.O

n Se

ptem

ber

26, t

he d

octo

r re

port

ed th

at "

All

the

men

wer

em

ount

ed u

pon

mul

es."

How

cou

ld th

is h

ave

been

? It

has

bee

nsu

g-ge

sted

that

the

citiz

ens

Sant

a Fe

con

vinc

ed K

earn

y th

at h

orse

sco

uld

not m

ake

it am

, the

des

erts

, and

trad

ed h

im m

ules

for

his

cava

lry

stoc

k. T

his

is a

n in

tere

stin

g th

ough

t, bu

t cer

tain

lyno

t log

ical

.W

heth

er K

earn

y m

ade

it to

the

coas

t or

not w

ould

hav

e be

en o

f lit

tleco

ncer

n to

thes

e to

wns

peop

le. M

ore

likel

y, th

eir

mot

ive

was

pro

fit.

Gri

ffin

com

men

ted

that

the

peop

le o

f Sa

nta

Few

ere

not a

fflic

ted

with

cons

cien

ce.

One

of

the

man

y un

expl

aine

d m

yste

ries

of

the

mar

ch w

as th

ede

cisi

on o

f K

earn

y to

use

his

dra

ft.a

nim

als

to p

ull t

he h

eavy

wag

ons

dow

n th

e R

io G

rand

e. O

n Se

ptem

ber

27, G

riff

in o

bser

ved,

"...

the

mul

es p

urch

ased

by

the

Qua

rter

mas

ter

are

extr

emel

y w

eak.

Man

y of

them

are

nea

rly

give

n ou

t...."

'1 h

e w

heel

was

sta

rtin

g to

take

its

heav

y to

ll.O

n O

ctob

er 3

, 184

6, a

fter

one

wee

k on

the

trai

l, E

mor

y no

ted

that

the

wag

ons

had

not c

ome

up, a

nd th

at th

etr

oops

had

wai

ted

afu

ll da

y fo

r th

em. T

he n

ext d

ay, h

e sa

id th

at th

ew

agon

s m

ount

edth

e sa

nd h

ills

but w

ith g

reat

dif

ficu

lty. B

y th

e 5t

h, th

etr

oops

rea

ched

Soco

rro,

a M

exic

an v

illag

e on

the

rive

r. A

ta

plac

e ne

ar h

ere

they

plan

ned

to le

ave

the

Rio

Gra

nde.

The

y ha

d or

igin

ally

mea

nt to

cro

ssth

e m

ount

ains

by

way

of

the

road

to th

e Sa

nta

Rita

copp

er m

ines

.T

he 5

th o

f O

ctob

er, h

owev

er, w

asa

day

of d

estin

y fo

r K

earn

y an

dhi

s m

en.

In m

id-a

fter

noon

Kit

Car

son,

the

cele

brat

edsc

out,

and

his

men

gallo

ped

into

Soc

orro

. Kea

rny

lear

ned

from

this

grou

p th

at th

e w

arho

d en

ded

in C

alif

orni

a, a

nd th

at C

arso

nw

as b

ound

for

Was

hing

ton

with

the

new

s. K

earn

y sh

ould

hav

e be

en jo

yous

, but

the

wor

d th

at

)30

the

"Sta

rs a

nd S

trip

es"

flew

in e

very

por

t on

the

Cal

ifor

nia

shor

esw

as b

itter

new

s fo

r hi

m. A

mon

g hi

s in

stru

ctio

ns f

rom

the

Pres

iden

tw

as th

e or

der

to ta

ke c

harg

e of

aff

airs

on

arri

val i

n Sa

n D

iego

. Now

,K

earn

y w

as f

earf

ul th

at F

rem

ont,

alre

ady

in th

at c

ity, w

ould

usu

rphi

s co

mm

and.

Kea

rny

orde

red

Car

son

to g

uide

the

Arm

y ba

ck o

ver

the

trai

lon

whi

ch h

e ha

d ju

st c

ome.

Car

son

hesi

tate

d, f

or h

e ha

d ho

ped

topr

ocee

d to

Was

hing

ton,

but

und

er th

reat

orc

ourt

-mar

tial a

gree

d to

retu

rn to

Cal

ifor

nia.

His

one

qua

lific

atio

n, h

owev

er, w

as h

is w

ish

toab

ando

n th

e w

agon

s. C

arso

n fe

lt th

ey w

ere

too

heav

y fo

r th

e de

sert

sah

ead.

Car

son

also

insi

sted

that

the

troo

ps tr

avel

far

ther

dow

n-ri

ver

befo

re tu

rnin

g w

est.

Kea

rny

kept

his

wag

ons,

and

Car

son

his

wis

hon

the

rout

e to

take

.A

s th

e m

en m

oved

sou

thw

ard,

the

trav

el b

ecam

e m

ore

diff

icul

t.T

he D

octo

r re

cord

ed in

his

dia

ry th

at th

e tr

oops

wer

e on

the

wor

stst

retc

h of

roa

d ye

t enc

ount

ered

. Em

ory

note

d on

Oct

ober

9, "

The

road

is u

nbro

ken,

obs

truc

ted

by b

ushe

s, a

nd s

o ba

d th

e w

agon

s on

lym

ade

111/

2 m

iles,

and

the

team

s ca

me

into

cam

p bl

own

and

stag

ger-

ing

afte

r th

eir

day'

s w

ork.

"T

he d

eep

sand

of

the

rive

r te

rrac

es in

the

Val

ley

of th

e R

ioG

rand

e so

on p

rove

d C

arso

n to

hav

e be

en c

orre

ct a

bout

the

wag

ons.

The

se tr

ansp

orts

ave

rage

d 5,

000

poun

ds lo

aded

, and

req

uire

d si

x to

eigh

t mul

es p

er w

agon

. On

the

10th

, the

dec

isio

n w

as m

ade

to a

ban-

don

then

i. A

par

ty w

as s

ent b

ack

for

pack

ani

mal

s an

d sa

ddle

s. I

nfo

ur d

ays

the

men

ret

urne

d, d

ejec

ted

that

no

othe

r an

imal

s w

ere

avai

labl

e.E

arlie

r, K

earn

y ha

d de

term

ined

to le

ave

two-

thir

ds o

f hi

s co

m-

man

d in

San

ta F

e to

wai

t for

Phi

lip S

t. G

eorg

e C

ooke

, who

fol

low

edth

e A

rmy

of th

e W

est w

ith th

e M

orm

on B

atta

lion.

Aga

in, K

earn

yde

cide

d to

red

uce

his

stre

ngth

, kee

ping

onl

y C

ompa

nies

"C

" an

d"K

" of

the

Firs

t Dra

goon

s. A

ll an

imal

s ex

cept

thos

e m

ount

ed b

y th

eca

valr

y w

ere

pres

sed

into

pac

k-du

ty.

Rid

at l

ast o

f th

e m

ule-

killi

ng w

agon

s, K

earn

y fe

lt th

at th

e fo

rce

coul

d m

ove

with

a m

inim

um o

f tr

oubl

e. T

his

wou

ld h

ave

been

the

case

, exc

ept t

hat h

e m

ade

anot

her

fate

ful d

ecis

ion.

He

chos

e to

kee

ptw

o of

his

how

itzer

s!*

Wha

teve

r m

ight

hav

e be

en g

aine

d by

giv

ing

up th

e w

agon

s w

as lo

st te

n tim

es o

ver

by th

e ho

witz

ers.

The

bac

k-br

eaki

ng to

il an

d th

e ex

pend

iture

of

mul

es in

volv

ed in

get

ting

thes

egu

ns d

own

the

Gila

Riv

er s

eale

d th

e fa

te o

f th

e Fi

rst D

rago

ons

and

cont

ribu

ted

heav

ily to

thei

r lo

sses

at S

an P

asqu

al.

His

tori

ans

are

divi

ded

in o

pini

ons

as to

why

Kea

rny

chos

e to

keep

the

how

itzer

s w

hen

it se

ems

appa

rent

that

any

thin

g w

ith w

heel

sw

ould

put

a te

rrib

le d

rain

on

the

anin

ylls

. Som

e au

thor

s ha

ve s

ug-

gest

ed th

at K

earn

y sa

w h

is c

aval

ry m

ount

ed o

n m

ules

and

his

pri

vate

stoc

k of

ani

mal

s ca

rryi

ng p

acks

. Did

the

Gen

eral

thin

k th

e ho

witz

ers

wou

ld a

t lea

st g

ive

his

troo

ps s

ome

mili

tary

app

eara

nce?

Oth

ers

*The

Arm

y fi

eld

piec

es w

ere

desc

ribe

d by

Cap

t. A

brah

am it

. Joh

nsto

n,of

the

Firs

t Dra

goon

s, a

s be

ing:

sho

rt-b

arre

led

heav

y gu

ns, m

ount

edon

whe

els

roug

hly

thre

e fe

et in

dia

met

er, t

hree

fee

t apa

rt. T

hey

fire

da

12-l

b. b

all.

31l)

not s

o ki

ndly

dis

pose

d to

Kea

rny

clai

m th

e ch

oice

was

a v

ain-

glor

i-ou

s at

tem

pt to

sho

w w

ho w

as b

ossi

Wha

teve

r th

e re

ason

, the

con

se-

quen

ces

wer

e tr

agic

.Fi

ve d

ays

late

r, th

e A

rmy

left

the

Rio

Gra

nde.

Tra

velli

ng o

ver

wel

l-tr

odde

n In

dian

trai

ls, t

he m

en c

ross

ed th

e m

ount

ains

in f

our

days

. The

pas

sage

was

mad

e "w

ithou

t adv

entu

re w

orth

men

tion.

"T

he e

asy

trav

el o

f th

e m

ount

ain

trai

ls, h

owev

er, c

ame

to a

n ab

rupt

end

on th

e G

ila R

iver

.A

gain

the

Arm

y be

cam

e bo

gged

dow

n in

san

d be

caus

e of

the

whe

eled

veh

icle

s. T

he h

owitz

ers

wer

e no

t par

ticul

arly

hea

vy, b

ut th

ew

heel

s up

on w

hich

they

wer

e m

ount

ed w

ere

so n

arro

w th

ey s

ank

into

the

sand

at e

very

turn

, and

so

shor

t in

circ

umfe

renc

e th

at e

ven

a sm

all s

tone

cau

sed

them

to s

win

g ab

out.

Tow

ard

the

end

of th

e da

y O

ctob

er 2

1, E

mor

y w

rote

, "T

his

has

been

a h

ard

day

on th

e an

imal

s. T

he h

owitz

ers

did

not r

each

cam

pat

all.

..."

The

fol

low

ing

day

he a

dded

this

pos

tscr

ipt,

'"rh

e ho

w-

itzer

s ca

me

up a

t 9 o

'clo

ck, h

avin

g in

the

prev

ious

day

, the

ir s

haft

sbr

oken

, and

, ind

eed,

eve

ryth

ing

that

was

pos

sibl

e to

bre

ak a

bout

them

." On

Oct

ober

26,

the

troo

ps s

trug

gled

alo

ng th

e tr

ail o

n sh

ort

ratio

ns; m

ore

than

hal

f of

the

men

wer

e on

foo

t. T

he h

owitz

ers

used

up th

e m

ules

so

fast

, tha

t the

cav

alry

was

for

ced

to g

ive

upits

mou

nts

for

the

haul

ing

of th

e gu

ns. T

he d

iari

es r

efle

ct a

gro

win

g fe

elin

g of

disc

oura

gem

ent o

n th

e m

arch

and

com

plet

e di

sgus

t for

the

how

itzer

s.A

s E

mor

y pu

t it,

"Soo

n af

ter

brea

king

cam

p, th

e ba

nks

of th

e ri

ver

beca

me

gulli

ed o

n bo

th s

ides

by

deep

arr

oyos

. We

cove

red

16 m

iles

in 8

1/2

hour

s of

ince

ssan

t toi

l to

the

men

and

mis

ery

to th

e m

ules

.So

me

did

not r

each

cam

p at

all.

"B

y no

w, i

t had

bec

ome

evid

ent t

hat t

he h

owitz

ers

wer

e w

eari

ngdo

wn

the

men

and

mul

es. E

ach

day

the

Arm

y fe

ll fu

rthe

r be

hind

sche

dule

. On

Oct

ober

30,

the

entr

ies

in b

oth

diar

ies

cont

aine

d di

repr

edic

tions

of

impe

ndin

g do

om, "

... th

e m

ules

are

bre

akin

g do

wn

fast

...."

Nov

embe

r 1,

the

troo

ps w

ere

now

thir

ty-f

ive

days

out

of

Sant

aFe

. Acc

ordi

ng to

Car

son,

the

aver

age

cros

sing

bet

wee

n Sa

nta

Fe a

ndSa

n D

iego

took

55

days

. On

this

bas

is, K

earn

y sh

ould

hav

e be

en, a

tth

is ti

me,

two-

thir

ds o

f th

e w

ay to

San

Die

go. B

ut s

uch

was

not

the

case

! In

stea

d, th

e ar

my

was

lock

ed in

a s

trug

gle

with

the

how

itzer

s;up

hill,

dow

nhill

; ove

r sa

ndy

trai

l and

roc

ky tr

ail.

The

ir p

rogr

ess

forw

ard

slow

ed to

a c

raw

l. E

mor

y's

entr

y of

Nov

embe

r 2

cont

aine

dth

is r

uefu

l sta

tem

ent,

"As

day

daw

ned

we

look

ed a

nxio

usly

for

the

how

itzer

s ...

whi

ch a

re im

pedi

ng o

ur p

rogr

ess.

"O

ne c

ould

con

clud

e th

at e

ven

Kea

rny

wou

ld h

ave

had

enou

ghof

the

how

itzer

s. T

he s

trug

gle

to m

ove

them

eve

n a

mile

was

taki

ngth

e he

art o

ut o

f th

e A

rmy.

Em

ory

put i

nto

wor

ds w

hat w

as p

roba

bly

the

mos

t pre

vale

nt th

ough

t in

cam

p w

hen

he w

rote

, "T

he h

owitz

ers

did

not r

each

cam

p la

st n

ight

. Sin

ce th

e 1s

t of

Nov

embe

r w

e ha

vebe

en tr

avel

ling

with

incr

edib

le la

bor

and

grea

t exp

endi

ture

s of

mul

epo

wer

."D

espi

te th

e te

rrib

le to

ll of

ani

mal

s, K

earn

y dr

ove

his

Arm

yha

rder

than

eve

r, f

or h

e ha

d le

arne

d th

at w

arfa

re h

ad b

een

open

ly

I32

rene

wed

in C

alif

orni

a. T

he G

ener

alw

as m

ore

dete

rmin

ed th

an e

ver

to g

et th

ere

befo

re h

ostil

ities

end

ed.

At t

he e

nd o

f a

toils

ome

Nov

embe

r6,

Gri

ffin

wro

te, "

The

how

-itz

ers

have

bee

n le

ft in

the

mou

ntai

ns. T

hegr

eat d

iffi

culty

of

getti

ngan

ythi

ng a

long

with

whe

els

caus

ed th

e lo

ss o

f an

othe

rda

y. ..

. Lor

dkn

ows

whe

n th

ey w

ill a

rriv

e,th

ough

I k

now

the

men

wor

ked

like

devi

ls to

get

the

curs

ed th

ings

ahe

ad."

*Fi

fty-

seve

n da

ys o

ut o

f Sa

nta

Fe, t

hera

gged

Arm

y re

ache

d th

eC

olor

ado

Riv

er. K

it C

arso

n ha

d ea

rlie

r be

enqu

oted

as

sayi

ng th

atno

one

eve

r le

ft th

e G

ila T

rail

with

a f

ull s

tom

ach.

The

troo

ps o

fK

earn

y w

ere

no e

xcep

tion.

Aft

er a

res

t of

two

days

a pa

rt o

f w

hich

was

spe

nt g

athe

ring

food

and

rou

ndin

gup

fre

sh a

nim

als

the

Arm

y cr

osse

d th

e C

olo-

rado

and

pus

hed

nort

hwes

t tow

ard

War

ner's

Hot

Spr

ings

. The

des

erts

wer

e st

ill n

o ki

nder

to th

e fo

rce.

Clo

uds,

hea

vy w

ith r

ain,

hung

ove

rth

e m

ount

ains

on

thei

r le

ft, b

ut th

ison

ly f

rust

rate

d th

e tr

oops

mor

e.T

he w

ater

hol

es th

ey c

ould

fin

dw

ere

salty

and

for

age

for

the

anim

als

was

sca

rce.

An

unus

ual f

og, r

epor

ted

by E

mor

y as

"rol

ling

in f

rom

the

Gul

f,"

and

thei

r ar

riva

l at t

hesp

ring

s of

Val

leci

to, w

as p

roba

bly

thei

r on

ly s

avin

ggr

ace.

Som

e tim

e du

ring

the

day

of D

ecem

ber

2, th

e A

rmy

reac

hed

the

head

of

San

Felip

e V

alle

y, tu

rned

nort

hwes

t by

wes

t int

o th

eoa

k-do

tted

valle

y of

Bue

na V

ista

Cre

ek, a

nd a

fter

a sh

ort m

arch

,ar

rive

d on

the

plai

n of

wha

t is

now

Lak

e H

ensh

aw.

It ta

kes

little

imag

inat

ion

to f

eel t

he r

elie

f th

ese

men

mus

t hav

eex

peri

ence

d at

this

tim

e! D

espi

te th

e co

ld w

ind

from

earl

y D

ecem

ber

snow

s fi

nger

-in

g at

thei

r w

orn

clot

hing

, thi

s se

ctio

n of

the

back

coun

try

mus

tha

ve s

eem

ed li

ke p

arad

ise

to th

e Fi

rst

Dra

goon

s.U

pon

arri

val a

t War

ner's

, Kea

rny

hope

d to

obt

ain

fres

h ho

rses

and

mul

es. O

nce

agai

n fa

te w

ould

deny

this

. No

anim

als

wer

e av

ail-

able

. The

rew

ere,

how

ever

, rep

orts

that

som

e be

long

ing

to G

ener

alFl

ores

wer

e gr

azin

g ne

arby

. The

men

who

nee

ded

rest

, wer

e in

-st

ead,

put

to th

e ta

sk o

f ro

undi

ng th

e an

imal

sup

. Em

ory

was

qui

tecr

itica

l of

this

and

com

plai

ned,

"T

ired

as o

ur p

eopl

e w

ere,

nig

htfa

llfo

und

them

in th

e sa

ddle

...."

The

unf

ortu

nate

cir

cum

stan

ces

whi

ch o

vert

ook

Kea

rny

and

his

troo

ps a

t San

Pas

qual

hav

e be

en b

lam

ed o

nm

any

thin

gs: p

oor

judg

-m

ent,

lack

adai

sica

l sco

utin

g, a

nd b

ad ti

min

g. T

he d

ecis

ion

to a

ttack

has

been

laid

to th

eva

nity

of

Kea

rny

and

over

-ind

ulge

nce

of h

istr

oops

on

the

nigh

t of

Dec

embe

r 5,

184

6. I

tm

ay b

e tr

ue th

at a

ll th

ese

fact

ors

wer

epr

esen

t, bu

t the

rea

l cau

se f

or d

efea

t qui

te p

ossi

bly

goes

muc

h de

eper

than

thes

e hu

man

cha

ract

eris

tics.

In r

etro

spec

t, in

Aug

ust 1

846,

the

Arm

y of

the

Wes

t lef

t Kan

sas

whe

n th

ere

was

a w

ar to

be

won

. The

glo

ry o

f a

conq

uest

at S

anta

Fe w

as ta

ken

from

them

by a

ret

reat

ing

foe.

Nex

t cam

e th

e in

cred

ible

*Add

ed to

the

woe

thes

ew

eapo

ns c

ause

d th

e m

en is

the

iron

ical

fac

tth

at n

eith

er p

rove

d to

he

ofan

y us

e at

San

Pas

qual

. One

was

cap

ture

dby

Pic

o, a

nd o

f th

e ot

her,

not

hing

was

eve

r he

ard

agai

n.

3 3

I e

mar

ch, d

urin

g w

hich

the

fat p

lum

of

Cal

ifor

nia

was

sna

tche

d fr

omth

eir

gras

p an

d la

ter

offe

red

agai

n. W

hile

on

the

mar

ch, t

hem

et,

face

d fa

tigue

, pri

vatio

n, th

irst

, and

sta

rvat

ion.

Add

to th

ese

the

ex-

haus

tive

stru

ggle

to p

ull t

he h

owitz

ers

to C

alif

orni

a. O

ne n

eed

not

be s

urpr

ised

at t

he tu

rn o

f ev

ents

of

San

Pasq

ual!

Tha

t the

troo

ps m

ay h

ave

been

"sp

oilin

g fo

r a

figh

t" is

pro

b-ab

ly th

e un

ders

tate

men

t of

the

times

! T

he n

eed

to f

ace

an e

nem

y w

asgr

eat.

The

nee

d to

acc

ompl

ish

the

task

they

had

set

out

to d

o to

draw

blo

od, a

nd if

nec

essa

ryte

ble

ed, w

as b

y no

w m

ost i

mpo

rtan

t.T

he s

ound

of

"Boo

ts a

nd S

addl

es"

at 2

o'c

lock

in th

e m

orni

ngof

Dec

embe

r 6,

mus

t hav

e be

en g

reet

ed w

ith m

ixed

em

otio

ns in

the

cam

p of

the

Dra

goon

s. W

ith e

yelid

s he

avy

from

nee

ded

slee

p, a

ndbo

dies

stif

f w

ith f

atig

ue a

nd c

old,

the

men

pro

babl

y fe

lt ir

rita

ted

atbe

ing

arou

sed

in th

e m

iddl

e of

the

nigh

t.O

ne c

an f

eel,

whe

n re

adin

g th

e ac

coun

ts o

f th

e ba

ttle,

the

quic

k-en

ing

hear

t-be

at a

s th

e w

ord

spre

ad th

roug

h th

e ca

mp

that

her

e it

was

at l

ast!

A f

ight

! A

con

tact

with

a f

oe th

ey h

ad tr

avel

ed 1

500

mile

s to

mee

t.T

hese

men

kne

w th

e jo

b th

ey h

ad b

een

sent

to d

o. G

riff

insc

raw

led

in h

is d

iary

that

mor

ning

, "...

we

are

off

in s

earc

h of

adve

ntur

e."

Rig

ht o

r w

rong

, the

y ap

proa

ched

thei

r da

te w

ith d

es-

tiny

with

an

"...

ardo

r of

ant

icip

ated

vic

tory

." T

hey

foug

ht th

eir

'oat

tle in

the

best

trad

ition

s of

the

mili

tary

, eve

n th

ough

man

y un

ex-

pect

ed p

robl

ems

aros

e. M

ista

kes

wer

e co

mm

itted

, as

evid

ence

d by

the

lop-

side

d ca

sual

ty li

st, b

ut it

was

onl

y af

ter

the

dust

set

tled

and

the

clam

or o

f ba

ttle

died

aw

ay th

at th

e fu

ror

of c

ritic

ism

beg

anw

hich

stil

l sur

roun

ds th

e vi

olen

ce a

t San

Pas

qual

.T

he m

ista

kes

of th

e ba

ttle

wer

e ju

stif

ied

as c

omm

itted

und

erth

e pr

essu

re o

f br

ash

hast

e, w

hich

had

bee

n th

e th

eme

of th

e m

arch

sinc

e its

beg

inni

ng in

Aug

ust.

By

Dec

embe

r, th

e ne

ed to

act

with

caut

ious

app

rais

al h

ad b

een

thro

wn

over

in th

e st

rugg

le to

mak

eco

ntac

t with

the

enem

y.T

he e

xact

cau

ses

of th

e B

attle

of

San

Pasq

ual m

ay n

ever

he

know

n, b

ut q

uite

pos

sibl

y th

ey b

egan

with

irre

voca

ble

fina

lity

onth

e 10

th o

f O

ctob

er, 1

946:

the

mom

ent G

ener

al S

teph

en W

atts

Kea

rny

chos

e to

kee

p th

ose

accu

rsed

how

itzer

s.

34

AN

EA

RL

Y S

AN

DIE

GO

PH

YSI

CIA

N: D

AV

ID H

OFF

MA

N

by

CL

IFFO

RD

L. G

RA

VE

S, M

.D.

A v

ast a

nd s

wee

ping

pan

oram

a un

fold

ed it

self

for

the

men

aboa

rd th

e lit

tle s

team

er a

s it

toile

d its

way

labo

riou

sly

arou

nd P

oint

Lom

a on

a f

ine

Nov

embe

r da

y in

185

3. "

If th

is is

n't t

he m

ost b

eau-

tiful

sig

ht in

the

wor

ld,"

sai

d a

hand

som

e yo

ung

man

at t

he ta

ffra

il,"I

'll g

o ba

ck E

ast a

nd s

tart

all

over

aga

in."

But

Dr.

Dav

id H

offm

an h

ad li

ttle

inte

ntio

n of

goi

ng b

ack

Eas

t.A

fter

all,

he

had

wor

ked

long

and

har

d to

get

whe

re h

e w

as. B

orn

in th

e E

vst,

he h

ad c

ome

the

long

ove

rlan

d tr

ail a

s a

boy,

then

wor

ked

his

way

thro

ugh

Tol

and

Med

ical

Col

lege

in S

an F

ranc

isco

. Whe

n he

grad

uate

d he

was

25,

an

age

whe

n m

ost y

oung

men

are

impa

tient

tost

art i

n th

e pr

actic

e of

med

icin

e. B

ut D

r. H

offm

an w

as n

ot th

at im

-pa

tient

. Am

bitio

us a

nd in

quis

itive

, he

wan

ted

to s

ee th

e w

orld

bef

ore

it sw

allo

wed

him

. So

he to

ok a

job

as s

hip

surg

eon

with

the

Paci

fic

Mai

l Ste

amsh

ip C

ompa

ny. F

or th

e be

tter

part

of

two

year

s, h

e sa

wth

e W

est C

oast

in a

ll its

rug

ged

beau

ty. O

f al

l the

pla

ces

he v

isite

d,Sa

n D

iego

impr

esse

d hi

m th

e m

ost.

Not

the

tow

n, b

ut th

e se

tting

: age

ntle

sho

relin

e, a

she

ltere

d ba

y, a

pur

ple

back

drop

. Wha

t mor

eco

uld

anyb

ody

ask

for?

Dr.

Hof

fman

's p

ositi

on in

185

3 w

as n

ot g

reat

ly d

iffe

rent

fro

mth

at o

f an

y yo

ung

doct

or w

ho is

tryi

ng to

dec

ide

whe

re to

set

tle, b

uthe

had

less

to g

o by

bec

ause

sou

ther

o C

alif

orni

a w

as s

till a

land

of

stri

fe a

nd I

ndia

ns. I

n th

e no

rth,

Mon

tere

y w

as a

city

of

som

e gr

ace

and

char

m, a

nd S

an F

ranc

isco

was

pus

hing

har

d fo

r st

atus

. But

inth

e so

uth,

all

was

vac

ant a

nd im

pond

erab

le. S

an D

iego

? It

look

edab

out a

s in

vitin

g as

Tec

ate

does

toda

y. W

ith it

s du

sty

stre

ets

and

Dr.

Gra

ves,

a n

ativ

e oF

The

Net

herl

ands

, cam

e to

the

Uni

ted

Stat

esin

192

4. H

e ea

rned

his

hac

nelo

r's d

egre

e at

Col

umbi

a, a

nd h

is m

edic

alde

gree

at t

he U

nive

rsity

of

Mic

higa

n. li

e is

a s

urge

on in

La

Jolla

. Cas

ton

Om

aha

Bea

ch o

n D

-Day

ia 1

944,

he

late

r w

rote

a b

ook,

Fro

nt L

ine

Surg

eon,

now

out

of

prin

t. H

e is

a p

ast e

dito

r of

the

Bul

letin

of

the

San

Die

go C

ount

y M

edic

al S

ocie

ty, a

fel

low

of

the

Am

eric

an C

olle

ge o

fSu

rgeo

ns, a

nd p

resi

dent

of

the

loca

l cha

pter

of

the

Am

eric

an Y

outh

Hos

tels

org

aniz

atio

n.

35

.0

v.%

Abstracted From Pablo Vejar, "Recuerdos de un Viejo," Dec. 13, 1877:0 coV' 0cm"From Dominguez Rancho Vejar marched with some 25 men in co 3

roV'ihis command with Andres Pico to San Pascual, along with part oo

cp7 aof the second company under Bautista Moreno and part of the

Qpm.fifth company under Nicolas Hermosillo, or some 112 men in all.

They went to Rancho La Soledad, about four leagues from San

Diego. From there, Pico sent some men to San Diego Mission to

scout around. They found out from some Indians that some men

under Gillespie passed the Mission going toward the sierra. A

sister of Pico's, Margarita, wrote him that Gillespie was trying to join another American force in the sierra, and she knew

that they were to go around by way of Santa Maria to arrive at

San Pascual. Pico then divided his force, sending a part of

the force to El Cajon and the rest to San Pascual. Vejar

accompanied Pico to San Pascual. They arrived on a Friday,

which Vejar believes was December 4th, or two days before thebattle. Vejar and Moreno felt it was necessary to inspect

their men tefore the battle in order to know how well they couldfight. Pico left the horses in care of the Indians, who told

the Mexicans that the Americans were at Rancho Santa Maria, fiveor six leagues away on a steep.rocky road. Vejar felt that they

themselves and not the Indians should take care of the horsesr

but to his surprise the Indians took very good care of them. Hadit not been for the Indians the Americans 'would have caught uslike so.many sheep,' for 'later it was learned that Pico wasplanning to surrender us.'. The Indians, on their own account,

were exploring and spying for the Mexicans, without being told,

to do so. Vejar says he told Pico that they should prepare for

t For educational use only

, 4

cont.-2.-

"Recuerdos de un Viejo,"

an attack, but Pico replied that the road was worse than the

Cuesta de Santa Ines, that the Americans could not possibly

make it over the road bringing cannon at night. 'I felt that

this was due to his lack of experience rather than some in-

trigue.' It was Vejar's turn on watch as officer of the day.

He stood his watch, turned it over to Jose Alipas without any

incident occurring during that time. Vejar sent Alipas to the

foot of the grade, for it was there that the enemy was expect-

ed to appear. Soon an Indian came to see Don Andres and tell

him that the enemy was approaching with its cannons. Pico

asked if the force were as big as his own, and the Indian re-

plied 'Que! Ustedes no valen nada; ellos son mas muchos.'

(1What! You aren't worth anything; they are more mucher')

rs /leo told him to say nothing to the others. When the Indian

left the jacal where Pico was staying, Juan Lobo and Vejar

came upon him, asked if the enemy were coming, and he said yes.

When asked how many he said he didn't know, as it was night

and he only heard their approach, but they had heard what he

had told Pico. Vejar claims he entered Pico's jacal and told

him they should be getting the horses. They had an argument

because Pico say no reason for doing so, etc. Vejar and

Moreno took a corporal and four soldiers each and.went for

the horses, but they couldn't find them until an Indian

showed them where they were, in a hidden spot with very good

pasture. The officer of the day, Jose Alipas, had begun his

watch when a dog began barking, whereupon Pico shouted,

'Sentinel, who is officer of the day?" The sentinel, who was

Jose karia Ibarra, answered it was Jose Alipas. 'Tell him to

For educational use only

cont.3


mount, because that dog is barking at people!' Alipas mounted,

went in the direction of the barking dog, which was in the

enemy's direction. He had gone about 50 paces when his compan

ions heard his 'Quien Vive?' When Vejar heard his voice he

gave the order 'To arms!' to his company, and Moreno did like

Wise. Vejar made a quick inspection, found three men had no

ammunition, so he ran to Pico's jacal, told him to give him

three cartucheras, but Pico refused. Vejar says he told Pico

he'd take them by force, so Pico gave them to him. Alipas,

seeing that the enemy had pulled back, came back, came back

and reported. Moreno took a patrol and found their trail for

there was a good moon (ed. note: wasn't it raining?) and he

figured the enemy force to have been eight or ten men. He

followed to the foot of the grade and there found a-bundle of

very good blankets which he gave to those who needed them.

During this time the horses arrived, and Pico said to leave

them alone until further orders. Vejar gave orders to his

men to mount up, contrary to Pico's orders, he claims, for

the Indians had told them that the enemy was almost upon them.

Vejar called the alferez of his company and asked if he knew

the saying of Ochoa. The alferez, Dolores Higuera, known as

'Guerol Higuera, replied 'Si, un tiro y a la lanza'. ('Yes,

one shot and then the lances'). He (Vejar) says Pico gave

no orders and he had to do everything, etc. Alipas was sent

to the foot of the grade with orders to fire a pistol shot if

he saw the enemy akiroach. He went there, and as he was ar


cont.

fo-N

4"Recuerdos de un Viejo,"

ranging the saddle of his horse, he was about to mount again

when he saw the enemy, so he fired his pistol in warning. The

enemy was on the 'plan de la cuesta' about 500 to 600 yards

away, so the order was given, 'al centro, un tiro, y a la lanza.'1

(1To the center, one shot, and lances ready'). One of the enemy

was rid.Ing ahead, a certain Captain named Morin, they learned

later. (ed. note: This was in reality probably Captain Johnston,

not Captain Moore). He was a brave man and the first to die.

He met with Andres Pico, fired a pistol at him and missed, then

Pico gave him a blow with his saber, but he turned aside to

avoid the blow. Leandro Osuna then struck him with his lance,

throwing him forward and knocking him off his horse. As he fell,

he took a bullet from Tomas Sanchez, the same man who was later

Sheriff of Los Angeles County. The shooting between the two

fortes continued; Vejar met two companions in the battle and

told them to go off to the side. The Americans heard his voice,

in Spanish, and four of them came at him. He tried to escape

and took off; they were in pursuit, so Vejar held his lance

ready, trying to get to tEe top of the arroyo where he could

turn and charge the enemy with his lance. He had not foreseen

a hole made by a burrowing animal which his horse tripped into

and fell. Vejar's spur was stuck in the cinch under the horse

and he couldn't get loose. The four men rode up to him and

all fired a shot, coming close enough to him to Spray him with

dirt, but missing. They then returned to the battle. Another

four men came by, and they too fired at him. His horse moved

1


cont.-5-


enough for him to move his leg and rise with the aid of his

lance. Two more riders apc,roached, one took aim, fired, and

missed. The other said 'God damn' took aim, but his pistol

did not fire. They then informed him he was prisoner in a

mixture of English and Spanish. Philip Crosthwaite conducted

him to the rear, where there was a Canadian mestizo whom Vejar-

feared might kill him, but no such thing happened. He was taken

to where the wounded were lying, including Gillespie and Antonio

Rubidoux. Gillespie as'Eed him how many Mexicans were killed.

Vejar admitted he didn't know, as he had been taken prisoner

iuring the fight. Dr. Griffin said, 'why don't you tell the

truth? Ten died and thirty were wounded.' Inas much as there

had been but 75 men who entered the action, of whom only 30

had firearms, Vejar said he guessed it would have been more.

Judging from all the shooting, he really thought so, but later

he found out that only rancisco Larwas killed in the battle,

. and Casimiro Rubio later died of wounds at San Juan Capistrano.

The wounded were.Juan Alvarado, Romualdo Yon, Jose Aguilar,

Joaquin Valenzuela, Santiago Lobo, Jose Duarte, and Antonio

Ibarra. Vejar doesn't remember who else. The troop which

came in earlier and was spotted by Jose Alipas, was guided by

cligluiziat212) as he himself later admitted. In one incident

of the battle Gabriel Garcia had his horse killed and his lance

splintered, dragged his adversary out of the saddle, grabbing

his sword and licking awai at him. Pedro Perez came by, lanced

the man, and said, 'Asi, se hace.' ('That's the way it's done'),

The Americans had a cannon 'obust(in this case, a howitzer, no

a mortar) which was surrounded by men armed with sabers. The

i For educational use onlyto

cont.-6-


Mexicans charged, lanced some, knocked down others, then took

the cannon off the field. In this action Kearney was wounded.

After this action (the battle of San Pascual) tfie Americans

retired to the rancho of San Bernardo, after having interred

their dead in a cactus patch at that same rancho of San Pascual.

The Mexican forces began to harry them again in San Bernardo,

staying there a day or two skirmishing with the enemy. Theya

took 200 horses and mules from the Americans during this time.

Vejar was exchanged on the 85 of December, Tuesday, for the

American prisoner, Godey, or Godoy."


This is a transcription of handwritten documents in the BancroftLibrary. Spelling and punctuation are as written; words in [] arethose which I was unable to decipher with certainty. Words whichappeare.li to be lined out in the manuscript have been lined out inpencil. Inserted pane numbers in 0 refer to manuscript pages.

Benjamin Hayes Notes, *SR:San Pasgual

In the Spring of 1056 I visited this place, for no other purposethan to see 'the battle ground' and verify ha_ facts I might. Mr.Phillip Crosthwaite (who was in the battle) and Mr. Willie B. CouLsaccompanied me. Upon understanding my object, the old Indian captain,Panl/o, at. once led me to a spot some fifty yards toward the hill, fromthe rocky elevation on which his own house stands, and at the edge of,i, IL..: -Dr.,-al., nda.r- whi:h the cows were gra:Lir...7 This he pointr,:d.... :': ,:i.,.'- .1.::.re -_:',-, 17.tr-. mc,,c- r'l.

`-,' y.....1L Lc- ,.7. c....-:1!.1,:.. thid, Yorl, the fact that nothin 1:

9-'_, t,..1' ..1. stil?, ::.Trie r_::;lifornians and TrithaDs, than the b:a,c- ,

displayed by thi...t officer.Directly opposite to the southeast, at the distance of half-a-mile,p-!.-1, ...I mustard ni.1 weapds and the dry river bed intervening, thr

.c.,:.J :=F-1 descundin thr_.: dt..,:.T.1 San racual h3.3., pre,:ipiceL c.nEil.'Ir:,: F,id. To the 3rt nc.rtheastward is the c-,11sTad.-, thruah wh;ch..7.: -2',._.., r-;er:-.Erd r.i.i., and which a iihrt ihY:-nce. 'h, Ca:,f..1had thcLi horSes qrazin,- on that night. The:-.- horses F-Ici all beentui me.; out, witih the exception of thrce or four: evidently without anL,suspicion of a _hostile force so near them.

(pg 2)_The_general'Opinion of the Carif6rnians is, that Llandro.tpsuna-VCII6-d-t:apt. 116ore;-wi-th a lance. Senor Lopez adds Pablo-Api'sV.Indian Captain 6T-Temecula) to the number of his assailants. CommonRumor makes. Don Andres Pico, the,k1a.412.o.f

4thi.s.bloody_day._ ne4ccount

115V-ahOSOMMOIVT7C07173rnian) places Don Andres Pico and 'is: two -'._

..principal-offlavrsona?doCota and Thomas Sanchez, snug1`7-fvld2 ,-.

mile off Qa_the_Soto.hill; and makes Juan Lobo, a corporal, the actLal:.11-wria hdry hi.fierce example, rather than by vc..rd in this'famou,:.

;nelee. Hc wa.:, about tk,ienty three years old, from Mia.a%ion ViC_JF-,., 1.....,.

i"ii;1( ...:.:. (.....:..1- 4.1.; wl- o.:.:i.. ...H.:i.DC.71 :1 C? n ,... 0 n 1 ] C: 1 : ,,, : ! L., .. : : -; 1 i. cr,:i I ..:.:C. 1' c:., t h e , ....; '

CCII:ni:, a ans. aliallaSA7fitiiiiUe'r-vzi --"Mtii-~tr- Thari'Si xty;', , ounc, iro.:. ...hL -11,-

1761- cien:':Kearny tho4oht. Some ten'of them' were from San Diedb

:..rtlfrit'y ,- 'ttid-'ft"''-fe i7:iiiiL75s 4kritieIet-,;'"7------ --------- ------ *6-

---6b.71L-6-c5xEla and Francisc'W Higuera carried off the Americanhowit.zc-,-. TV' ::: :A:I .4, fornian :version insist,:,., th'slonly one Californiali''E.'2 !-J.] I d, !ory the name of .and th,:.-A fey (_,f 1-572M haVThrir------- ---fire-Jirm.7, TI-i-i.-:,,,11-i:.--Jil 11,2t t!me tO form int:: :ii.':. M.f . Costhwaite ahdother dn not think thzAt the actual battle was of over fi...ye minute!:'durtion a runninn skirmish. The Californians ,,1: first fleeing, thena portion of them turnir.g u;:on and routing thE- Amricans. -rosterairthe-iffe-6f -Doh-Pablo Vejar 4119mrilkwaxio0eyr_ii

...wat---

korrralroAkikt..7-1!apt. -eill'espie. was lanced by Higuera, and might havebeen killed, but for the iat4.r_4!.'ztions_.w1*c4,_4E4-idhPu.bamGLleibsikiapPfmaiagi-::er.,.i.:,,p.friitr&e.i-i-Ayted--74,-crr-h.i-s--7arrt'arrorri-s-b7pirwhc, t: p: ci 7 ) hurried away wi th '- hCill.

bn little Orrkin, -lc.; we:A of the C_Ling ,:, thp river whc:,1( IhE-figh2, began, is the lone tree at which Lt. Hi, mmo nd wao, surrounded &17,r1m,:wtally wounded.

1 Lcid fiCIM the unpublished journal of Pc. Tohn P. Griffin, E',urgn

"The mornino wa,.7'excessivel/ cold, and we felt '.-1, the more, as rof us were wet to the sJin. The light wa.c.E not sufficient for me to,..

r

ELK COPY AVAILABLE sdiFor educational use only 4. :

e

. -4!qbe;

V

distinguish any thine like a line of the enemy...Hammond was the firstwounded man I saw. He had been in the advance with Moore, and got alance wound on the left side between the eiehth and ninth ribs. I toldhim to go a litt]e further to the rear and I would attend to him. Atth:,s time I was sepaated from him: when the General saw me and told mehe was wounded and wanted my services. Shortly afterward the devilsgot aroun d me. I dropped my gun which I had snapped at a fellow anddrew an empty pistol. Warding off his lance, this answered thepurposes of a loaded one, till the fog separated us. I then met Capt.Gillespie. He was bleeding most profusely...More was killed far in theadvance, leading the second charge; and Hammond, I was told, receivedhis wound, in attempting to rescue Moore. I should thinL there wasnot fifty men who saw the enemy."

I am satisfied, it will require considerable attention and labor,to ascertain all the truth of this lamentable affair. Enough appearsto br ehadowed forth, to leaee strona doubt if more would, in the wordsc,f Ke-ry, ",,-.s7ist in formlnn the we,I.l4k our natjonal,J1Dcy. ( of them that fell and the

; fc..-titi_.de an :7: r, thr

The battle was folACIht on December 6th, 1846.

Of the officers. engded f.n bati]e, GererLl Wflliam H. Emor.., andGeneral J. W. Diwidson aro still in the service (1875.) The last namedin 1846 wi:1- 17;,.,Y-. P. S. 17urner was Gen. KparnI,'',.aid. He now Lives at LtY.J.LL, MC., HE resigned, I thinL, lh 1849 or1050; and was a partner in the Danking House of Lucas, Turner & Co., ofwhich Gen. Sherman was the manager on this coast. Col. Thomas Swordswas Kearny's Quarter master; is believed to be now on the retired list.He was Deputy Quartermaster General.

Lt. W. H. Warner, who was wounded at San Pascual, was killed by thePitt river Indians, in 1649.

Dr. jehn S. Cliffin, As:istant Surgeon, U.S.A., was the MedicalOfficer of Kearny's command. He resigned in 1854, and in the same yeartool: up his4residence at the-City of 1= Angeles, engaged ever since inthe successful practice of his profession; and is amenest the foremostof its citizens i7; e'.ery useful enterprise.

(S Pascua])

Gabriel Garcia and Francisco Higuera took the cannon.Gabriel Garcia rode up to the cannons tgle American shot killed his

mule ,_hclt it in the hed. He seized the cannoneer, & killeJ him.Near the cannon. Hinera had lanced Capt. Gillespie, and iLight haveeasil killed him: but attracted by hiL; fine white horse a splendidscrape, he occupied himself first with seizing Alese, then joinedGarcia, and the twe carried off the cannon.

When Don Tonitoarrived at Soto house, found Pico, Sanchez & Cotathere. Shortly afterward the cannon arrived, in charge of Garcia F.,

Higuera.As De-,n Tonito n7,s making his way from the Indian village it \,7.s

not yet clear he found Americans all around him, running awa.,. theCalifornians behind them killing them.

Before arriving the point where now is the Church, he threAmericans leading off Lara. He then ascended the hill. He could s;,,,very plai!Jy. About 100 yards above the Church, they killed him he

BEST COPY AVAILABLEFor educational use only

heard the shot, & saw Lara fall. Don Tonito saw Lara deliver up hisgun. Then two of the Americans left. The other killed Lara, and lefttoo.

Don Tonito then went down the hill to -about where Moses Manasse'shouse now ia. There he saw that the Californians were killing theAmericans. A few reached the heuse of Moses Manasse.

Don Tonito then went on to the hill of Soto.At Manasse's, it was clear very clear no fog at all.The cannonsAfter Don Tonito left i71 house of Manasse, the cannon arrived

soon after Garcia took it.The Americans camped at the place where now is the house of Manasse

there is a patch of trees back of his house there they camped.The Californians retired below [and] that night went down the San

Dernardo River, to an Encinal that same night.(pg 2) Jean Lobo & Mariano F.lva fought the Amu.(icans EMixed] in

vir-h them, fightno.carno,., thc the Cil

ieht n. flArthe the-, ar. offi 'okc: 7'[fighting] commanding rather by Er.ample, than t,-;. word.

Lcandro Onuna did not enter to submit to Stockton, till aftei thebattld of San PasdcuJ,CI Don Tor.ito then .:ame in fiop: Pa]a andsubmitted.

with Commr,dord Ste..crton tofamily wau 61-id remainc!d there: he was not willing to Late up armsagainst his own county men.

The Ca].ifornians were actually still saddling their horses, whenthe Americans came down the San Pascual Hill & charged: it was not [yeta] clear day.

The Californians did not have time to form a line before theattack began.

Frmos.i116-c-OMM;deironWipa Cli:f-c;;-Wi'i-An;7, who went by MtCajon-2---ArTT-r-es-rient-on-to-Sar---The-6-xpectation was toin on both sides the Americans who had been sent out by Stocrton to thertulic-,:f of Leacril': to "in me,dio", betweeh tYo

--c-V\ I. %-k

Q\..y.c.NiNcAtn; cc&

(Dx-64 r

-'0-vt42-

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'Benjamin Hayes Notes, #40, in what I believe to be chronological order.

Hermosillo commanded one party of Californians, who went by Mtrajon. Andres Pico went on to San Pascual. The expectation was to hemin on both sides the Ameyicans who had been sent out by Stockton to therelief of Kearny: to catch them "in medio", between those twoCalifornian forces. t11

The Californians were actually still saddling their horses, whenthe Americans came down the San Pascual Hill & charged: it was not [yeta] clear day.

The Californians did not have time to form a line before theattack began.

Juan Lobo & Mariano Silva fought the Americans [mixed] in withthem, fighting.

As Don Tonito was making his way from the Indian village it was.1- found e%mericams r:11 aro'Jmd him, -.1Jrninp thenot ys . _

1 _

L-

-1'-'

e gwiving at4Vepoint'here nowfrilleChurch he saw-Thre0*t.!r r 11hr,fl

ery plainly. About 10C yards above the Church, they killed himeard the shiat S-D'AY Lara f-t11. D,an Tenito saw Lara deliver up Filgs

hen two of the Amer i cans 1 eft. --The --ofherkilTed-ra-ra, 1.6 d-3.-e

Don Tonito then went down the hill to about where Moses Manasse'sThe that thri: wc c

A fec, rcched the houf.ie of MocesDon Tonito.then went on to the hill of Soto.At Manasse's, it was clear very clear no fog at all.The cannonsAfter Don Tonito left the house of, Manasse, the cannon arrived

soon after Garcia took it.Gabriel Garcia and Francisco Hiquera took the cannon.Gabriel Garcia rode up to the cannons the-Ame,r-iean shot killed his

mule shot it in th& hed. He seized the cannoneer, & killed him..4,11,01A141/144wilaa v.copmft

*Lesafti-.141~11.3Thrttr.S.11411diliiikr ItiVrofiet viitrvig t=f1-4",evinettAit

*14",°11,00`1.4t4ceNiqltirtimmliC'othimrcifttruzimaiWhen T:hlto 11:;)

L.

Higuera.After taking the cannen, at the house of Menasse, the Californians

went no further they were without an officer Lobo only led in the[fighting] commanding rather by example, than by word.

The Americane camped at the place where now is the house of Manassethere a patah of tree:: Lack of his house there they camped.The Californians retired below [and] that night went down the San

Bernarde River, to an Encinal that same night. t2)Leandro Maine did not enter to submit to Stoc[ton, till after thebattle of San Pascual Don Tonito then came in from Pala and

submitted.Don Tonito went with Commodore Stockton to San Juan, where hisfamily was and remr,aned there: he was not willing to take up armsagain:et hir own ceunt men.

(13 Se}ly Johns states that on Dee. 5 Pico sent some of hisCajon so the plan would be te hem in Gillespie's. group, nott21 An Encinal ie c California live oak.C3 San Juan is probably San Juan Cepietrane.

BESTCOPYAVAILABLE

men to El .


Jo/

" Edgar Hastings:interriewing Ramon .0suna, Oct.-17; 1958, at hia sIace26th.and E Sts/

--0-V7R '14.'es ;,5,. ;',71!

tA3tb'vbr:. .

.ttX.

'f .-frk 're; .. , . ; .

wy gteatmgreate4rendiother.!Her, name was Alt./Jana .

A, -, .....r..--1,-,-7.,1,- ..---1,1.......-:. -:.- . ..- .-..-- ,. - .- -...-. -..,.4.2.-.. -: .:7;. -%- :.7.- .1- :-.;.7 - -,...- :, 'A.,' 4% ...-.:7 - .% '....' t :. :i..- . , .--4*:-

#ThLopez- she was married Feb. 25, 1806. In a book, °irty...two Adobe Houses of Old .

.., , ....,,,....... t ra.t '-'2. .- . -

California*, which has a record of the family, the title page states-that the pictures. .. . . .

were reproduced from waUr-color paintings

text is by Isabel Lopez De Fages. It is a

seum, Los Angeles, California, in 1950.

My great...great-grandfather's name was JUan Maria Osuna. All my folks were bo

in San Diego County. My grandfather on my father's side was Leandro Osuna and my

-grandmother was FranCisca Maron. My grandmother on my mother's side was josefa LopezA

and my grandfather was Philip Crosswait. MY father was Julio Osuna and my mother

was josefa Grosswait. They were married in 1872. I had a sister, Leonitas, who passed

away about four yaars ago. Mary, my next sister, was born about two years after Leon..

itas. I came next, in 1882; then there was Charlie Osuna---he has passed away. Ruth

was older than Charlie; she is 68 now and is living at Delmar. Her name is Bertonsenzi.

Marcos was the youngest; he was born at Rancho Santa Fe and is the only brother I

have left.

I went to the San Dieguito school four miles from the ranch. I rode horseback.

I quit at the end of the fourth grade and went to work to support my mother and the

shildren. My father was separated from my mother and I took care of the family. I

was 14. We had cattle; I was in the cattle business all the time, working with cattle

all the time between the ranch and San Diego.

I got married in Los Angeles. My wife was one of the Abalus family of Capis..

.trano; they were old-timers in Capistrano, they came there from Spain, my wife's folks.

I met her in Los Angeles. I was driving teams for quite a few fellows and I worked for

a fellow named M.P.Fealy for five years. He was an Irishman, a contractor;

roads and Pauled gravel and sand in Los Angeles.

by Eva Scott Haynes, and the descriptive

special publication of the Southwest Mu-

DEST COPY AVAILABLE: For educational use only

Osuna 2

I was married in Los Angeles about 46 years ago. My oldest son is Ramon,.born

in 1910. Ralph is next, born in 1919. Robert was born in 1922, in San Diegov.it

Twenty...third and 'Market Streets. My first wife died, and I was a widower for fifteen

years. Then.I married again and we have a little girl, Rose Marie. I married Isabel

Case of San Diego,' about 1954. My wife and I are separated.

/My grandfather, Jhlio Ciuna, fought in the battlo of San Pasoal, I remember_ -eery well, for my greatgrandmother used to tell me. rEe was in the battle of San

L--

rasqualp. in the Mexican army.* What tickled me was that when my grandfather was beating

Kit Carson over the head with a rifle, my other grandfather fell across the reach and

throwed him off the horse---that Philip Cros/wail.; add when my'other iiindfathii. he

. V

igot.,up4why.he,met.Captain Moore face to face, and my,grandfaIher_killed_Captain Moorq.

Then he went to reach for his horse and he met Ramon Carillo, who was fighting with

them, and he said that he had a prisoner by the name of Soranno, from Old Town---had

him tied to a tree. This Sorrano said, *I hope the American people will hit me in the

right place, so I wontt suffer." Sp Carillo reached for his knife and turned Sorrano

loose and let him go. He run down the San Pasqual river just as fast as he could.

After the battle was over my grandfather rode his horse, El Apache (that was his

favorite horse) and when the battle was all over my grandfather, Leandro,Osuna, and

Ramon Carillo took all the people to Los Penasguitos, at Francisco Alvarado's ranch,

and they doctored them there and helped them all night to get to San Diego. They went

down the San Dieguito River, right through the present Lusardi ranch and right through

to Psnasquitos; an old trail is still there. They stayed all night and brought them

in to San Diego the next day. That's the way the Americans came in from New Mexico to

Arizona to what is called Imperial Valley now---right up the Mountain Springs grade;

they come up that trail there. They cut across from Descanso---thare's an old trail,

and they went up that trail to Warner's. They come down the old trail by Ramona,

where there's a road that goes down to San Pasqual that used to be a trail; th WEIS

no wagon road. It comes down into Bandini Canyon.

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Osuna 3

One of the old settlers in the San Dieguito Valley when I was a youngster was

C.V.Smith. He bought part of our ranch at San Dieguito. That was way back when I

was a kid. And.all the Kellys---I knew the Kellys very well. Frank and Charlie

Kelly---I knew them all. The Ortegas were in there, and Lusardi, and Hookton. And

there was a Wilson there; they came from Santa Barbara in the early days to that country

there. There was the Doaks and the Higgins---they came in the early days.

That Higgins got killed. They lived next to Lusardits ranch, and the whole.

Higgins family got killed; the Indians killed them. He homesteaded in a place they

called Los Luceros; that means "the morning star". He homesteaded there and then he

was killed, and his wife and three children, by an Indian they called Blanco. The

Indian and his mother they were going in a wagOn to the Indian reservation and they

camped right close there. The Indian left in the night; he told his mother he would

be right back. He hit the door and when Mr. Higgins came to the door he hit him over

the head with an axe and killed him, and then he killed his wife. And then he got

hold of a little girl by the feet and hit her head over the table and killed the little

girl. A week after Father Mach, all the time the priest, went to go to say mass, and

he found those people there laying dead. The Indian got shot himself afterwards.

And then hIs mother told the law that her boy killed that family. They called him

Blanco, but his right name was Kanaka. He had a brother named Jose La Lotus Kanaka.

Kanaka raised the boy by the name of Louis and they called him Louis Kanaka. He dot

to be an outlaw. And he stole my uncle Ramonts horse named Siccum, 8nd he was riding

that horse when Sam Morrano and my uncle Leandro found him and they shot him; they

killed the Indlan.

I knew Yankee Jim, but that weentt his real name. I don't know his real name

but he came to this country and there was two brothers by the name of Juan and Ramon

Rodriguez. They came from Spain and they started the goat ranch on Goat Island...

that was North Island, where the Coronado Hotel is. They had a boat to transfer the

goats going across to La Playa, and this fellow by the name of Yankee Jim a

4bout. My grandfather , Philip CrosOwait, was the sheriff then, but there w


Osuna 4

for stealing boats. But they got them for stealing a horse from Zamarano and they

hanged them to a tree in Old Town. They got him for that, and that was a horse stealing

and my grandfather Crosswait said,"hang him to a tree in Old Town." He put them on a

cart and motioned for the driver to go and when the driver went Yankee Jim was hanging

on the tree. And there was no more Yankee Jim. If.we had some of them laws now it

would be better.

When I was a boy fifteen years old my Dad and my uncles and muself and three

Indians took some Cattle to Algadonies, this side of Yuma, Arizona. We drove hem

right through the desert. We had about 250 head. We picked them up at different places

in San Diego County, picked them up all over, and my uncle took them to Algadones, right

below Yuma on the California side. We drove them right acrods the desert---we went

to what they call Carkiso Creek; we left Julian to the left, a little bit. We went

through Carriso Creek, watered the cattle there, and then we didn't water them until

there was a Blue Lake, a place where Seeley is now. There was a big lake of water;

we wateree. them there.

VNMy grandfather, Philip Crosswait, and his nephew, William Jeffers Gatewood,

grandfatherstarted the San Diego Union down in Old Town. My =MU was sheriff and he held quite.

a bit of officer's work in San Diego. Then he went down to Mexico and bought him a .

cattle ranch; he owned from Rosarita Beach to Ensenada, he owned all that country, the

old man, at one time; he was in the cattle business. But he spent most of his time in

San Diego. He came here a little before Kearny's army came; he was here when Kearny

came in with his people. He volunteered, my grandfather volunteered, and went to

Warner's ranch and got some horses for the baAles; he brought them down with him.

And when my grandfather Crosswait was coming back he met the Pico troops, and that

Irishman fought them all---he went right through. They wounded him on the finger but

Crosswait made it through. He died hero in San Diego. He had quite a ranch up there

and he gave all his boys the ranch and came back to San Diego and died here.


This is a transcription of an 1878 manuscript dictated to a member ofH. H. Bancroft's staff. It begins on page 37 and inserted page numbersin () correspond to manuscript page numbers. Spelling, punctuation andinsertione are as written. Words which are lined out in pencil werelined out in the manuscript; words which I am not sure of are in [].

PIONEER DATA FROM 1832 FROM THE MEMORY OF DON JUAN FORSTER

Capt Jose Ma. Flores as Comandante General, and evacuated LosAngeles with his few men, retiring to San Pedro to take ship.

Tne Californians were then again masters of their town.Preparations were then made to proceed to San Diego and retake it

frem the Americans that expedn. was unjer command of Leonardo Cotaand Jose` Alipaz, who held a council of war under a sycamore tree stillexisting in front of my house here in Santa Margarita ranch, to fixe,-ee fpt,trrJ movempnt-...

Th,% S7an sme timn and were the'f they their b1.11. f:oeind an Ameri-._an

th the f2ee. Tt Fr:::hc%c

Pla-va) they had to retire They then about this time, learned thetGillespie had secretly left San DiECIO with 4G men, and gone off towards

was despatchedC;31e....,pie,\cpeci..f to meet Genl- Fia.rny fores

help them to reach San Diego. The Californians pg 38) were not ,,...wareef In pul-E.uit of Gillepje 1-1T:

Th,:.y didn't e_a-c,ch up with him until he had joined Kearly.t Imo

Now I come to think of it, I believe the council of war held underthe Aliso in my ranch was after they had learned of Gillespie havingleft San Diego. It w-

Andres Pico then came down & took command of the whole Californiafbrc:e This had previously been divided into two parties,.each of

wa:. to go into San Diego by a different route, and at same timecut off all resources that the Americans might make available Amongother things driving away the stock.

marchedDon 4.ndres Rice hie forceKc,f toward:, San Pascual with th view of

oif re'u,n to S:-1:-1 Died,o, for it wa:E believd that-

.. . .

anything of Gialespie was attacked by the enemy.Capt. Stokes, an Enolishman, learned where the Californians were

encamped, and gave information to Gen. Kearny who immediately planned ar,ieht attack. This would in all orobablilty have been successful had

not been for a noisy poodle dog It raining in torrents thatDec. 5th 1845

The Califernians' encampmt wae at the Indian villagesome

Kearny sent on4e,Amen te reconnoitre the enemy's position & afollowed by some Indian docl:

little poodle dogAmade such a tremendous noise that it aroused thesuspicions of the Californians. Patrols were immediately sent out who

a circuit of the camp in the directic GI where the alarm appeared tobt., and altho' they saw no party they came across some blankets whichaftc.r carrying into camp, they noticed .on them the mark U.S. Then thecry wae to horse!, but before they Lad got into position the Americans(pg d(1..) came upon them pell-mell

The Californians (whose whole numher was of 72 men) ran indiserder, and got mixed up with Kearny's Dragoons who used their

BEST COPY AVAILABLE_LI For educational use only

asr.-aaltouri

fire-arms, and the Californians their lances. They ran together somied up for half a mile (the ground-where the attack was commenced wasvery unfavorable for cavalry) till they reached a point 6f rocks belowwhich there is a large plain Thus far the Californians seemed to be

the fact wasin retreat & the Americans going in pursuit but^I -believe that theformer were running for a favorable position, and when they got to itjust below the point of rocks, turned upon their pursuers and then thefight became general. I believe that Kearny's force sustained a lossof 22 officers & men Kearny was severly wounded by a lance thrust.

by the [huero] (Dolores)-HigueraGillespie was hur3ed down from his horsei\and escaped being killed byfeigning that he was dead. He was wounded though by the thrust of alance and left for dead.

!-i n retre6ted t o (pn ) the point OC ksf , ,F,cf t he !I? est manner p-.2ssi!::c amorT,

+ 1 71..i 7 or. t he Am eric.--r capts Moc.ur a &Johnston who were held in high estimation for their gentlemanly

proficiency &deportment,A& gal]antry.

The American fc,rce at the becinnin-1 of tFp eng=idemt. war of SOdragoons under Kearny, some 30 or 40 men under Gillespie, and a few

ornj ans. that had i neci said Gill p e .indge t hetota] to have.heen 120 men.

The Americans held that position until that night or the followingwhen

one, unt-i--1- an opportunity occurred during the night to affect aretreat, which they did, taking possession of a rocky hill at SanBernardo, from where they sent in Aleander G-Ddey to San Diego to

The report from whence a return answer wasgive information. Us,- reached San Di eaoAClayc the 4 n-f-e+.4rsatsent them in charge of Alexander Godey, but before he gotcn his wa.y.-ba.e-444-1-t-ht.u,r41--a-RSW-e*, bG.f-cw-e-Qetting into camp, was

andcz,,ptured by the Californians,---conducted to Los Angeles. He wasallowd. to remain during that night at my house in San Juan Capistrano,

d ', ' ' ,u 1 -I attempt to es :ape

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

-Q4'4`":;\-\.,

\P-


A CALIFORNIO VIEW OF THE BATTLE OF SAN PASQUAL

Created by David R. Caste llurn

A Research Paper

Presented to

EDUCATORS

CF

CALIFORNIA

FOR EDUCA110NAL USE ONLY

Created At

San Diego State University

ByDavid Ross Gastellum

11325 Canyon Park DriveSantee, CA 92071

May 10, 1992

For educational use only 41,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 2

CHAPTERS

1: CALIFONIA: A CLASH OF CULTURES 3

2. KEARNY'S JOURNY WEST 8

3. THE BATTLE OF SAN PASQUAL 14

Created by David R. Gastelhau d For educational use only

1

2

Introduction

There have been many historical accounts of the Battle of San Pasqual and just as many

different or disputed 'factual interpretations' of this same conflict. The battle of San Pasqual

continues to rage even in the twentieth century as historians are engaged in open debate on many

of the details that surround this intriguing event. Historians continue to maintain diverse

assessments of the recorded facts. However, one dominant fact prevails: few historians have

been able to agree on the circumstances surrounding the battle. The basic issue of whether the

victory was the .American's (Kearny's) or the Mexican's (Pico's) remains in debate. Most of the

available accounts emphasize Kearny's trek across the continent and his 'debatable' victory at

San Pasqual.

This essay will concentrate on the accounts of the Battle of tan Pasqual by analyzing the

political climate, the events happening in California from 1844 to 1846, and the prevalent

cultural attitudes existing in California prior to Kearny's arrival. This approach to history is

important as it both describes relevant conditions and chronicles events which had a great

impact on the Battle of San Pasqual. Having developed a Californio setting, the essay will then

focus on the importance of Kearny's journey to the actual battle and finally the consequences of

the battle. It will cover Gillespie's behavior toward the Califomios, assess the Califomio's

actions prior to war, and examine Stockton's decision to move his base of operation south to San

Diego instead of north to Monterey. Another aspect this essay will address is the effect that Kit

Carson and Archibald Gillespie had on Kearny as his guides and advisors. Finally, this essay will

demonstrate why the Battle of San Pasqual was unnecessary.

Created by David R. Gastellum For educational use only se

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CHAPTER ONE

CALIFORNIA: A CLASH OF CULTURES

In the Transition Period of California, Thomas 0. Larkin, appointed consul for

California in 1844, argued that California had been divided into two political factions. In the

south was Pio Pico, the Governor of California with his seat of power in Los Angeles. The other

faction was led by "General Castro, the military chief residing in Monterey." These two factons

were known as the Picoians and the Castroians.

Castro .had the advantage of controlling the entire state revenues of two to three

thousand dollars.1 The issue of the treasury, specifically the control of the treasury, created

mounting tension between the Picoians and Castroians. Castro had already squandered the entire

treasury for his own purposes, without providing protection from corruption and bandits. In

the spring of 1846, with the repository of the treasury depleted, the Picoians and the

Castroians "were about to resume the struggle and were lining up troops and horses for that

purpose."2

With the onset of the Mexican-American War and a possible Yankee takeover, the

Californios found themselves in a precarious position. First, they saw the opportunity for a

brighter and more prosperous future as residents of an American territory. Second, they

dreaded the possibility that Mexican armies would cross over the southern mountains and bring

retaliation against American sympathizers during the war. Even if they took a neutral stance,

the risk of losing life and property was great; should they "remain Mexican subjects at wars

end they would open themselves to Mexico's thunderous wrath." For the most part the

Californios possessed and retained genuine Mexican patriotism, and here it is important to note

that California was technically still a province of Mexico. However, the ruling Spanish-

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wrik

-visatiorrisimmatismit-

4

speaking population of California did not regard themselves as Mexicans. At that time California

was considered somewhat of a 'Siberia' by central Mexico, and accordingly many of its derelicts

were 'exiled' to California. As generations of Spanish descendants evolved on the Californian

rancherias, the "men became conscious of their Californian birth." These Californios learned to

defend themselves so that "from their youth' they 'were reared in the school of adversary . . . .

who loved their country most dearly."3 It was this love which transformed these dedicated

youths to the graceful, deadly, master horsemen who became the "Las Lanzers" (The Lancers).

The Customs House, which was the only source of income for the Californio

government, was located in Monterey. It was over the division of the Customs House money that

suspicion and strife arose between Pico and Castro. This caused such a split between their forces

and the overall power of California that "the clumsy and incompetent management of military

affairs"4 caused California to fall to the American forces. Had Pico and Castro been able to show

a unified resistance they could have "raised a force of some three or four hundred of their

countrymen [for the purpose of] expelling the immigrants, but they could not unite in

anything."5 One begins to question if war in California was really necessary when the combined

forces of Pico and Castro, could not have maintained a unified front. This is evident in Pico's

reluctance to carry the war aggressively against the Americans.

Many scholars believe that the war in California was not only a serious blunder but

was quite unnecessary. In The Decline of the Californios John Leonard Pitt quotes Professor

Hawgood who stated, "California would have become a part of the United States in the long run,

but of her own free will, at her own initiative and in her own good time." This seems to be quite

evident by the initial acceptance of Stockton's establishment of a civil government in Los

Angeles. Had it not been for Captain Archibald H. Gillespie's harsh rule and his garrison's abuse

of California wine and its people, the battle at San Pasqual may have been avoided.

There are many local historians who glorify John C. Fremont's Bear Flag Rebellion as

American heroics. However, the truth which is supported by scholars such as Hubert Howe

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Bancroft and Bernard De Vote is "that the United States connived rather cynically to acquire

California, provoked the native Californians into a dirty fight, and bungled a simple job of

military conquest." Commodore Robert F. Stockton arrived early in August of 1846 with a force

at San Pedro and took the Los Angeles Plaza without opposition.6 He remained a few days and left

a guard under the "regrettable command of Captain Archibald H. Gillespie."7 Then in early

September Commodore Stockton sent Kit Carson to Washington D.C. with a dispatch outlining the

situation in California. Stockton's dispatch was reproduced in the Congressional Globe wherein

he stated, "in September I ordered an express mail to be sent in charge of Carson from the

Cuidad de Los Angeles to the city of Washington to inform the President that the territory of

California has been conquered and a civil government established therein."8 What Stockton

lamentably failed to mention was that he left an incompetent Gillespie in charge in Los Angeles.

While in command of Los Angeles in August, 1846, Gillespie provoked trouble,

exhibiting the typical "Hispanophobia" of many Anglos during this time. Gillespie repeatedly

used his military regime in an effort to squelch the Catholic traditions, native family pride and

the Californio customs of Castilian dancing and entertaining which the Californios held dear to

their hearts. Gillespie closed stores and outlawed the most innocent of social gatherings. He put

the town under a curfew and searched several houses, confiscating the arms that were found. In

doing so he humiliated the noble Los Angeles Californios of Castilian blood. It was no surprise

that the Californios took up arms, and under the leadership of Cerbula Verlas, overwhelmed

Gillespie. Gillespie was then forced to sign terms of surrender and on "October 4 the Guerrillas

lined the streets and gloated while Gillespie's dejected men marched out of town."9 Although

Cerbulo Verlas led the attack against Gillespie, it was decided he was a hothead, so he wassoon

replaced by Captain Don Maria Flores.10 After the attack on Gillespie, the calvary under Flores

was divided into three squadrons of 133 men each." The squadrons were commanded by Don

Andres Pico, Manuel Garlias, and Jose Antonio Carrillo. Respectivly, each squadron was given a

nickname: "Pico's was Los Galgos (The Greyhounds), Garfias's became known Las Aranas (The

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Spiders), and Carrillo's was known somewhat derisively as Las Hilachas (The Ragged Ones)."12

All of these groups were armed with lances, the blades of which were made of scrap iron. It

would be the Galaos upon whom Gillespie would want to take out his revenge.

As Jauna Machado de Ridenton described the incident, "Gillespie was compelled by the

Californians to abandon Los Angeles and retire to San Pedro where he went aboard ship."13 This

episode caused great hardship in California by prolonging the war. However, this victory also

served to bolster the Californios spirit. With rebellion in the air, Stockton desperately needed a

location with a sparsely settled Californio population.

Early in November Stockton could have marched his forces north to Monterey but

fortunately he led them south to San Diego. This decision was providential for Kearny, for when

Kearny arrived in California he received the help and reinforcements he desperately needed.

Without them Kearny surely would have been swallowed up by Pico's forces.14 Lieutenant

Edward Beale described Stockton's arrival in San Diego in this manner: when "the ship was soon

safely anchored in the harbor of San Diego. . . .we began active preparations against [the enemy

in] Los Angeles. The men were drilled as infantry, the officers were ranked as infantry and

artillery officers. Everything had been improvised in anticipation of the horses." While

Stockton's men prepared harnesses out of rawhide, Beale was put in charge of rounding up the

livestock.15

Meanwhile, the Californios located northwest of San Diego were also making

preparation for their assault on San Diego. Relying on the few firsthand accounts of these

activities, we know that on the November 22, 1846 Captain Andres Pico was ordered south to

San Luis.16 Captain Flores had received word that an expedition of Americans had been foraging

for horses and cattle in the interior areas around San Diego, so he issued Pico orders "to proceed

with a hundred men to San Luis"17 in an attempt to cut off Stockton's men on their return trip.

Captain Cota had also been given orders by Gen, Flores to cooperate with Pico. This plan was

designed to crush the Stockton forces between the Pico's and Cota's Californio armies. However,

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before the two captains had reached their rendezvous point the enemy, probably under Beale or

Gillespie's command, had already returned to San Diego.18 Pico was ordered to remain in the

San Diego area, so Pico made his headquarters at San Luis Rey and Santa Margarita.

An interview with Don Juan Forester describes a council of war which took place at his

Santa Margarita rancho: "preparations were then made to proceed to San Diego and retake it

from the Americans. That expedition was under the command of Leonardo Cota and Jose Alipaz,

who held a council of war under a sycamore tree still existing in front of my house here in Santa

Margarita Ranch." This interview did not occur until 1878, and it now appears that Forester

may not have been quite sure of the exact date or time of this event as he later states, "now that I

come to think of it I believe the council of war held under the Aliso in my ranch was after they

had learned of Gillespie having left San Diego." Forester states that Andres Pico "then came down

and took command of the whole California force - This had previously been divided into two

parties,"19 with an original purpose of going into the San Diego area by different routes in

order to cut off .Aipplies to the American forces. After this encounter little information was

recorded or is known of Pico's activities up to the date of 5 December, 1846.

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CHAPTER ll

KEARNY'S JOURNEY WESTJUNE 5, 1846 TO DECEMBER 5,1846

Kearny began a 2,000 mile cross-country trek when President James K. Polk declared

war against Mexico and ordered him to lead the armies of the West in conquest of the Mexican

states, then known as New Mexico and California.20 On April 30 Kearny left Fort

Leavenworth, Kansas with 1,750 soldiers, and by August 18 he had seized Santa Fe, New Mexico

without firing a shot.2i Although the Mexican forces were twice his number, when Kearny

approached them they retreated. A few miles outside of Santa Fe "the lieutenant governor,

informing the general [Kearny] of Armijo's flight, and of his readiness to receive him in Santa

Fe, and to extend to him the hospitalities of the city,"22 undoubtedly caused Kearny to lower his

guard. For it was this easy capture of Santa Fe that would later cause the overconfident Kearny

to misjudge the Californios.

The effortless manner in which New Mexico was brought under American control was

one of the major reasons Kearny decided to leave most of his troops in Santa Fe, starting his

march to San Diego with just over 300 men. William Emory wrote on September 25,1846, "I

received notice that the general was to march at 2 p.m., for California. His force consisted of

300 dragoons."23 From the beginning Kearny's march was plagued with trouble. Dr. John S.

Griffin wrote on September 25 that Mexican horse traders swindled Kearny with mules that

were "devilish poor at that and that two had died on the first day."24 He described as a "bad

prospect for California to have the animals give out on the first clay."25 They soon realized

there was not sufficient stock to last the duration of the trip, so three days later on September

29 "a grand trade in mules and horses" took place at a rancheria just below Zandia.26 There the

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scene looked more like a horse market than an army camp. With fresh mounts Kearny proceeded

on the last 800 mile journey and toward his dubious encounter with Kit Carson.

Fourteen days outside of Santa Fe, Kearny and Kit Carson crossed paths. This encounter

brought both good and bad fortune to Kearny's future, indeed, causing severe ramifications to the

posterity of all those involved. Yet at the time it seemed a simple and fortuitous meeting for

Kearny. Dr. Griffith described this encounter on the October 6 "some 8 or 9 men [the actual

number of men was 15] came charging up to us with an Indian yell." This turned out to be "Kit

Carson, the celebrated mountain man."27 This meeting took place "below Socorro on the Rio

Grande del Norte, where Carson had travelled 800 miles in thirty days; Kearny had travelled

150 miles in 11 days."28 In other words, Carson's men travelled almost twice the distance

every day compared to Kearny's dragoons. Kearny's slow progress was caused by his precious

howitzers, and because Thomas Fitzpatrick, Kearny's guide up to that point, was unfamiliar

with the Gila Route to California.

From Carson's subsequent statements to Senator Thomas Hart Benton it was revealed

that Carson had heard on the trail of Kearny's approach and upon their meeting Carson "told

them they were "too late - that California was conquered, and the U.S. flag had been raised in all

parts of the country."29 Although in August this information was true, it was now November

and this information was false and misleading. In reply Kearny announced that he would go on to

establish a civil government. Carson informed him that "a civil government was already

established, with Colonel Fremont appointed Governor, to commence as soon as Colonel Fremont

returned from the North, some time that very month [October]."30 This information was also

outdated and therefore false.

At this meeting Carson told Kearny that in August all of California had fallen easily to

Fremont and Stockton and there was no opposition to American rule.31 He also reported that

"Stockton was engaged in organizing a civil government, and that Fremont was to be made

Governor."32 Having taken Santa Fe from the Mexican forces and now receiving this news of

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California already flying the American flag, Kearny made a serious mistake. Confident that he

could take California as easily as he took Sante Fe, he sent 200 of his dragoons back to Santa Fe.

After much argument and under the threat of a court martial for Carson, Kearny finally

persuaded Carson to return with him to California as his guide and for Thomas Fitzpatrick to

continue on to Washington D.C. with the dispatches.33

Later Kearny would be accused of a military crime by Senator Benton, because in

military or state communications it is a crime "for one officer to turn back the messenger of

another."34 This line of reasoning did not hold up in a military court nor in the halls of

Congress. With the information available and the surrounding circumstances most historians

agree that Kearny made the right decision to take the unwilling Carson as guide.

It was not until several weeks later that Carson and Kearny learned that everything

Stockton had accomplished had been undone by the incompetent Gillespie, and that a sizeable

portion of California was back under Californio control. Having Carson's report, obsolete since

September 5 and by now filled with much erroneous information; Kearny believed he had more

than atiiple forces to complete his mission. He decided to order 200 of his remaining 300

dragoons back to Santa Fe under the command of Major Sumner.35 Kearny continued marching

westward with Companies "C" and "D", the 100 residual Dragoons, and employing the reluctant

Kit Carson as his guide.36

One burden greatly affecting both the strength and disposition of the army was the

seemingly pointless hauling of two enormous howitzers on this wilderness journey.37 Kearny

stubbornly insisted on dragging them along without regard to their military value versus the

unavoidable penalties. One only had to survey the number of dead and wounded at the end of

Kearny's 2,000 mile trek to genuinely ascertain the price of his stubbornness. Observation of

the troop's low morale and sense of utter exhaustion, combined with the worn-out livestock,

portrays the ultimate sncrifice paid by these troops.

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Finally on October 9, 1846, after the wagons had only made eleven and a half miles and

"the teams came into camp 'blown' and staggering after their day's work,"38 did Kearny

determine to leave the wagons and send back for pack saddles. October tenth, eleventh, and

twelfth were passed in camp waiting for the pack saddles.39 On October 22, 1846 Emory

finally wrote, "The howitzers came up at about nine o'clock, having, in the previous day's work,

their shafts broken, and, indeed, everything that was possible to break about them."413

Unfortunately, Kearny decided to keep his 'precious' howitzers, to the detriment of his

men for it sealed the fate of the dragoons and contributed heavily to their losses at San

Pasqual.41 William L. Perkins, author of Those Accursed Howitzers, stated that historians

were divided on "why Kearny chose to keep the howitzers,"42 for it was quite obvious that

"anything with wheels would put a terrible drain on the animals"43 and slow the Army of the

West's progress considerably. Perkins, like many historians, believed that Kearny's

intransigence in keeping the howitzers was caused by his "martinet, petty, and prideful

personality." Perhaps he thought these guns gave his weary and ragged Dragoons the appearance

of a strong military facade that they were, in fact, sorely lacking. Whatever his original

reasons might have been, his guns at journey's end were useless and were never a deciding

factor in the battle.44

It was the last part of the Army of the West's journey that would bring about tile most

difficult circumstances. Having to ride 500 miles down the canyons of the Gila River with no

more than a bridle path and "over a very rough and barren country"45 was one of the most

arduous parts of the journey. Another entry from the journal of Captain Turner described the

march as a constant state of toil and deprivation and even "anxious friends at home can form no

idea of the trials and fatigue that we undergo each hour in the day - wading through streams,

clambering over rocks and precipices or laboring through the valleys of streams where . . . .

our animals sink up to their knees at almost every step."46 After sixty miles of desert without

water or food for the livestock, Kearny's bedraggled dragoons arrived half or nearly naked,

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many without shoes. The date was 2 December 1846, their immediate destination: Warner's

Ranch in the mountains northeast of San Diego. 47

After many days of deprivation and hardship Emory described the Aqua Caliente valley:

"the evergreen oak grew luxuriantly . . . . we saw what would even here be called large trees.

Emerging from these we saw in the distance the beautiful valley of the Aqua Caliente."48 Upon

their arrival in the lush valley they shot and ate ten Mexican cattle, then proceeded to Warners

rancho.49 While they were there "an Indian came in and told [them] that Pico was camped at

San Pasqual.50 Mr. Warner had been placed under arrest by American forces because he had

been accused of leading American soldiers into an ambush. The real reason for his arrest was

"lack of enthusiasm for the political party then in charge of the government of the United States

[and because] he was in sympathy with the paisanos in their fight to preserve their lands."51

After the men devoured a sheep at Warner's rancho, and quenched their thirst, they then sent

for Edward Stokes at his rancho Santa Isabelle.52 Stokes, an Englishman, told Kearny that he

was a neutral. But he did agree "to carry a letter to Commodore Stockton at San Diego."53 This

letter contained Kearny's orders from the President of the United States to establish "a Civil

government . . and secure order, peace, and quietness,"54 and it requested Stockton's

assistance in opening up communication with him as soon as possible. After being resupplied

with more unbroken horses and mules on December 3, Kearny broke camp and marched thirteen

and a half miles to the valley of the Rio Isabelle. Here Kearny's dragoons were well provisioned,

courtesy of Stokes who had given orders to his majordomo Senor Bill to entertain the Army of

the West.55 They camped that night at Stokes's rancho, which was located forty miles from San

Diego.56 The Indians in the neighboring area offered to help Kearny, for many of them had a

deep hatred for the Californios who had taken from them their land and freedom.57 At Santa

Isabelle Kearny and his men dined on the more refined larder of the Isabelle rancho.58 Kearny,

his officers, and Senor Bill generously drank from Stokes's reserve of wine.59 This was

probabably a once in a lifetime opportunity for Senor Bill to drink his fill of Stokes's wine. On

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. .

December 5, 1846, with a drunk Senor Bill as guide, who had to be held up by two dragoons,

Kearny set off for Santa Maria.60

Back in San Diego on December 3, 1846 Rafael Machado had left the ranks of "Andres

Pico and his 'Galgos'."6i Acting on the advice of his family, Rafael had surrendered himself to

Stockton.62 While questioning Machado as to the size and location of Pico's lancers, a message

arrived from Kearny. Whereupon Stockton ordered Gillespie that to take Rafael as guide and

informer and proceed to Kearny's position with reinforcements.63 Because of this strange turn

of events the unfortunate young Rafael Machado would be known as a deserter to his people.

Kearny rode to Santa Maria where he met up with Gillespie, his thirty seven men and the "four

pounder 'Sutter' gun."64

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CHAPTER III

The Battle of San PasqualNovember 1846 to 11 December 1846

Prior to December 5 Pico was ordered by General Flores, commondante of the

Californio army, to move his lancers from Don Juan Forester's Santa Margarita Rancho to the

Dominguez Rancho, and then later to the Rancho Soledad.65 This rancho was about four leagues

(approximately 12 miles) from San Diego.66 It was here, according to Pablo Vejar, that Pico

had received word from his sister, Mariquita, that Gillespie was riding into the northern

mountains to meet with another group of Americans.67 Prior to this message Pico had received

information from an Indian scout that "Gillespie was on the move, bound for the Sierras."68

Pico disbelieved his sister's account of an American army deep inside the interior meeting

Gillespie's troop.69 For his own reasons Pico preferred to believe that Gillespie was out to

steal more livestock for the "starving gringos in Old Town."70 But with the knowledge that his

old advetsary was within reach, Pico sent one part of his force to the El Cajon valley and the

rest to San Pasqual to cut off any possibility of Gillespie's retreat.7

Pico's superior, General Flores, had also received word from Sonora of American

military movement, and this would have been Kearny's movement towards San Diego.72 The

westward journey of Kearny's dragoons was a real mystery to Flores, for he could not

understand how such a force could pass the vicinity of Pico and Cota without being seen.73 Pico

and his superiors were aware of a large American force in the surrounding mountains of San

Diego. With Pico aware of that, we have to question why he did not explore this vital

information more, and why did he not believe the confirming accounts given to him. Perhaps the

civil government of California was not eager to confront American armies. Perhaps Pico had no


1 5

real desire to fight American forces. It is very probable that Pico was doing the best he could to

avoid a direct confrontation for as long as possible with the United States. Also, the more

aggressive Verlas was replaced with the milder Flores by the governing class of California.

After the war, it was claimed by Botello, another contemporary, of Pico's who claims that Pico

afterwards told him that "he had not wished to fight, but was forced to it by circumstances which

made it impossible to do otherwise."74 This attitude would show itself in further events leading

up to and during the battle. It was to this battle that Pico now rode in company of Vejar and his

'Galgos'.75

They arrived at San Pasqual where they hoped to intercept Gillespie on his return to

San Diego.76 Their arrival on December 4 at San Pasqua{ was witnessed by a young Indian

woman, Felicita, who remembered the event quite well. In an interview with Elizabeth J.

Roberts, she stated "Mexican soldiers, riding beautiful horses, came through our valley quite

often, and at last a company came and camped at our village. They took some of our huts, and we

crowded into those that were left for it was the winter time"77

Once at San Pasqual, Pablo Vejar and Juan Bautista Moreno took charge of setting up

Camp. Vejar thought it would be wise to assess their men, horses, and equipment to fairly

estimate their fighting capabilities. A disagreement broke out between Vejar, who wanted to

keep the horses close by, and Pico, who had turned the horses' care over to the Indians. These

Indians had been watching Kearny's and Gillespie's movements without being instructed to do

so.78 This information was voluntarily passed on, by the Indians, to the Californios.

Although Pico had been moved into the San Diego area in response to reconnaissance

information of American military movement along the Gila, by all evidence Pico was still

unaware of Kearny's position until the night of December 5. "Mr. Osio, a California journalist

stated that Pico had no idea of the proximity of Kearny when he camped for the night at San

Pasqual."79 Yet Vejar stated that the Indians who took care of the horses had told Pico on his

arrival that "the Americans were at Rancho Santa Maria five or six leagues [approximately 18

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I 6

miles] away on a steep rocky road. Vejar gave praise to these Indians for saving the lancers, for

he claimed that "later it was learned that Pico was planning to surrender us." There seems to be

some truth of this description of Pico's intent for by many accounts he had been reluctant to

have a direct confrontation -with the American military forces.

Upon hearing the news from these reliable Indians, Vejar advised Pico that they should

make preparations for an attack. In response, Vejar states that Pico could not believe the

Americans could "make it over the road bringing a cannon at night [and] that the road was worse

than the Cuesta de Santa Ines (Hill of Saint Ines)." After Vejar pulled his watch as officer of the

day he turned the duty over to Jose Alipas. About this time an Indian rushed into the camp and

reported to Pico that Americans with cannon were approaching. When asked how big the army

was, the Indian replied, "Que! Ustedes no valen nada; ellos son mas muchos (What ! You aren't

worth anything; they are much more)." After this report and much argument with a reluctant

Pico, Vejar and Juan Lobo retrieved the horses the Indians had put in a hidden spot.

At this time a dog barked from the direction of the enemy camp, and Vejar gave the call

" to arms! to his company, and Moreno did likewise." After a. quick inspection, Vejar discovered

that three of his men had no cartridges, and he went to Pico and requested ammunition. Pico

refused, and it was not until Vejar threatened "to take it by force, that Pico gave some to him."

Here again Pico showed reluctance in taking strong action and in his decision-making which

impaired the lancers' battle-preparedness.

A patrol was finally sent out, and at the "foot of a grade they found a bundle of very good

blankets." This was proof that their location was known to the enemy. Vejar claimed that as the

horses arrived Pico was still indecisive, because he gave his men orders not to mount up. This

was very disturbing to the lancers, for though they were trained effectively with the lance,

their greatest skill was horsemanship; they were not professionally trained killers. Vejar

gave the order for battle, later saying that Pico gave no orders, which left Vejar to do

everything. As the enemy was spotted five to six hundred yards away, a pistol shot was fired and


I 7

the "order was, Al Centro, un tiro, y a la lanza (To the center, one shot and the lance)."8° Still,

with all the warnings, Pico and his men were barely, mounted when the battle was engaged.

To say that Kearny had been poorly advised would be a gross understatement.

Gillespie's original prejudice against Mexicans only increased after his humiliating disaster in

Los Angeles. As Kearny made his plans, it would be advisable to consider the factors that affected

his decisions. First, Kearny had already taken an entire Mexican province without firing a shot.

Second, he had fought a Mexican army, not the skilled lancers of California. Third, as the

Mexican army was twice his number, he allowed these misleading events to bolster his personal

image of his own military success and impair his future judgements. Fourth, Carson, his guide

and advisor, had little respect for the Californios as fighters, for he described them as having a

"holy horror of the American rifle and would never expose themselves to make an attack."8i

Add to this the hispanophobia of his adviser Gillespie and there is potential ingredients for a

slaughter. Kearny was also in need of good horses for a prolonged campaign could take him to

many parts of California. Kearny's horses were in the poorest possible condition. Carson was

quoted by Charles L. Camp as saying that "the chief objective [for Kearny] was to the California

animals." Another factor was the wine that circulated among the officers82 at Rancho Isabelle

the night of December 5. After 800 miles of desert and deprivation, it would only be natural for

Kearny's men to fill canteens and jugs to provision themselves against the cold, dreary

weather.83 Though there is no proof that anyone was drunk on the evening and morning of the

fifth when plans were being made for battle it is not unreasonable to presume that wine was

present at Kearny's camp. This could have impaired Kearny's judgement regarding the condition

of his men. In a message from Stockton, Kearny was advised to "beat up"84 their camp, but

after Lieutenant Edward F. Beale and Phillip Crosthwaite saw the starved condition of Kearny's

men, they advised him to take the road to San Diego by way of Lakeside, Rancho El Cajon and

Mission Valley.85 But witl Stor.kton and Fremont's claims to a civil government and

governorship, Kearny was also determined to show his presence by a military victory. Judge


1 8

Hayes believed if Kearny had waited and "appeared in open daylight and in a compact force, San

Pasqual might have had as happy a result as that of Cahuenga, without striking a blow."86 Like

Pico, Kearny refused to take the counsel of his cautious subordinates87

Determined to fight,.Kearny sent Lieutenant Hammond, Raphael,Machado and several

dragoons to survey the position and strength of the enemy."88 During the night at 11:00 P.M.,

Hammond descended the mountains to San Pasqual. The noise from his saber alerted a camp dog,

and when the reconnaissance team arrived it was hailed by the lancer's camp with Quien Vive

(who's there). The rain had been pouring down all night but it ceased when a cold and chilling

wind blew down from the Sierras.89

Pico's lancets, on fresh mounts, were considered the best horsemen in the world.90

They were well acquainted with the lay of the land and were armed with six to eight-foot-long

razor-sharp lances with blades "nine to ten inches in length and one-half inch in width at the

base;" each of these blades bore, a "gay, red, white and green pennon, fastened at their base."91

With lances raised upright, these lancers stood ready to defend themselves, their families and

their homes.

On the other side of the battlefield, high upon a "hog-backed ridge, was the Army of the

West," half starved men who were weary and fatigued beyond comprehension.92 The dragoons,

cold, stiff, and wet from sleeping outside in the rain, were mostly mounted on worn-out

unbroken mules, and the dragoons' arms and ammunition were rain-soaked from the torrential

downpour of the previous night.93 Gillespie describes the men as "sadly in want of clothing."94

Yet Kearny would have his battle, his horses, his glory and his contentious military victory in

California.

The first to die was Captain Abraham R. Johnston, who led the charge down the

mountain with his guard behind him in double file.95 Behind them came General Kearny,

Lieutenant Emory and a guard of fifty dragoons, who were mounted on mules. The noise from

their sabers and equipment destroyed all hopes of a surprise attack.96 Gillespie with the

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"Sutter Gun" and the best of mounts was ordered to the left rear flank to help guard the baggage

train.97 A mile behind the frontal assault, this baggage train was under.the command of Major

Thomas Swords, with a guard of fifty dragoons.98 When the order to trot was given, it was

believed that Johnson mistook it for charge, and galloped far ahead of the rest of Kearny's

company. He received a bullet in his forehead from the gun of Leandro Osuna in the first volley

of fire from the lancers.99 Johnson's advanced charge was most unfortunate, for when Pico saw

the number of Johnson's advance guard he mistook the size of Kearny's army. Had Pico been

confronted by Kearny's entire force it is believed he would have withdrawn, being content in

just harassing the Army of the West by short dashes and driving away their livestock. As the

Army of the 'West strung itself out in a vulnerable, extended line, the action was being mentally

recorded on the .hillside by a young Indian girl named FelicitaM.

When the Indians heard the clang of sabers and the rattle of equipment from the

direction of Santa Maria, they "ran out of their huts to find the cause." Through the low-lying

fog Felicita saw "soldiers wearing coats of blue. The Mexican soldiers were sitting on their

horses holding their long lances . . . . they now rode swiftly to meet the soldiers in blue."ln great

fear the Indians escaped to the mountains where they watched the battle "behind brush and

weeds."101 As the Indians ran to the mountains, Pico's camp was somewhat in disarray. As

Johnston fell, Captiah Benjamin D. Moore took the lead. He thought the lancers were in retreat

so he ordered a second charge. This charge led him face to face with Pico and his guard. He was

able to get off one shot and was then lanced off his horse by Leandro Osuna. Captian Moore was

then slain with a bullet from the gun of Thomas Sanchez.102 For years after this battle Moore

would be posthumously praised by the Californios for his gallant bravery. They called him

"valiento Morin (valiant Moore)." When Hammond saw Moore fall, he tried desperately to come

to his brother-in-law's aid, only to be mortally wounded by the same razor-sharp lance of

Osuna. When the Californios saw Gillespie, the ruthless leader of martial law, a cry of "jAqui

esta Gillespie!, jAdelante!, jMatale!, IMatale!, 'Aqui esta Gillespie! (Here is Gillespie!,

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2 0

Forward!, Kill him! Kill him! Here is Gillespie!") went up. Then a charge of eager lancers did

their best to sink their lances into the man they knew well. 103 Gillespie received a lance

wound in the face cutting his mouth and breaking a tooth, in the neck, rInd one through a lung.

The lancers left Gillespie for dead and went after his horse and prize saddle.104 As the battle

moved on, Gillespie was able to retreat behind the American lines, where he managed to get off a

load of grapeshot from the "Sutter gun". This shot he claimed later is what turned the tide and

caused the lancers to flee.105

General Kearny was wounded in his arm and in his buttocks. William Burden Dunne

said that many of the men felt "that it would have been better if they killed him." His men felt

he was responsible for the disgracfull fiasco, for if he had waited till daylight" they would have

seen how to defend themselves." These men said their fingers were so doubled up from cold that

'they were unable to use their fire-arms, "except for the officers who were well penetrated with

the strength of Santa Maria wine."1°6

In the half-light of the battle, Vejar drew attention to himself by shouting orders to his

companions in Spanish. Vejar was soon surrounded by dragoons. He tried to evade them, and in

doing so his horse stepped into a gopher hole, broke stride, and Vejar fell from his mount. This

caught the attention of four dragoons who fired upon him but missed. One man fired again and

missed, but this shot caused his horse to move enough for Vejar to pull his leg out from

underneath his horse. To gain his feet Vejar had to use his lance as a crutch. One of the

frustrated men said "Damn You!" took aim and tried to shoot him, but the pistol did not fire.

After these numerous attempts to shoot Vejar, he was finally informed by Philip Crosthwaite

that he was a prisoner.107 When Vejar delivered up his bloody lance he thought his fate was

sealed, for a half-breed named Patitoux looked at it, raised his gun and would have shot Vejar if

not for the protest of Philip Crosthwaite. The indignant Crosthwaite informed Patitoux that

Americans did not kill their prisoners.108 Later Vejar, the only prisoner, was questioned as

to the number of killed and wounded. His description of this interrogation, with Gillespie

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21

badgering him and Dr. Griffin supplying numbers, seemes to suggest that the Americans were

trying to get a false number for the official records in order to justify their actions. " Why don't

you tell the truth ten died and thirty were wounded,"109 when they knew that Vejar had been

taken prisoner during the battle, and could not know the exact numbers.

Not all of the Californios were as eager for battle as Vejar. As mentioned earlier, some

Californios had mixed feelings and thought it wiser not to get involved in a meaningless conflict.

One of these unwilling participants was Jose Antonio Serrano. Serrano came to battle armed

only with his reata. When the battle broke out, Serrano was "at the rancheria of Panto the

Indian leader for the San Pasqua! Indians." Removed from the center of battle Serrano stated

that he saw three Americans in the Indian village "lead Francisco Lara away from one of the

Indian huts . . . . two Americans rode away, leaving Lara in the charge of the third who shot the

youth then rode off." Lara, a young man, was terrified of the battle and had decided to stay in the

Indian village. Because he was the only mortality on the Mexican side this version is highly

contested. Later it was claimed, common knowledge, that some Indians that were with the

Americans had killed Lara.110 Because of the confusion on the battlefield, little else but these

explanations are known about the only death on the Californios side.

The crippled army of Kearny was now in possession of the field. By order of Kearny,

the men gathered and lashed the dead to the mules that were left, in preparation to march

Kearny's wounds became so serious that Captain Turner had to assume command for a short

period of time, while Kearny's wounds were being cared for by Dr. Griffin. After regrouping,

the weary dragoons discovered there were not enbugh mules left to carry all of the dead, and it

was decided to bury the dead on the battlefield that night in secret. Kearny sent Alexis Godey,

Thomas Burgess and another volunteer to Stockton for reinforcments. Reduced in their number

by a third, the "Army of the West" made a forced march off the battlefield under the constant

harrassment of Pico and his lancers. On the way, Kearny and his dragoons rested at Rancho San

Bernardo, and gathered some chickens for the sick to eat. They continued thci march until


confronted by lancers on a rocky hill which blocked their advance. They gained the hill and

safety, but in climbing the hill they lost their livestock. On December 8 Pico came forward

under a flag of truce and exchanger:I his prisoners Godey and Burgess for Vejar. Both Godey and

Burgess had been captured on their return trip.111 Godey's news was not helpful, for Stockton

had no spare horses for a relief party. That night Kearny sent Lieutenant Edward Beale, Carson,

and an Indian to gain assistance from Stockton.112 Three miserable nights were spent on this

hill which was renamed Mule Hill after the principle diet of its occupants. Vejar, a prisoner

during some of this time, went hungry, for he refused to eat the flesh of a mule. On December

10, Kearny in desperation, burned all of the army's baggage,for a possible rapid march. 113

Finally, on the morning of December 11, Kearny was rescued by Lieutenant Gray and

200 marines and tars (sailors).114 Christopher Jaret, a marine under Gray described

Kearriy's position as "surrender or be annihilated." Jaret described Kearny's camp as a "sad

sight indeed [there was] no water except what little muddy water they caught in holes dug for

that purpose- although a nice stream ran at the base of the hill" Jaret continued, "so closely did

the cordon of the enemy draw around them that no man dared to venture to that little

stream,"115 as death would be their measure.

If not for this relief from Stockton, Kearny would have met death or been sent to

Mexico in chains. It was an auspicious turn of events for Kearny when Stockton decided to

regroup from Gillespie's debacle in San Diego instead of Monterey.

By all accounts the initial battlefield was a mixture of men in utter confusion. There

were no regular lines, trenches or fixed positions.116 The entire battle only lasted fifteen

minutes and in these few minutes it was obvious that wet cartridges and .four-foot-long dull

sabers were no match for the longer razor sharp lances of the Californios.117 At the end of the

battle, out of twenty dead and nineteen wounded only one death and one wound was caused by

gunfire." With a total of thirty-nine dead or wounded each body had an average of three

wounds.118

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Eighty percent of the American forces engaged in the actual battlewere either dead or

wounded.119 With the rest of the American forces approaching, the lancers decided to leave the

battlefield that was littered with American casualties. Most historians agree that when the

Californios left the field to the Americans, they lost claim to the victory. Another point, most

historians believe, is that had the lancers so desired, they could have annihilated the entire

'Army of the West.120 Most authorities also agree that the death toll could have been much

higher , but for Castilian chivalry which stayed the. hand of the lancer.121 It was reported that

when Pico saw an American wounded he "called upon his men to spare the life of the wounded

soldier."122 At the end of the war both Kearny and Gillespie sought out individual lancers who

had spared their lives.123 The chivalry of the Castilian culture was even hailed in the halls of

Congress when Senator Benton praised Pico for his humanitarian actions during the battle, his

care of the prisoners under his control, and for the fresh supplies he sent under a flag of truce

to his old adversary Gillespie.124

The controversy continues over who won the battle. We must consider the factual

information presented. First, the battle was not strategically necessary, due to the fact there

was another route available to Kearny. Second, there were a number of motivating factors for

the battle: one factor was the insatiable desire for revenge on the part of Gillespie; another

factor was Carson's low opinion of the lancers' fighting capabilities. Most important was

Kearny's greed for the prized horses the lancers rode upon, for Carson continued to urge Kearny

"that it was a good opportunity to supply themselves with fresh horses.125

Finally, scholars need to consider if anyone was victorious at San Pasqual. It was not

necessary for Kearny to charge into the deadly lances with men who were half-starved and

physically wasted from a 2000 mile journey.126 Then, it was absurd for Kearny to still claim

victory while positioned in the battlefield surrounded by dead, dying and wounded men. There

was no claim to victory for the proud lancers when they faded into the landscape, losing their

dignity, their lands, and their rich culture.

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2 4

In conclusion, historians and scholars must consider the price of victory bought and

purchased with the blood of subdued, worn and weary soldiers, when the peaceful alternative of

negotiation could have been achieved.

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WORKS CITED

BOOKS

Bancroft, Hubert .Howe. The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft. VoI.22. History of California,Vol. 5, 1846-1848. Santa Barbara, Wallace Hebberd, 1963.

Clarke, Dwight L. The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner: With Stephen Watts Kearny toNew Mexico and California 1846-1847. Norman University of Oklahoma, Press,1966.

. The Soldier Of The West. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press,1969.

Colton, Walter. The California Diary. Oakland: California, Biobooks, 1948.

Coy, Owen C The Battle of San Pasqual. Sacramento: California State Printing Press, 1883.

Davis, William Heath. Seventy-Five years in California. 3rd ed., San Fansisco: J.Howell Books,1967

Emory, Lieut. Col. W. H. Notes of a Military Reconnaisance from Fort Leavenworth, inMissouri, to San Diego, in California. 30th Congress, 1st Session, ExecutiveDocument No. 41. Washington: Wendell and Van Benthuysen, Printers, 1848.

.Lieut. Col. W. H. Lieutenant Emory Reports: Notes of a Military Reconnoissance.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press,1951.

Estergreen, M. Morgan. Kit Carson A Portrait in Courage. University of Oklahoma Press,1962.

Griffen, John S. A Doctor Comes to California. San Fransisco: California Historical Society,1943.

Givas, Theadore. Military Governments in California 1846-1850. Glendale: The Arthur H.Clark Company, 1963.

Marti, Werner H. Messenger of Destiny: the California Adventure, 1846-1847 of Archibald H.Gillespie. San Fransisco, J. Howell-Books, 1960.

Peet, Mary Rockwood. San Pasqual: A Crack in the Hills. Culver City: Highland Press, 1949.

Pitt, Leonard. The Decline of the Californias: A social history of the Spanish-SpeakingCalifornois, 1846-1890. Berkley: University of California Press, 1966.

Created by David R. Gastellum112 For educational use only

Pourade, Richard F. History of San Diego: The Silver Dons, San Diego: The Cop ly Press,Inc.1963.

Todd, Charles Burr. The Battle of San Pasqual. Pomona: Progress Publishing Company, 1925.

Turner, Henry Smith. The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner: with Stephen WattsKearney to New Mexico and California 1846-1847. Dwight L. Clarke, ed., Norman,University of Oklahoma Press: 1966.

Willey, Samuel Hopkins. The Transition period of California, from a province of Mexico in1846 to a State of the American Union in 1850. San Fransisco: The Whitaker and RayCompany, 1901

Created by David R. Gastellurn 113 For educational use only

2 7

PUBLICATIONS OF THE GOVERNMENTAND HISTORICAI SOCIETIES.

Perkins, William L. "Those Accursed Howitzers," San Diego' Historical Society Quarterly,10(July 1964), 29-34.

Streeter, David. "Recollections of William Streeter, 1843-1878." California HistoricalSociety Quart ly, 18, (April 1939): 166-169.

U. S. Congress, Senate. Senator Benton "The Speech of Mr Benton of Missouri, on the Nominationof Brigadier General Kearny for the brevet of Major General," Conressional Globe,30th Cong., 1st Sess., New Series 62, Washington, (July, 1848), 977-87.

Woodward, Arthur. Lances at San Pasqual. San Fransisco: California Historical Society,1948.

NEWSPAPERS

Felicita. Times-Advocate, 3 November 1916.

Gunn, D, Guard. "The Battle of San Pasqual," The Southern California Rancher, November1946.

Weland, Gerald G. "Rescueing The Mighty Conqueror," Leatherneck, November 1986.

114Created by David R. Gastellurn For educational use only

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UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

Beale, E. F. Statement dictated to a staff member of the H. H. Bancroft Library, 1878.

Bowler, M. Asa. Vigilance Comittee in San Fransisco, H. H. Bancroft Library Collection, 1888,30 - 31 .

Hayes, Benjamin. San Pasqua! Notes 38 and 40 of Benjamin Hayes, 1891, Bancroft LibraryCollection.

Jarret, Christopher. Letter to John W. Davis, 3 February 1891, Washington, D.C.

Dunne, William Burden. Interview by John W. Davis 18 Feburary1891, Dunne's Notes on SanPasqua!, regarding the Battle of San Pasqual, Bancroft Library.

Forster, Don Juan. Interview by a member of H.H. Bancroft Library, 1878, From the MemoryDon Jaun Forster.

Osuna, Juan Maria. Interviewed by Edgar Hasting, 17 October1958, San Diego HistoricalSociety Collection.

Machado, Jauna de Ridengton. Translated By Winifred Davidson in April 1943, Times Gone Byin Alta California. Bancroft Library, 1878,14-17.

Vejar, Pablo. Interviewed by a staff member of H. H. Bancroft Library, 13 December 1877,Recuerdos de un Viejo, Bancroft Library Collection.

UNPUBLISHED DISSERTATIONS AND THESIS

Rust, Majorie McMorrow. San Pasqual: Rancheria to Greenbelt. M. Thesis, San Diego StateUniversity, 1968.

Adema, Thomas, Joseph. San Diego's Oldest pioneer, Philip Crosthwaite,1825-1903. M.Thesis, University of San Diego, 1988.

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1 Samuel Hopkins Willey, The Transition period of California, from a province of Mexicoin 1846 to a State of the Ameriaan Union in 1850 (San Fransisco: The Whitaker and RayCompany, 1901),11.

2 Leonard Pitt, The Decline of the Californias: A social history of the Spanish-SpeakingCalifornois 1846-1890 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966), 25.

8 Pitt, Decline Californias, 24.

4 Theadore Givas, Military Governments in California 1846-1850 (Glendale,California,The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1963),63-4,

5 Willey, Transition California,11.


7 Jauna de Machado Ridengton (Wrightington), Translated By Winifred Davidson, April,1943 Times Gone By in Alta California, 1878, Bancroft Library, 15.

8 Congress, Senate, "The Speech of Mr Benton of Missouri: On the Nomination of BrigadierGeneral Kearny for the brevet of Major General," Conressional Globe, 30th Cong., 1st Sess.,New Series 69, (Washington, July, 1848), 978.


10 Richard F. Pourade, History of San Diego: The Silver Dons (San Diego: The CopleyPress, Inc. 1963), 28.

11 Pourade, Silver Dons, 28.

12Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 28.

13 Machado, Times Gone By, 16.

14 Gerald G. We land, "Rescuing The Mighty Conqueror," Leatherneck: (November 1986), .

69 .

15Edward F. Beale, Interviewed by a staff member of the H. H. Bancroft Library, 1878, 7.

16 Hubert Howe Bancroft, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft (Santa Barbara,1912),

vol.22, ed. Wallace Hebberd, The History of California, vol.5, 330.


3 0

17 Bancroft, The Works, 5: 330.


19 Forster, Memory of Forster, 37.

20 Charles Burr Todd, The Battle of San Pasqual (Pomona: Progress Publishing Company,1925), 5.

21 William H. Emory, Lieutenant Emory Reports: Notes of a Military Reconnoissance(Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1951), 55.

22 Emory, Emory Reports, 56.

23 Ibid., 77.

24 John S. Griffen, A Doctor Comes to California (San Fransisco: California HistoricalSociety, 1943),17.

25 Griffen, Doctor to California, 17.


27 Griffen, Doctor to California, 20,

28 M. Morgan Estergreen, Kit Carson A Portrait in Courage (University of OklahomaPress, 1962), 153.

29 Benton, Conressional Globe 978.

30 Ibid., 978.


32 Bancroft, Works, 5: 336.


34 Ibid.,20.


3 1

35 William H. Emory, Notes of a Military Reconnaisance from Fort Leavenworth, inMissouri, to San Diego, in California 30th Congress, 1st Session, Executive Document No. 41.(Washington: Wendell and Van Benthuysen, Printers, 1848), 7.


37 Arthur Woodward, Lances at San Pasqual (San Fransisco: California Historical Society,1948): 4.


39 Ibid.,91.

40 Erno,ty Notes Reconnaisance, 63.

41 William L. Perkins, "Those Accursed Howitzers," San Diego Historical SocietyQuarterly 10 (July,1964), 31.

42 Perkins, "Accursed Howitzers," 83.

43 Ibid., 31.

44 Perkins, "Accursed Howitzers," 31.

45 Clarke, Soldier West, 185.

46 Ibid., 184-5.

47 Juan Maria Osuna, Interviewed by Edgar Hasting, 17 October 1958, San DiegoHistorical Society Collection. 2.

48 Emory, Notes Reconnaisance, 7.

49 Asa M. Bowen, Vigalence Comittees in San Fransisco, 1888, H. H. Bancroft LibraryCollection, 1.

50 Bowen, Vigalence Comittees, 1.

51Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 18,

52 Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 165.



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55Emory, Emory Reports, 167.

56 Todd, San Pasqua!, 10.



59 William Burden Dunne, Interviewed by John W. Davis, Dunne's Notes on San Pasqual,18 Feburary 1891, Bancroft Library, 1.

60 Griflen, Doctor to California, 45.


62 Machado, Times Gone By, 14.



65 Pablo Vejar, Interviewed by a staff member of H. H. Bancroft Library, Recuerdos de unViejo, 13 December 1877, Bancroft Library Collection,1.


67 Ibid., 19.

68 Vejar, Recuerdos de Viejo, 1.


70 Ibid., 20.



73 Ibid., 334.

74 Owen C. Coy, The Battle of San Pasqual (Sacramento: California State Printir Press,1883), 6-7.

Vejar, Recuerdos de Viejo, 1.

Created by David R. Gastellurn 119 For educational use only

3 3

76 Woodward, Lances Pasoual, 28.

77 Felicita, Times-Advocate (3 November 1916), 7.


79 Coy, Battle Pasqua!, 6.




83 Woodward, Lances Pasoual, 33.

84 Pourade,'Silver Dons, 102.

85 Joseph Adema Thomas, "San Diego's Oldest pioneer, Philip Crosthwaite, 1825-1903"

M. Thesis, University of San Diego, 1988, 36.

86 Majorie Mc Morrow Rustvold, "San Pasqual: Rancheria to Greenbelt." M. Thesis,Special Collections, San Diego State University, 1968, 76.

87 Woodward, Lances Pasqua!, 25.




91 Ibid., 28.92 Clarke, Soldier West, 185.

93 Rustvold, "Rancheria to Greenbelt." 76.

94 Werner H. Marti, Messenger of Destiny: the California Adventure, 1846-1847 ofArchibald H. Gillespie (San Francisco, J. Howell-Books, 1960), 94.


Created by David R. Gastellum

neeur,120

-

For educational usc onlyOr: .- .

3 4

96 Thomas, "San Diego's Crosthwaite, 38.

97 Marti, Messenger of Destiny, 97.


99 Pourade, Silver Dons, 108lbid.

100 Bancroft, The Works, 5: 345.101 Felicita, Times-Advocate (3 November 1916), 7.




105 Marti, Messenger of Destiny, 98.

106 Dunne, Notes on San Pasqual, 3.


108Woodward, Lances Pasqual, 36.

109Vejar, Recuerdos de Viejo, 4.





114 Bancroft, The Works, 350.

115 Christopher Jarret, Letter to John W. Davis, 3 February 1891, Washington, D.C., 1.

116 Thomas, "San Diego's Crosthwaite, 40.


118 Bancroft, The Works, 346.


120 D. Guard Gunn, "The Battle of San Pasqual," The Southern California Rancher(November 1946), 1.

Created by David R. Gastellum

121For educational use only

3 5

121William Heath Davis, Seventy Five years in California 3rd ed.,(San Fansisco: J.HowellBooks, 1967), 281.

122 Davis, Seventy Five, 281.

123 Ibid., 285.

124 Benton, Conressional Globe. 983.

125 Dwight L. Clarke, The Original Journals of Henry Smith Turner: With Stephen WattsKearny to New Mexico and California Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1966), 205.

126 Emory, Emory ReporL170 .

122Created by David R. Gastellum For educational use only

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SAN PASQUAL BATTLEFIELD

STATE HISTORIC PARK

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THE HISTORIC PARK

The purpose of the Sari Pasqua] Battlefield State Historic Park is to honor those whoparticipated in the battle between the United States.forces and the California forces onDecember 6, 1846; to set straight the facts surrouriding the battle; to fairly represent bothsides involved; to tell the story of the Native Americans in the valley at that time andto relate the history of the valley since 1870.

The Visitor Center/Museum serves as an information center for the battle, the valleyand the California State Park System.

The San Pasqual Battlefield Volunteers Association sells educational and interpretivematerials, conducts tours of the facility, gives talks by reservation and stages living his-tory programs. Membership in the Voluntetrs is open to all.

Loc.ation: 8 miles east of Escondido on Highway 78

Hours of operation: Friday through Sunday, 10:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M.Closed Monday through Thursday

0:Cl Cosso

Address & Phone:15808 San Pasqual Valley RoadEscondido, CA 92025(619) 489-0076 or 220-5430

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135

THE BATTLE OF SAN PASQUAL

The Battle of San Pasqua] took place on December 6, 1846 between.United Statesforces led by Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny and Californios led by MajorAndresPico. This battle was only one of the military encounters in California in the Mexican-A merican War but it proved to be the bloodiest and most controversial as to its outcome.

To conquer California for the United States, the Army of the West.had marched inJune. 1846 from Fort Leavenworth, in what is now Kansas, across the southern desertwhere they endured the lack of water, lack of food and poor condition of their cavalrymounts.

A few days out of Santa Fe, in whar is now New Mexico, Brigadier General Kearnyreceived err.oneous word that California was in American hands and all was secure onthe Pacific Coast. :-

Because of this misinformation, he sent two-thirds of his men back to Santa Fe andcontinued westward with a force of 100 men. The western scout Kit Carson was pressedinto service as a guide for the army troops as they progressed onward.

The journey across the barren desert took its toll of the men and their mounts. Whenthey finally encamped at Santa Maria (now Rarnona) on the night of December 5, 1846,they were hungry, exhausted and stiff from the.cold and rain.

Nearby, a Californio force, led on a scouting mission by Major Andres Pico, hadencamped at the Native American pueblo of San Pasqual. News of the Califomios'presence was brou2ht to Brigadier General Kearny who sent a nighttime reconnaissancepatrol co investigate the Californios' camp. Unfortunately the presence of the patrolbecame known because of noises it made. Alerted to the possibility of attack, theCalifornios prepared for battle.

At dawn on a cold rainy December 6th, the U.S. troops rode over the hills betweenSanta Maria (now Rarnona) and San Pasqual to face the Californios in the valley below.

In the resulting battle, the Californios' lances proved to be an overwhelming advan-tacze over the U.S. troops' short swords and rifles with dampened gunpowder. Eighteensoldiers wert killed during the battle; four others died later of wounds. Only oneCali fornio is known to have been killed.

That nic.tht, the U.S. forces buried their dead, bound up their wounded then tried tocontinue to San Diego the next morning. They were stopped just past the San BernardoRancho at what came to be called Mule Hill (just above Lake Hodges). There they werebesieged by the Californios until the morning of December llth when additional troopsarrived from San Diego to rescue them. The Californios departed when they sighted theU.S. relief column.

The Army of the West, wounded and bedraggled, finally reached San Diego onDecember 12th.

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141)

DAY

1995 CALENDAR OF EVENTS

DATE EVENT

Thursday Ju.y 27

Saturday & August TBASunday

Thursday August 24

HISTORY DISCUSSION - 7 PmPioneer Room, Escondido Community CenterTopic Joaquin Murietta; Leader- Jim

SAN PASQUAL FIESTASan Pasqual Ind:an Reservation

HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PMPioneer Room, Escondido Community CenterTopic TBA; Leader Carol Wallace

TBA September TBA VOLUNTEER RECOGNITION DINNER

Saturday September TBA LECTURE Location & Topic TBA

Thursday September 21 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 pmPioneer Room, Escondido Community CenterTopic TBA; Leader Bruce Leonard

Saturday October 7 FIELD TRIP Mule Hill

Tuesday October 17 FIELD TRIP Command MuseumMarine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego

Thursday October 26 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PMPioneer Room, Escondido Community CenterTopic Life of George Armstrong CusterLeader Ken Wi semann

Saturday November 4 ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP MEETING 11 AMLocation TBA

Saturday November 11 MEMORIAL SERVICE 11 AMFort Rosecrans National Cemetery,San Diego

ThursdaY November 16 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PMPioneer Room, Escondido Community CenterTopic Battle at Little Big HornLeader - Joe Weseloh

Sunday December 3 REENACTMENT - 10 AMSan Pasqual Battlefield St. Historic Park

* * * h * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

BOARD MEETING

BULK MAILING

BATTLELINES

3RD FRIDAY OF EACH MONTH 10 AMJoslyn Senior Center, Escondido

LAST MONDAY OF EACH MONTH 10 AM

CUTOFF DATE FOR SUBMITTING ARTICLEs:Jan. 3, Apr. 3, July 3, Oct. 2

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +* DETAILED INFORMATION WILL BE MAILED PRIOR TO EACH SCHEDULED EVENT. *

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1/31/95

141 BEST COPY AVAILABLE

SAN PASQUAL BATTLEFIELD STATEHISTORIC PARK

1995 CALENDAR OF EVENTS

DAY. DATE EVENT

Tuesday January 24 FIELD TR:P "Id Town. San .717

Thursday January 26 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PM

Joslyn Senior Center. Esc:n::Topic & Leader TBA

Thursday February 23 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PMPioneer Room. Escondido Com7unity :en*el

Topic SPBVA Library; Leader Ron Hinr ons

Tuesday March 21 FIELD TRIP Bowers Museum, Santa Ahna

Thursday March 23 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PM

Pioneer Room, Escondido Comn-unity :ente:

Topic Early Women of North SD CountyLeader Shirley 12_,skirk

Saturday March 25 FLOWER WALK 7 AMLeader Jim ^:IlaneSan Pasqual Battlefield S:. HIsoric Pa

Monday April 3 MEMBERSHIP DINNER MEETING PM

Sizzler, EscondidoProgram TBA

T-y...rsday AprIl 27 HISTORY.DISCUSSION 7 PM

Pioneer Room, Escondido Community Centel

Topic Golden Images; Leader Joe Wese.on

Satuiday April 29 TRAIL DAY - 10 AMSan Pasqual Battlefied St. H:storIc

Sunday May 21 LIVING HISTORY DAY 10 AMSan Pasqual Battlefield Qt Hist lc ParK

Th:rsday May 25 HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PMPioneer Room, Escondido CommunIty :en:erTopic They Saw the ElephantLeader Nan Gentile

Friday June 16

Thursday June 22

AN EVENING AT THE PARK 5:30 PMSan Pasqual Battlefield St Histori:-

Bring your picnic dinnerProgram begins at 6:30 PM

HISTORY DISCUSSION 7 PMPioneer Room, Escol;dicic Comr-unity Cen*:Topic TBA: Leader Ra.ph Rei..

Saturday July TBA LECTURE - Location & Topic TBA

r:

* *

BEST COPYAVAILABLE

San Pasqual Battlefield

Vascular Pla-nts

143

San Pasqual BattlefieldVascular Plants

Revised accorcing to the 1993 Jepson ManualJames Dillane July, 1993

Growth Habitt tree h herb$ shrub f fern

vine g grassp perennial

Scientific NameAmaranthaceae Amaranth Family

Amaranthus blitoidesAnacardiaceae Sumac Family

Malosma laurinaRhus ovataSdiinus molle

Apiaceae Carrot FamilyBowlesia incanaMUCUS pusillus

Asclepiadaceae Milkweed FamilySarcostemma cynanchoides ssp. hartwigii

Asteraceae Aster FamilyAcourtia microcephalaArtemisia californicaBaccharis pilularisBaccharis sarothroidesBebbia juncea ssp. asperaOrickellia californiaCentaurea melitensisChaenacbs arternish fobsChaenactis glabriusculaCirsium occidentaleConyza canadensisEncelia cab fomicaEriophyllum con fertiflorum var con fertifforumFilago colifomicaGnaphalium bicolorGnaphalium fomicumGnaphalium canescensssp. benedensGutierrezia sarothraeHozardia squarrosa ssp. grindelioidesHeclypncks creticaHefianthus annuusHeterotheca granthfloraHypochaeris glabralsocoma menziesii var. vernomoidesLactuca serridaLessingia MaginifoliaMachaeranthera junceaChamornilla suaveolensSenecio vulgarisSonchus warSonchus oleraceusStephanomena virgata ssp. virgataStylocline gnaphaboides

Boraginaceae Borage FamilyAmsinckia menziesii var. intermedaCryptantha intermeciaPectocarya Imeans ssp. feroculaPectocarya penicillataPlagiobothrys nothofulvus

144

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Status.N California nativeI introduced

planted+ native to site with additional plantings

Common Name

Prostrate Amaranth

Laurel SumacSugar BushPeruvian Pepper Tree

American BowlesiaRattlesnake Weed

Hartwig's Milkvine

SacapelloteCalifornia SagebrushCoyote BushBroom BacchansSweetbushCalifornia Bri ck el buthStar-thistle/TocaloteWhite PincushinSan Diego PincushionCobweb ThistleHorseweedCalifornia EnceliaGolden-yarrowCalifornia FilagoBicolor EverlastingCalifornia EverlastingFragrant EverlastingBroom MatchweedSawtooth GoldenbushHedypnoisWestern SunflowerTelegraph WeedSmooth Cat's-earGoldenbushWild LettuceCalifornia-asterRush-like BnstleweedPineapple WeedCcxnrnon GroundselPrickly Sow ThistleCommon Sow ThistleWreath-plantEverlasting Nest Straw

FiddeneckNievitas CryptanthaSlender Pect ocary aWinged PectocaryaPopcorn fl ower

HabIt Status

II

N+

N List 4

Scientific NemoBrassicaceae Mustard Family

Capsella bursa-pastonsCaulanthus heterophyllus var. hetercphyfiusHirsch felcia incanaLepidiurn virginicum var. robinsoniiSisymbrium altissimumSisymbrium irio-

Cactaceae Cactus FamilyOpuntia demissaOpuntia ficus-indica

Caprifoliaceae Honeysuckle FamilySambucus mexicana

Caryophyllaceae Pink FamilyCarcionerna ramosissimumStellaria media

Olencpociaceae Goosefoot FamilyChencpoctum albumChenopocium califomicumSa Isola tragus

Caivolvulaceae Morning-Glory FamilyCalystegia.macrostegia ssp. tenuifolia

Crassulaceae Stonecrop FamilyCrassula connataDucleya pulverulenta ssp. pulvengenta

Curcurbitaceae Gourd FamilyCurcurbita foetidissimaMara macrocarpus var. macrocarpus

Cuscutaceae Dodder FamilyCuscuta califomica var. californica

Euphorbiaceae Spurge FamilyChamaesyce maculataChamaesyce polycatpaEremocarpus setigerusStillingia linearifolia

Fabaceae Pea FamilyLathyrus vestitus var. alefeldiiLotus hamatusLotus scopanusLotus strigosusLupinus bicolorLupinus hirsutissimusLupinus succulentusLupinus tnincatusMenlotus indicusRobinia psuedoacadaTnfolium hirturn

Fagaceae Oak FamilyQuercus agrifolia var. agn folia Coast Live Oak

Querais engelmannn Engelmann Oak

Gentianaceae Gentian FamilyCentaurium venustum Canchalagua

Geranaceae Geranium FamilyErodium acutarium Red-stem Filaree

Erocfum mosohatum White-stem Filaree

Pelargonium sp Garden Geranium

Grossulariaceae Currant FamilyRibes viburnifolium Evergreen Currant

Hydrophyllaceae Waterlear FamilyEucrypta chrysantherni folia var. ctuysanthemifolia EucryptaPhacella ciartaria var. hispida Caterpillar PhacellaPhacelia panyi Parry's Phacelia

Common slime Habit State.

Shepherd's PurseJewelflowerWild mustardPeppergrassTumble MustardLondon Rocket

Hybrid Prickly-pearMission Cactus

Elderberry

Tread LightlyCommon Chickweed

PigweedCalifornia GoosefootTumble Weed/Russian Thistle

Wild Morning-glory

Pygmy-weedChalk-lettuce

CalabazillaWild Cuamber/Manroot

California Dodder

Spotted SpurgeSandmatDoveweedStIllingia

Canyon PeaGrab LotusDeer WeedBishop's LotusMiniature LupineStinging LupineArroyo LupineCollar LupineSweet CloverBlack LocustRose Clover

1 4`

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p N

N

N

s N

Scientific Nemo Common Nome neelt StatueLarniaceae Mint Family

Larrmum smplewcaule Heribit h I

Marrubium vulgare Horehound P I

Sa Ms apiana White Sage s N

Sa lwa columbariae Chia h N

LiliaCeae Lily FamilyDicheiostemma captatum ssp. captatum Blue Dicks h N

Yucca whipplei Our Lord's Cancie p N

malvaceae Mallow FamilyMalacothamnus fasaculatus Chaparral Mallow s N

Ma lva parvi flora Cheeseweed h I

Myrtaceae Myrtle FamilyEucalyptus spp. Eucalyptus t I

Nyct agnaceae Four-0'0W( FamilyMirabilis cal, form ca Wishbone Bush P N

Cifeaceae Olive FamilyOlea evropea Olive t I

Cracraceae Evening-Primrose FamilyCarnrssonta bistorta California Sun Cup h N

Carrussonia.callfonnca Mustard Primrose h NClarkia epilobiordes Canyon Godetia/Clarkia h N

Papaveraceae Poppy FamilyEsdischoltzia califomica California Poppy h N

Romneya cou/ten Matilija Poppy s N

Pmaceae Pine FamilyPinus torreyana Torrey Pine t N

Pinus sp. Pine t I

PlarttagirtaCeae Plantain FamilyPlantago erecta Dot-seed Plantain h N

Platanaceae Sycamore FamilyPa tanus recemosa Western Sycamore t N

Poaceae Grass Family (Partial listing)Achnatherum coronatum Giant Needlegrass 9 N

Avena barbata Slender Wild Oat 9 I

Ekornus mackitensis ssp. nibens Foxtail Chess 9 I

Brornus dandros Ripgut Grass 9 I

Cynodon dacryon Bermuda Grass 9 I

Hordeum munnum ssp. leponnurn Hare Barley 9 I

Mulenbergia nurcosperma Littleseed Muhly 9 N

Penntseturn setaceum African Fountain Grass 9 I

Nasseila lepda . Foothill Needlegrass 9 N

PO em oniaceae Phlox FamilyEnastrum Rh lohum Thread-leaf Woollystar h N

Oka angelensis Grassland Gilia h N

Linanthus dianthifidUS Ground Pink h N

Navarreba hamata ssp. leptantha Skunkweed h N

Polygmaceae Buckwheat FamilyChonzanthe procumbens (var. albiltora) Prostrate Spine-flower h N List 4Chonzanthe statkoides Turkish Rugging h NEnogcnum fasacvlatum var. fasocula turn California Buckwheat s N

Errogonum fascicvlatum var. polifolium Rosemary Flat-top Buckwheat s NEnogonurn graple var. gracile Slender Buckwheat h NPterostegia drymarioides Thread-Stem h N

PteridaCeae Brake Fern FamilyCheilanthes newberryi Cotton Fern fPellaes anctromedifolia Coffee Fern f N

Pel/aea mucronata v a r. cahrornica Bird's Foot Fern f NPentagramma tnangulans var. tnangulans Goldback Fern I N

Pentagramma triangulans var. wscosa Silverback F ern I N

PcrtulacaCeae Purslane FamilyCalanckinra ciliate Red Maids h N

Calyptrldrum rncnandrum Common Calyptricium h N

Oaytorna per follata Miner's Lettuce h N

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I 4

Scientific NamePunicaceae Pomegranate Family

Punica granatumRanunculaceae Crowfoot Family

Delphinium parryi esp. parryiRhamnacese Buckthorn Family

Rhamnus ilicifoliaRosaceae Rose Family

Prunus ilici foha ssp. lyoniiRubiaceae Madder Family

Ga hum angustifolium ssp. angustaoliumGa hum aparine

Rutaceae Citrus FamilyCnecrictum clumosum

Saxifragaceae Saxifrage Family.lepsonia parry,

Scrophulariaceae Figwort FamilyAntirrhinum nuttallianumCastilleja exsertaRacine Ila antirrhinoides ssp. antirrhinoiclesLinana canadensis var. texanaMimulus aurantiacus (M. puniceus)Mimulus brevipesPenstemon spectabilis var. spectabihsScrophularia californica var. flonbunda

Selaginellaceae Spike-Moss FamilySelaginella bigelovii

Solanaceae Nightshade FamilyDatura wnghtiiMcotiana quadhvalvis (N. biglovn var. wallacei)hacotiana glaucaPhysalis crassifoliaSolanum americanumSolanum douglasii

Urticaceae Nettle FamilyHesperocnide tenellaParietaria hespera var. call fornicaUrtica urens

Common isms

Pomegranate S I

Itablt Status

Parry's Larkspur

Holly-leaf Redberry

Catalina Cherry

Narrow-leaved BedstrawCommon Bedstraw/Goose Grass h

Coast Spice Bush

Coast .1epsonia

Nuttall's SnapdragonPurple Owl's CloverYellow Bush PenstemonToadflaxBush MonkeyflowerWide-throat MonkeyflowerViolet PenstemonCalifornia Figwort

Bigelow's Spike-moss

Jimson WeedWallace's TobaccoTree TobaccoGround-cherryWhite NightshadeDouglas' Nightshade

Western NettleWestern PellitoryDwarf Nettle

N

Chorizanthe procurnbens var. albiflora and Machaeranthera junceus are on List 4 of theInventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California. List 4 is a watch list of plants of limiteddistributions. Chonzanthe procumbens var. albiflora is found only in San Diego County;Machaeranthera junceus ranges from San Diego County south to Baja California and Sonora.

Much of the natural vegetation within the mcriument is called coastal sage scrub, ahabitat type which is fast disappearing as Southern California is urbanized. Rare animalsrestricted to this habitat and found within the monument include the California Gnatcatcher, theSan Diego Cactus Wren, and the Orangetkroat Whipt ail Lizard.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

1 4 7

(r.giE fatrLE OFsfit9oRsQum,

'We fail the brew rem that so suddenly died

ere they mania o'er the rata they had bare& espied.

paocefut their skey in the e grave shaft be...

9'49 fwe wit* their chargers and* lances draw nigh -

* iriesf o'er their "rases but the zephyrs soft sigh.

Yams& we &we (eft thee: companions in. arms;

Oar fires say befell/rut or/ilia with dams/

Whatever evrjay or our sorrow tosay be,

Welt rereaskr the inaws by the kw wads/ tree.'

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INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

The

onl

y ba

ttle

that

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

lost

in th

e M

exic

an W

ar w

asfo

ught

in S

an D

iego

Cou

nty.

As

battl

es g

o it

was

a m

inor

trag

edy,

but i

t had

a

stra

nge

conc

lusi

on: T

he s

urvi

ving

Dra

goon

s, w

ho w

ere

fore

runn

ers

of th

e

U.S

. Cav

alry

of l

ater

fron

tier

fam

e, w

ere

resc

ued

by th

e U

.S. N

avy

and

the

Mar

ines

.

Thi

s bo

ok o

f the

Bat

tle o

f San

Pas

qual

has

bee

n to

tally

rev

ised

sin

ceits

first

pub

licat

ion

in 1

975.

It h

as b

een

expa

nded

to in

clud

e a

syno

psis

of th

e

stru

ggle

for

Cal

iforn

ia, w

ith a

n ad

ditio

nal m

ap. A

ll th

e st

ory

illus

trat

ions

have

bee

n re

draw

n; m

any

inco

rpor

ate

corr

ectio

ns to

uni

form

s, th

e pr

oper

wie

ldin

g of

lanc

es, e

tc.,

sugg

este

d by

exp

erts

.

Thi

s se

cond

edi

tion

owes

its

birt

h in

par

t to

the

enth

usia

sm o

fMic

k B

radl

ey,

a w

alki

ng e

ncyc

lope

dia

on th

e B

attle

, and

toJa

ck B

russ

el. M

any

othe

rsha

ve b

een

supp

ortiv

e an

d he

lpfu

l in

proo

f-re

adin

g th

em

anus

crip

t: T

heS

tate

of C

alifo

rnia

Ran

ger

Sta

ff at

the

Sta

te H

isto

rical

Par

k in

San

Pas

qual

,

nota

bly

Joan

ne N

ash

and

Ron

Hin

richs

, vol

unte

er h

elpe

r, a

nd E

d N

avar

ro,

Fro

nter

a D

istr

ict S

uper

inte

nden

t at S

an D

iego

. The

inte

rpre

tatio

n of

hist

oric

al e

vent

s, h

owev

er, h

as b

een

sole

ly th

e re

spon

sibi

lity

of th

e au

thor

.T

hank

s al

so to

Ann

Jag

gard

and

Dav

e D

uffy

for

setti

ng th

e m

anus

crip

t int

oty

pe.

The

peo

ple

who

hel

ped

laun

ch th

e fir

st e

ditio

i I a

re a

gain

ack

now

leda

edw

ith th

anks

: Jac

k B

radl

ey, T

horn

ton

Jord

an, t

he G

ene

Tow

nsen

d fa

mily

,R

usse

ll B

owen

, Doc

tor

Clif

ford

Gra

ves,

and

the

staf

f of t

he C

alifo

rnia

Roo

m a

t the

San

Die

go P

ublic

Lib

rary

.

The

exp

losi

ve g

row

th o

f San

Die

go C

ount

y in

rec

ent y

ears

has

bro

ught

hous

ing

esta

tes

lapp

ing

to th

e ve

ry e

dge

of M

ule

Hill

, on

hist

oric

and

onc

e-w

ild g

roun

d w

here

in 1

974

Gen

e T

owns

end

advi

sed

us to

rol

l a b

ould

er in

fron

t to

war

n ra

ttles

nake

s of

our

app

roac

h.

TE

XA

S, C

ALI

FO

RN

IA, A

ND

TH

E M

EX

ICA

N W

AR

Nin

ety-

nine

per

cent

of t

he r

ough

ly 1

,700

Am

eric

an s

ervi

cem

enw

ho fe

ll in

the

war

with

Mex

ico

from

184

6 to

184

8, a

nd th

e si

x tim

es a

s m

any

who

succ

umbe

d to

dis

ease

, die

d on

soi

l whi

ch th

e U

nite

d S

tate

sdi

d no

t kee

p

at th

e w

ars

end.

The

one

per

cent

who

wer

e ki

lled

orw

ho d

ied

of w

ound

s

at S

an P

asqu

al a

nd th

e tw

o m

uch

smal

ler

actio

ns n

ear

Los

Ang

eles

,yi

elde

d no

t onl

y C

alifo

rnia

but

all

of th

e w

este

rn c

ontin

ent s

outh

ofO

rego

n:M

exic

an te

rrito

ries

whi

ch w

ould

in fu

ture

yea

rs b

ecom

e th

e S

tate

s of

Nev

ada,

Uta

h, A

rizon

a, N

ew M

exic

o, a

nd th

e so

uthe

rn a

nd w

este

rn e

dges

of W

yom

ing

and

Col

orad

o, T

he s

poils

of w

ar w

ere

rich

inde

ed. I

nclu

ding

Cal

iforn

ia, t

hey

com

pris

ed o

ver

40%

of M

exic

o, a

nd a

n ev

en g

reat

erpe

rcen

tage

of M

exic

an la

nd w

hich

rec

eive

d su

ffici

ent r

ainf

all t

ora

ise

cattl

e, c

rops

, and

tim

ber.

Alth

ough

the

clas

hes

in C

alifo

rnia

put

an

end

to M

exic

an r

ule

in th

eno

rthe

rn c

ontin

ent,

cont

rol h

ad b

een

slip

ping

aw

ay fo

r ye

ars

due

toM

exic

o's

self-

dest

ruct

ive

imm

igra

tion

polic

y w

hich

had

rec

ently

lost

Tex

as.

As

in T

exas

, Am

eric

an a

nd E

urop

ean

settl

ers

in C

alifo

rnia

wer

e is

olat

edfr

om th

eir

adop

ted

coun

try

by la

ngua

ge a

nd r

elig

ion.

The

y ba

nded

toge

ther

for

prot

ectio

n, a

nd e

vent

ually

de-

stab

ilize

d th

e lo

cal g

over

nmen

t,w

hich

was

alre

ady

torn

by

inte

rnal

dis

agre

emen

t and

dis

satis

fact

ion

with

rule

from

Mex

ico

City

. The

set

tlers

wer

e he

lped

by

peop

le in

hig

h pl

aces

in th

e U

.S. G

over

nmen

t who

fear

ed th

at E

urop

ean

pow

ers,

esp

ecia

llyB

ritai

n or

Fra

nce,

mig

ht ta

ke a

dvan

tage

of M

exic

o's

wea

knes

s an

d re

-es

tabl

ish

foot

hold

s in

Nor

th A

mer

ica.

(-P

ublis

hed

by: P

embr

oke

Pub

lishe

rs, P

.O. B

ox 3

7142

8, S

an D

iego

, CA

921

37-1

428

Cop

yrig

ht: P

eter

Pric

e an

d D

on C

hild

ers

1990

No

part

of t

his

publ

icat

ion

may

be

repr

oduc

ed, s

tore

d in

a r

etrie

val s

yste

m, o

rtr

ansm

itted

in a

ny fo

rm o

r by

any

mea

ns,

,el

ectr

onic

, mec

hani

cal,

phot

ocop

y, r

ecor

ding

, or

othe

rwis

e, w

ithou

t the

prio

r w

ritte

npe

rmis

sion

of t

he c

opyr

ight

hol

ders

. ,

1

152

153

Sho

rtly

bef

ore

Mex

ico

won

free

dom

from

Spa

in in

1821

,

Am

eric

an s

ettle

rs in

the

area

know

n as

Tex

as h

adob

tain

ed

Spa

nish

land

gra

nts;

Mex

ico

hono

red

and

lega

lized

them

two

year

s la

ter.

But

soo

nth

e tr

ickl

e of

set

tlers

beca

me

a flo

od, a

nd

the

Mex

ican

gov

ernm

ent

beca

me

alar

med

. Fric

tion

deve

lope

d

over

land

title

san

d M

exic

o's

1829

law

outla

win

g sl

aver

y; m

any

Tex

ans

wer

e sl

ave

owne

rs.

In 1

830,

to th

e fu

ryof

the

settl

ers,

Mex

ico

pass

ed a

law

rest

rictin

g fu

rthe

r im

mig

ratio

nan

d st

a-

tione

d tr

oops

in th

ete

rrito

ry. I

n 18

33 th

eT

exan

s pe

titio

ned

Mex

ico

City

for

perm

issi

onto

form

a s

elf-

gove

rnin

gpr

ovin

ce

with

in M

exic

o. T

heir

plea

was

reje

cted

and

thei

r be

love

dle

ader

,

Ste

phen

Aus

tin, t

hrow

nin

jail.

Mat

ters

cam

e to

a h

ead

in 1

835

whe

n th

eru

thle

ss a

nd d

espo

tic

Ant

onio

San

ta A

nna

beca

me

Pre

side

nt a

nd s

ent m

ore

troo

ps to

rein

forc

e M

exic

an a

utho

rity.

The

set

tlers

res

iste

d an

dro

uted

the

garr

ison

s at

Go

liad

and

San

Ant

onio

. San

ta A

nna

stru

ck b

ack,

mas

sacr

ing

400

pris

oner

sta

ken

at G

olia

d an

dw

ipin

g ou

t the

defe

nder

s at

the

Ala

mo.

Thi

s sa

vage

ry c

onfir

med

the

prej

udic

es

man

y A

mer

ican

she

ld fo

r M

exic

o an

d its

peop

le. T

exas

dec

lare

d

inde

pend

ence

on

Mar

ch 2

,18

36, a

nd a

few

wee

ks la

terd

efea

ted

the

Mex

ican

Arm

y at

the

Bat

tle o

f San

Jac

into

on

Apr

ii 21

.

Tex

as p

etiti

oned

to b

ean

nexe

d to

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

in A

ugus

t

of th

e sa

me

year

, but

was

refu

sed

mai

nly

beca

use

incl

usio

n of

a ne

wsl

ave-

owni

ng s

tate

wou

ldha

ve u

pset

the

bala

nce

inth

e

Con

gres

s of

sla

ve a

ndno

n-sl

ave

Sta

tes;

but

als

opa

rtly

bec

ause

Mex

ico

had

stat

ed th

atan

nexa

tion

wou

ld b

e re

gard

ed a

san

act

of w

ar. M

atte

rs d

ragg

ed o

nfo

r , i

ght y

ears

, and

then

agr

eate

r

risk

appe

ared

for

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes.

The

U.S

.an

d B

ritai

n ha

d

been

in d

ispu

te o

ver

Ore

gon

for

deca

des;

(la

ter,

in 1

846,

dur

ing

the

open

ing

days

of t

hest

rugg

le fo

r C

alifo

rnia

, the

Brit

ish

war

ship

Col

lingw

ood

saile

d in

to M

onte

rey

Har

bor;

the

U.S

. frig

ates

ther

e,

the

Sav

anna

h, C

ongr

ess,

and

Cya

ne, c

lear

edth

e de

cks

for

actio

n). N

ow th

e U

nite

dS

tate

s w

atch

ed d

iplo

mat

icbo

nds

deve

lopi

ng b

etw

een

Tex

asan

d B

ritai

n; th

e lo

ng-f

eare

d po

s-

sibi

lity

of n

ew in

terf

eren

cein

Nor

th A

mer

ica

seem

ed r

eal.

To

thw

art i

t, T

exas

was

adm

itted

to th

e U

nion

on

Mar

ch1,

184

5.

Late

r th

at y

ear

Mex

ico

indi

cate

d a

will

ingn

ess

tone

gotia

te o

ver

Tex

as. D

iplo

mat

Joh

nS

lidel

l was

dis

patc

hed

with

add

ed s

ecre

t

inst

ruct

ions

to o

ffer

to b

uyC

alifo

rnia

and

New

Mex

ico.

He

foun

d

that

the

Mex

ican

Gov

ernm

ent

wou

ld d

iscu

ss o

nly

the

disp

uted

boun

dary

of T

exas

, whi

chM

exic

o cl

aim

ed e

nded

att

he N

euce

s

Riv

er. T

he U

.S.A

. con

side

red

the

boun

dary

to b

e on

the

Rio

Gra

nde

over

100

mile

sfu

rthe

r so

uth.

Slid

ell's

mis

sion

was

a

failu

re.

In J

anua

ry 1

846,

Gen

eral

Zac

hary

Tay

lor

was

ord

ered

tota

ke

troo

ps fr

om th

e N

euce

s, a

cros

sth

e di

sput

ed te

rrito

ry, a

ll th

e w

ay

dow

n to

the

Rio

Gra

nde.

Am

eric

an a

nd M

exic

an c

aval

rycl

ashe

d

on A

pril

25, a

nd11

Am

eric

ans

wer

eki

lled.

"A

mer

ican

blo

od h

as

been

she

d on

Am

eric

anso

il!,"

dec

lare

d P

resi

dent

Pol

k, a

nd o

n

May

13

war

was

decl

ared

. The

war

was

not

univ

ersa

lly p

opul

ar

with

the

Am

eric

anpe

ople

nor

thei

r le

gisl

ator

s,in

clud

ing

Abr

aham

Lin

coln

. Som

e sa

wit

as im

peria

listic

land

-gra

bbin

g,bu

t

othe

rs s

aw it

as

a st

epto

war

ds th

e na

tion'

s M

anife

stD

estin

y to

span

the

cont

inen

tbe

twee

n th

e A

tlant

ic a

ndP

acifi

c O

cean

s.

154

2

The

war

with

Mex

ico

was

six

wee

ks o

ld w

hen

Ste

phen

Wat

tsK

earn

y, v

eter

an o

f the

War

of 1

812,

set

out

from

For

t Lea

ven-

wor

th a

t the

hea

d of

the

Arm

y of

the

Wes

t. H

is m

issi

on w

as to

occu

py N

ew M

exic

o, th

en m

arch

on

to C

alifo

rnia

, whi

ch h

e w

asex

pect

ed b

y P

resi

dent

Pol

k to

rea

ch b

efor

e w

inte

r.

As

he e

nter

ed th

e M

exic

an p

rovi

nce,

Kea

rny

anno

unce

d to

the

Gov

erno

r th

at h

e ca

me

"see

king

uni

on,"

and

war

ned

agai

nst

offe

ring

resi

stan

ce. H

is fo

rce

of 1

,700

ent

ered

San

ta F

e w

ithou

ta

shot

bei

ng fi

red,

and

the

Sta

rs a

nd S

trip

es w

as r

aise

d on

Aug

ust 1

8. F

or a

mon

th K

e ..n

y w

as b

usy

orga

nizi

ng a

terr

itoria

lgo

vern

men

t. T

hen

on S

epte

mbe

r 25

, new

ly p

rom

oted

to B

reve

tB

rigad

ier

Gen

eral

, he

set o

ff fo

r C

alifo

rnia

. Bec

ause

of t

he e

asy

vict

ory

expe

cted

, and

pro

blem

s of

food

and

wat

er s

uppl

y on

the

mou

ntai

n an

d de

sert

trai

ls a

head

, his

arm

y w

as s

limm

ed d

own

to h

is p

erso

nal s

taff,

300

men

of h

is o

wn

regi

men

t the

Firs

tD

rago

ons,

two

guid

es, a

nd a

par

ty o

f Top

ogra

phic

al E

ngin

eers

unde

r Li

eute

nant

Will

iam

Em

ory.

Ele

ven

wee

ks w

ere

to p

ass

befo

re th

e ba

ttere

d re

mna

nts

limpe

d in

to S

an D

iego

afte

r on

e of

the

long

est a

nd m

ost g

ruel

ing

mar

ches

in U

.S. m

ilita

ry h

isto

ry. M

IIMM

IM.

Mou

nted

mos

tly o

n w

ell-w

orn

mul

es a

nd a

few

hor

ses,

with

mul

es p

ullin

g th

e w

agon

s an

d tw

o ho

witz

ers,

the

forc

e m

ade

slow

pro

gres

s do

wn

the

soft

bank

s of

the

Rio

Gra

nde

del

Nor

te. A

lmos

t dai

ly th

ey le

arne

d of

mur

der

and

plun

der

byN

avaj

o an

d C

oman

che

Indi

ans

in th

e sm

all M

exic

an c

om-

mun

ities

. Whe

n D

rago

ons

wer

e se

nt in

pur

suit,

the

bette

r-m

ount

ed In

dian

s di

sapp

eare

d ea

sily

into

the

mou

ntai

ns.

e

"<

-Cs

, -

Ten

mile

s be

low

Soc

orro

the

colu

mn

was

sta

rtle

d to

mee

t Kit

Car

son,

the

fron

tiers

man

and

sco

ut. H

e an

d a

part

y of

15

Am

eric

ans

and

Indi

ans

had

ridde

n 10

00 m

iles

in 3

1 da

ys,

head

ed fo

r W

ashi

ngto

n w

ith d

ispa

tche

s fr

om L

os A

ngel

es.

Cal

iforn

ia w

as a

lread

y co

nque

red,

Car

son

told

Kea

rny;

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

flag

flew

ove

r ev

ery

maj

or to

wn.

With

his

job

appa

rent

ly d

one,

Kea

rny

furt

her

redu

ced

his

arm

y. H

e al

sope

rsua

ded

the

very

rel

ucta

nt C

arso

n, w

ho w

as lo

okin

g fo

r-w

ard

to a

reu

nion

with

his

fam

ily, t

o gu

ide

the

Arm

y to

Cal

iforn

ia.

1 5

94

Tw

o-th

irds

of th

e D

rago

ons

B, G

, and

I C

ompa

nies

wer

eor

dere

d to

ret

urn

to S

anta

Fe

unde

r th

e co

mm

and

of M

ajor

Edw

in S

umne

r. C

and

K C

ompa

nies

wer

e re

tain

ed u

nder

the

com

man

d of

Cap

tain

Ben

jam

in M

oore

and

Lie

uten

ant

Tho

mas

Ham

mon

d w

ho w

as M

oore

's b

roth

er-in

-law

; bot

hm

en w

ere

to m

eet t

heir

deat

hs a

t San

Pas

qual

. Kea

rny'

s ow

nst

aff w

as h

eade

d by

Cap

tain

s A

brah

am J

ohns

ton

and

Hen

ryT

urne

r. M

ajor

Tho

mas

Sw

ords

was

Qua

rter

mas

ter,

and

As-

sist

ant-

Sur

geon

Joh

n G

riffin

, the

doc

tor.

Bec

ause

one

of t

heob

ject

ives

was

to s

urve

y th

e ro

ute,

Lie

uten

ants

Em

ory

and

War

ner

and

thei

r st

aff o

f eng

inee

rs s

taye

d w

ith th

e co

lum

n.

. ' -

-.-

...--

r,,"

,.....

.. ,

-:

---N

Cr-

Z.,.

1. -

-c-

.---

---

4,4.

.,3

.....,

' ...;

'11.

.1,,;

:,....

...

:*

Fou

r da

ys la

ter

ther

e w

as a

noth

er c

hang

e of

pla

n. It

was

now

Oct

ober

9, a

nd th

ey h

ad c

over

ed o

nly

200

mile

s in

two

wee

ks.

The

wag

ons

cam

e in

to c

amp

very

late

, som

e da

mag

ed fr

omcr

ashi

ng o

ver

rock

s an

d bo

ulde

rs; t

he m

ules

wer

e ut

terly

spen

t. C

arso

n es

timat

ed th

at c

onsi

derin

g th

e te

rrai

n ah

ead,

begi

nnin

g w

ith th

e cl

imb

over

the

Mim

bres

mou

ntai

ns, i

t wou

ldta

ke fo

ur m

onth

s to

rea

ch th

e co

ast.

Kea

rny

agre

ed to

sen

dth

e w

agon

s ba

ck. T

hey

mad

e ca

mp

for

thre

e da

ys, w

aitin

gfo

r pa

ck-s

addl

es to

be

sent

dow

n fr

om S

anta

Fe.

160

5

161

On

Oct

ober

15

the

colu

mn

of a

bout

140

men

left

the

Rio

Gra

nde,

str

uggl

ing

over

the

mou

ntai

ns to

find

the

head

wat

ers

of th

e G

ila. K

earn

y tr

ied

each

day

to m

ake

cont

aát w

ith th

esh

adow

ing

Apa

ches

, but

the

Indi

ans

wer

e w

ary,

with

old

mem

orie

s of

thei

r pe

ople

bei

ng lu

red

into

the

tow

n-sq

uare

of

the

min

ing

villa

ge o

f San

ta R

ita to

be

trap

ped

and

slau

ghte

red.

But

on

the

20th

, Red

Sle

eve,

chi

ef o

f the

Mim

bres

Apa

ches

,le

d do

zens

of h

is tr

ibe

into

the

Dra

goon

s' c

amp

to tr

ade

and

prom

ise

frie

ndsh

ip a

nd a

ssis

tanc

e to

oth

er A

mer

ican

s w

how

ould

soo

n fo

llow

the

Arm

y of

the

Wes

t.

.0

11°1

into

f4.

:ley 11

?-,

=41

.*

162

6

The

cou

ntry

thro

ugh

whi

ch th

e G

ila R

iver

flow

s on

its

cour

seth

roug

h pr

esen

t-da

y N

ew M

exic

o to

Ari2

ona

is r

ugge

d. D

urin

gth

e fir

st d

ays

of N

ovem

ber

the

Arm

y w

as fo

rced

to le

ave

the

Gila

for

high

er g

roun

d w

hen

it ra

ced

thro

ugh

cany

ons.

The

yde

tour

ed in

to th

e m

ount

ains

and

edg

ed a

long

nar

row

cru

m-

blin

g le

dges

bef

ore

slith

erin

g ba

ck d

own

to r

ejoi

n th

e riv

er.

Som

e da

ys th

ey c

ross

ed a

nd r

e-cr

osse

d th

e riv

er a

doz

entim

es. T

he b

acks

of t

he lo

ng-s

uffe

ring

mul

es b

ecam

e so

raw

from

the

cons

tant

shi

fting

and

cha

fing

of th

e pa

cks

that

som

ean

imal

s ha

d to

be

turn

ed lo

ose.

Oth

er m

ules

col

laps

ed fr

omsh

eer

exha

ustio

n an

d al

so h

ad to

be

aban

done

d. O

n on

e da

yal

one,

12

pack

ani

mal

s w

ere

lost

. Alth

ough

con

tact

with

the

Apa

ches

was

now

mor

e fr

eque

nt, t

radi

ng fo

r pr

ecio

us m

ules

was

frus

trat

ing;

the

best

day

's g

ain

was

sev

en.

Ni

'I" I

',

.

ro',4

(

e

14,1

4. $4.

Milj

14

,/

I

kjtt

id.

,

:11)

inir

ik4i

iI0I

'

4.i0

I.

Al

,fi

, ,

.0,,\

.0/'

\\Ik'

iiilli

.hts

wiii -

163

On

Nov

embe

r 9,

the

wea

ry c

olum

n gr

atef

ully

left

the

mou

n-ta

ins,

and

stil

l fol

low

ing

the

Gila

, em

erge

d on

to th

e pl

ain.

Soon

they

wer

e pa

ssin

g th

roug

h th

e ir

riga

ted

cotto

nfi

elds

of

the

Pim

a In

dian

s. W

hen

thes

e in

dust

riou

s an

d ha

ppy

peop

le s

awth

at th

e A

mer

ican

s ca

me

in f

rien

dshi

p, M

ajor

Sw

ords

,w

how

as r

espo

nsib

le f

or k

eepi

ng th

e A

rmy

in s

uppl

ies,

was

invi

ted

to s

et u

p a

trad

ing

cent

er. E

xcha

nges

wen

t on

all d

ay: b

eads

,cl

oth,

and

bla

nket

s fo

r co

rn a

nd c

ornm

eal,

wat

erm

elon

s,pu

mpk

ins

and

mol

asse

s. N

ext d

ay th

ey p

asse

d th

roug

hth

eM

aric

opa

Indi

ans,

who

wer

e as

hon

est a

nd f

rien

dly

asth

ePi

ma.

To

cut o

ff th

e br

oad

nort

herl

y ar

c of

the

Gila

, Kea

rny

stru

ckou

t acr

oss

the

Mar

icop

a m

ount

ain

rang

e.T

he c

olum

n m

ade

it in

two

hard

day

s' m

arch

es. A

lthou

gh s

ome

wat

er f

or th

em

ules

had

bee

n ca

rrie

d in

gou

rds

trad

ed f

rom

the

Indi

ans,

itw

as s

oon

exha

uste

d. T

he45

-mile

sec

ond

day

had

to b

eco

vere

d w

ith n

o fo

od o

r w

ater

for

the

anim

als.

Six

of th

eD

rago

ons'

mou

nts

succ

umbe

d. E

mor

y ga

vehi

s ow

n br

eak-

fast

of

two

bisc

uits

to h

is o

wn

mul

e,w

hich

had

bee

n hi

sco

mpa

nion

for

the

1,80

0 m

iles

sinc

e Fo

rtL

eave

nwor

th. K

ear-

ny o

rder

ed th

at f

or th

ere

mai

nder

of

the

jour

ney,

hal

f th

e m

enm

ust w

alk.

On

Nov

embe

r 22

, Kea

rny'

s ow

n ho

rse

faile

d; m

ost o

f the

men

wer

e no

w o

n fo

ot. T

owar

ds e

veni

ng th

ey w

ere

shoc

ked

toco

me

upon

a c

amp-

site

whe

re it

was

estim

ated

that

ove

r a

thou

sand

hor

ses

had

been

a fe

w h

ours

ear

lier.

Car

son

spec

u-la

ted

it w

as G

ener

al J

ose

Cas

tro,

who

had

' som

ehow

elu

ded

the

Am

eric

an o

ccup

atio

n an

d w

as n

ow le

adin

g an

arm

y ba

ckto

rec

aptu

re C

alifo

rnia

.K

earn

y an

noun

ced

they

wou

ld fi

ndth

e M

exic

ans

and

atta

ck a

t nig

htfa

ll to

cov

er th

eir

num

eric

aldi

sadv

anta

ge. T

hen

som

e In

dian

s w

ere

spot

ted,

and

opi

nion

switc

hed

to th

e id

ea th

at th

e tr

acks

bel

onge

d to

cap

ture

dho

rses

. Stil

l lat

er, a

Mex

ican

hor

sem

an w

as s

potte

d, w

atch

-in

g th

em fr

om a

hill

top.

Kea

rny

form

ed a

def

ensi

ve c

amp

and

sent

inel

s w

ere

post

ed o

n th

e hi

gh g

roun

d.

/1'

.4*

"4-

'4'./

r#47

?;:.

)f' i

" s

:'',r

rs4

'0..:

'7:"

,4 -.1.

4

Lieu

tena

nt H

amm

ond

and

the

how

itzer

s di

d no

t cat

ch u

p un

tilaf

ter

dark

. He

repo

rted

ther

e w

ere

cam

p-fir

es a

few

mile

sdi

stan

t on

the

nort

h si

de o

f the

Gila

. Em

ory

was

ord

ered

tole

ad a

rec

onna

issa

nce

part

y co

nsis

ting

of h

is o

wn

men

, som

eof

who

m w

ere

civi

lians

and

cou

ld p

ose

as tr

avel

ers,

and

15

Dra

goon

s. T

he c

amp-

fires

pro

ved

to b

elon

g to

a p

arty

of

Mex

ican

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ious

ly th

e he

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ks th

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rlier

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ory

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rle

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me

back

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him

to b

e qu

estio

ned.

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y ha

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ectio

n w

ith th

e w

ar, t

hey

assu

red

Kea

rny;

they

wer

esi

mpl

y dr

ivin

g th

e ho

rses

from

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iforn

ia to

mar

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n S

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The

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, bre

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the

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ses

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ing

thei

r ow

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imal

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r th

ede

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Mex

ican

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m th

e w

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food

he

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sus

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ng a

mes

seng

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e w

asse

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est a

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und

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r th

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oved

dra

mat

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nce

Car

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part

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pris

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the

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lo-Y

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e yo

ke"

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etr

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ce a

gain

flew

pro

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r C

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e re

mai

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abou

t to

ente

r en

emy

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try

ill-

nour

ishe

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d ex

haus

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with

mou

nts

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ld b

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ym

ove

unde

r th

eir

own

wei

ght,

muc

h le

ss c

arry

the

Dra

goon

sin

to b

attle

. The

Gila

had

now

em

ptie

d in

toth

e C

olor

ado,

and

the

colu

mn

trud

ged

alon

g th

e so

uth

bank

look

ing

for

the

safe

st c

ross

ing

for

the

wea

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imal

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hey

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d a

suita

ble

spot

whe

re th

e riv

er w

as a

bout

1500

feet

wid

e, b

utw

ith a

ser

ies

of s

mal

l isl

es in

mid

-str

eam

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the

far

side

they

foun

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er h

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as o

pene

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pro

vide

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gh w

ater

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the

anim

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continued on page 17

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E S

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FO

R C

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FO

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IA

Whe

n K

it C

arso

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earn

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coro

and

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him

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Cal

iforn

ia w

as u

nder

the

Am

eric

an fl

ag,h

e w

as d

escr

ibin

gth

e

situ

atio

n as

it w

asw

hen

he'd

set

off

from

Los

Ang

eles

on

Sep

tem

ber

5. In

the

Nin

etee

th C

entu

ry,

ther

e w

as a

str

ong

feel

ing

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hav

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anA

nglo

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on h

erita

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ed a

natu

ral s

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iorit

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ither

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son

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rny

coul

d im

-

agin

e th

at th

e qu

ick

and

easy

vic

tory

mig

ht b

e te

mpo

rary

.It

was

sim

ilar

high

-han

dedn

ess

that

late

rda

shed

Pre

side

nt

Pol

k's

hope

s of

abl

oodl

ess

take

over

in C

alifo

rnia

.

Ten

mon

ths

earli

er,

in D

ecem

ber

1845

,U

nite

d S

tate

s ex

plor

er

and

Arm

yT

opog

raph

ical

Eng

inee

rJo

hn F

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ont

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ght h

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rn c

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ent

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Sut

ter's

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t. H

e ha

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Mex

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uel C

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n. T

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o's

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ritis

h

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use

the

Uni

ted

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tes

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Brit

ain

wer

e in

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a lo

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ngdi

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e ov

er O

rego

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hich

bord

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Cal

iforn

ia to

the

nort

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U.S

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sul

John

Fre

mon

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arki

n

Cas

tro

gran

ted

Fre

mon

t per

mis

sion

tosp

end

the

win

ter

in

Cal

iforn

ia, a

way

from

the

settl

ed a

reas

.F

rem

ont i

gnor

edth

e

agre

emen

t and

by

Mar

ch h

ad q

uadr

uple

dth

e nu

mbe

r of

his

heav

ily-a

rmed

"bo

dygu

ards

."U

nder

thre

at o

fm

ilita

ry a

ctio

n

by G

ener

al J

ose

Cas

tro,

Fre

mon

tbl

uste

red

for

a fe

wda

ys

and

then

left

for

Ore

gon.

At K

lam

ath

Lake

in M

ay h

e w

as

over

take

n by

Lieu

tena

nt A

rchi

bald

Gill

espi

e of

the

US

.

Mar

ines

, ser

ving

as

secr

et e

mis

sary

of th

e U

nite

dS

tate

s

Gov

ernm

ent.

Gill

espi

eha

d be

en fo

llow

ing

Fre

mon

t sin

ce

drop

ping

off

new

inst

ruct

ions

to C

onsu

lLa

rkin

. Lar

kin'

s in

-

stru

ctio

ns w

ere

tope

rsua

de th

e C

alifo

rnio

sth

at th

ere

wou

ld

be d

ire c

onse

quen

ces

if th

ey a

llied

them

selv

es w

ith B

ritai

n or

Fra

nce,

and

togi

ve a

pro

mis

e to

inte

rven

e ag

ains

tM

exic

o if

Cal

iforn

ia w

ere

to a

gree

to a

nnex

atio

n to

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes.

Gill

espi

e's

mes

sage

sfo

r F

rem

ont i

nclu

ded

new

sth

at th

e U

.S.

Nav

y w

as u

nder

orde

rs to

blo

ckad

eC

alifo

rnia

n po

rts

if w

ar

brok

e ou

t bet

wee

nM

exic

o an

d th

e U

nite

dS

tate

s. T

o th

e tw

o

Am

eric

ans

ther

e se

emed

no

doub

t tha

t the

ir co

untr

yin

tend

ed

to ta

ke C

alifo

rnia

soon

er o

r la

ter.

Fro

m th

eir

nort

hern

cam

p

they

sen

t wor

d of

thei

r w

here

abou

ts to

Lark

in a

nd a

sked

for

new

s of

the

Nav

y.

4"I

gf.

The

Por

tsm

outh

, und

er th

e co

mm

and

of C

apta

in J

ohn

Mon

tgom

ery,

had

in fa

ct a

rriv

ed a

t Mon

tere

y w

ith th

e an

-no

unce

d in

tent

of p

rote

ctin

g th

e liv

es o

f U.S

. citi

zens

, but

at

the

sam

e tim

e co

nfirm

ing

frie

ndsh

ip w

ith ,t

he C

alifo

rnio

s.

The

Civ

il G

over

nor

of C

alifo

rnia

, Pio

Pic

o, lo

cate

d at

Los

Ang

eles

, had

for

som

e tim

e be

en in

sha

rp d

isag

reem

ent w

ithhi

s co

untr

ymen

in th

e no

rth

over

alle

gian

ce to

Mex

ico.

He

inte

rpre

ted

Gen

eral

Cas

tro'

s ca

ll fo

r su

ppor

t in

driv

ing

Fre

mon

t out

of C

alifo

rnia

as

an e

xcus

e to

est

ablis

h in

de-

pend

ent m

ilita

ry p

ower

. It w

iden

ed th

e rif

t, an

d ca

used

Pic

oto

con

side

r as

king

the

Brit

ish

Nav

y fo

r pr

otec

tion

if re

belli

onag

ains

t his

civ

il au

thor

ity s

houl

d br

eak

out.

Mea

nwhi

le in

the

Nor

th th

e ac

tiviti

es o

f Fre

mon

t and

Gill

espi

e,an

d th

e ar

rival

of t

he U

.S. N

avy,

had

cre

ated

inte

nse

exci

te-

men

t and

spe

cula

tion

amon

g th

e A

mer

ican

and

Eur

opea

nse

ttler

s. R

umor

s ci

rcul

ated

of i

mpe

ndin

g m

ilita

ry a

ctio

nag

ains

t the

m b

y G

ener

al C

astr

o. A

lthou

gh F

rem

ont h

ad a

n-no

unce

d hi

s in

tent

ion

of r

etur

ning

to th

e U

nite

d S

tate

s, h

est

ayed

on,

ant

icip

atin

g tr

oubl

e.It

cam

e w

hen

the

settl

ers

lear

ned

that

Gen

eral

Cas

tro

had

visi

ted

Gen

eral

Val

lejo

at

Son

oma,

and

col

lect

ed 2

00 h

orse

s. S

urel

y th

is w

as in

prep

arat

ion

for

expe

lling

them

!

Gen

eral

Jose

Cas

tro

Cap

tain

John

B. M

ontg

omer

y

4.: ::.

Ltll

IlM

laL

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ilala

ZZ

iVM

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ij

11

t

Fro

m F

rem

ont's

cam

p, a

par

ty o

f set

tlers

hea

ded

by E

zeki

elM

errit

t, a

natu

raliz

ed M

exic

an c

itize

n an

d th

eref

ore

tech

nica

llya

trai

tor,

sur

pris

ed th

e C

alifo

rnio

san

d to

ok a

way

the

hors

es.

Fiv

e da

ys la

ter

Mer

ritt s

eize

d V

alle

jo h

imse

lf, a

ndin

spi

te o

fth

e M

exic

an's

ass

uran

ces

that

he

favo

red

the

anne

xatio

n of

Cal

iforn

ia, h

ustle

d hi

m o

ff to

Sut

ter's

For

t, w

here

he

was

impr

ison

ed b

y F

rem

ont.

Am

ong

the

settl

ers

who

sei

zed

Val

-le

jo a

nd lo

oted

Son

oma

was

a W

illia

m Id

e.R

ecog

nizi

ng th

atth

eir

actio

ns w

ould

bra

nd th

em a

s th

ieve

s an

d tr

aito

rs,

with

prob

able

grim

con

sequ

ence

s, Id

e ta

lked

the

settl

ers

into

decl

arin

g C

alifo

rnia

an

inde

pend

ent r

epub

lic u

nder

the

Bea

rF

lag.

In M

onte

rey

harb

or, C

apta

in M

ontg

omer

y of

the

Por

tsm

outh

disa

ssoc

iate

d th

e U

nite

d S

tate

s fr

om th

e B

ear

Fla

gger

s,an

dde

clin

ed to

sen

d th

em th

e m

uniti

ons

they

ask

ed fo

r. In

the

Sou

th P

io P

ico

was

on

the

poin

t of m

arch

ing

agai

nst

Gen

eral

Cas

tro

whe

n he

lear

ned

of th

e oc

cupa

tion

of S

onom

aby

the

settl

ers.

He

ralli

ed to

his

cou

ntry

men

by

labe

lling

the

settl

ers

"tre

ason

ous

adve

ntur

ers.

" In

the

grow

ing

atm

osph

ere

of u

n-re

st a

nd v

iole

nce,

blo

odsh

ed w

as ju

st a

mat

ter

oftim

e. C

astr

oor

gani

zed

a fo

rce

of 1

60 C

alifo

rnio

s to

rec

aptu

re S

onom

a,bu

t

a sm

alle

r re

nega

de d

etac

hmen

t,with

out

Cas

tro'

s au

thor

ity,

capt

ured

sev

eral

Bea

r F

lagg

ers

and

kille

d tw

o, o

fth

em.

Sev

eral

day

s la

ter

anot

her

fight

bet

wee

n B

ear

Fla

goer

s an

dC

alifo

rnio

s le

ft de

ad o

n bo

th s

ides

. Fre

mon

t now

dro

pped

all

pret

ense

at w

aitin

g fo

r se

ttled

con

ditio

ns to

ret

urn

hom

e;w

ithth

e en

cour

agem

ent o

f mos

t Bea

r F

lagg

ers

he to

ok o

ver

lead

ersh

ip o

f the

rev

olt a

nd jo

ined

in J

uly

Fou

rth

cele

brat

ions

at S

onom

a.

173

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A fe

w w

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y C

omm

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chor

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t the

Mex

ican

por

t of M

azat

lan,

rec

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s an

noun

cing

that

figh

ting

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brok

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utbe

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n th

eU

nite

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tate

s an

d M

exic

o on

the

Rio

Gra

nde.

He

saile

d no

rth

in th

e S

avan

nah

and

ente

red

Mon

tere

y B

ay o

n Ju

ly 4

. He

was

told

of t

he c

lash

es b

etw

een

the

settl

ers

and

the

Cal

iforn

ios.

Thi

s ne

ws,

cou

pled

with

kno

wle

dge

that

the

Brit

ish

Nav

y w

asof

f the

coa

st a

nd m

ight

take

adv

anta

ge o

f the

unr

est,

forc

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loat

into

act

ion.

On

July

7 h

e or

dere

d sa

ilors

and

Mar

ines

asho

re a

nd th

e U

nite

d S

tate

s fla

g w

as h

oist

ed o

ver

the

Cus

tom

Hou

se.

Sto

at a

lso

issu

ed o

rder

s to

Mon

tgom

ery,

now

at Y

erba

Bue

na(S

an F

ranc

isco

), to

hoi

st th

e S

tars

and

Str

ipes

ther

e,an

d at

Son

oma

and

Sut

ter's

For

t. E

ven

so, b

oth

Slo

at a

ndM

ontg

omer

y w

ere

unea

sy a

bout

the

law

less

act

ions

of t

heB

ear

Fla

gger

s, c

ouns

elin

g th

em to

res

tore

cor

dial

rel

atio

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ith th

e C

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s an

d to

des

ist f

rom

livi

ng o

ff st

olen

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per-

tY.

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mon

t res

pond

ed to

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invi

tatio

n fr

om S

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to c

ome

toM

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rey

for

disc

ussi

ons

by m

akin

g a

show

y en

try

into

tow

nat

the

head

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fier

ce-lo

okin

g ba

nd m

ade

up o

f set

tlers

and

reen

amer

form

, .

'cf.

§

kg,

Com

mod

ore

John

B. S

loat

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omm

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eR

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t F. S

tock

ton

17 (

313

his

own

body

guar

ds, a

ll ar

med

to th

e te

eth.

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k at

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ters

,V

alle

jo r

emai

ned

lock

ed u

p w

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t oei

ng c

harg

edw

ith a

nycr

ime.

The

U.S

. fla

g, r

epre

sent

ing

law

and

libe

rty,

flew

ove

r-

head

.

Slo

at h

ad a

lso

sent

a s

umm

ons

to s

urre

nder

toG

ener

alC

astr

o. C

astr

o re

spon

ded

that

he

wou

ld h

ave

toco

nsul

t Pio

Pic

o an

d th

e A

ssem

bly

in th

e S

outh

, but

if it

wer

ele

ft to

him

,he

wou

ld c

ontin

ue to

res

ist t

he A

mer

ican

occ

upat

ion.

Pic

o

and

Cas

tro

met

at S

an L

uis

Obi

spo.

Cas

tro

poin

ted

out

that

the

Am

eric

ans

cont

rolle

d on

ly th

e N

orth

; the

re w

asst

ill ti

me

to o

rgan

ize

and

thro

w th

em o

ut o

f Cal

iforn

ia. B

utth

e fu

rthe

rth

e tw

o m

en tr

avel

led

tow

ards

Los

Ang

eles

, the

less

en-

thus

iasm

they

foun

d fo

r re

sist

ance

. Sou

thla

ndC

alifo

rnio

s

wer

e tir

ed o

f the

pet

ty s

quab

blin

g am

ong

thei

r ci

vil a

nd m

ilita

ryle

ader

s an

d th

e ye

ars

of m

ism

anag

emen

t fro

m M

exic

o C

ity.

Man

y ad

mire

d th

e U

.S. C

onst

itutio

nan

d th

e st

able

way

s of

thei

r ne

ighb

or to

the

Eas

t. O

nly

clum

sy a

ctio

n co

uld

prev

ent

affa

irs m

ovin

g in

favo

r of

a ta

keov

er; L

ieut

enan

tA

rchi

bald

Gill

espi

e w

ould

soo

n pr

ovid

e it.

Fre

mon

t and

Gill

espi

e vi

site

d S

loat

on

the

Sav

anna

h.S

loat

foun

d G

illes

pie

very

muc

h th

e cl

ose-

mou

thed

sec

ret a

gent

for

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes;

he

gave

Slo

at fe

w d

etai

ls o

f eve

nts

prec

ed-

ing

the

Com

mod

ore'

s ar

rival

. Stil

l ner

vous

abou

t his

ow

n ac

tof

occ

upyi

ng M

onte

rey,

Sto

at w

ante

d to

kno

w w

hat a

utho

rity

Fre

mon

t had

had

for

his

actio

ns a

gain

st th

e C

alifo

rnia

nau

thor

ities

. Fre

mon

t mad

e it

clea

r th

at h

e ha

d no

t cla

imed

toac

t for

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes.

The

set

tlers

upr

isin

gha

d be

ensp

onta

neou

s; h

e, F

rem

ont,

had

mer

ely

kept

it un

der

cont

rol.

1 7

7

3;f'

44;

:49

v.4 :0

1

On

July

15,

Slo

at's

rep

lace

men

t,U

.S. N

avy

Com

mod

ore

Rob

ert S

tock

ton,

in c

omm

and

of th

e 54

-gun

Con

gres

s,dr

oppe

d an

chor

in M

onte

rey

Bay

. Ada

y la

ter,

the

80-g

unB

ritis

h w

arsh

ip C

ollin

gwoo

d, u

nder

the

com

man

d of

Adm

iral

Sir

Geo

rge

Sey

mou

r, h

ove

into

vie

w.T

he B

ritis

h sh

ip's

sud

-

den

arriv

al c

ause

d th

e A

mer

ican

vess

els

to c

lear

the

deck

sfo

r ac

tion,

but

with

in h

ours

the

com

man

ders

wer

eex

chan

ging

cour

tesi

es. N

ever

thel

ess,

mut

ual s

uspi

cion

hung

in th

e ai

r. It

was

Sto

ckto

n's

pass

age

from

the

Atla

ntic

into

Pac

ific

wat

ers

that

had

pro

mpt

ed S

eym

our

tow

ork

his

way

nor

th, w

ithO

rego

n on

his

min

d. S

imila

rly, t

hear

rival

of t

he B

ritis

h sh

ipJu

no a

t San

Fra

ncis

co o

n Ju

ne 7

,ju

st th

ree

wee

ks la

ter

than

the

Por

tsm

outh

, had

aro

used

susp

icio

ns in

the

min

ds o

f the

Am

eric

ans.

In c

ontr

ast t

o S

loat

, Gill

espi

e an

dF

rem

ont f

ound

in S

tock

ton

a st

rong

sup

port

eran

d ad

mire

r of

thei

r ac

tions

. He

gave

Fre

mon

t the

ran

k of

Maj

or a

ndap

poin

ted

him

com

man

der

of

U.S

. tro

ops

in C

alifo

rnia

, with

Gill

espi

e as

his

sec

ond-

in-c

om-

man

d. In

a c

onfu

sing

pro

clam

atio

nS

tock

ton

told

the

Cal

ifor-

nios

that

the

U.S

. occ

upat

ion

was

are

sult

of M

exic

an a

ttack

s

.)

"tt,t

.-11

4;44

.<=

1-

kika

mai

lleaz

ahoi

ssom

mm

imm

ism

mis

eara

min

sam

essa

mm

imai

14

1

6r-4

-

- -

-.1E

4

4\1.

San

Fra

ncis

co (

Yer

ba B

uena

)on

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

(at t

he R

io G

rand

e). B

y th

eir

actio

nsag

ains

t Fre

mon

t, he

told

them

, the

loca

lM

exic

an a

utho

ritie

ssh

owed

them

selv

es a

men

ace

to th

e pe

ace

of th

e C

alifo

rnia

npe

ople

. Whe

n th

ey w

ere

repl

aced

and

a p

rope

rgo

vern

men

tfo

rmed

, the

U.S

. for

ces

wou

ld w

ithdr

aw.

Frie

nd a

nd fo

epu

zzle

d ov

er S

tock

ton'

s m

essa

ge: d

id h

e m

ean

that

the

U.S

.

flag

wou

ld b

e pu

lled

dow

n w

hen

orde

r w

asre

stor

ed?

Wou

ldit

mea

n C

alifo

rnia

for

the

Cal

iforn

ios,

or

for

Mex

ico?

On

July

26,

Sto

ckto

n di

spat

ched

Fre

mon

tand

165

men

of h

isC

alifo

rnia

Bat

talio

n on

the

Cya

ne to

San

Die

go,

whe

re th

eyar

rived

3 d

ays

late

r. T

hey

wer

e w

elco

med

by

Juan

Ban

dini

and

othe

r C

alifo

rnio

s. O

n A

ugus

t 8, F

rem

ont w

asor

dere

d to

mar

ch to

Los

Ang

eles

to m

eet S

tock

ton,

who

had

arriv

ed a

tth

e po

rt o

f San

Ped

ro a

few

mile

s aw

ay, w

ith 3

60sa

ilors

and

Mar

ines

abo

ard

the

Con

gres

s. G

ener

al C

astr

o se

nttw

o lo

cal

Cal

iforn

ian

repr

esen

tativ

es to

neg

otia

te w

ith S

tock

ton

and

to

ask

for

assu

ranc

es th

at th

e A

mer

ican

s w

ould

mak

e ho

hos

tile

mov

e w

hile

they

talk

ed.

Ii

1 79

U.S

. Slo

op-o

f-W

arP

orts

mou

th

A-ii

miT

t.-00

-4.4

4--

Sto

ckto

n pr

omis

ed n

othi

ng; h

e re

spon

ded

that

Mex

ico

and

the

U.S

.A. w

ere

at w

ar; h

e ex

pect

ed th

e C

alifo

rnio

s w

ithou

tde

lay

to h

oist

the

U.S

. fla

g an

d de

clar

e in

depe

nden

ce fr

omM

exic

o. C

astr

o w

as in

sulte

d an

d he

ref

used

, but

with

no

pros

pect

for

beat

ing

back

the

Am

eric

an in

vasi

on, h

e an

d P

ioP

ico

left

Los

Ang

eles

. On

Aug

ust 1

3, S

tock

ton,

with

a b

rass

band

and

a fo

rce

of s

ailo

rs a

nd M

arin

es h

eade

d by

Lie

uten

ant

Jaco

b Z

eilin

(de

stin

ed to

bec

ome

7th

Com

man

dant

of t

heM

arin

e C

orps

), o

ccup

ied

unde

fend

ed L

os A

ngel

es. F

rom

Los

Ang

eles

Sto

ckto

n w

rote

to th

e S

ecre

tary

of t

he N

avy

proc

laim

-in

g th

e pe

acef

ul ta

keov

er o

f Cal

iforn

ia fo

r th

e U

nite

d S

tate

s.T

his

proc

lam

atio

n w

as o

ne o

f the

dis

patc

hes

Kit

Car

son

was

carr

ying

whe

n he

ran

into

Kea

rny

and

the

Arm

y of

the

Wes

t.

On

Sep

tem

ber

3 S

tock

ton

re-e

mba

rked

on

the

Con

gres

s,bo

und

for

San

Fra

ncis

co, l

eavi

ng o

rder

s fo

r F

rem

ont t

o fo

llow

by la

nd. L

ieut

enan

t Gill

espi

e w

as le

ft in

cha

rge

of S

outh

ern

Cal

iforn

ia. A

few

wee

ks la

ter,

Sto

ckto

n re

ceiv

ed w

ord

that

Gill

espi

e an

d hi

s m

en w

ere

unde

r si

ege.

The

Mar

ine

offic

er,

who

took

no

pain

s to

hid

e hi

s di

sdai

n fo

r th

e C

alifo

rnio

s, h

adim

pose

d db

tato

rial l

aw: n

o tw

o pe

rson

s co

uld

mee

t and

talk

in p

ublic

, mee

tings

beh

ind

clos

ed d

oors

wer

e fo

rbid

den,

and

Gill

espi

e ra

ther

than

the

loca

l Jus

tices

adm

inis

tere

d th

e la

w.

-45

Z.:

15

Alth

ough

Gen

eral

Cas

tro

had

left

for

Mex

ico

c..n

vpra

l of h

is

fiery

sup

port

ers

rem

aine

d in

the

Sou

thla

nd. I

n th

e pr

e-da

wn

dark

ness

of S

epte

mbe

r 23

, one

of t

hem

, Seb

ula

Var

ela,

and

a pa

rty

of lo

cal m

en a

ttack

edG

illes

pie'

s ca

mp

at G

over

nmen

tH

ouse

, but

wer

e dr

iven

off

by r

ifle-

fire.

Wha

t Gill

espi

e la

cked

in d

iplo

mac

y, h

e m

ade

up fo

r in

res

ourc

eful

ness

; he

con-

vert

ed fo

ur o

ld c

anno

n to

use

hom

e-m

ade

grap

e-sh

ot a

ndfo

rtifi

ed h

is c

amp

for

a si

ege.

But

with

in a

few

day

s he

was

surr

ound

ed, o

utnu

mbe

red

six-

to-o

ne a

nd h

is w

ater

sup

ply

was

exh

aust

ed. H

e al

so le

arne

d th

at a

noth

erde

tach

men

t of

Am

eric

ans

who

'd b

een

sent

by

Sto

ckto

n to

gua

rd th

e C

ajon

Pas

s ha

d be

en b

esie

ged

at R

iver

side

and

wer

e no

w c

aptiv

es.

On

Sep

tem

ber

30, G

illes

pie

acce

pted

the

gene

rous

term

sof

fere

d by

the

Cal

iforn

ios'

new

lead

er, J

ose

Flo

res

(who

'dbr

oken

his

pro

mis

e to

Sto

ckto

n no

t to

take

up

arm

s), a

nd s

till

fully

-arm

ed, n

e m

arch

ed o

ut o

f Los

Ang

eles

for

San

Ped

ro to

emba

rk o

n th

e m

erch

ant v

esse

l Van

dalia

. Fou

r da

ys la

ter

Flo

res

accu

sed

Gill

espi

e of

goi

ng b

ack

on h

is a

gree

men

t to

sail

away

to M

onte

rey

and

turn

ing

San

Ped

ro in

to a

n ar

med

cam

p. G

illes

pie

was

, in

fact

, pla

ying

for

tii le

,hop

ing

Sto

ckto

nha

d re

ceiv

ed a

nd w

ould

res

pond

to h

is S

epte

mbe

r 24

mes

-sa

ge a

skin

g fo

r as

sist

ance

.

The

Mer

chan

tshi

pV

anda

lia

11

181

Sto

ckto

n di

d re

spon

d. O

n O

ctob

er 6

,th

e S

avan

nah,

und

er

the

com

man

d of

Cap

tain

Will

iam

Mer

vine

, dro

pped

anch

or a

t

San

Ped

ro a

nd p

ut 3

00 M

enas

hore

to r

etak

e Lo

s A

ngel

es.

But

the

Am

eric

ans

wer

e on

foot

whi

le th

e C

afor

nios

wer

e on

hors

es. O

n th

e ro

ad to

Los

Ang

eles

the

Cal

iforn

ios

kept

wel

l

out i

n fr

ont o

f the

sai

lors

and

Mar

ines

, sto

ppin

g ev

ery

soof

ten

to fi

re b

ack

into

the

colu

mn

with

an

anci

ent c

anno

n. A

sth

e

Am

eric

ans

atte

mpt

ed to

rus

h th

em,

the

Cal

iforn

ios

easi

ly

tow

ed th

e gu

n ou

t of r

ange

.W

ith n

early

a d

ozen

kill

edan

d

wou

nded

in a

few

hou

rs, M

ervi

nean

d G

illes

pie

fell

back

on

San

Ped

ro a

nd r

e-bo

arde

dth

e S

avan

nah.

Sto

ckto

n an

d F

rem

ont a

nd h

isba

ttalio

n sa

iled

sepa

rate

ly fo

rS

an P

edro

on

Oct

ober

14;

Sto

ckto

n in

tend

ed to

teac

h th

e

inso

lent

Cal

iforn

ios

a le

sson

.B

ut u

nkno

wn

to S

tock

ton,

Fre

mon

t put

in a

t Mon

tere

yaf

ter

enco

unte

ring

the

Van

dalia

en r

oute

and

lear

ning

from

her

Cap

tain

that

Mer

vine

and

Gill

espi

e ha

d be

enth

row

n ou

t of L

os A

ngel

es.

Fre

mon

t was

dete

rmin

ed to

add

mor

evo

lunt

eers

to h

is fo

rce,

and

mor

e

impo

rtan

t, to

equ

ip th

emw

ith h

orse

s so

they

cou

ldm

atch

the

Cal

iforn

ios

in m

obili

ty. I

gnor

anto

f thi

s, S

tock

ton

wen

t ash

ore

at S

an P

edro

, but

was

dece

ived

by

Jase

Car

illo,

who

had

take

n co

mm

and

away

from

Flo

res,

into

bel

ievi

ng th

at a

who

le

arm

y of

mou

nted

Cal

iforn

ios

barr

edhi

s w

ay. W

ith n

okn

owle

dge

of F

rem

ont's

whe

reab

outs

, Sto

ckto

n fe

ltfo

rced

to

re-e

mba

rk a

nd s

ail f

or S

an D

iego

.H

ad h

e st

ayed

, he

wou

ld

igha

ve fo

und

that

Car

l llo

pro

pose

dto

dis

cuss

the

end

of 6

host

ilitie

s. S

an D

iego

had

firs

tbee

n oc

cupi

ed b

y M

errit

t oft

he

Bea

r F

lagg

ers

in S

epte

mbe

r.H

e'd

been

driv

rn o

ut b

y th

eC

alifo

rnio

s, a

nd th

e to

wn

had

been

ret

aken

onl

y tw

ow

eeks

ti0

earli

er b

y a

deta

chm

ent o

f 7-H

ors

sent

dow

n fr

om L

os A

ngel

es

by M

ervi

ne.

Lita

raiti

tiZZ

;;.=

41=

UX

1215

=11

1==

=.3

CA

NIM

IMIN

IKO

NIN

NO

SN

OW

ii1

8 2

*.;

16

_

I

-.

. .-

- - le4

,sor

mis

4

San

Die

goS

tock

ton

arriv

ed a

t San

Die

go o

nO

ctob

er 3

1 an

d di

sem

-ba

rked

Gill

espi

e an

d hi

s vo

lunt

eers

.H

ere

Sto

ckto

n le

arne

d

for

the

first

tim

e th

at F

rem

onth

ad p

ut b

ack

into

Mon

tere

y, a

nd

was

now

aw

aitin

ghi

s co

mm

ande

r's r

etur

n. W

ith S

an D

iego

safe

ly in

Am

eric

an h

ands

,S

tock

ton

and

Mer

vine

bot

h sa

iled

for

Mon

tere

y. O

n th

e pa

ssag

e no

rth,

Sto

ckto

n re

ceiv

ed w

rong

info

rmat

ion

that

Fre

mon

t had

alre

ady

set o

ff ov

erla

nd fo

r Lo

s

Ang

eles

, so

he p

ut a

bout

,an

d ar

rived

bac

k in

San

Die

go o

n

Nov

embe

r 12

, whe

re h

e st

ayed

toes

tabl

ish

his

head

quar

ters

.

The

ser

ies

of d

efea

ts in

flict

ed o

nth

e A

mer

ican

s at

Los

An-

gele

s an

d S

an P

edro

enc

oura

ged

Pre

fect

Man

uel C

astr

o in

the

Nor

th to

org

aniz

e ne

w r

esis

tanc

efr

om a

bas

e in

San

Lui

s

Obi

spo.

He

inte

nded

to s

poil

Fre

mon

t's p

lans

to e

nlar

ge h

isfo

rce

and

put t

hem

on

hors

es.

Cas

tro

bega

n by

adv

anci

ngno

rth

and

on N

ovem

ber

15 a

deta

chm

ent a

mbu

shed

Con

sul

Lark

in e

n ro

ute

from

Mon

tere

y to

San

Fra

ncis

co, a

nd to

ok

him

pris

oner

. Lar

kin,

Cas

tro

thou

ght,

mig

ht p

rove

a us

eful

barg

aini

ng c

hip

in th

e po

wer

str

uggl

eah

ead.

(La

rkin

was

rele

ased

at t

he fa

ll of

Los

Ang

eles

two

mon

ths

late

r).

163

Nex

t day

, eas

t of M

onte

rey,

ther

e w

as a

vio

lent

cla

shbe

twee

n

abou

t six

ty o

f Cas

tro'

s m

en a

nd n

early

as

man

yof

Fre

mon

t'sfo

rce.

In le

ss th

an h

alf a

n ho

ur o

f sha

rp-s

hoot

ing

and

hand

-to-

hand

figh

ting,

bot

h si

des

suffe

red

half-

a-do

zen

kille

d an

dw

ound

ed. B

ut th

e m

ajor

ity o

f Cal

iforn

ios

in th

eN

orth

wer

ere

aliz

ing

that

ther

e w

as n

ow n

o ch

ance

that

the

Am

eric

ans

wou

ld b

e ev

idte

d fr

om th

eir

coun

try.

The

y w

earie

dof

the

fight

and

look

ed fo

r se

ttled

con

ditio

ns to

ret

urn

to th

eir

farm

ing

and

cattl

e-ra

isin

g un

der

any

stab

le a

dmin

istr

atio

n:C

alifo

rnia

n,

Mex

ican

, or

Am

eric

an .

they

car

ed li

ttle.

The

irm

ain

grie

vanc

e

cam

e fr

om th

e ap

prop

riatio

n of

ever

ythi

ng u

sefu

l to

Fre

mon

t'sm

en, e

spec

ially

hor

ses.

It w

as n

oco

nsol

atio

n to

be

told

that

the

seiz

ures

wer

e ne

cess

ary

to p

rote

ct th

emfr

om th

eir

fello

wC

alifo

rnio

s. T

here

was

gre

at r

elie

f whe

n F

rem

onta

nd h

is a

rmy

of "

liber

ator

s" m

oved

sou

th a

t the

end

of

Nov

embe

r.

In a

ppal

ling

wea

ther

the

sam

e st

orm

sys

tem

that

was

dren

chin

g K

earn

y's

Dra

goon

s 25

0 m

iles

away

on

thei

r pa

s-sa

ge fr

om W

arne

r's to

San

Pas

qual

Fre

mon

t's c

olum

nst

rugg

led

thro

ugh

flood

s an

d m

ud-s

lides

to S

anLu

is O

bisp

o,an

d ov

er th

e m

ount

ains

to S

anta

Bar

bara

.T

he s

tory

of

Fre

mon

t's m

arch

tow

ards

Los

Ang

eles

, his

str

ange

Tre

aty

ofC

ohue

nga

with

Cal

iforn

ios

who

had

cap

itula

ted

toK

earn

y an

dS

tock

ton

thre

e da

ys e

arlie

r, h

is c

onfli

ct o

fau

thor

ity w

ithK

earn

y an

d hi

s do

wnf

all,

mus

t be

told

ano

ther

time.

Bef

ore

he c

ould

rec

onqu

erC

alifo

rnia

, Kea

rny

first

had

to

conq

uer

the

dese

rt. O

nN

ovem

ber

26 e

ach

man

was

ord

ered

to c

ut a

she

af o

f the

toug

hde

sert

gra

ss to

feed

the

mul

es o

n

the

jour

ney,

and

lash

it b

ehin

dhi

s sa

ddle

. At m

id-a

ftern

oon

thei

r ro

ute

drop

ped

dow

n in

to a

drie

d riv

er b

ed w

here

they

foun

d an

othe

r ol

d w

ater

-hol

e. It

took

eig

ht h

ours

of e

xhau

stin

g

effo

rt to

dee

pen

the

hole

20

feet

and

to o

pen

anot

her

near

by,

but t

he h

arsh

des

ert g

ave

upen

ough

wat

er to

fill

each

man

's

kettl

e an

d tw

o bu

cket

s fo

r ea

chm

ule

and

hors

e. B

y th

en,

som

e of

the

anim

als

had

not b

een

wat

ered

for

mor

eth

an tw

o

days

.continued from page 9

//

\1 /

-...

.

Li

184

17

itrdi

185

Day

thre

e on

the

dese

rtto

ok th

em th

roug

h a

wat

erle

ss a

rea

that

wou

ld o

ne d

ay b

ecom

eth

e lu

sh Im

peria

l Val

ley.

The

sof

t

sand

s, in

adeq

uate

food

and

wat

er, a

nd o

ver

two

mon

ths

on

the

mar

ch n

ow to

ok a

nin

crea

sing

ly h

eavy

toll

ofth

e m

ules

and

few

rem

aini

ng h

orse

s.F

or a

whi

le s

ome

ofth

e w

eake

r

anim

als

coul

d be

pers

uade

d to

kee

p m

ovin

gw

ith o

ne

Dra

goon

pus

hing

and

one

pulli

ng, b

ut th

is q

uick

lytir

ed th

e

men

. Man

y an

imal

s w

ere

turn

ed lo

ose;

mos

t sta

yed

whe

re

they

fell,

but

a fe

wst

ragg

led

alon

g be

hind

the

colu

mn,

add

ing

thei

r cr

ies

to th

e pa

tient

anim

als

that

plo

dded

alon

gsid

e th

e

Dra

goon

s an

d E

ngin

eers

.

Nex

t day

car

ried

them

into

Car

rizo

Gor

ge a

nd th

e S

anF

elip

e

valle

y. P

ools

of b

rack

ish

wat

erga

ve s

ome

relie

f,bu

t the

grea

test

nee

d w

as fo

od.A

t lea

st o

ne m

ule

had

alre

ady

been

secr

etly

sla

ught

ered

by

the

Dra

goon

s, a

nd n

ow a

pre

ciou

s

hors

e ha

d to

be

sacr

ifice

dto

kee

p th

e m

en o

nth

eir

feet

. The

Dra

goon

s' u

nifo

rms

hung

insh

reds

and

cac

tus

tore

at

thei

r

bare

legs

. Boo

ts h

ad s

plit

open

and

had

to b

e bo

und

up to

give

som

e pr

otec

tion

from

the

hot s

tone

s an

dsa

nd.

166

1818

7

On

the

mor

ning

of D

ecem

ber

2, th

e A

rmy

of th

e W

est s

awla

rge

tree

s fo

r th

e fir

st ti

me

sinc

e le

avin

g th

e U

nite

d S

tate

s,an

d so

on th

ey c

ame

in s

ight

of W

arne

r's R

anch

. Fro

m a

dist

ance

the

Arm

y ha

d th

e ap

pear

ance

of a

larg

e ba

nd o

fbr

igan

ds, f

or th

e m

en c

ould

see

Indi

an r

anch

-han

ds fr

antic

ally

disp

ersi

ng c

attle

into

the

valle

ys b

ehin

d th

e ra

nch.

The

y fo

und

that

War

ner

him

self

was

a p

rison

er o

f the

Am

eric

ans

at S

anD

iego

, on

the

grou

nds

that

he

was

uns

ympa

thet

ic to

the

Am

eric

an ta

ke-o

ver.

The

pla

ce w

as in

the

char

ge o

f ano

ther

Am

eric

an n

amed

Mar

shal

l. A

fter

thei

r de

sert

jour

ney,

War

ners

' tre

es a

nd g

rass

dee

ply

impr

esse

d th

e A

mer

ican

s,an

d at

last

ther

e w

as e

noug

h fo

od; E

mor

y re

cord

ed in

his

diar

y th

at s

even

of h

is m

en a

te a

who

le s

heep

at o

ne s

ittin

g.,

.1 1

14 ,r

Mar

shal

l inf

orm

ed K

earn

y th

at 1

5 m

iles

alon

g th

e ro

ad to

San

Die

go w

as th

e ra

nch

of a

n E

nglis

h-bo

rn n

atur

aliz

ed M

exic

anna

med

Edw

ard

Sto

kes;

he

wou

ld b

e ab

le to

cla

rify

the

war

situ

atio

n in

Cal

iforn

ia. W

hen

sum

mon

ed, S

toke

s co

nfirm

edth

at w

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of S

an D

iego

, Cal

iforn

ia w

as in

deed

unde

r th

e co

ntro

l of t

he "

coun

try

peop

le."

He

agre

ed to

car

rya

lette

r fr

om K

earn

y to

the

Am

eric

anco

mm

ande

r, C

om-

mod

ore

Rob

ert S

tock

ton.

Lat

er th

at d

ay th

e A

rmy

lear

ned

ofa

herd

of h

orse

s an

d m

ules

bel

ongi

ng to

Ant

onio

Cor

onel

, apr

omin

ent L

os A

ngel

es r

esid

ent,

abou

t 15

mile

s in

the

dire

c-tio

n of

Lcs

Ang

eles

. Dav

idso

n, C

arso

n, a

nd a

par

tyof

Dra

goon

s se

t off

at n

ight

fall.

The

y re

turn

ed n

ext d

ay w

ithab

out 7

5 ho

rses

and

mul

es, b

ut o

nly

abou

t 30

wer

e fo

und

tobe

bro

ken

and

serv

icea

ble.

A

t

I 8 2

19

On

the

4th,

ref

resh

ed b

y th

e fo

od a

nd r

est b

ut s

oake

d in

icy

rain

, the

col

umn

trud

ged

sout

h fo

r S

toke

s' S

anta

Ysa

bel

ranc

h. H

ere

they

foun

d m

ore

food

and

she

lter,

and

aga

inE

mor

y co

mm

ente

d in

his

dia

ry o

n th

e pl

ight

of t

he In

dian

s,w

ho h

uddl

ed n

aked

, as

near

as

they

cou

ld to

the

Arm

y's

fires

.A

t War

ners

' Em

ory

had

lear

ned

that

the

Indi

ans

had

been

virt

ual s

lave

s un

der

the

mis

sion

fath

ers,

but

sin

cede

secu

lariz

atio

n a

deca

de e

arlie

r, th

eir

trea

tmen

t und

er th

eir

new

mas

ters

was

eve

n ha

rshe

r.

The

lette

r th

at S

toke

s ca

rrie

d to

San

Die

go w

as S

tock

ton'

sfir

st n

ews

of K

earn

y's

pres

ence

in th

e co

untr

y. T

he n

aval

com

man

der

imm

edia

tely

sen

t off

a fo

rce

head

ed b

y M

arin

eLi

eute

nant

Arc

hiba

ld G

illes

pie,

sup

port

ed b

y Li

eute

nant

Bea

leof

the

Nav

y, a

doz

en s

ailo

rs, a

nd 2

6 vo

lunt

eer

rifle

men

und

erC

apta

in G

ibso

n. U

nder

the

wat

chfu

l eye

s of

the

Cal

iforn

ios,

the

Am

eric

ans

follo

wed

the

San

Die

go r

iver

bed,

then

str

uck

nort

h th

roug

h M

issi

on G

orge

. The

y re

sted

a fe

w h

ours

at t

heC

ajon

Ran

ch (

pres

ent d

ay L

akes

ide)

then

pus

hed

on to

Sto

kes'

San

ta M

aria

Ran

ch a

t Ram

ona.

1 5

()20

1'1

It be

gan

to r

ain

heav

ily in

the

nigh

t and

nex

t mor

ning

Gill

espi

e's

colu

mn

cont

inue

d no

rthe

ast i

n a

dow

npou

r. T

hera

in li

fted

abou

t one

o'c

lock

in tn

e af

tern

oon

and

a sc

out

spot

ted

the

Arm

y m

ovin

g to

war

ds th

em fr

om S

anta

Ysa

bel.

Gill

espi

e or

dere

d th

e S

tars

and

Str

ipes

to b

e "g

iven

the

bree

ze"

to h

eart

en th

e w

eary

troo

pers

. The

two

forc

es, e

xcite

dto

mee

t fel

low

Am

eric

ans

so d

eep

in h

ostil

e co

untr

y, e

x-ch

ange

d w

arm

gre

etin

gs a

t Bal

lena

.

-el

i-re

.7"-

--

Gill

espi

e ga

ve K

earn

y th

e fa

tefu

l new

s th

at a

par

ty o

f arm

eC

alifo

rnio

s w

ere

cam

ped

six

mile

s w

est,

at th

e In

dian

vill

agof

San

Pas

qual

. He

also

pas

sed

on S

tock

ton'

s su

gges

tioth

at th

e ar

my

com

man

der

coul

d "b

eat u

p th

eir

cam

p" s

houl

he fe

el d

ispo

sed.

Kea

rny

coul

d ha

ve h

ad n

o ill

usio

ns a

bot

the

fitne

ss o

f his

men

for

battl

e. B

ut e

qual

ly tr

ue, t

o av

oid

clas

h by

del

iber

atel

y re

trac

ing

Gill

espi

e's

rout

e to

San

Die

gw

as u

nthi

nkab

le. A

lso,

bei

ng a

hor

se-s

oldi

er,

the

chan

cew

inni

ng u

seab

le m

ount

s w

as ir

resi

stib

le. .4i*

t:b

t k

k"4I

C1.

1

19'2

135S

T C

OP

Y A

VA

ILA

BLE

21I

93

;

St

;Gill

espi

e to

o ha

d hi

s do

ubts

abo

utth

e ba

ttle-

read

ines

s of

Kea

rny'

s fo

rce.

Lat

er th

at n

ight

att

heir

cam

psite

, he

wat

ched

Dra

goon

s in

ext

rem

es o

f exh

aust

ion

drop

to th

e gr

ound

and

fall

asle

ep in

thei

r so

dden

rag

ged

unifo

rms.

But

Kea

rny'

sen

thus

iasm

mou

nted

. He

sent

his

aid

e,C

apta

in J

ohns

ton,

to

ask

for

Gill

espi

e's

youn

g gu

ide

Raf

ael M

acha

do to

acc

om-

pany

a p

arty

of D

rago

ons

on a

reco

nnai

ssan

ce. G

illes

pie

sugg

este

d th

at a

few

of C

apta

inG

ibso

n's

"mou

ntai

n m

en"

wou

ld b

e be

tter

suite

d, b

eing

able

to m

ove

with

gre

ater

stea

lth, b

ut K

earn

y di

smis

sed

the

idea

.

-

".."

-4r

.,

*-.

-..:

.-,

-

.a.

#0.

;

14-

194

22

Inst

ead

he s

ent L

ieut

enan

t Ham

mon

dan

d si

x D

rago

ons

with

Mac

hado

. On

the

valle

y flo

or, M

acha

dole

ft th

e so

ldie

rs a

nd

crep

t up

to th

e vi

llage

whe

re h

eco

uld

see

figur

es h

uddl

ed in

blan

kets

aro

und

the

fires

. He

man

aged

toca

tch

the

atte

ntio

n

of o

ne o

f the

frie

ndly

Indi

ans,

but

just

at t

hat m

omen

t a d

ogca

ught

sce

nt o

f the

Dra

goon

s an

d be

gan

toba

rk. M

acha

dom

elte

d in

to th

e da

rkne

ss a

s th

eC

alifo

rnio

s be

gan

shou

ting

chal

leng

es. O

ne o

f the

m c

augh

t a g

limps

eof

rid

ers

thro

ugh

a m

oon-

lit b

reak

in th

ecl

ouds

, and

run

ning

forw

ard,

foun

d a

blan

ket m

arke

d "U

.S. A

rmy"

. Sur

pris

e w

as g

one.

--

--

;et

4s4:

.-

'41

-s

4. 3

e

,V

d

`3.%

'1

t 11..2

)

-'14s

ts:s

s

Ft-

Y.

'

.1

.:4-

.*

re

A II

1

0,A

". I

'.W

...,

1

1...

..

'11.

....

.

%

. V ..

.V

s..

I

195

Bac

k at

San

ta M

aria

, rai

n ga

ve w

ay to

col

d m

oonl

ight

as

the

com

bine

d A

mer

ican

forc

es s

addl

ed u

p an

d m

oved

off

attw

o-th

irty

in th

e m

orni

ng o

f Dec

embe

r 6.

Whe

n th

ey'd

firs

tfo

rmed

up,

Gill

espi

e ha

d be

en ir

ritat

ed b

y K

earn

y's

orde

r to

leav

e hi

s sm

all f

ield

-gun

and

mos

t of h

is m

en in

the

rear

with

Maj

or S

wor

ds a

nd th

e ba

ggag

e tr

ain.

The

Mar

ine

had

to p

oint

out t

hat g

un a

nd c

rew

wer

e in

exc

elle

nt o

rder

. In

sorr

yco

ntra

st, t

he A

rmy'

s ho

witz

ers

wer

e he

ld to

geth

erw

ithra

whi

de a

nd lo

oked

rea

dy to

fall

apar

t at t

he fi

rst s

hot.

Kea

rny

reco

nsid

ered

and

Gill

espi

e's

forc

e fe

ll in

to li

ne. A

void

ing

cany

ons

and

gulle

ys th

at w

ould

ris

k th

e ch

ance

of a

mbu

sh,

they

ret

race

d H

amm

ond'

s ro

ute

to b

ring

them

to th

e va

lley

rim h

igh

abov

e th

e In

dian

vill

age.

-

1,4\

-

-7-, -

A

\N

o ,v

_\\

\

23

Bef

ore

begi

nnin

g th

e de

scen

t to

San

Pas

aiia

lv.

,,.-

the

colu

mn

to a

ddre

ss th

e D

rago

ons

and

brea

the

a lit

tle li

t(an

d sp

irit i

nto

his

arm

y. T

hey

wer

e to

be

stea

dy a

nd o

beim

plic

itly

thei

r of

ficer

's o

rder

s, h

e to

ld th

em. T

heir

Cou

ntn

expe

cted

them

to d

o th

eir

duty

; tha

t one

thru

st o

f the

'sab

enpo

int w

as w

orth

any

num

ber

of c

uts.

In tr

uth

the

Dra

goon

sda

zed

with

fatig

ue a

nd c

hille

d to

the

bone

in th

e fr

oste

cre

mna

nts

of th

eir

unifo

rms,

cou

ld s

carc

ely

grip

the

rein

s c

thei

r m

ount

s.

-

-- I

V)

Kea

rny

took

Gill

espi

e as

ide

to la

y ou

t the

str

ateg

y. C

apta

inM

oore

wou

ld le

ad th

e ch

arge

and

sur

roun

d th

e vi

llage

; Gil-

lesp

ie w

as r

eque

sted

to a

ssis

t in

this

. If p

ossi

ble

the

"insu

r-ge

nts"

wer

e to

be

capt

ured

; the

y w

ere

to b

e sh

ot o

nly

if th

eyre

sist

ed o

r tr

ied

to e

scap

e. A

s a

pale

daw

n lig

ht c

rept

into

the

sky

behi

nd th

em, t

he c

ombi

ned

forc

e in

two

colu

mns

beg

anto

des

cend

,int

o th

e st

ill-d

ark

mis

t-en

shro

uded

val

ley.

To

Gill

espi

e it

seem

ed th

at th

e cl

anki

ng o

f the

hea

vy s

aber

s in

thei

r sc

abar

ds w

ould

be

enou

gh to

rou

se a

ny u

npre

pare

den

emy.

Ih

efr-

1 9

324

The

75

men

und

er A

ndre

s P

ico

wer

e ra

nche

rs, n

ot s

oldi

ers,

but t

heir

iron-

tippe

d la

nces

and

sup

erb

hors

eman

ship

mad

eth

em fo

rmid

able

cav

alry

. Pic

o's

own

sist

er h

ad w

atch

edG

illes

pie'

s br

eako

ut fr

om S

an D

iego

and

had

sen

t a w

arni

ngby

mes

seng

er. P

ico

pres

umed

Gill

espi

e w

as o

n a

lives

tock

sear

ch, a

nd h

ad la

id h

is a

mbu

sh in

hop

es th

at th

e A

mer

ican

wou

ld m

ake

a ci

rcul

ar to

ur a

nd p

ass

thro

ugh

San

Pas

qua!

,ra

ther

than

ret

race

his

ste

ps. B

ut o

f Pic

o's

aggr

essi

ve s

pirit

,hi

s co

untr

ymen

had

thei

r do

ubts

. The

ir ho

rses

gra

zed

at a

dist

ance

from

the

cam

p, a

nd P

ico

decl

ined

to h

and

out

amm

uniti

on. N

ever

thel

ess,

Ham

mon

d's

nois

y re

conn

oite

rha

d fo

rced

him

into

act

ion,

so

whe

n th

e so

und

of h

oove

s w

ashe

ard

on th

e da

rk s

lope

s ab

ove,

the

Cal

iforn

ios

wer

e in

the

sadd

le w

ith th

eir

lanc

es r

eady

and

gun

s pr

imed

.

,-;

"..1

114,

011e

xIG

,<A

leal

te:

1 9

0

WA

RN

ER

SP

RIN

GS

DE

C. 2

, 3

ES

CO

ND

IDO

SA

N D

IEG

OW

ILD

AN

IMA

LP

AR

KS

NO

OK

'S R

AN

CH

OS

AN

PA

SO

UA

L B

AT

TLE

FIE

LD M

ON

UM

EN

T

ST

AT

E H

IST

OR

IC P

AR

Kfv

t

BA

LEt

DA

WN

, DE

C. 6

; 846

NA

EC

. 5 a

-

GIL

LES

PIE

ME

ET

SK

EA

RN

Y -

DE

C. 5

JULI

AN

LA J

OLL

ALO

CA

TIO

N O

F P

RE

SE

NT

-DA

YS

AN

VIC

EN

TE

RE

SE

RV

OIR

:r A

.M. D

EC

. 4.7

,1 C

AJO

N R

AN

CH

O(L

AK

ES

IDE

)

PO

INT

LO

MA

SA

N D

IEG

O(O

LD T

OW

N)

LEG

EN

DR

OU

TE

S O

F U

.S. F

OR

CE

S B

EF

OR

EA

ND

AF

TE

R T

HE

BA

TT

LE

.GE

NE

RA

L K

EA

RN

Y (

FIR

ST

DR

AG

OO

NS

, U.S

. AR

MY

)LI

EU

TE

NA

NT

GIL

LES

PIE

(U

.S. M

AR

INE

S)

KE

AR

NY

AN

D G

ILLE

SP

IELI

EU

TE

NA

NT

GR

AY

(U

.S. N

AV

Y)

' KE

AR

NY

, GIL

LES

PIE

AN

D G

RA

Y

0 H

IST

OR

IC S

ITE

S

MO

DE

RN

HIG

HW

AY

S

CC

OP

YR

IGH

T 1

975,

198

9 P

ET

ER

PR

ICE

RE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

200

201

Atth

ough

the

mon

umen

t pla

que

at th

e W

arne

r R

anch

-hou

se r

ecor

dsK

earn

y's

pass

age,

cam

p w

as a

ctua

lly p

itche

d at

War

ner

Spr

ings

to th

eno

rth,

for

Em

ory'

s di

ary

reco

rds

that

the

hot a

nd c

old

sprin

gs w

ere

clos

e by

and

abo

ve th

e ho

useo

bvio

usly

ref

errin

g to

a d

iffer

ent

resi

denc

e. T

he s

urvi

ving

hou

se Is

on

Cou

nty

Roa

d S

2, a

mile

eas

t of

the

junc

tion

with

Hig

hway

79.

Sto

kes'

San

ta M

aria

Ran

ch-h

ouse

was

der

elic

t up

to th

e su

mm

er o

f19

75. I

t was

then

res

tore

d, a

nd is

aga

in a

priv

ate

hom

e. G

illes

pie

cam

ped

here

on

Dec

embe

r 4t

h, a

nd a

gain

the

follo

win

e ni

ght,

whi

leK

earn

y ca

mpe

d tw

o m

iles

wes

t. T

he h

ouse

Is o

n th

e no

rth

side

of

Hig

hway

78,

and

one

and

a h

alf m

iles

east

of R

amon

a.

6

Look

ing

nort

h ac

ross

Lak

e H

odge

s fr

om th

e hi

stor

ic m

arke

r on

Hig

h-la

nd V

alle

y R

oad,

"ol

d" M

ule

HIll

Is th

e sm

all r

ocky

kno

ll to

the

right

.T

he tr

ue M

ule

Hill

was

iden

tifie

d in

197

0 fr

omsp

urs,

but

tons

, etc

., le

ftby

Kea

rny,

and

foun

d by

U.S

. Mar

ines

. It i

s th

e la

rger

hill

to th

e le

ft,gu

arde

d by

two

outc

rops

of r

ock.

Acc

ordi

ng to

Em

ory'

s m

ap, 1

1 w

asbe

twee

n th

ese

two

rock

-pile

s th

at th

e A

mer

ican

s se

ized

the

hill.

The

star

fix

In E

mor

y's

jour

nal r

ecor

ds th

e lo

catio

n w

ith e

xtre

me

accu

racy

.

4- I

L _

/AV

At E

dwar

d S

toke

s' R

anch

o S

anta

Tub

e!, K

eam

y's

Dra

goon

s at

e th

eir

last

hot

mea

l bef

ore

stag

gerin

g In

to b

attle

, dre

nche

d an

d nu

mbe

d, 3

6ho

urs

late

r. O

nly

the

foun

datio

ns o

f the

orig

inal

mis

sion

bui

ldin

gs,

cede

d to

Sto

kes

In 1

844,

can

be

trac

ed. T

oday

's M

issi

on li

es o

ne m

ileno

rth

of S

anta

Ysa

bel o

n H

ighw

ay 7

9.

ww

ww

oole

l.101

2.11

"r1.

."

fr

I

U "T

he w

indo

w o

f the

new

San

Pas

qual

Sta

te H

isto

ric P

ark

Vis

itor

Cen

ter

look

s ou

t on

the

battl

efie

ld, o

ver

a la

rge

Illum

inat

ed m

ap w

hich

tells

of

the

ebb

and

flow

of t

he fi

erce

con

flict

. 'M

r. P

olk'

s W

ar Is

scr

eene

dpe

riodi

cally

thro

ugh

the

day.

The

Par

k Is

on

Hig

hway

78

abou

t tw

o m

iles

east

of t

he W

ild A

nim

al P

ark.

.110

I7

iiccs

to-

Li_ S

AN

SA

TT

LE/1

40;

4E4%

'.7."

'"gS

r;M

ON

r1

"1r:

.

144

_

1441

a,,,L

st41 a--

Ara

The

site

of K

earn

y's

cam

p af

ter

the

battl

e Is

bel

ieve

d to

be

the

sout

tfa

cing

slo

pe w

here

the

battl

e-m

onum

ent h

es b

een

erec

ted.

Nea

rby,

thde

ad w

ere

burle

d fo

r th

e fir

st ti

me.

The

mon

umen

t bor

ders

Hig

hwit

78, s

even

mile

s ea

st o

f Int

erst

ate

15.

.rT

he d

raw

ing

depi

cts

the

ruin

of t

he A

lvar

ado

Ran

ch-h

ouse

as 6

ap-

pear

ed In

197

5. T

oday

the

two

rem

aini

ng s

tum

ps o

f wal

l are

pro

tect

edby

a S

pacl

ally

-ere

cted

roo

f. T

he s

ite li

es a

t the

wes

tern

end

of L

osP

enes

quIto

s C

anyo

n. A

t thi

s, th

eir

final

cam

p, L

ieut

enan

t Gra

ypr

otes

ted

to K

earn

y at

th p

lund

erin

g of

the

lives

tock

by

the

Dra

goon

s.

Afte

r fo

ur b

uria

ls, t

he g

alla

nt d

ead

of S

an P

asqu

al a

re fi

nally

at r

est

the

U.S

. Mili

tary

Cem

eter

y on

Poi

nt L

oma,

a li

ttle

sout

h of

th E

teni

ngto

n M

onum

ent.

The

mem

oria

l tab

let,

bear

ing

the

Insc

riptio

n, 'T

Nfo

ught

a g

ood

fight

Is s

et In

a s

tone

take

n fr

om th

e ba

ttlef

ield

.

C )

CO

PY

RIG

HT

197

5, 1

989

PE

TE

R P

RIC

E

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE20

326

Alth

ough

Kea

rny

had

nom

inat

ed M

oore

to b

e in

cha

rge

of th

eat

tack

, it w

as J

ohns

ton

and

12 D

rago

ons

on th

e st

rong

est

mou

nts

that

wor

ked

thei

r w

ay to

the

fron

t. W

ith h

im w

ere

the

Gen

eral

and

Car

son.

Nex

t cam

e M

oore

with

ano

ther

50

Dra

goon

s. T

hen

Gill

espi

e an

d th

e S

an D

iego

con

tinge

nt,

follo

wed

by

Dav

idso

n an

d th

e ho

witz

ers.

Maj

or S

wor

ds a

ndth

e pa

ck tr

ain

brou

ght u

p th

e re

ar. A

s th

e fir

st g

roup

rea

ched

the

valle

y flo

or, K

earn

y ga

ve th

e or

der

to "

Tro

th"

John

ston

eith

er m

ishe

ard

or w

as c

arrie

d aw

ay w

ith th

e pr

ospe

ct o

fba

ttle.

Pul

ling

his

sabe

r, h

e ga

ve th

e or

der

"Cha

rge!

," a

ndga

llope

d to

war

ds th

e C

alifo

rnio

s.

The

Cal

iforn

ios

had

been

ord

ered

, "O

ne s

hot a

nd th

en th

ela

nce!

." A

s Jo

hnst

on's

troo

p ca

me

out o

f the

mis

ts th

eyop

ened

fire

. Joh

nsto

n tu

mbl

ed fr

om ti

le s

addl

e, s

hot t

hrou

ghth

e he

ad. D

ispe

rsed

by

the

forc

e of

the

Dra

goon

s' c

harg

e th

eC

alifo

rnio

s fa

nned

out

, she

athi

ng th

eir

firea

rms

and

tuck

ing

thei

r la

nces

firm

ly u

nder

thei

r ar

ms.

,:-

/.6

..: ..

:,477

4.,,,

,;,_.

., ,

7 >

in,..

.... -

-414

.-1

.1''-

/'./

...r

.,-"

,,,

.--/

.-...

.,4-

/-'-

/ /,.

--1

,,,,i

/'

-I-

,.

/ ./

,,

/-',

...-

-,

,

27

204

gi)4

?144

\

Moo

re's

troo

p re

ache

d le

vel g

roun

d an

d be

gan

to jo

g af

ter

John

ston

's s

quad

. If a

ny o

f the

Dra

goon

s ga

ve a

thou

ght t

ous

ing

thei

r H

all c

arbi

nes,

it w

as q

uick

ly d

ism

isse

d. T

heca

rtrid

ges

wer

e sw

olle

n w

ith d

amp,

it w

as d

ark,

and

thei

rm

ount

s w

ere

too

unst

eady

to a

llow

them

to in

sert

a p

ercu

s-si

on c

ap in

the

bree

ch. T

hey

drew

thei

r sa

bers

or

gras

ped

thei

r ca

rbin

es a

s cl

ubs.

7";?

"4:"

;;:.1

:.;:.

..

As

he b

roug

ht th

e S

an D

iego

con

tinge

nt o

ff th

e hi

llsid

e,G

illes

pie

coul

d se

e th

roug

h th

e lif

ting

dark

ness

that

the

Am

eric

ans'

atta

ck w

as d

isin

tegr

atin

g, b

ut a

dher

ing

to th

e ru

leof

gra

duat

ing

a ch

arge

to th

e sl

owes

t mou

nt, h

e ke

pt h

is fo

rce

grou

ped,

wor

king

them

tow

ards

the

sout

h rim

of t

he v

alle

y to

com

e in

to li

ne o

n th

e le

ft of

Moo

re's

squ

ad. B

efor

e he

cou

lddo

so,

Moo

re w

as c

harg

ing

away

. Gill

espi

e's

actio

n flu

shed

out s

ever

al C

alifo

rnbs

atte

mpt

ing

to o

utfla

nk th

e A

mer

ican

s.O

ne o

f the

m w

as P

ablo

Vej

ar, P

ico'

s lie

uten

ant,

who

was

take

n pr

ison

er. T

hen,

with

Cap

tain

Gib

son

at h

is s

ide,

Gil-

lesp

ie r

ode

afte

r th

e D

rago

ons.

28

2 0

G

Afte

r th

e fir

st c

lash

Pic

o ha

d w

heel

ed h

is m

en a

ndga

llope

dw

est d

own

the

valle

y. T

he s

heer

num

ber

of m

enin

the

Am

eric

an fo

rce,

and

thei

r st

rang

e un

iform

s, h

ad ta

ken

him

bysu

rpris

e. O

n th

eir

supe

rior

mou

nts,

the

Cal

iforn

ios

quic

kly

drew

aw

ay fr

om th

eir

purs

uers

and

sto

pped

afte

r ab

out a

mile

(just

bey

ond

the

site

of t

he b

attle

mon

umen

t, cl

ose

toth

een

tran

ce to

the

San

Die

go W

ild A

nim

al P

ark)

.

Dav

idso

n's

how

itzer

s ca

me

dow

n on

to th

e fie

ldbu

t the

mul

e

pulli

ng o

ne o

f the

m b

alke

d. B

efor

e th

e fr

antic

driv

er c

ould

get

the

terr

ified

ani

mal

mov

ing

agai

n, tw

o of

Pic

o's

men

wer

eup

on h

im. T

he D

rago

on s

lidof

f the

mul

e an

d tr

ied

to fi

ndsh

elte

r un

der

the

gun

limbe

r, b

ut w

as a

n ea

syta

rget

for

the

prob

ing

lanc

es. T

he C

alifo

rnio

s sh

ot th

e m

ule,

cut

the

trac

es,

and

haul

ed th

e gu

n aw

ay w

ith th

eir

laria

ts.

...-I

f...e

-71"

`-"

-r

-

IN 0

j29

209

Pic

o's

regr

oupe

d m

en c

ould

now

see

the

tatte

red

cond

ition

of

thei

r pu

rsue

rs. T

he D

rago

ons

still

cam

e on

dog

gedl

y, b

ut th

efa

ding

str

engt

h of

thei

r m

ount

s sp

aced

them

into

sm

alle

r an

dsm

alle

r gr

oups

. The

Cal

iforn

ios

swep

t dow

n on

them

. In

the

face

of th

is o

nsla

ught

and

bew

ilder

ed b

y th

e su

dden

loss

of c

onta

ctw

ith th

eir

lead

ers,

the

Dra

goon

s tu

rned

aw

ay. G

illes

pie,

com

ing

up fr

om th

e op

posi

te s

ide

of th

e va

lley

saw

this

was

cert

ain

deat

h.

qv,

,,r.L

.,e%

-

?;,(

.-

..\``

a

,11

St.

"Ral

ly m

en! F

or G

od's

sak

e ra

lly! F

ace

them

! Fac

e th

eml."

But

the

Dra

goon

s w

ere

dem

oral

ized

. Bot

h G

illes

pie

and

Car

son,

who

se h

orse

had

falle

n he

avily

in th

e fir

st m

inut

es o

f the

cha

rge

and

was

out

of t

he c

omba

t, ha

d as

sure

d th

em th

at th

e C

alifo

rnio

sw

ould

flee

whe

n at

tack

ed. Y

et h

ere

wer

e ad

vers

arie

s fig

htin

gba

ck li

ke w

ell-d

rille

d re

gula

rs.

/ ;I /.

e,-;

;

,

210

30

211

Cap

tain

Moo

re, w

ell o

ut in

fron

t of h

is tr

oop,

cam

e fa

ce to

face

with

Pic

o. H

e fir

ed h

is p

isto

l and

mis

sed,

then

sw

ung

his

sabe

rw

ithou

t effe

ct. A

t tha

t mom

ent t

wo

othe

r C

alifo

rnio

s ga

llope

dup

and

felle

d M

oore

with

thei

r la

nces

. The

dyi

ng M

oore

slip

ped

from

the

sadd

le, b

reak

ing

his

sabe

r at

the

hilt

as h

ehi

t the

gro

und.

Ano

ther

rid

er fi

red

his

pist

ol in

to th

e pr

ostr

ate

figur

e. M

oore

's h

and

still

hel

d fa

st to

his

sab

er w

hen

he w

aspi

cked

up

afte

r th

e ba

ttle.

Ham

mon

d ha

d tr

ied

to in

terv

ene

tosa

ve h

is b

roth

er-in

-law

but

he

too

was

ove

rwhe

lmed

and

took

a m

orta

l wou

nd in

the

ches

t.

_--

--7

. ...

1017

1

31

Gill

espi

e's

atte

mpt

to r

ally

the

Dra

goon

s ha

d br

ough

t him

incl

ear

view

of t

he C

alifo

rnio

s fo

r th

e fir

st ti

me.

The

y re

cogn

ized

thei

r en

emy

from

the

Los

Ang

eles

vic

tory

and

four

lanc

ers

lung

ed a

t him

. "H

ere'

s G

illes

pie

men

! Get

him

!." P

arry

ing

with

his

sabe

r, G

illes

pie

pres

sed

dow

n on

the

back

of h

is h

orse

and

trie

d to

bre

ak th

roug

h, b

ut a

blo

w fr

om b

ehin

d ca

ught

his

colla

r an

d th

rew

him

out

of t

he s

addl

e. A

s he

rol

led

over

tofa

ce h

is a

ttack

ers

a la

nce

infli

cted

a fl

esh

wou

nd to

his

bac

k.A

noth

er C

alifo

rnia

cam

e up

and

cau

ght t

he M

arin

e a

glan

cing

blow

that

slit

his

lip

and

brok

e a

toot

h. W

ith m

any

assa

ilant

sso

eag

er fo

r th

e ki

ll th

at th

ey b

lock

ed e

ach

othe

r, G

illes

pie

mira

culo

usly

cla

mbe

red

to h

is fe

et a

nd e

scap

ed in

to th

egl

oom

.

f.1

111.

'',4

I II

I

4:V

ol"

-1,4

!

k., 1,\

A

A

.

," ti F.

213

Dra

goon

s an

d G

illes

pie'

s m

en fr

om S

an D

iego

wer

e no

wsc

atte

red

acro

ss th

e ba

ttlef

ield

. The

Dra

goon

s ha

d m

et th

eS

an D

iega

ns o

nly

the

day

befo

re a

nd h

ad li

ttle

cont

act w

ithth

em. G

ibso

n's

men

wer

e no

t in

mili

tary

uni

form

arid

in th

ehe

at a

nd c

onfu

sion

of t

he fi

ght w

ere

easi

ly m

ista

ken

for

Cal

iforn

ios.

One

was

alm

ost c

leav

ed b

y a

Dra

aoon

's s

aber

,an

othe

r al

mos

t bra

ined

by

a w

ildly

sw

ung

carb

ine.

sAle

.te'

'

2 1

432

The

indi

vidu

al c

lash

es th

at d

evel

oped

as

the

Cal

iforn

ios

at-

tack

ed w

ere

one-

side

d an

d th

e ou

tcom

e al

way

s th

e sa

me.

The

Dra

goon

wou

ld d

espe

rate

ly s

win

g hi

s ca

rbin

e or

sab

erto

fend

off

the

lanc

e bu

t the

Cal

iforn

io w

ould

sw

ing

his

hors

ebe

hind

the

sold

ier's

totte

ring

mul

e an

d th

rust

his

lanc

e in

toth

e m

an's

bac

k.

.2:-

-;;;;

;`

2 1

rai

The

une

qual

figh

t end

ed a

s ab

rupt

ly a

s it

bega

n. It

seem

edth

at P

ico,

stil

l ign

oran

t of t

he fu

ll si

ze o

f the

forc

ehe

was

enga

ging

and

bea

ting,

and

see

ing

mor

e A

mer

ican

sar

rivin

gon

the

field

with

at l

east

two

big

guns

,de

cide

d hi

s lu

ck c

ould

not h

old.

He

gath

ered

his

men

and

can

tere

d aw

aydo

wn

the

valle

y to

the

wes

t, le

avin

g on

ly o

ne p

rison

er. F

ewer

than

50

Am

eric

ans

had

com

e fa

ce to

face

with

the

enem

y.S

ixte

en

men

and

two

offic

ers

wer

e de

ad.

Lieu

tena

nt H

amm

ond

wou

ldsu

ccum

b w

ithin

two

hour

s. S

erge

ant C

ox w

ould

die

four

days

late

r. S

ixte

en o

ther

s in

clud

ing

Kea

rny

him

self

wer

ew

ound

ed,

one

man

so

serio

usly

he

wou

ld d

ie la

ter

in S

an D

iego

. The

Cal

iforn

ios

left

no d

ead

on th

e ba

ttlef

ield

. The

num

bero

f the

ir

wou

nded

rem

ains

a m

yste

ry.

5- s

---

--

1r:

-01

4101

1004

8.r4

.- - /

471r

e

I.

1k

;k'

'r

\,

.,..=

.Ii

ii'l

fr../

.<-,

.../,.

., A

....'

:.Ili

I.

'7?

7if

iliif

f.Il

ij'i'

,,_.

......

.

., 0i

All'

li' I

1%

4."

-Pol

s

,:141

21C

33

Des

pite

his

wou

nds

and

the

havo

c w

reak

ed o

n hi

s ar

my,

Kea

rny

at fi

rst w

ante

d to

follo

w th

e en

emy.

The

dea

d w

ere

lash

ed to

mul

es, b

ut m

any

of th

e w

ound

ed w

ere

too

wea

k to

sit t

he s

addl

e. W

iser

cou

nsel

pre

vaile

d an

d K

earn

ytu

rned

over

tem

pora

ry c

omm

and

to C

apta

in T

urne

r.T

urne

r pr

epar

eda

lette

r to

Sto

ckto

n te

lling

him

of th

e ba

ttle

with

a "

very

cons

ider

able

Mex

ican

forc

e" a

nd li

stin

g th

e ca

sual

ties.

He

aske

d fo

r a

forc

e to

mee

t the

m o

n th

e ro

ute

to S

an D

iego

,w

ithpr

ovis

ions

and

tran

spor

t for

the

wou

nded

. Ant

oine

(A

lex)

God

ey a

nd th

ree

othe

rs fr

om th

e S

an D

iego

forc

e se

t off

for

help

.

21

Wat

ched

from

acr

oss

the

valle

y by

the

Cal

iforn

ios,

the

Am

eric

ans

form

ed a

fort

ified

cam

p ar

ound

the

wou

nded

. In

prep

arat

ion

for

the

mar

ch n

ext d

ay, s

leds

wer

e m

ade

for

tran

spor

ting

the

wou

nded

usi

ng w

illow

pol

es a

nd b

uffa

loro

bes.

Sur

geon

Grif

fin w

orke

d al

l day

with

mea

ger

supp

lies,

dres

sing

and

bin

ding

wou

nds.

Mos

t of t

he in

jure

d bo

re m

ul-

tiple

inju

ries;

one

man

had

bee

n pi

erce

d ei

ght t

imes

. Afte

r da

rkth

e 19

dea

d w

ere

burie

d in

a m

ass

grav

e he

aped

with

sto

nes

to k

eep

the

coyo

tes

from

dig

ging

up

the

corp

ses.

The

mor

ning

afte

r th

e ba

ttle

Kea

rny

was

rec

over

ed e

noug

hto

rem

ount

and

res

ume

com

man

d. S

till u

nder

the

eyes

of t

heho

verin

g C

alifo

rnio

s, th

e co

lum

n m

oved

slo

wly

wes

t, w

ith th

ew

ound

ed a

nd th

e pa

ck a

nim

als

in th

e ce

nter

. Ins

tead

of

follo

win

g th

e va

lley

whi

ch w

ould

hav

e gi

ven

Pic

o th

e ch

ance

of a

noth

er c

harg

e in

full

forc

e, K

earn

y fo

llow

ed th

e ca

rt tr

ack

that

kep

t clo

se to

the

nort

hern

hill

side

s.

'Yld

rr4

1(0

r

p.

-

218

3421

0

Aro

und

two

in th

e af

tern

oon

they

em

erge

d fr

om b

etw

een

the

low

hill

s an

d tu

rnin

g so

uth

cam

e on

the

ranc

h of

an

Eng

lish

sea

capt

ain,

Jos

eph

Sno

ok. T

he p

lace

was

des

erte

d ex

cept

for

a fe

w In

dian

s, w

ho to

ld th

e A

mer

ican

s th

at th

e C

alifo

rnio

sha

d on

ly r

ecen

tly d

epar

ted

with

thei

r w

ound

ed. T

hey

rest

edbr

iefly

, wat

erin

g th

e m

ules

and

taki

ng s

ome

chic

kens

for

the

sick

. Wha

t few

cat

tle c

ould

be

roun

ded

up w

ere

take

n al

ong.

220

The

y'd

mov

ed o

nly

a fe

w h

undr

ed fe

et w

hen

the

Cal

iforn

ios

sudd

enly

gal

lope

d up

from

beh

ind,

spl

ittin

g in

to tw

o lin

es a

sth

ey c

ame.

The

Am

eric

ans,

enc

umbe

red

by th

e w

ound

ed,

mad

e w

hat h

aste

they

cou

ld to

war

ds th

e pr

otec

tion

of a

hill

to th

eir

left

but b

efor

e th

ey c

ould

mak

e th

e ba

se, o

ne g

roup

of a

bout

30

Cal

iforn

ios

mou

nted

to th

e to

p an

d be

gan

firin

gdo

wn.

The

Dra

goon

s fir

ed b

ack

and

Lieu

tena

nt E

mor

y, u

n-sc

athe

d by

the

prev

ious

day

s co

nflic

t too

k a

deta

chm

ent a

nddr

ove

the

enem

y of

f the

sum

mit,

wou

ndin

g se

vera

l.

35

29

($11

V4k

0 -

The

Am

eric

an w

ound

ed a

nd th

e gu

ns w

ere

pain

fully

dra

gged

to th

e sm

all p

late

au o

n to

p, a

nd s

ome

of th

e m

any

smal

ler

boul

ders

rea

rran

ged

to fo

rm a

def

ensi

ve p

ositi

on. F

or th

em

omen

t the

Am

eric

ans

wer

e sa

fe, b

ut th

e ca

ttle

had

been

lost

in th

e sk

irmis

h. O

n th

e hi

ll th

e A

rmy

of th

e W

est w

as tr

appe

dan

d st

arvi

ng. T

he o

nly

hope

was

res

cue

by S

tock

ton.

1J '11\

222

The

y pa

ssed

a m

iser

ably

col

d ni

ght,

and

on th

e m

orni

ng o

fth

e 8t

h an

xiou

sly

scan

ned

the

horiz

on fo

r si

gns

of r

escu

e.T

wo

mor

e m

ules

had

to b

e -s

acrif

iced

for

food

. Fro

m th

eC

alifo

rnio

s' c

amp

cam

e rid

ers

bear

ing

a fla

g of

truc

e. T

heC

alifo

rnio

s an

noun

ced

they

had

four

Am

eric

an p

rison

ers

toex

chan

ge. K

earn

y ha

d of

cou

rse

only

one

, Pab

lo V

ejar

. Em

ory

rode

off

with

him

to n

eutr

al g

roun

d w

here

he

met

And

res

Pic

ohi

mse

lf w

ith T

hom

as B

urge

ss, o

ne o

f the

four

who

'd s

et o

fffo

r S

an D

iego

for

help

afte

r th

e ba

ttle!

36e)

')

Bur

gess

told

them

that

all

four

had

got

thro

ugh

and

deliv

ered

Tur

ner's

lette

r. J

ust b

efor

e be

ing

capt

ured

on

thei

r w

ay b

ack

they

had

hid

den

Sto

ckto

n's

resp

onse

whi

ch to

ld K

earn

y no

help

cou

ld b

e sp

ared

. Sto

ckto

n w

as in

fact

put

ting

a re

lief

forc

e to

geth

er, b

ut h

e w

as h

ampe

red

by la

ck o

f whe

eled

tran

spor

t for

the

wou

nded

and

the

fact

that

Gill

espi

e ha

d ta

ken

virt

ually

all

the

hors

es a

nd m

ules

on

the

first

mis

sion

. Abo

veal

l, S

tock

ton

won

dere

d, w

hat d

id T

urne

r m

ean

by a

"co

nsid

-er

able

forc

e" o

f the

ene

my?

He

coul

d no

t mar

ch in

to a

trap

.

37

At t

he A

mer

ican

cam

p, th

e si

tuat

ion

was

det

erio

ratin

g by

thP

hour

. On

a di

et o

f str

ingy

mul

e-m

eat,

whi

ch w

as to

giv

e th

ehi

ll its

nam

e, a

nd w

hat l

ittle

wat

er th

at s

eepe

d in

to h

oles

scoo

ped

out o

f the

gro

und,

eve

n th

e fit

test

wer

e gr

owin

gw

eake

r. W

hile

it w

as tr

ue th

at P

ico

was

unl

ikel

y to

mou

nt a

cava

lry c

harg

e up

the

hill

into

a h

ail o

f fire

from

wel

l ove

r a

hund

red

entr

ench

ed m

en, i

t was

equ

ally

obv

ious

that

tim

ew

as o

n P

ico'

s si

de: h

e co

uld

star

ve th

e A

mer

ican

sO

ut,

espe

cial

ly n

ow th

at h

e ha

d fo

und

Sto

ckto

n's

repl

y. t

Kea

rny,

Car

son

and

Gill

espi

e ag

reed

that

ther

e m

ust b

ean

othe

r at

tem

pt to

con

vinc

e S

tock

ton

that

with

out h

is h

elp,

the

Arm

y of

the

Wes

t and

Gill

espi

e's

forc

e fa

ced

furt

her

heav

y

casu

altie

s, p

ossi

bly

anni

hila

tion.

Lie

uten

antB

eale

of t

he N

avy,

Kit

Car

son,

and

an

Indi

an s

cout

volu

ntee

red

to tr

y w

hen

dark

ness

fell

at th

e en

d of

the

seco

nd d

ay. K

earn

y w

asre

luct

ant t

o le

t Car

son

go b

ut w

aspe

rsua

ded

it w

as a

ris

k th

at

had

to b

e ta

ken.

Virt

ually

eve

ry s

crap

of f

ood

in c

amp

had

alre

ady

been

eat

en.

Kea

rny

him

self

dire

cted

the

cook

toba

ke th

e ha

ndfu

l of f

lour

that

was

left

into

a lo

af to

sus

tain

Bea

le o

n hi

s jo

urne

y. T

hega

llant

offi

cer

decl

ined

and

inst

ead

scra

ped

a fe

w b

urnt

pea

s

and

grai

ns o

f cor

n fr

om th

e ca

mpf

ireas

hes.

Car

son

and

the

Indi

an s

cout

took

a fe

w s

liver

s of

mul

e m

eat.

22G

38r7

0 *

"4

4 i

At f

irst l

ight

, the

thre

e hu

ndre

d re

scue

d an

d re

scue

rssl

owly

desc

ende

d M

ule

Hill

and

by

even

ing

wer

e at

the

Rui

z-A

l-

vara

do r

anch

at t

he w

este

rn e

nd o

f the

Pen

asqu

itos

cany

on.

Her

e th

ey s

taye

d fo

r th

e ni

ght a

nd o

ver

the

prot

ests

ofLi

eute

nant

Gra

y th

e fa

mis

hed

Arm

y to

ok a

larg

e to

ll of

the

lives

tock

. Dow

n th

roug

h R

ose

Can

yon

and

by F

alse

Bay

(Mis

sion

Bay

) th

e co

lum

n pl

odde

d on

nex

t day

, fin

ally

ent

erin

gS

an D

iego

in p

ourin

g ra

in a

t 4 o

'clo

ck in

the

afte

rnoo

n, 7

8da

ys a

fter

leav

ing

San

ta F

e. F

or m

ost,

the

grea

test

ord

eal o

fth

eir

lives

was

ove

r, b

ut b

arel

y 2

wee

ks la

ter,

Kea

rny,

Tur

ner

and

Em

ory

and

57 D

rago

ons

wer

e pa

rt o

f the

forc

eth

atm

arch

ed n

orth

to th

e B

attle

s of

San

Gab

riel a

nd L

os A

ngel

esto

com

plet

e th

eir

mis

sion

to c

onqu

er C

alifo

rnia

.

228

41

EP

ILO

GU

E

Ass

ista

nt-S

urge

on G

riffin

's o

bser

vatio

n ne

atly

sum

med

up

San

Pas

q'T

his

was

an

actio

n w

here

dec

ided

ly m

ore

cour

age

than

con

duct

show

n."

Com

ing

only

two

year

s be

fore

Kea

rny'

s de

ath,

the

deba

cle

cast

a s

hado

w o

ver

a m

ilita

ry c

aree

r th

at h

adop

ened

thirt

y-fo

ur y

lea

rlier

with

a m

entio

n fo

r ga

llant

ry a

t Que

enst

on H

eigh

ts in

the

War

of 1

,

The

Bat

tle h

as e

ngag

ed m

ilita

ry h

isto

rians

as

ofte

n as

man

y m

ore

titco

nflic

ts. T

he q

uest

ion

pers

ists

: why

wou

ld a

sea

sone

d so

ldie

rat

tac

enem

y al

read

y al

erte

d, in

the

dark

, on

grou

ndth

at h

is fo

e w

as fa

mili

aran

d he

was

not

? D

espe

ratio

n to

take

the

enem

y's

reno

wne

dho

rses

re-m

ount

his

Dra

goon

s is

a p

ossi

bilit

y, th

ough

"des

pera

tion"

doe

s ni

with

Kea

rny'

s be

havi

or b

efor

e or

afte

r. S

upre

me

cont

empt

for

his

adve

r

as a

figh

ter

is th

e m

ost l

ikel

y ex

plan

atio

n.K

earn

y kn

ew fr

om G

illes

pie

the

Cal

iforn

ios

wer

e fa

rmer

s on

hor

seba

ck. C

arso

n w

ould

have

told

abou

t the

uno

ppos

ed s

eizu

re o

f Los

Ang

eles

in A

ugus

t, an

dK

earn

y's

expe

rienc

e on

the

mar

ch to

San

ta F

e, w

here

opp

ositi

on m

elte

dlik

e s

in th

e de

sert

, wou

ld h

ave

blin

ded

him

to th

e po

ssib

ility

of r

ealr

esis

tai

Evi

denc

e of

Kea

rny'

s th

inki

ng h

ad s

how

n its

elf o

nly

two

wee

ks e

arliE

the

Arm

y of

the

Wes

t app

roac

hed

Cal

iforn

ia. O

n N

ovem

ber

22th

ey'd

c

acro

ss th

e tr

acks

of a

hug

e nu

mbe

r of

hor

ses

whi

ch w

ere

first

ass

umi

be r

einf

orce

men

ts g

athe

red

by G

ener

al C

astr

o. K

earn

y's

reac

tion

IA

plan

to lo

cate

the

enem

y an

d at

tack

at n

ight

fall

to h

ide

his

num

(di

sadv

anta

ge. I

n K

earn

y's

min

d su

rpris

e co

unte

d fo

r ev

eryt

hing

.C

erta

inly

, the

sta

te o

f unr

eadi

ness

of P

ico'

s m

en a

t San

Pas

qual

cha

ve s

pelle

d su

cces

s fo

r th

e su

rpris

e at

tack

adv

ocat

ed b

y C

apta

inM

I

But

Kea

rny

dela

yed,

and

Ham

mon

d's

blun

derin

g pa

trol

ale

rted

thea

nios

and

cos

t the

bro

ther

s-in

-law

thei

r liv

es.

A m

ore

imag

inat

ive

plan

wou

ld h

ave

had

the

fron

tiers

men

in G

ilIe

San

Die

go fo

rce

wor

k th

eir

way

dow

n in

to th

e va

lley,

then

pin

the

Cal

if()

dow

n w

ith g

un-f

ire, k

eepi

ng th

em a

way

from

thei

r ho

rses

whi

leK

(

mou

nted

his

cav

alry

cha

rge.

On

foot

and

def

endi

ng th

emse

lves

unw

ield

y la

nces

, c'le

Cal

iforn

ios

wou

ld h

ave

been

qui

ckly

sub

duec

from

the

outs

et, K

earn

y de

liber

atel

y m

inim

ized

Gill

espi

e's

pote

ntia

ltr

ibut

ion

and

plac

ed h

is o

wn

wea

kene

d m

en a

nd m

ount

s in

fron

t. F

ith

ere

was

the

trag

ic c

onfu

sion

ove

r th

e co

mm

ands

,ro

t!" a

nd "

Cho

whe

n on

ly a

han

dful

of D

rago

ons

had

mad

e th

eir

way

dow

n on

to th

e'flo

or.

90n

San

Pas

qual

pos

es o

ther

intr

igui

ng q

uest

ions

. Wha

t of t

he s

tory

that

Sto

kes'

win

e ha

d pl

ayed

a p

art i

n th

e A

rmy'

s do

wnf

all?

Writ

ing

to a

new

spap

er in

186

8 G

illes

pie

vigo

rous

lyde

noun

ced

the

slur

, and

whi

le w

eac

cept

his

wor

d th

at th

ere

was

no

win

e at

San

ta M

aria

, he

had

not b

een

with

them

the

prev

ious

nig

ht a

t San

ta Y

sabe

l, w

hen

som

e ca

ntee

ns m

ight

have

bee

n fil

led

with

win

e. B

ut n

ow th

at m

oder

n re

sear

ch h

asun

cove

red

so m

any

mor

e fa

cts

than

wer

e kn

own

to th

ose

who

mad

e th

e al

lega

tions

,it

is c

lear

that

und

er th

e co

nditi

ons

a m

assa

cre

was

ass

ured

,w

ine

or n

o

win

e..

Did

the

Cal

ifor

nios

em

erge

as

unsc

athe

d as

they

cla

imed

? S

urge

onG

riffin

rem

arke

d th

at h

is o

ffer

to tr

eat t

heir

wou

nded

was

turn

ed d

own

by P

ico,

and

the

Indi

ans

at S

nook

's R

anch

told

Kea

rny

the

Cal

iforn

ios

had

just

evac

uate

d th

eir

wou

nded

.W

hose

vic

tory

was

it?

In te

rms

of c

asua

lties

, the

Cal

iforn

io r

anch

ers

deal

t

the

Arm

y a

crus

hing

def

eat;

yet i

n K

earn

y's

repo

rts,

the

Cal

iforn

ios

with

drew

from

the

field

of b

attle

, so

the

vict

ory

was

his

.In

con

flict

s bi

g an

d sm

all,

past

and

futu

re, t

he fi

rst c

asua

lty o

f war

isin

deed

Tru

th.

BIB

LIO

GR

AP

HY

Lieu

tena

nt E

mor

y R

epor

ts. E

dite

d by

Ros

s C

alvi

n, U

nive

rsity

of N

ew

Mex

ico

Pre

ss; 1

951.

A D

octo

r C

omes

to C

alifo

rnia

. Joh

n G

riffin

, Cal

if. H

isto

rical

Soc

iety

; 194

3.

Jour

nal o

f Cap

tain

A.R

. Joh

nsto

n. W

ashi

ngto

n D

.C.;

1848

.

The

Orig

inal

Jou

rnal

s of

Hen

ry S

mith

Tur

ner.

Uni

vers

ity o

f Okl

ahom

a P

ress

;19

66.

Rep

ort t

o C

omm

odor

e S

tock

ton.

Han

dwrit

ten

byA

. Gill

espi

e; d

ated

Dec

embe

r 25

, 184

6. (

Cop

y in

the

files

of t

he C

alifo

rnia

Roo

m, S

an D

iego

Pub

lic L

ibra

ry.)

230

42

The

Rom

antic

His

tory

of S

ari D

iego

Cou

nty

Ran

ches

. R.H

. Bra

cket

, Uni

onT

itle

Insu

ranc

e T

rust

Co;

194

7.

Som

e O

ld A

dobe

s an

d R

anch

os. P

hilli

p R

ush;

San

Die

go; 1

965.

Lanc

es a

t San

Pas

qual

. Art

hur

Woo

dwar

d, C

alif.

His

toric

al S

ocie

ty; 1

948.

Ste

phen

Wat

ts K

earn

y. D

wig

ht C

lark

e, U

nive

rsity

of O

klah

oma

Pre

ss;1

961.

His

tory

of C

alifo

rnia

. Hub

ert B

ancr

oft,

The

His

tory

Com

pany

,S

an F

ranc

is-

co; 1

884-

1890

.

The

Mex

ican

War

. Jac

k B

auer

, Mac

mill

an; 1

974.

Cal

iforn

ia C

onqu

ered

. Nea

l Har

low

, Uni

vers

ity o

f Cal

iforn

ia; 1

982.

Kit

Car

son'

s A

utob

iogr

aphy

. Edi

t. M

ilo Q

uaife

, Uni

vers

ity o

f Neb

rask

a;19

66.

The

Roy

al N

avy

and

the

Nor

thw

est C

oast

of N

orth

Am

eric

a 18

10-

1914

.B

arry

Gou

gh, U

nive

rsity

of B

ritis

h C

olum

bia;

197

1.

Enc

ylop

edia

of A

mer

ican

His

tory

. Ric

hard

B. M

orris

, Har

per

and

Row

;19

76.

The

Dip

lom

acy

of A

nnex

atio

n. D

avid

Ple

tche

r, U

nive

rsity

of M

isso

uri;

1973

.

Mex

ico

Vie

ws

Man

ifest

Des

tiny

1821

-184

6. G

ene

Bra

ck, U

nive

rsity

of N

ewM

exic

o; 1

975.

To

Con

quer

a P

eace

--T

he W

ar b

etw

een

the

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

and

Mex

ico.

Joh

n

Wee

ms,

Dou

bled

ay; 1

974.

The

Cru

ise

of th

e P

orts

mou

th. J

osep

h D

owne

y, E

dit.

How

ard

Lam

ar, Y

ale;

1963

.

-7

2f;0.

4$,{4: k

" V44

CaliforniosAFINit "

,

`0141'

,

- 4;--60ka

t.

' r

0:4t

1,

^

,L

ha.

4106

0-

EE61 G6iiv3,`)

cs,:i

472441

;

Mission San Francisco Solano,founded 1823 by Padre Altimira

( 1,L uz-,

Mission San Francisco Solano in Sonoma was the last mission founded in California, the twenty-first, in 1823, after this story is over. But our next, Rosie & the Bear Flag, takes place all around it.If you like California adventure, you will surely enjoy that book. This mission was at first calledNew San Francisco, because Padre Altimira wanted to move the mission of San Francisco towarmer, healthier Sonoma; but powers above him did not allow the closing up of Old SanFrancisco. So there became two San Francisco missions, the older, of course, named for SaintFrancis of Asissi, was called Mission Dolores so it wouldn't be confused with the new mission SanFrancisco, named for a saint of the Indies. The name Dolores was used because the mission wasfounded along the Arroyo de Nuestra Seriora de I6s Dolores.

La misión de San Francisco Solano, en Sonoma, fue la Ultima que se fundô en California, laveintiuna, en 1823, cuando esta historia habia concluido. Pero la próxima, Rosie and the Bear Flag(Rosie y la bandera del Oso) tiene lugar en torno a ella. Si te gusta la aventura californiana,indudablemente disfrutaris con ese libro. Al principio esta misión se llamó Nuevo San Francisco,porque el Padre José Altimira queria trasladar la misión de San Francisco a Sonoma, mils templaday más saludable; pero la autoridad superior no le permitiO clausurar el Antiguo San Francisco. Asfque hubo dos misiones de San Francisco: la antigua, desde luego, que tomO su nombre de SanFrancisco de Asis, fue Ilamada MisiOn de Dolores para que no fuera confundida con la nueva misiónde San Francisco, que tomó su nombre de un santo de las Indias. Se utilizO el nombre Doloresporque la misiOn fue fundada junto al Arroyo de Nuestra Seriora de los Dolores.

6

/

The next-to-last mission was founded as a hospital in the year before the events that followin1817. At first it was just the Asistencia San Rafael Archangel, a branch run by the padres frcimMission San Francisco of Asissi, where the Indians were in unhappy health. But when the Indianswent to San Rafael, they became better again. It was also conveniently near Ross, where theRussians bought the padres' produce; it soon became a full-fleged mission with a businesslike future.

La penültima misión se fundO como hospital el ario anterior a los sucesos siguientes, en 1817.Al principio era solo la Asistencia San Rafael Arcingel, una dependencia dirigida por los padres de laMisiOn de San Francisco de Asis, donde los indios sufrian de mala salud. Pero cuando los indiusiban a San Rafael mejoraban otra vez. Estaba tambien convenientemente cerca de Ross, donde lsrusos compraban productos agricolas de los padres; pronto se convirtiO en una misiOn acabada, tinun futuro alegre y práctico.

Mission San Rafael . .founded 1817 as an .;

DOS CALIFORNIOSAbout one of the most important events

recorded in the historical annals of Alta California,that cradle of heroes and heroines, in one of the last years

of the rule of the King of Spain.

Either I am much mistaken, or this willprove the most famous adventure ever seen.

Inmenso trabajo costó inqui-rir y buscar todos los archivos.

\ \ \

1

1

W li' i P i ) )

-_-_,-.:

I

,(> Pk

I, .4,_,---,\,

---..*---

Copyright 1976 br BELLFROPBON BOOKS, 36 Anaeapa Street, Santa Barbara, Ca 93101. All rights resersed.

El suceso mds apasionante de la historia de Alta Californiabajo el dominio del Rey de Espaila

recopilado laboriosamente de polvorientos archivos porHarry Knill e ilustrado verazmente por Gregory Irons

234

One day in October, 1818, a young Californio was riding along the beach near Monterey, thecapital of His Catholic Majesty's loyal territory of Alta California. The Spanish Empire forbade itspeople to trade with anyone not a subject of Spain, and his Majesty's governor, the good Don PabloVicente de Sola, had enlisted many Californios to watch the coast for smugglers. The governorparticularly disliked the Yankee and Russian ships which cruised off his coast to kill the beautifulsea otters for their skins.

Suddenly the boy's horse shied; the boy reined it in, and saw what the horse had seenan oldsea otter on the rocks, looking too weak to move, with the broken point of a hunting spear stickingfrom his leg. The boy thought with rage of the plundering strangers who were doing this, anddecided to spite them and help the old sea otter by taking it to an old Indian friend at Mission SanCarlos, whose medicines cured men and beasts alike.

A) syf4y,,

r- ilit4 e

2,74 (01:`:.,

z

'

--_,

,,

_

Un dia de octubre de 1818 un joven californio cabalgaba por la playa cerca de Monterey, capitalde Alta California, el teal territorio de su CatOlica Majestad. El Imperio Espanol prohibia que su gentecomerciara con alguien que no fuera sUbdito de Espana, y el gobernador de Su Majestad, el buelmde Don Pablo- Vicente de Sola, habia reclutado a muchos californios para guardar la costa contralos contrabandistas. El gobernador detestaba particularmente los barcos yanquis y rusos qwnavagaban por su costa para matar las bellas nutrias de mar por sus pieles.

De pronto, el caballo del chico resping6; el chico lo refreno y vio lo que habia visto el caballouna vieja nutria sobre las rocas, demasiado débil como para moverse; un trozo de arpOn rot()sobresalia de su pata. El chico pensO con rabia acerca de los rapaces forasteros que hacian esto ydecidiO mortificarles y ayudar a la nutria llevandola a un amigo, un viejo indio de la misiOn de SdnCarlos, cuyos ensalmos curaban a hombres y bestias por igual.

r/ti7

235

Mission San Carlos on the Carmel River had once been the favorite residence of Padre JuniperoSerra, who founded the missions of Alta California.

The old Indian here decided that what the otter needed was Andre's mule ointment, inventedto cure sores on pack mules. It was made of kidney tallow, soot, salt, sulphur, and dried horsemanure, well ground up and mixed, and had once had the honor of saving Padre Serra himself. TheIndian removed the spearhead, then smeared the ointment on the otter's wound. Soon it began to heal.

As the boy tried to care for the invalid, he began to learn about theways of sea otters, which had lived happily in the kelp beds off the coastof California for thousands of years. They are members of the Mustelidaefamily, which includes river otters, skunks, weasels, and badgers.

La mision de San Carlos, en el rio Carmel, habia sido en un tiempo la residencia favorita delPadre Junipero Serra, el fundador de las misiones de Alta California.

El viejo indio decidiO que lo que la nutria necesitaba Pra Ia pow ada de la mula de Andn.,.inventadi para curar Ilagas de mulas de carp. Estaba heclia de sel)() dk,estiercol seco de caballo, todo hien molido y mezclado, y en una 1).11,1,1

salvar al propio Padre Serra. El indio extrajo el arpon y luego unto la pomada en la heridit de 1.1nutria. Pronto empez6 a sanar.

Conforme el chico trataba de cuidar al invalido, comenzo a aprender las costumbres de lasnutrias de mar que habian poblado los kThos de algas de la costa de California durante miles de anus.Son miembros de la familia Mustelidae, clue incluye nutrias de rIo, mofetas, comadrejas y tejones.

El cielo suele levantara los caidos. Heaven fre-

quently raises the fallen .

Padre Arroyo,most informedof medical lore

Goa, who gives the wound, gives the remedy.

Dios, que da Ia llaga, da la medicina.

432W1r4___ns,- ">Th-- 06.

A--\

Although sea otters weigh up to 100 pounds, they are the smallest mammal to live in the sea,and the only ones not protected from its cold by a thick layer of insulating blubber. Instead thesea otter has a thick waterproof fur made up of 800,000,000 hairs. The fur traps in a blanket ofinsulating air, so that the otter's skin is never touched by the water. But this air blanket does notinsulate the otter as well as a seal's blubber, so the sea otter needs to eat three times as much as asealabout a quarter of his body's weight each dayto keep warm.

A healthy sea otter hunts its food in the water: it swims with its huge flattened hind feet, anduses its forepaws to gather food and clean its fur. Hunting along the bottom with sharp eyes, it priesshellfish loose from the rocks. Sea otters can use tools, and often use rocks to pry abalones loose, orbreak shells. A sea otter can store up to 18 clams in the pouch of skin under each foreleg. When hehas enough clams, he will swim along the surface on his back, with a rock on his chest against whichlie breaks shells to eat his stored clams. From time to time he rolls over in the water to wash off thefood scraps, because if his coat becomes matted, it will no longer be warm and water-tight.

Sea otters also like octopus, starfish, mussels, and sea urchins, which are full of the chemicalbiochrome polyhydroxynaphthoquinone. Sea otters eat so many sea urchins that this chemicalcolors their bones purple!

;'

,....

,0 '1 11/

,,,,,

. .

Aunque las nutrias de mar pueden pesar hasta 100 libras, son los marniferos más pequefios queviven en el mar, y los Unicos que no estAn protegidos del frio por una gruesa capa de grasa aislante.En cambio, la nutria de mar tiene una espesa piel impermeable compuesta de hasta 800,000,000pelos. La piel atrapa una cubierta de aire aislante de modo que el agua no toca jamas la epidermis dela nutria. Pero esta cubierta de aire no aisla a la nutria tan bien como la grasa de una foca, asi que lanutria necesita corner tres veces más que una foca, como un cuarto del peso de su cuerpo al diapara mantenerse caliente.

Una nutria sana caza su cornida en el agua: nada con sus enormes y aplanados pies traseros, yusa sus patas delanteras para coger comida y limpiar su piel. Cazando por el fondo con agudos ojos,desprende el marisco de las rocas. Las nutrias pueden hacer uso de utensilios, y a menudo usan rocaspara desprender orejas marinas o romper conchas. Una nutria puede guardar hasta 18 almejas en labolsa de piel bajo cada pata delantera. Cuando tiene suficientes almejas nada sobre la superficie deespaldas, con una piedra en su pecho contra la que rompe las conchas de las almejas almacenadas.De cuando en cuando se voltea en el agua para lavarse las subras de comida, porque si su capa se enreda,dejará de ser caliente y hermetica.

A las nutrias les gustan también los pulpos, las estrellas de mar, los mejillones y los erizos demar, que estan Ilenos del producto quimico biocromatico polyhydroxynaphthoquinone. Las nutriasde mar cornen tantos erizos de mar que este producto qufmico colorea sus huesos de pOrpura.

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After a hearty meal, the sea otter washes himselffloating on his back in the kelp beds, just off rocky points

kelp across his body, like a blanket.

Our Californio found that the old sea otterwould eat from his hand, but needed nearly 20pounds of food a day, and had to be near the waterto keep his fur clean. He preferred to eat in the water.

He had learned from nearby Esselen Indianswhat to feed the otter. They showed him how togather shellfish on the beach when the tide was out,and he kept very busy finding enough clams to feed

his hungry friend.

thoroughly, then settles down to sleep,or in large bays. Sometimes he even pulls

The sea otter was hunted so severely that by the twentieth century it was nearly

extinct. In 1911 an international treaty banned hunting them. As the sea otter has few

natural enemies other than man, they have increased, and now there are about 2,000 in

California; their number increases about 5% a year. They can be seen from Santa Cruz in

the north to Avila in the south and extend their range about five miles in both

directions every year.Our old sea otter was so grateful for the boy's

elp that he made him his valedorhis protector anddefender. This common California expression wasused when two persons swore to help each other ineverything, and to be closer than brothers.

In early Spanish days, when cattle and domesticanimals were first brought up from Mexico, the set-tlers were so close to their animals that they gaveeach a first name, which was entered in the mission'saccount book. Our boy sometimes asked the sea otterwhat his name was.

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Tras una voraz comida, la nutria se lava completa:mente y luego se dispone a dormir, flotando deespaldas en lechos de algas, cerca de puntas rocosas oen grandes bahias. A veces, incluso se arropa conalgas, a modo de manta.

Nuestro californio encontró que la vieja nutriacornia de su mano, pero necesitaba casi 20 libras decomida al (Ea, y ten la que estar cerca del agua paramantener limpia su piel. Preferia corner en el agua.

Nuestro californio aprendiô de unos indios Esselen cercanos con que alimentar a la nutria.Le enseriaron a coger marisco de la playa cuando la marea estd baja, y se afanaba buscandosuficientes almejas para alimentar a su hambrienta amiga.

La nutria fue perseguida tan ferozmente que para el siglo veinte estaba casi extinguida. En1911 un acuerdo internacional prohibió su caza. Como la nutria tiene pocos enemigos naturalesaparte del hombre, han incrementado, y ahora hay unas 2,000 en California; su nUmero aumentaalrededor del 5% al ario. Pueden ser vistas desde Santa Cruz, en el norte, hasta Avila en el sur, yextienden su ambito unas 5 millas en ambas direcciones cada

Nuestra nutria estaba tan agradecida por la ayuda del chico que le hizo su valedorsu protectory defensor. Este dicho californiano se usaba cuando dos personas se juraban ayuda mutua en todo, yestar más unidds que hermanos.

En tiempos de los esparioles, cuando elganado y los animales domesticos fueron trai-dos por vez primera desde Mexico, los colonosestaban tan unidos a sus animales que lesdaban a cada uno un nombre, que era regis-trado en el libro de cuentas de la misión. Aveces, nuestro chico preguntaba a la nutriaque cOmo se llamaba. "Si la naturaleza per-mitiera hablar a los animales, como en tiem-pos de Esopo, te lo dir fa."

Sustenta la vida, que rnds que a rnf te inzporta.

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But their quiet days were to be interrupted from the sea. Away in South America the Spanishcolonists had declared their independence from the King of Spain, who did not like this idea. Hesent troops to fight them, as the King of England had done when his colonies in eastern NorthAmerica had rebelled against him.

The South Americans fought back in as many ways as they could. Having no navy, they gave

sea captains commissions to arm their merchant ships and attack any ship or territory loyal to theKing of Spain. The Captain and the crew got to split any money they made from captures, so theywere usually more interested in looting than fighting.

One commission went to Commodore Hipolito Bou-chard, a daring seaman born in France. General San Martinsent Bouchard from the Republic of the Rio de la Plata, nowArgentina, with two ships, the Santa Rosa, with 18 guns, andthe Argentina, with 44, both American-built, to do as muchharm as possible around the world to anyone loyal to theKing of Spain.

In October, 1818, Bouchard's ships arrived at Owhyheein the Sandwich Islands (as our 50th state was then called).King Kamehameha agreed to let them take on supplies and acrew for their attack on California. The Commodore visitedan old Hawaiian fort which was surrounded by a doublefence of human bones: their owners had been enemies of anearlier king. Here was an idea for California.

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Pero sus tranquilos dias fueron interrumpidos desde el mar. Alla, en America del Sur, loscolonos esparioles habian declarado su independencia del Rey de Espana, al cual no le gusto estaidea. Enviô tropas para combatirles, como habia hecho el Rey de Inglaterra cuando sus colonias deleste de America del Norte se rebelaron contra él. Los sudamericanos se defendieron como pudieron.Sin armada, dieron licencia a los capitanes para que armaran sus barcos mercantes y atacarancualquier barco o territorio leal al Rey de Espana. El capitan y su tripulacicin se divid Ian cuantodinero capturaran, de modo que solian interesarse mas en el pillaje que en la lucha.

Una licencia fue para el comodoro Hipolito Bouchard, un osado marino nacido en Francia. Elgeneral San Martin enviô a Bouchard desde la RepUblica del Rio de la Plata, hoy Argentina, con dosbarcos, el Santa Rosa, con 18 cariones, y el Argentina, con 44, ambos construidos en America, paraque hicieran todo el dario posible por el mundo a cualquiera que fuera leal al Rey de Espana.

En octubre de 1818 los barcos de Bouchard llegaron a Owhyhee, en las islas Sandwich (comose denominaba entonces nuestro 50 estado). El Rey Karnehameha accediô a dejarles tomar viveres yuna tripulaciOn para atacar California. El comodoro visitO un antiguo fuerte hawaiano, rodeado deuna doble cerca de huesos humanos: sus poseedores habian sido enemigos de un monarca anterior.He aqui una idea para California.

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Meanwhile at Woahoo his crew loaded hogs andvegetables; on October 20th they sailed with acrew of Sandwich Islanders, Americans, Span-iards, Portuguese, Blacks, Manilamen, Malays, anda few English and Scotsmen, bound for an attackon California!

Shortly before, a Captain Gyzalaer hadsailed for California, and had brought word ofBouchard's plans to his friend Don Jose de laGuerra in Santa Barbara. Governor Sola warnedthe four presidioscentral military posts of thegovernmentat San Francisco, Monterey, SantaBarbara, and San Diego to be ready to withstandattack. Indians at the missions made up a largesupply of bows and arrows for the defense andlookouts were ordered to be alert all along thecoast. Many, of course, were already there watch-ing for sea otter hunters.

Bouchard's ships arrived off California's coastnear the Russian settlement of Bodega Bay andFort Ross, where there were about 100 Russians,mostly convicts from Siberia. The Russians hadbought this territory from the Indians for 3 blan-kets, 3 pair of britches, 2 axes, 3 hoes, and somebeads. They were friendly people, and were will-ing to sell eggs and oil to Bouchard.

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(In early California, thelittle boys began theirriding on piggy-back.En la antigua California,los nilios aprend fan amontar con cerdos.)

At Monterey, unaware of Bouchard's coming,our boy wondered why anyone would hurt suchloveable intelligent harmless animals as theotters. The Spanish had never bothered them.But Captain Cook's English sailors had discoveredthat the Chinese would pay huge sums for thebeautiful sea otter skins. In 1812 there were somany sea otters in Monterey Bay that sailors row-ing ashore kept banging into them with t heir oars.But that was the year that Yankee sea captainsand Russian adventurers began to pursue the ot-ters. Our old sea otter was hunted 1)% AleutsAlaskan nativesfrom the Russian ship itusou.These northern hunters wore waterpr lothesmade out of seal guts, and masks that I, -.A likesea otter faces, as they paddled alone .!:e coastfor hundreds of miles in their kayak,. ...1 otter-ing. General Vallejo guessed, wildly, ' it thosehunters killed 10,000 otters a year at ter 2.

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Mientras, en Woahoo, su tripulación cargaba cerdos y verduras; el 20 de octubre zarparon conuna tripulaciOn de islerios de la Sandwich, americanos, esparioles, portugueses, negros, manilerios,malayos y unos cuantos ingleses y escoceses, rumbo al ataque de California. Poco antes, un talcapitan Gyzalaer habia zarpado rumbo a California, y habia contado a su amigo Don José de laGuerra, en Santa Barbara, los planes de Bouchard. El gobernador Sola puso en guardia los cuatropresidiospuestos militaresen San Francisco, Monterey, Santa Barbara y San Diego para que seaprestaran a resistir el ataque. Los indios de las misiones reunieron una gran provision de arcos yflechas para la defensa, y se ordenô a los vigias que estuvieran alerta por toda la costa. Porsupuesto, muchos ya estaban alli buscando cazadores de nutrias.

Los barcos de Bouchard arribaron a la costa de California cerca de la colonia rusa de BodegaBay y Fort Ross, donde habia unos 100 rusos, la mayoria presidiarios de Siberia. Los rusos habiancomprado a los indios este territorio por 3 mantas, 3 pares de pantalones, 2 hachas, 3 azadas yalgunas cuentas. Eran gente amigable y estuvieron dispuestos a vender huevos y aceite a Bouchard.

En Monterey, nuestro chico que ignoraba la Ilegada-/1 de Bouchard, se preguntaba por que alguien dariaria

a unos animales tan amables, inteligentes, vivaces einofensivos como las nutrias. Los esparioles jamas las habian molestado. Pero los marineros inglesesdel capitán Cook habian descubierto que los chinos pagaban enormes sumas por las preciosas pielesde las nutrias. En 1812 habia tantas nutrias en la bahia de Monterey que los remos de los marinos, alremar hacie tierra, tropezaban constantemente con nutrias. Pero aquel ario los capitanes de maryanquis y los aventureros rusos comenzaron a perseguir a las nutrias. Nuestra vieja nutria habia sidocazada por nativos de las Aleutas a bordo del barco ruso Kutusov. Estos cazadores septentrionalesIlevaban ropas impermeables hechas con tripas de foca, y mascaras que parecian caras de nutriaconforme remaban a lo largo de la costa por cientos de millas en sus kayaks a la caza de nutriasmarinas. El general Vallejo calculaba a bulto que los cazadores mataban unas 10,000 nutrias al ailo apartir de 1812.

Fort Ross in New Albion, as the English never failed to call it

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San Frwicisco Presidio, founded 1776 by J. B. de AnzaOne side of the quadrangle was being rebuilt in 1818.

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Then Bouchard sailed south. Historian Bancroft says he probably did not sail into San FranciscoBay, but Alvarado, who later served twice as governor of California, and the great General Vallejosay he did, that on .November 20, 1818, Arguello, who commanded the Presidio of San Francisco,was told that the large ships were in the waters between Bolinas and Point Lobos. Arguello orderedall his soldiers and Indians up to the roofs, where they would appear as a large army, and fired acannon to frighten off the attackers.

Commodore Bouchard sailed southward: maybe he was frightened by seeing so many defenders,or perhaps he just thought so small and poor a place as San Francisco would have no booty worthtaking.

Mission San Francisco de Asis, founded 1776 by Padre PalouBelow: San Jose, founded in 1777 by Lt. Jose Moraga originally on theGuadalupe River, is the oldest pueblo in Alta California. Once there werehundreds of adobe houses there, but now only two are left. The Peraltaadobe, or rather the small remaining part of it, has just been nicely restored.

Luego Bouchard zarpO rumbo al sur.El historiador Bancroft dice que probablernente aquel noentr6 en la bahia de San Francisco, pero Alvarado, quien sirvi6 más tarde como gobernador deCalifornia por dos veces, y el gran general Vallejo dicen que si , que el 20 de noviembre de 1818Arguello, que mandaba el presidio de San Francisco, se enter6 de que dos grandes barcos esta ban enaguas entre Bolinas y Point Lobos. Arguello orden6 a todos sus soldados e indios que subieran a lostejados, donde parecerian dn gran ejército y dispar6 un caflón para espantar a los atacantes.

El comodoro Bouchavd zarp6 rumbo al sur; puede que se asustara al ver tantos defensores. oquizá pens6 simplemente que un lugar tan pequetio y pobre como San Francisco no tendria botinque mereciera la pena.

You might think, in this age of preservation, that the lastthing to be destroyed would be any of the remaining ancienthomes of the early Calif ornios. But this is not so. MANY havebeen destroyed lately, and are gone FOREVER! With luck,California will still be here 500 or a thousand years from now,and there may be children then interested in seeing the abodesof the settlers of their towns. The list of recently destroyed adobe buildings is long enough to ! .,,ar-

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Mission San Josi, founded 1797 by Padre Lasuin

Bouchard headed towards the richest parts of Alta California. On the ranchos of Mission San Josewere approximately 7,000 head of cattle, and 12,000 sheep, grazing over an area covered today bycities from Fremont to Dublin to Livermore to Walnut Creek to Concord and Martinez. Furthersouth still was the pueblo of San Jose de Guadalupe, the first town founded in New California (BajaCalifornia, settled many years earlier, was called Old California).

Still further south was Santa Cruz Mission, with its nearby village of Branciforte, whose onlygrandeur was in its name. Many Californians could imagine no greater benefit to the province thanthat the disreputable settlers of Branciforte should be sent somewhere a million leagues away fortwo-hundred years.

When the shady characters there and the six soldiers of the Mission heard that Bouchard washeading their way, they decided to keep him from robbing their rich and flourishing mission bytaking everything first for themselves. The local judge, Don Joaquin Buelna, resisted the mob, whichaccused him of being an ally of the enemy. But the good judge quelled them with poetrya mightyweapon in old California. Bouchard did not attack Santa Cruz after all; he was heading for therichest prize, the capital at Monterey.

Santa Clara Mission, founded 1777 by Padre Pc,w

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246The first mission here was abandoned because of flooding, and a second was only temporary. A third, begun in I: -1a magnificent buildingwas damaged by earthquakes in 1812 and 1818; a fourth was begun in 1818, and then ain 1822the church shown here. Alas, it burned down in 1926, but was replaced by a concrete replica which should t

Here served the interesting Padre Durin in 1818.You can read about one of his adventures after hemoved to Santa Barbara in Rosie & the Bear Flag.

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Bouchard se dirigio hacia las partes más ricas de Alta California. Tierra adentro, en los ranchosde la misión de SanJose aproxirnadamente hab fa 7,000 cabezas de ganado, y 12,000 ovejas, pastando enun area cubierta hoy por ciudades desde Fremont a Dublin, Livermore, Walnut Creek, Concord yMartinez. Más al sur aim estaba el pueblo de San José de Guadalupe, la primera localidad fundada enNueva California (Baja Caiifornia, colonizada muchos afios antes era llamada Vieja Calif ornia).

Atm mas al sur estaba ia misi6n de Santa Cruz, con su cercano pueblo de Branciforte, cuyaUnica grandeza resWia en su nombre. Muchos californios no pod fan imaginar un mayor beneficiopara la provincia que el que los despreciables colonos de Branciforte fueran enviados como a unmillon de leguas lejos por doscientos afios.

Cuando los turbios tipos de alli y los seis soldados de la misi6n se enteraron que Bouchard sedirigia hacia ellos decidieron evitar que robara su rica y floreciente misiOn apoderandose de todo ellosmismos prirnero. El juez local, Don Joaquin Buelna, resistiO al populacho, que le acusO de estaraliado con el enemigo. Pero el buen juez les sojuzgO con poesia poderosa arma en la antiguaCalifornia. Bouchard no atacO Santa Cruz después de todo: se dirigia hacia la presa más rica, lacapital, Monterey.

Mission San Juan Bautista, founded 1797 by Padre Lasun

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Here in 1818 Thomas Doak, the first American settler in California, worked decorating the walls of the mission church.This town and mission are one of the most lovely spots in California, and you will especially enjoy the rodeo there in .luly.

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Mission Santa Cruz, founded 1791 by Padre Lasudn.The first site, too near the river, was abandoned anda new stone and adobe church, with vaulted roof,was built on the mesa in 1793. Earthquakes in 1840and 1858, sadly, brought it down.

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Captain Corney of the Santa Rosa, Bouchard's lieutenant, described the town of Monterey hesaw When there before: it is "most pleasantly situated on a beautiful and extensive plain, nearly half amile from a sandy beach. It consists of about 50 houses of one story, built in a square andsurrounded by a square wall, about 18 feet high; on the south side of the square stands the church;on the west, the governor's house; on the east, the lieutenant-governor's house and the king'swarehouses; on the north side is the grand and principal entrance, jail, and guardhouse, while in themiddle are two field-pieces, 6-pounders. There are many farm houses scattered over the plain, withlarge herds of cattle and sheep. On a hill, about one mile to the west, stands the fort. The wholepopulation of the town does not exceed 400 souls."

Over these citizens, and all the inhabitants of New and Old California presided Don Pablo Vicentede Sola, who had become governor in 1815. A wise and kind man, he was particularly loved by thechildren of Monterey, whom he took great pains to look after. He loved all children, perhapsbecause he had none of his own. Sola took a great interest in the schools; when he first took office,he ordered schoolmaster Archuleta to appear before him with the students. Sola gave the childrencandy and nuts, then explained to them the advantages in life which their education would someday give them. He would take the best older students into his service, to ifnprove their handwritingby making a copy for the governor's files of the letters he wrote on government business. In thosedays, anyone who wanted to keep a copy of a document he had written needed someone to copy itfor him, so there was always a job for a person with good handwriting.

Sola gave the Monterey school a number of books about government, and also a most excellentwork by the great Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra named Don Quixote de la Mancha. He explainedto them that from this work they could learn much of the soul of man and the soul of Spain, andperhaps, if they read it with great understanding, they might, as they rode down the lanes ofCalifornia, see ahead of them the gaunt knight on his bony steed Rocinante, listening to fat SanchoPanza, who had a proverb to fit every occurrence, as they looked for adventures and a chance tohelp the helpless. (A few flowers plucked from this great book have been strewn along the waysidein this story to improve the appearance of our landscape.)

Governor Sola also donated money to found two new schools for boys and one for girls inMonterey, and adopted three of the town's boys, who later became great men in California andwrote memoirs which praised the kind governor.

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Mission San Carlos Borromeo, founded 1770 byPadre Serra where San Carlos, the Monterey Presi-dio Church, now stands. The mission was moved ayear later over the hill to the Carmel River, wherethere was better soil and water, and where Indianmaids would not be shocked by visiting sailors. Thisbuilding was begun in 1793, and in it lies Padre Serra.

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El segundo de Bouchard, capitán Corney del Santa Rosa, describiO la ciudad de Monterey queviô desde el mar: esti "situad... de lo más agradablemente en una bella y amplia Ilanura, una mediamilla de una arenosa playa. Consiste en unas 50 casas de un piso, formando una plaza y rodeada deuna muralla cuadrada de unos 18 pies de alto; en el ladosur de la plaza esti la iglesia; al oeste, la casadel gobernador; al este, la casa del teniente de gobernador y los almacenes del rey; al norte esti lagran entrada principal, la circel y el cuartel, mientras que en el centro hay dos piezas de artilleria deseis libras. Hay muchas casas de labranza esparcidas por la llanura, con grandes hatos de ganado yovejas. Sobre una colina, como a una milla hacia el oeste, esti el fuerte. La población total de la ciu-dad no excede las 400 almas.

Don Pablo Vicente de So la presidia sobre todos estos ciudadanos, y sobre todos los habitantesde la Nueva y Vieja California. Habia llegado a ser gobernador en 1815. Hombre sensato y bueno,querido especialmente por los nifios de Monterey, a los que se afanti por cuidar. Amaba a todos losniftos, quizi porque no tenia ninguno propio. So la se interes6 mucho por las escuelas; cuando tome)su cargo orden6 al maestro Archuleta que se presentara ante él con los estudiantes. So la dio a losnirios dulces y nueces. explicindoles luego las ventajas que les traeria en la vida su educaciOn algimdia. Tomaba a su servicio a los mejores entre los estudiantes mayores para que mejoraran suescritura copiando para los archivos del gobernador las cartas que escribia sobre asuntos degobierno. En aquellos dias, todo el que quisiera guardar una copia de un documento que hubieraescrito necesitaba que alguien se lo copiara, asi que siempre habia trabajo para alguien con buenaletra.

Sola dotO a la escuela de Monterey con una serie de libros sobre gobierno, y también con laexcelsa obra del gran Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra titulada Don Quijote de la Mancha. Les explicOque con esta obra podian aprender mucho acerca ,del hombre y el espiritu de Espana, y quizá, si laleian con gran inteligencia, podrian, al cabalgar por los caminos de California, ver delante de ellos alflaco caballero sobre su huesudo corcel, Rocinante, escuchando al gordo Sancho Panza, que tenia unrefrin para cada lance, en busca de aventuras y de una dportunidad para ayudar a los desvalidos.(Unas cuantas flores arrancadas de este gran libro han sido sembradas al borde del camino en esterelato para mejorar la apariencia de nuestro paisaje.)

Tanta filosofia sabc, y tmis, que .1rist6teles.lk knows as much philosophy as Aristotle.

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There were already schools in California, but before the time of Governor Sola they werefrightening places, "a collection of horrors and torments for childhood." Monterey's schoolmasterArchuleta, a poor old soldier with a crabbed face and a scowl, wore frayed and filthy clothes, and hisscholars bad to undergo all the punishments that military and clerical refinement could invent tocorrect them.

When a child finished his work, he took it to Archuleta and waited with fear and trembling."AH! You've made a blot here! You wretch, you scoundrel!""Worthy master," the child would say, "pardon me today and tomorrow I'll do better."But the master would seize an enormous whip and order the little one to hold out his hands. The

boy could beg and weep all in vain; he had to hold out his hands, which trembled as he waited. Themaster raised the terrible whip and brought it down two or three times with a loud crack. Then hewould hurl the student's paper to the floor with scorn and anger. Sometimes the master's whip washeard a hundred times in an hotabut there was a worse punishment yet!

Upon the table lay a long cat-of-nine-tails. This dread weapon was used to punish major crimes,such as not knowing the lesson, having laughed aloud, or having spilled an inkwell. Then the masterwould order the criminal to be stretched out upon a bench. He would lash him a dozen times, withhis fury increasing, his gray hair bristling, his eyes popping from their sockets as he frothed at themouth like a wild boar. No wonder the children loved Governor Sola for saving them from thesecruelties!

The Governor saw the students frequently, to check on their progress. At this time, when shipscame to Monterey but seldom, a ship's arrival was a major event. The lookout on Mount Parnasonear Point Lobos would inform Commandante Estudillo at the Presidio, who in turn notified theGovernor, who then ordered the drums to be beaten, to notify the people. Then the Governor andall the people would go down to the beach to watch the ship arrive. Governor Sola ordered that thechildren should be allowed to leave school and join the excitement on the beach; he could questionthem about their lessons while everyone waited for the ship.

Once when a ship was sighted, Schoolmaster Archuleta started for the beach, telling his pupilsthat before they came, they must close their books, cork their ink-bottles, and close the gatera bywhich the cat came in and out. The pupils ran off to the beach helter-skelter to see the Governor,

The immortal, incomparable Spanish nation has many and greatresources with which to make herself respected. Don Pablo VicenteSola, teniente coronel de los Reales Ejercitos, Gobernador Politicoy Militar de la Alta California, y Comandante Inspector de lastropas que guarnecen sus Presidios.

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Ya habia escuelas en California, pero antes de la época del gobernador Sola eran sitios espantosos,una "colecciOn de horrores y tormentos para la infancia." El maestro de Monterey, Archuleta, era unpobre soldado viejo, de rostro ceriudo y mal cariz. Llevaba ropas raidas y sucias, y sus escolarestenian que sufrir todos los castigos que el refinamiento militar y clerical pudo inventar paracorregirles.

Cuando un nirio finalizaba su tarea la llevaba a Archuleta y esperaba con miedo y temblor."Ah! Has hecho un borrôn aqui! . Desventurado, picaro!""Benemerito maestro," decia el hirio, "perdoneme hoy y mariana lo hare mejor." Pero el

maestro agarraba un enorme latigo y ordenaba al pequerio extender las manos. El nirio suplicaba ylloraba en vano; tenia que extender las manos, que temblaban mientras esperaba. El maestro alzabael terrible latigo y lo bajaba dos o tres veces con un fuerte chasquido. Luego arrojaba el trabajo delestudiante al suelo con clesden e ira. A veces se oia el latigo del maestro cien veces a la hora, pero

habia otro castigo peor aim!Habia sobre la mesa una disciplina. Esta terrible arma se usaba para

castigar crirnenes mayores, tales como no saberse la lección, reir en alto, oderramar un tintero. Entonces, el maestro ordenaba al criminal estirarsesobre un banco. Le azotaba una docena de veces, su furia en aumento, supelo gris se erizaba, sus ojos se sal ian de sus órbitas conforme echaba espumapor la boca como un jabalf salvaje. ;No es extraiio que los niños amaran algobernador Sola por salvarles de estas crueldades!

forgetting all these instructions. The Governor questioned them, and was so pleased with theiranswers that he sent for a basket of dates to give them. But meanwhile, back at the schoolroom, aflock of chickens found their way in through the gatera and spilled the ink-bottles over the books.What thrashings would result when the class returned, but ...

But school, and all other Monterey daily life was interrupted by Bouchard's coming. TheGovernor knew that Bouchard would soon attack Monterey, and ordered preparations to be made.

All the families were told to leave in the dark of night, and goinland, where they would be safer. Brave men would stay to defendthe town, and some would serve as the Governor's messengers. Thecitizens of Monterey loved their families greatly, and many tearswere shed at the idea of separation. Wives refused to leave theirhusbands, mothers their sons. But the Governor insisted. Everyoneran about hastily, packing the carts. Clothes were forgotten in therush, hardly anyone remembered shoes, and only one clever girlthought to bring food. She ran into the woods, carrying on her heada basket filled with boiled beans; her long hair streamed in thebreeze, but not for long! Grease from the beans came through thebasket and ran down her hair and neck. What a mess!

Many of the women packed themselves and their families into lumbering carretas (carts), andheaded off to the inland missions. The Vallejo family, Juana Magdalena, Encarnación, Rosalia,Salvador, Mariano, and their mother filled one cart to overflowing. In another shivered DofiaMagdalena Estudillo, wife of the Comandanteof Monterey, whose husband would i.alLowscarce be able to fight the enemy,

Ibeing so worried about Doria Mag-,

dalena, his legendary wife. , I

One group of women, led by therascally el lego (lay brother) DonFelipe Garc ia went off into the woods,wearing their bright red skirts. In themidst of the woods, to please his eyes,Don Felipe made the poor women liftup their skirts by telling them that thedread pirates had spy glasses andwould be able to find them by seeingtheir full red skirts. Only he couldhave persuaded anyone that piratespyglasses could see several milesthrough thick trees!

r r el.) 4;

El gobernador veia a los estudiantes frecuentemente para vigilar su progreso. En esta época, cuandoarribaban barcos a Monterey, aunque rara vez, la llegada de un barco era un suceso importante. Elvigia de Mount Parnaso, cerca de Point Lobos, informaba al comandante Estudillo del Presidio,quien a su vez notificaba al gobernador, que entonces ordenaba que se tocaran los tambores paraavisar a la gente. Luego el gobernador y todo el mundo bajaban a la playa para contemplar la Ilegadadel barco. El gobernador So la ordenaba que se dejara salir a los nifios de la escuela y que se unieranal jUbilo de la playa; les preguntaba sus lecciones mientras todos esperaban el barco.

Una vez, un barco fue avistado. El maestro Archuleta se encaminó a la playa y dijo a susalumnos que antes de venir debian cerrar sus libros, tapar con el corcho sus tinteros y cerrar lagatera por la cual entraba y salia el gato. Los alumnos se lanzaron a la desbandada a la playa a ver algobernador, olvidándose de todas estas instrucciones. El gobernador les pregunto, y quedo tansatisfecho de sus respuestas que mandó por una cesta de &tiles para dárselos. Pero mientras tanto,en la clase, una bandada de pollos encontrô su camino a través de la gatera y derram6 los tinterossobre los libros. ; Qué palizas cuando volviera la clase! Pero .

Pero la escuela y todo el resto de la vida diaria de Monterey fue interrumpida por la llegada deBouchard. El gobernador sabia que Bouchard pronto atacaria Monterey, y orden6 que se hicieranlos preparativos.

Se ordenO a todas las farnilias que salieran en la oscuridad de la noche y fueran tierra adentro,donde estarian más seguras. Los hombres valientes se quedarian para defender la ciudad, y algunosharian de mensajeros del gobernador. Los ciudadanos de Monterey amaban a sus familias enorme-mente, y muchas lagrimas fueron vertidas ante la idea de la separación. Las mujeres rehusaban dejara sus maridos, las madres a sus hijos. Pero el gobernador insistia. Todos corrian apresuradamente,cargando los carros. Se dejaron atres ropas con la prisa, apenas nadie se acordó de zapatos, y sOlo auna chica lista se le ocurriO traer comida. Conic!) al bosque, Ilevando sobre la cabeza una cesta Ilenade frijoles cocidos; su largo cabello flotaba en la brisa, pero ; no por mucho tiempo! La grasa de losfrijoles se filtraba por la cesta y descendia por el cabello y cuello. ;Que

Muchas mujeres montaron con sus familias en lentas y chirriantes carretas, y se dirigieron hacialas misiones del interior. La familia Vallejo, Juana Magdalena, EncarnaciOn, Rosalla, Salvador,Mariano, y su madre, Ilenó una carreta hasta los topes. En otra tern blaba Dona Magdalena Estudillo,mujer del comandante de Monterey, cuyo marido, tan preocupado por Doña Magdalena, apenas po-&fa luchar contra el enemigo.

Un grupo de rnujeres, encabezadas por el vil lego Don Felipe Garcia se largO a los montes,con sus faldas de un rojo vivo. En rnedio de los bosques, para deleitar sus ojos, Don Felipe hizo quelas pobres mujeres se subieran las faldas, diciendoles que los terribles piratas tenian catalejos ypodrian encontrarles por sus amplias faldas rojas. SOlo éI pudo persuadir a alguien de que loscatalejos de los piratas podian divisar varias millas a través de densos arboles.

Mission of Nuestra Setiora Dolorosisima de la Soledad, founded 1791 by Padre LasuA

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A church was built here in 1797 and a new one in 1808.1n front, here, is Padre ItAtiez. a poet and friend of (lovernorArrillaga, who had died here in 1814 and was buried in the nave. Padre Ibez died a few days after Bouchard bothered the Monteryerms, Solvdad was badly flooded later, and little was left but heaps of mud. It is now being rebuilt

r-4 J

Mission San Antonio de Padua,the third mission founded inAlta California, by Padre Serrain 1771The first church here was amile and a half away from thepresent one, which was begunin 1810. The grain and flourfrom here was famous through-out California.

Lieutenant Estudillo, Commander of the Presidio, was the highest ranking officer in Montereyafter Governor So la, and was responsible, under Governor So la's command, for defending the town.He claimed to be afraid of nothing humanalthough he had had problems with animals. TheGovernor had ordered that no one in Monterey should gamble, but people met at night at the homeof Don José Armenta to gamble in defiance of this law. Estudillo's aide, Victor Arroyo, decided toend the gambling without arresting anyone. He had a bear suit made which fitted him so perfectlythat when he wore it, no one but another bear could have known Arroyo wasn't a bear. One night hehid himself in the woods near Tio Armenta's house by the little trail which led back to the Presidio(near the present road to Pacific Grove). At two or three in the morning the gambling ended, andthe rich Garcia brothers, merchants, came along the trail. When Arroyo saw them he let out aterrifying roar, and began to chase them. They ran as fast as they could, but the bear ran faster. Toescape what seemed certain death, the Garcia brothers left the trail and leaped over the edge of acliff. One broke his arm, the other his leg. Arroyo, seeing that his joke had become altogether tooserious, went for a doctor.

The Garcias told everyone that they had been attacked by eight ferocious bears, but enough of

the truth leaked out that people laughed at them. They believed Lieutenant Jose Maria Estudillowas responsible for their humiliation and pain, and they decided to revenge themselves on him aftertheir recovery. With several gifts they persuaded Victor Arroyo and his brotherwho would also doanything for a joketo dress up in bear skins to give Estudillo a dose of the same medicine.

Estudillo was riding by the lagunita on the road to the Orchard del Rey one day; two bears leaptout at him; apparently athirst for human blood. Estudillo's horse was terrified, and jumped into thewater. The bears remained on the bank; each time Estudillo tried to make his horse leave the pond,the bears roared so loudly that the horse swam away from the only landing place. Soon the horsegot hopelessly stuck in the mud, and Estudillo had to get off and swim. When he landed, the bearsattacked, and Estudillo decided he could save his life only by playing dead, since he believed bearswould not attack a dead body. Perhaps he was right; he survived.

The citizens of Monterey greatly enjoyed hearing this story, as they felt Estudillo boasted toomuch of his cwn talent and bravery. They used to say that a man could make a wonderful profit ifhe could buy Estudillo for as much as most people thought his talents were worth, and then sell himagain at half the value Estudillo put on himself.

Mission San Muluel A n-6ngel on the Salinas River,founded 1797 by Padre [Asian, rebuilt in I s18

MIA di.111611111411 111 VIP L' IA 11

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El teniente Estudillo, comandante del Presidio, era el oficial de mayor graduación en Montereydespues del gobernador So la, y era responsable, bajo el mando del gobernador, de la defensa de laciudad. Alegaba que no temia a nada humanoaunque habia tenido problemas con animales. Elgobernador habia ordenado que nadie de Monterey jugara, pero la gente se reunia por la noche encasa de Don José Armenta para jugar a despecho de esta ley. El ayuda de Estudillo, Victor Arroyo,decidiO terminar con el juego sin arrestar a nadie. Se hizo hacer un traje de oso que le sentaba tanperfectamente que cuando lo llevaba nadie, salvo otro oso, hubiera sabido que Arroyo no era unoso. Una noche se escondió en el bosque cerca de la casa de Tio Armenta, junto al caminito queconducia tras el Presidio (cerca de la actual carretera a Pacific Grove). A las dos o tres de la mañanaacabô el juego, y los ricos hermanos Garcia, comerciantes, venian por el camino. Cuando Arroyo losviô lanzó un rugido terrible, y comenzó a perseguirles. Corrian tan rápido como pod Ian, pero el osocorria más rápido. Para escapar de lo que parecia una muerte cierta, los hermanos Garcia dejaron elcamino y saltaron sobre el borde de un precipicio, Uno se rompió un brazo, el otro una pierna.Arroyo, viendo que su broma se habia convertido en algo demasiado serio, fue en busca de undoctor.

"La chanza que hiere no es chanza, y las diversiones valen menos cuando traen daftos."Los Garcias contaron a todo el mundo que habian sido atacados por ocho osos feroces, pero laverdad se divulga lo suficiente como para que la gente se riera de ellos. Creyeron que el tenienteJosé Maria Estduillo era el responsable de su humillaciOn y dolor, y decidieron vengarse de él unavez recuperados. Con varios regalos trataron de persuadir a Victor Arroyo y a su hermanoque

también hacia cualquier cosa por una bromapara que se vistieran con pieles de oso para dar aEstudillo una dosis de la misma medicina.Un dia, Estudillo cabalgaba junto a la lagunita camino del Huerto del Rey; dos osos brincaronhacia el, al parecer sedientos de sangre humana. El caballo de Estudillo estaba aterrorizado, y saltOal agua. Los osos se quedaron en la orilla, cada vez que Estudillo trataba de hacer que su caballodejara la charca, los osos rugian tan fuertemente que el caballo nadaba lejos del imico lugar posible

para salir. Pronto el caballo se quedo atascado en el cieno, y Estudillo tuvo que desmontar y nadar.Cuando Dego a tierra los osos le atacaron y Estudillo decidiô que sOlo podia salvar su vidahaciéndose el muerto. Quiza tenia razOn: sobreviviô.

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No son horlas las que dueten.Jest that wounds is no jest.

El 22 de noviembre de 1818 elcomandante Estudillo bajó a la costade Monterey, dispuesto a cumplir sudeber de saludar a todos los barcosque Ilegaban a Monterey para saber sise les podia permitir el desembarco.Llevaba consigo su libro de hacersefiales con. banderas (que databa dels(glo anterior), su catalejo y sufono de plata, que se puso a la boca, ygrit6: " ;HO BERGANTIN!BARCO ES ESE? "

On November 22, 1818, Com-mandante Estudillo went down to theshore in Monterey, ready to carry outhis duty of greeting all ships arrivingat Monterey to find out if they wouldbe allowed to land. He carried with

..him his book of flags (which datefrom the last century), his spyglass,and his silver megaphone, which he =placed to his mouth and calledthrough, "HO, BRIGANTINE! WHASHIP IS THAT?"

The Spanish artiller, n shouldhave been uniformeo this,but in 1817 Sola N8rot. that theyhad no clothes to that theguns were defectke witionswanting, and themen were disabled .11.11

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Commodore Bouchard answered the polite question most rudely by firing on the town'sdefenses. The harbor was guarded by a fort, which stood on the hill about a mile west of town,about 400 yards in front of the present Presidio Museum, and by a small hidden battery near thewater's edge in a place then known as the Mentidero, because Tio Armenta and iis friends metthere to trade gossip. It is now the site of the concrete pier opposite Fisherman's Wharf. The forthad a wall facing the sea, where it mounted 10 brass 12-pounder cannon, but it was open andundefended on the land side. The little waterside battery had only three guns.

Bouchard's fire was answered by young Captain Don José de Jesus Vallejo, commanding thewaterside battery, who shot his three guns at the black frigate (the Santa Rosa) and aimed so wellthat he opened several holes in the waterline, and did serious damage to the masts, spars, andrigging. Soon the frigate, in serious difficulties, ran up a white flag to surrender.

The main fort gave no help at all; its inexperienced artillerymen aimed too high and did nodamage to the enemy. Lieutenant Estudillo, suffering from being separated from his famous wife,

became useless with worry, and no one knew what to do about the enemy surrender. Governor Solaordered young Vallejo to keep firing, but the commander of the upper fort, Don Manuel Gômez,commanded him to cease fire. One of Gómez's nephews was a lieutenant under Bouchard: somepeople said Gómez was working for the rebels.

El cornodoro Bouchard contestó a esta cortés pregunta de la forma masruda disparando contra las defensas de la ciudad. El puerto estaba guardado porun fuerte que se alzaba sobre una colina corno a una milla al oeste de la ciudad,unas 400 yardas frente al actual Museo Presidio, y por una pequeria bateriaoculta cerca del borde del agua, en un lugar conocido entonces corm, elMentidero, porque Tio Armenta y sus amigos se juntaban alli para intercamhiarcotilleos. Hoy esti ocupado por el muelle de cemento frente a Fisherman'sWharf. El fuerte ten ia una murali,. que miraba al mar, donde estaba mont ado uncatiOn de bronce de 12 libras, pero estaba al descubierto y sin defensa por el [adode tierra. La pequeria bateria junto al agua tenia solo tres cariones.

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El fuego de Bouchard fue contestado por el joven capitan Don José de Jestis Vallejo, al mandode la bateria junto al agua, el cual disparo sus tres canones contra la negra fragata (el Santa Rosa) yapuntO tan bien que abrió varios boquetes en la linea de flotacidn, y causel gran dano a los mastiles,palos y aparejo. Pronto la fragata, en serias dificultades, enarbolO una bandera blanca de rendiciOn.

El fuerte principal no ayuclo en absoluto; sus inexpertos artilleros apuntaban demasiado alto yno averiaron al enemigo. El teniente Estudillo, sufriendo por estar separado de su celestial rnujer,quedo indtil con la preocupackm, y nadie sabia qué hacer acerca de la rendicion del enernigo. Elgobernador So la ordemi al joven Vallejo que siguiera disparando, pero el comandante del fuerte dearriba, Don Manuel GOrnez, le ordemi el alto del fuego.Uno de los sobrinos de Górnez era tenientede Bouchard; algunos decian que Gómez trabajaba para los rebeldes.

Compaiiia de milicia activa de artilleria de California.The heavy artillery rent the air with its dreadful roar.La artilleria gruesa con espantoso estruendo romp fa los vientos.

Cavalry ensign Estrada bravely took about 70men to repel the enemy's landing. But Bouchard'sforce got ashore at the beach of Doria Brigida, TioArmenta's wife, who grew all the vegetables con-sumed in Monterey. (This is now in Pacific Grove,about .three miles west of the fort.) Estrada's menretreated heroically, firing a gun now and again. Be-fore the troops in the fort could move their cannonto its undefended side, the enemy were charging it.

They rushed up with their band playing and abloody-red flag flying.* The Sandwich Islanders led,carrying pikes.

As the enemy came into the fort, the defendersleft hastily. Sgt. Ignacio Vallejo blew up a nearbyammunition dump, hoping to injure someone, but noharm was done, except to the ammunition. Bou-

i4chard's men now turned the Spanish guns on thetown below, and Monterey was at their mercy. Itscitizens had abandoned it, and the enemy enteredinto the grand capital of California.

Alvarado, one of So la's adopted sons, later wrote, "Histories of maritime battles never beforereferred to an action as ridiculous as this. From beginning to end it was a series of blunders.Monterey at 9 in the morning could have sunk half the enemy forces, but by 3 in the afternoon itbecame the victim of its own fatal compassion, and flames and ashes were the harvest it reaped."

* The bloody-red flag, when raised by pirates, meant that no quarter would be given. You can learnall about this and more in the Bellerophon Book of PIRATES, just 2.95 at your store or write us.

Bien es verdad que soy algo maticioso.

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estuvieran montados asf, pero probablemen e'""eran piezas de camparia sobre ruedas. Posiblementelos artilleros esparioles no iban de uniforme, sino con

'. iii traje ranchero.bit) The guns in the fort may have been mounted like this,

but they were probably wheeled field pieces. The Spanishartillerymen were probably not in full uniform, but in ranchero 4...ir.

El alférez de caballeria Estrada tomó valerosa-rnente setenta hombres para rechazar el desembarcoenemigo. Pero la fuerza de Bouchard desembarcó enla playa de Dona Brigida, la mujer de Tio Armenta,la cual criaba todas las verduras consumidas en Mon-terey. (Esti hoy en Pacific Grove, unas tres millas aloeste del fuerte). Los hombres de Estrada se retiraronheroicamente, disparando de vez en cuando. Antes deque las tropas del fuerte pudieran trasladar sucarión allado indefenso, el enemigo lo estaba atacando.

Se precipitaron al son de su banda, enarbolandouna bandera color sangre, lo cual significaba que nodarian cuartel. Los isleflos de las Sandwich iban encabeza, portando picas.

Conforme el enemigo entraba en el fuerte, losdefensores salian a la desbandada. El sargento IgnacioVallejo voló un depOsito de munición. Entonces, loshombres de Bouchard volvieron los cariones sobre laciudad, abajo, y Monterey estaba a su merced. Susciudadanos la habian abandonado y el enemigo irrum-pió en la gran capital de California.

Alvarado, uno de los hijos adoptivos de Sola, escribiô más tarde: "Las historias de batallasnavales nunca habian referido antes una acci6n tan ridicula como esta. De principio al fin fue unaserie de disparates. Monterey a las nueve de la mariana podia haber hundido la mitad de las fuerzasenemigas, pero para las tres de la tarde se convirtiO en la victima de su propia y fatal compasion, yllamas y cenizas fueron la cosecha que segó."

Withdrawing is not flight.

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A legion of demonsAlguna legiOn de demonios

There were Sandwich Islanders, Americans, Spaniards, Portuguese, and

mixtures of all these, Blacks, Manilamen, Malays, and a few Englishmen.

Hab fa islerios de las Sandwich, americanos, espaiioles,portugueses y

mezcla de todos estos, negros, manilelios, malayos y unos cuantos

ingleses. La confusion de los hombres no era aprobada en

absoluto por las mujeres, que cabalgaban de un lado a

otro ayudando a sus maridos y hermanos.En aquellos

dfas las californias eran expertas jinetas y pod fan

hacer todo lo que hicieran los hombres, y a

veces mucho más.

67

Bouchard's men had complete possession of Monterey,and now they behaved less like the soldiers they claimed tobe, than like the pirates they were called by the loyal Califor-nians, who could not imagine that any rebel against theirKing could be anything but a criminal.

Bouchard's sailors searched the houses for money,breaking and destroying anything they could not use. TheSandwich Islanders, who were quite naked when they landed,soon were dressed in the richest clothes they could find, withponchos, or serapes, so richly embroidered that they werevalued at hundreds of pesos, and silk rebozosexpensiveChina silk handkerchiefs to wrap around their heads. Whenthey finished looting, Bouchard ordered them to burn thetown.

Los hombres de Bouchard tomaron posesion completa de Monterey, y entonces se compor-taron menos como los soldados que alegaban ser y mas como los piratas que les denominaban losleales californios, los cuales no podian imaginar que ningUn rebelde contra su Rey pudiera ser algomas que un criminal.

Los marineros de Bouchard registraron las casas en busca de dinero, rompiendo y destruyendotodo lo que no podian usar. Los islerios de las Sandwich, que estaban cornpletamente desnudoscuando desembarcaron, pronto estuvieron vestidos con las ropas mis ricas que pudieron encontrar,con ponchos o sarapes, tan ricamente bor-dados que estaban valorados en cientos de (

pesos, y con rebozos de sedapariuelos decostosa seda china anudados en torno a suscabezas. Cuando terminaron de saquear, Bou-chard les ordenó quemar la ciudad.

The confusion of the men was notapproved of at all by the women, whorode from one place to anotherhelping their husbands and broth-ers. Californian women in thosedays were expert riders, andthey could do anything thatthe men could, and sometimesmuch more.

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6Que descaecimiento es éste?What despondeno is this!

It would cause even the most hard-hearted man to weep(it drew tears from Sola himself, dressed in his colonel's uniform I

Haria Ilorar incluso al más duro de los hombres (provocO las lágrimdsdel propio Sola, vestido con su uniforme de coronel).

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Governor So la and his scattered army waited at Rancho del Rey, now Salinas town, expecting

Bouchard and his men to attack the rich missions of the interior next in their war against the Kingof Spain, and fearing that they would not be able to stop them. But, as wise Sancho Panza says,

"Heaven's help is better than early rising," and with no effort from the Governor's army,Bouchard's fleet just slipped away. No one knew why. History never tells us everything thathappened, and not everything that history tells us is true; perhaps a friend of ours who knew how to

use tools started Bouchard's departure.El gobernador Sola y su disperso ejército aguardaron en el Rancho del Rey, hoy la ciudad de

Salinas, esperando que Bouchard y sus hombres atacaran las ricas misiones del interior como pasosiguiente en su guerra contra el Rey de Espatla, y temiendo que no podrian detenerles. Pero, corm

dice el sabio Sancho, "La ayuda del cielo es mejor que un buen madrugon," y sin empefin de parte

del ejército del gobernador, la flota de Bouchard se escabull6,zarpOrumbo al sur.Nadie supo por que:.

La historia nunca nos dice todo lo que ocurriô, y no todo lo que la historia nos cuenta es verdad.Quizis una amiga nuestra que sab fa usar utensilios causó la partida de Bouchard.

Men have received many lessons from the beasts.De las bestias han recibido muchos advertimientoslos hombres y aprendido muchas cosas de importancia.

See what magic can do.Y advierte lo que puede la magia.

'

Something caused the pirates to suddenly just drift away, and it was considered .1 mostmarvelous thing that San Carlos Mission was left standing. Algo hizo que los pirat as se dlejaran

sübitamente, y se consideró una maravilla que la MisiOn de San Carlos quedara en pie

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After Bouchard left, Governor Sola returned fromthe Rancho del Rey to begin the task of rebuildingMonterey with the aid of workmen from all the missions.They began with the church, which had been sacked.Three times the soldiers, led by all the holy fathers,marched round it chanting hymns to cleanse it of the evildone there by Bouchard's band. Then they began fixingit. Within they found some poetry written by Don Nico-lAs Alviso:

In 1818 at reveille,That time for praising God,A most terrible pirate,Bouchard, that was his name,Won great and horrid fame,On November the twenty-second.

Tras la partida de Bouchard, el gobernador Solaregresó del Rancho del Rey para iniciar la tarea de lareconstrucciOn de Monterey con la ayuda de trabajadoresde todas las misiones. Comenzaron por la iglesia, la cualhabia sido saqueada. Tres veces marcharon los soldadosen torno suyo, encabezados por los santos padres, entonan-do himnos, para lavarla del mal infringido por la par-tida de Bouchard. Luego comenzaron a repararla. Dentroencontraron un poema escrito por Don Nicolis Alviso:

En el a&) diez y ocho a la diana,Tiernpo de alabar a Dios,Un pirata muy atroz,"Bouchard" era su nombre,Adquirió grande renombreDe noviembre al veintidós.

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I know by experience that I havc ue se por experiencia que tengoenemies visible and invisible. enemigos visibles e

Continuó en este rumbopor un tiempo,peromientrastantoel gobernador se afanaba en-viando mensajeros rumbo al sur,ordenando a sus vigias costerosque tuvieran cuidado de Bouchard y dieran la alarma a los colonos en cuanto alguno pretendiurd (tesem-barcar. Nuestros californios cabalgaron hacia el sur por la costa, rara vez perdiendo de vista a ,uchard.

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He went on in this way at some length, but meanwhile the Governor was busy sending messenorssouth, telling his coast-watchers to look out for Bouchard and alarm the settlers whenever an,0:.,tried to land. Our dos Californios rode south along the coast, seldom letting Bouchard out of sillht

267

They galloped along the upper Santa Barbara Channel, the land of the Canalenos at Ref ugio Cove,just below Point Conception. Here the land belonged to the rich Ortegas, who made a fortunesmuggling. By moonlight, and even in broad daylight, they met Yankee sailors on the Santa BarbaraIslands to trade sea otter skins for Yankee merchandise. The mission fathers did not report or stopthis illegal traffic because they got some of the profits, and business prospered miraculously.

Bouchard's crew, lured by rumors of Or-tega gold, descended to punish the Ortegamenfor this lucrative trade. 'They robbed, thenburned the Refugio Ranch buildings whichwere probably located where the highwaynow stands, opposite the State Park. The Or-tegas built further up the canyon, but thosebuildings too are now gone. However, descen-dents of the Ortegas, the oldest Spanish fam-ily in California, still live nearby in a lovely

The Ortega adobe at Arroyo Hondo near Refugio Coue

adobe at Arroyo Hondo, which you can seefrom the highway going north from Refugio.

At Refugio Bouchard's crew lost a lieutenant from Boston and two seamen, captured by lassosand put in the stocks for all to jeer at. Bouchard, undiscouraged, thought of ascending the Cuesta deSanta Ines to plunder the mission of that name. (The road there from Refugio has changed littlesince the mission days: take it if you would like a taste of what travel was like in old California.)

But, as Sancho says, "Fortune leaves always some door open to serve as a remedy," and a suddenmysterious misadventure forced Bouchard to sail on and repair his rudder. Underwater warfare isnot so recent an invention as some think.

v"tth

Cariada del Refu,The 1812 earthquake is said 'lavecarried an American sea upthe canyon and back dmci,The surfers there now ',ayeloved this!

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Galoparon a lo largo del Canal superior de Santa Barbara, la tierra de los Canalehos en RefugioGrove, justo bajo Point Conception. Al li la tierra pertenecia a los ricos Ortegas, que hicieron fortunacontrabandeando. A la luz de la luna, e incluso en pleno dia, se reunian con marineros yanquis en lasislas de Santa Barbara para traficar pieles de nutria por mercancia yanqui. Los padres de la misiOnno informaban acerca de este trafico ilegal, ni intentaron detenerlo porque ellos obtenian parte delos beneficios, y el negocio prosperô milagrosamente.

La tripulación de Bouchard, atraida por los rumores del oro de Ortega, baja, para castigar a loshombres de Ortega por este lucrativo negocio. Robaron, y quemaron luego el Rancho Refugio, queestaba probablemente situado donde esta hoy la carretera, frente al Parque Estatal. Los Ortegasvolvieron a construir más arriba del cation, pero aquellas edificaciones también han desaparecidohoy. Sin embargo, unos descendientes de los Ortegas, la familia espanola mas antigua de California,viven aQn cerca, en una encantadora casa de adobe en Arroyo Hondo, que puedes ver desde lacarretera yendo hacia el norte desde Refugio.

En Refugio la tripulación de Bouchard perdió un teniente de Boston y dos marinos, capturados alazo y puestos en el cepo para que todos se burlaran. Bouchard, sin desalentarse, pens() en subir laCuesta de Santa Ines para saquear la rnisiOn de ese nombre. (La carretera desde Refugio ha cambiadopoco desde los tiempos de la misión; siguela si quieres una muestra de lo que era viajar en la antiguaCalifornia.)

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Pero, conto dice Sancho, "La Fortuna siempre deja alguna puerta abierta derernedio," y una repentina y misteriosa desgracia forth a Bouchard a zarpar yreparar su timOn. La guerra submarina no es un invento tan reciente corn()algtinos piensan. "Pero, seiior, decidrne Lllamais a esto una aventura agradablecuando hernos salido apaleados tan lamentablernente? "

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Bouchard sailed on south, followed by Spanish troops on the shore. By the evening of the 8th ofDecember, he was off the town and mission of Santa Barbara. The citizens there, having heard ofthe destruction of Monterey and Refugio, had fled the town.

Bouchard zarpO rumbo al sur, seguido de las tropas espanolas por la costa. Para la mañana delocho de diciembre estaba cerca del pueblo y misión de Santa Barbara. Alli, los habitantes, enteradosde la destrucción de Monterey y Refugio, hablan huido.

Is that not Bellerophon's horse?i,No es ése el caballo de Belerofonte?

271

Mission Santa Barbara, founded 1786 by Padre LastanNew churches were built here in 1787, 1789, 1793; thelast one was destroyed by the 1812 earthquake. A newchurch was nearing completion when Bouchard arrived.

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The Comandante of Santa Barbara, Captain José de la Guerra, thought the enemy would notdare approach his shore, because the anchoring ground near Santa Barbara was dangerous in winter.But he prepared a defense, and Padre Ripoll organized a force of Indian lancers and archers.Everyone hoped that Saint Barbara, the patroness of the formidable Spanish artillery which haddaunted Bouchard at Monterey, would defend her town. December fourth had been her day, andmany prayers had been made to her.

But Bouchard anchored, and ran up a flag of truce. He sentashore a letter, which he left on a stick stuck into the sand, sayingthat if his captured men were returned to him, he would spare thetown and leave the coast. Although his men were returned to him,that was not what made Bouchard flee from Santa Barbara, the townwhere the Spanish jailed the hunters of sea otters. Another mysteri-ous event struck fear in the hearts of his crew, who never knew whathad frightened them; but we, who know that sea otters like to wrapthemselves in kelp, may perhaps understand more than they did. Amere bagatelle of gratitude, this, to a lovely town.

Bouchard went on to the anchorage at Santa Cruz Island, wherehe found water and firewood. No one fought him here: the Indiansof the channel islands had been killed by sea otter hunters.

The new mission church at Santa Barbara, above, begun in 1815after the old one was destroyed in the 1812 earthquake, was justnearing completion at this time. Timbers were brought down fromSanta Cruz by the American Captain Wilcox, the walls were stronglybuilt of hewn stone with good buttresses, and there was a tower (notshown in any illustration) of two stories with six bells. It had aplastered, frescoed ceiling, marbled columns, and was said to bestrong, neat, and agreeable.

11

Al pueblo eSanta Bdrbara

Yo, Bouchard,exijo k deuoluciónde los tripulantesPrisioneros.Debuilcantos y no atacaré

el pueblo.

El comandante de Santa Barbara, capital]. Jose de la Guerra, pens6 que el enemigo no seatreveria a acucarse a tierra, porque el fondeadero cerca de Santa Barbara era peligroso en invierno.Pero se aprest6 a la defensa, y el Padre Ripoll organizó una tropa de lanceros y arqueros indios.Todos esperaban que Santa Barbara, patrona de la formidable artilleria espanolaque habiaespantado a Bouchard en Montereydefenderia la localidad. Su fiesta habia sido el cuatro dediciembre y se le hal:6n ofrecido muchas rogativas.

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A later church in the Santa Barbara Prestdio.which had been founded 1782 by GovernorFilipe de Neve and dedicated by Padre Serra

A new presidio chapel was built in 1813 of wood. Here in 1818 was Capt. de la Guerra, who challanged Bouchard to a duel.

Bouchard fondeo y enarbolô una bandera de tregua. Enviô a tierra una carta, que dejo en unpalo clavado en la arena, diciendo que si se le devolvian los hombres que le habian sido capturadosperdonaria al pueblo y dejaria la costa. Aunque le fueron devueltos sus hombres, esto no fue lo quehizo huir a Bouchard de Santa Barbara, el pueblo donde los espafioles encarcelaban a los cazadoresde nutrias. Otro misterioso suceso sembral el miedo en los corazones de su tripulacion, que nuncasupo lo que les habia atemorizado; pero nosotros, que sabemos que a las nutrias les gusta envolverseen algas, quiza podarnos comprender mejor que ellos. Una mera bagatela de gratitud, esta, para unpueblo encantador.

Bouchard continuô hasta el fondeadero de la isla de Santa Cruz, donde encontró agua y lena.Nadie le cornbatió alli; los indios de las islas del canal habian sido muertos por cazadores de nutrias.

Aqui si que fue el erizarse los Not everyone is sufficiently intelligent to be ablecabellos de todos, de puro espanto. to see things from the right point of view.Everyone's hair stood on endin pure horror.

No son todas las personas tandiscretas que sepan poneren su punto las cosas.

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Mission San Buenaventura, founded 1784 by Padre Serra

Bouchard didn't stop here. This mission was famous for its magnificent gardens, and he couldn't take those with him.

Bouchard sailed on past the Mission Rancheria of Santa Monica to the anchorage at San Pedro.His spies signalled to him not to land; Los Angeles had sent out a large force of citizen soldiers todefend the coast. Bouchard continued southward, anchoring in the inlet at San Juan Capistrano.

He sent a message ashore to say that he would spare the mission if it gave him a supply ofprovisions. Alférez Santiago Arguello, sent up from the presidio at San Diego to defend the town,replied that if Bouchard chose to land, they would be happy to supply him with more powder andshot than he could digest. Bouchard was enraged by this defiance, and he and his crew agreed toloot and burn the town.

Arguello's men failed to live up to their brave words, and soon the town was Bouchard's. But thepirate crew was conquered by other means here.

Mission San Fernando Rey de Espalia, founded 1797 by Padre Lasuén

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Exquisite wines from San Fernando, made with secret formulae, were sent for the relief of Monterey in 1318.

Bouchard navegó pasando la misiOn Rancheria de Santa Monica hasta el fondeadero de SanPedro. Sus espias le hicieron señales de no desembarcar; Los Angeles habia dispuesto una gran tropade milicia para defender la costa. Bouchard continuO rumbo al sur, fondeando en la ensenada de SanJuan Capistrano.

Envie) un mensaje a tierra para decir que perdonaria a la misión si le daba provisiones. El alferezSantiago Arguello, enviado desde el presidio de San Diego para defender el pueblo, replico que siBouchard decidia desembarcar, ellos estarian contentos de proporcionarles más pOlvora y proyee-tiles de lo que podl'an digerir. Bouchard se enfureciô con este desaffo, él y su tripulacionacordaron saquear y quemar la poblaciOn.

Los hombres de Arguello no lograron cumplir sus valientes palabras, y pronto el pueblo era deBouchard. Pero la tripulaciOn pirata fue conquistada por otros medios.

Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de los Angeles, founded 1781

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The missions contributed brandy for the building fund of the church. This was converted intomoney as the citizens drank immense quantities in their zeal for the town's spiritual welfare. Bancroft

The Church of the Pueblo of .1ngeles.finished 1822-23

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Mission San Gabriel Aredngel, founded 1771 by Padres Camb<in and SoineraIn 1818, oranges and pomegranates were sent from San Gabriel to feed the Monteryefios.

Bouchard's men found little money, but someone helped them discover the town's manyunderground hiding places, in which were concealed a great deal of wine and spirits from the tenhuge stills at San Luis Rey Mission. Bouchard's men decided to drink their loot, and soon were allquite roaringsome so much so that they had to be tied on top of the field guns and dragged backto the beach. They were in no shape to fight a battle or burn a town.

The insurgents arrived

With Hipolito Bouchard,

And at the time they landed

Were met by a band of valiants.

Many of his crew were downed

And they all fell in confusion.

Ah, that a bolt from heaven

Would strike them down without pityAnd that Satan, the merciless,

Would consume them in his hell.

Llegaron los insurgentes

Con HipOlito Buchar,

Y al tiempo de desembarcar

Se encontrO con los valientes.

Le mataron muchas gentes

Que se hicieron remolinos.

Ojald un rayo del cielo

Los caiga sin caridad,

Y que el Diablo sin piedad

Los consurna hasta el infierno.

Alviso. 1818

Los hombre de Bouchard encontraron poco dinero, pero alguien les ayudó a descubrir losnumerosos escondrijos subterraneos del pueblo, en los caales habia oculto gran cantidad de vino ylicor procedente de diez enormes alambiques de la misiOn de San Luis Rey. Los hombres deBouchard decidieron beber su botin, y pronto estuvieron todos bien bulliciososalgunos tanto quetuvieron que ser atados sobre los canones de campana y ser arrastrados de vuelta a la playa. Noestaban en forma para librar una batalla ni quemar una localidad.Here had been the finest church in California, finished in 1: with five stone arches anda lofty tower. The earthquake of 1812 brought it down, and killed many Indians whowere inside. It has not been rebuilt. This was a favorite stopping place for Americansailors.

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frTwo of Bouchard's crew, a Scottish drummer and a black saiior, were so disgusted with

Bouchard's incompetent ways that they deserted, and joined the Californios.Bouchard and his crew sailed for San Diego, but the rough sea combined with their headaches

and disturbed stomachs to make them most unhappy. They wanted no more of Alta California.San Diego's harbor had an 'entrance narrow enough that the soldiers could bar it with a heavy

iron chain. Their fort was well manned, and Bouchard's queasy crew didn't even test the aim oftheir famous cannon. They left Alta California, sick of their adventure, while our dos, now cuatro,Californios, galloped on to celebrate withthe beautiful girls of San Diego the end ofthe greatest peril ever to face Spanish Cali-fornia. Content they were with their vic-tories; and as Sancho says, "when one'scontent, there's nothing more to desire;and when there is nothing more to desire,there's an end of it."

Dos de la tripulaciem de Bouchard,un tambor escoces y un marinero negro,estaban tan hastiados de las inadmisiblesrnaneras de Bouchard que desertaron y seunieron a los californios.

Bouchard y su tripulación zarparonpara San Diego, pero el tempestaoso marse combine) con sus dolores de cabeza yrevueltos estOmagos para hacerles de lomas desgraciados iNo querian más deAlta California!

El puerto de San Diego tenia una entrada tan estrecha que los soldados podian atrancarla conuna pesada cadena de hierro. Su fuerte estaba bien guarnecido, y la nauseabunda tripulacion deBouchard ni siquiera comprobe) la punterfa de su famoso carlem. Dejaron Alta California, hartos desu aventura, mientras nuestros dos, ahora cuatro, californios, galopaban para celebrar con laspreciosas chicas de San Diego el fin del mayor peligro que nunca afront6 la California espanola.Estaban contentos con sus victorias, y como dice Sancho:"en estando uno contento, no tiene mas quedesear, y no teniendo más que desear, acabOse."

Mission San biego de Alcal6, first mission in Alta California, founded 1769 by Padre Serra

The Californians may besaid to have formed lnebig family. I.G. Vallejo

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Mission San Gabriel Arcringel, founded 1771 by Padres Cambón and SorneraIn 1818, oranges and pomegranates were sent from San Gabriel to feed the Monteryeños.

Bouchard's men found little money, but someone helped them discover the town's manyunderground hiding places, in which were concealed a great deal of wine and spirits from the tenhuge stills at San Luis Rey Mission. Bouchard's men decided to drink their loot, and soon were allquite roaringsome so much so that they had to be tied on top of the field guns and dragged backto the beach. They were in no shape to fight a battle or burn a town.

The insurgents arrived

With Hipolito Bouchard,

And at the time they landed

Were met by a band of valiants.

Many of his crew were downed

And they all fell in confusion.

Ah, that a bolt from heaven

Would strike them down without pity

And that Satan, the merciless,

Would consume them in his hell.

Llegaron los insurgentes

Con HipOlito Buchar,

Y al tiempo de desembarcar

Se encontrO con los valientes.

Le mataron muchas gentes

Que se hicieron remolinos.

Ojali un rayo del cielo

Los caiga sin caridad,

Y que el Diablo sin piedad

Los consuma hasta el infierno.

Alviso, 1818

Los hombre de Bouchard encontraron poco dinero, pero alguien les ayudó a descubrir losnumerosos escondrijos subterraneos del pueblo, en los cuales habia oculto gran cantidad de vino ylicor proccdente de diez enormes alarnbiques de la misiOn de San Luis Rey. Los hombres deBouchard decidieron beber su botin, y pronto estuvieron todos hien bulliciososalgunos tanto quetuvieron que ser atados sobre los cationes de campana y ser arrastrados de vuelta a la playa. Noestaban en forma para librar una batalla ni quemar una localidad.

Here had been the finest church in California, finished in 1806 with five stone arches anda lofty tower. The earthquake of 1812 brought it down, and killed many Indians whowere inside. It has not been rebuilt. This was a favorite stopping place for Americansailors.

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Mis.sion .San Juan Capistrano, founded 1775 by Padre Lasuén

Documents

ED 389 199 FL 023 406 AUTHOR Gastellum, David; … 389 199 FL 023 406 AUTHOR Gastellum, David; And Others TITLE A Historical Odyssey: ... 35. 14. Recommended ... for the students to