Edexcel Science 2011 P1 Topics 4 and 6 exercise

7/29/2019 Edexcel Science 2011 P1 Topics 4 and 6 exercise

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Surname Name

QUESTIONS & EXERCISES

Topic 4 Waves and the EarthTopic 6 Energy and the future

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1. (a) Below you see a frequency scale for sound.

Identify the infrasound, sound and ultrasound regions.

[3 marks]

(b) Tick two boxes to show the processes in which infrasound is involved.

[2 marks]

Animal communication

Scanning of the womb

Firing a pistol

Volcanic eruptions

(c) Look at the wave below.

State whether it is a longitudinal or a transverse wave.

Explain how do you know.

Measure the wavelength of this wave.

[3 marks]

Wavelength =

frequency

Hz 0 20 200 2 000 20 000 200 000


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(d) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the correct answer.

[1 mark]Which is correct?

A P waves are longitudinal, S waves are transverse

B Both P and S waves are longitudinal

C P waves are transverse, S waves are longitudinal

D Both P and S waves are transverse

(e) In the cold war era both Americans and Russians monitored how many nuclear tests

the other was performing using seismometers.

Explain why they were able to do that.

[2 marks]

(f) In each of the cases below write whether it is the frequency or the amplitude of the sound wave

that is affected.

[4 marks]

The pitch of a note gets higher

The radio volume increases

Sound vibrations become less intense

300 waves are produced per second

(g) A police car sounds its siren.

A person is standing 132 m away from the police car.

How long will it take the sound to reach the person?

Speed of sound = 330 m/s

[3 marks]

Time =

[Total for Q1 = 18 marks]

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2. (a) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the correct answer.

[1 mark]Scientists find it difficult to predict earthquakes because

A they dont know why earthquakes take place

B they dont know the internal structure of the Earth

C they dont know when tsunamis happen

D there is little data on earthquakes that already happened

(b) A ship uses sonar to detect fish shoals.

(i) What type of waves does sonar use?

[2 marks]

(ii) The ship emits a pulse at a spot where the depth is 600 m.

It took 0.8 sec for the pulse to be reflected back to the ship.

Find the speed of the pulse in sea water.

[3 marks]

Speed =

(iii) When in open sea the ship continues to emit pulses.

It takes 2.4 sec for the pulse to be reflected off the sea bed.

Find how deep the sea is at that point.

[2 marks]

Depth =

(iv) How do the operators know from the sonar when there is a shoal of fish in the sea?

[2 marks]


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(c) Below we see an ultrasound scan of the womb and the image it produces.

(i) Waves are reflected when they hit a material of different density.

Describe how the scan works to produce the image using ultrasound pulses

and by knowing the speed of sound in tissue.

[4 marks (EW)]

(ii) Below you see the percentage of sound reflected when moving from Material A

to Material B.

Material A Material B Density of

Material A (kg/m

3

)

Density of

Material B (kg/m

3

)

Percentage

reflectionAir Skin 1.2 1060 99%

Water Skin 1000 1060 2%

(ii) Describe the relationship between the difference in material density and reflection

and explain why the mothers belly is covered with a water based gel.

[6 marks (EW)]

[Total for Q2 = 20 marks]_______________________________________________________________________________________

ultrasound

transmitter

and receiver


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3. (a) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the correct answer.

[1 mark]It was found out that many animals will move further up towards the mountain just before

the tsunami strikes.

The most likely reason is that the animals

A can see the tsunami better from higher grounds

B can hear the tsunami better from higher grounds

C can detect infrasound that can travel over long distances

D get scared when water moves into the ocean

(b) Below you see two seismometers.

They both detected an earthquake.

The earthquake occurred 40 km away from A and 60 km away from B.

Use a scale of 1cm : 10 km.

(i) Draw on the diagram all necessary constructions to find the possible places where the

earthquake epicentre was.

Explain why two seismometers cannot provide a single location for the epicentre.

[3 marks]

(ii) These seismometers are relatively close to each other and to the earthquake epicentre

(compared to the Earths circumference).Discuss whether you would expect only P, only S, or both P & S to be detected

by these seismometers.

[3 marks]

A B


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(iii) Below you can see the arrangement again.

A third seismometer C has also detected the earthquake 65 km away.

Pinpoint the epicentre of the earthquake on the drawing above.

Use the same scale as before of 1 cm : 10 km.

[1 mark]

(c) Explain how earthquakes happen.

Refer to tectonic plates, explaining what they are and to convection currents in the mantle.

Make any drawing you think may be helpful.

[6 marks (EW)]

[Total for Q3 = 14 marks]_______________________________________________________________________________________

A B

C


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4. (a) The following experiment was performed to model earthquakes.

A brick with sandpaper at the bottom was pulled by weights along a wooden board with

sandpaper on top.

The pulling weight was increased 5 g every time.

This was supposed to model an increase in pressure after 100 years of movement.

The students noted down after how many increases did motion of the brick occur.

Motion of the brick represented an earthquake taking place.

These are the results of the experiment.

Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6

After how many increases we had movement 5 6 5 7 5 6

(i) Complete the table below by writing the pulling mass at which movement occurred in

the first two trials.

[2 marks]

Trial 1 Trial 2

Pulling mass

(g)

(ii) The model simulates 100 years of movement.What structures are moving that result in an earthquake and what causes this movement?

[3 marks]

(iii) The movement of the brick represents an earthquake taking place.What does the brick represent in this model?

[1 mark]

(iv) Calculate after how many years on average should an earthquake happen according to

this model.

[3 marks]

Average time =

brick

sandpaper

weights


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(v) Based on this model discuss the extend to which earthquakes are unpredictable.

Explain what makes earthquakes unpredictable.

Explain why scientists say that at certain locations an earthquake may be long overdue.

[4 marks (EW)]

(b) Below we see how the ground can be investigated using seismic waves.

As waves pass through the ground layers they get reflected and refracted.

(i) Mark on the diagram a reflected ray.

[1 mark]

(ii) Mark on the diagram a refracted ray.

[1 mark]

(iii) What property of the underground rocks changes that causes reflection and refraction of

the seismic waves?

[1 mark]

[Total for Q4 = 16 marks]_______________________________________________________________________________________

source

of waves

seismometers


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5. (a) Below you see the movement of structures on Earths surface.

[2 marks]

Give the name of the moving structures and explain what this movement can result in.

(b) The picture below shows seismic waves spreading out of the epicentre.

(i) Mark the outer and inner cores, the crust and mantle of the Earth

on the diagram above.

[4 marks]

(ii) Seismometers around the globe get three distinct signals during an earthquake.

MarkA, B or Con the diagram above to show one point on the Earths surfacewhere these waves are detected.

[3 marks]

Earthquake epicentre

Two types of seismic wave

arriving at different times

no waves detected One type of seismic wave

A B C


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(c) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the correct answer.

[1 mark]Here is the previous picture again.

Which is correct?

A X shows only S waves

B Y shows P and S waves

C Z shows P and S waves

D Y shows only S waves

(d) Here is a picture of the Earth again.

State which parts scientists think are solid and which are liquid.Explain how the readings of the seismometers show that there must be a liquid part

in the Earths interior.Refer to transverse and longitudinal waves and the way they travel in different substances.

[6 marks (EW)]

[Total for Q5 = 16 marks]

_______________________________________________________________________________________

X Y Z


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6. (a) Below you see a graph of how the speed of two different seismic waves, X and Y,

changes with depth.

(i) Identify which of the two, X and Y, is the P wave and which is the S wave.

[1 mark]P wave = S wave =

(ii) Give a reason for your choice.

[1 mark]

(iii) Estimate how deep beneath the ground is the Earths outer core.Give a reason for your answer.

[2 marks]Depth =

Reason:

(iv) A seismic wave has an average speed of 10 km/s.

Estimate how long it would take the wave to move to the Earths outer core andbe reflected back to the surface.

[3 marks]

Time =

(v) Estimate how deep beneath the ground is the Earths inner core.

[1 mark]Depth =

X

Y


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(vi) What do we call the change in speed of these waves as they travel beneath the ground

and what causes this change?

[2 marks]

(b) Below you see a picture of the Earth with an earthquake happening at X.

Certain regions are also marked (by lines 1 and 2).

Mark on the diagram the shadow zone and explain why it is called that way.[4 marks (EW)]

[Total for Q6 = 14 marks]_______________________________________________________________________________________


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7. (a) The diagram shows the P and S waves received at a seismic research station.

The amplitude of the S wave is 23 mm and the time between the arrival of P and S waves

(S-P time) is 24 s.

The chart below shows how to find the magnitude of the earthquake on the Richter scale.

The S-P time value and the maximum S wave amplitude are joined.

Then the magnitude is read from the middle scale.

In this example, the magnitude is 5.

(i) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the correct answer.

[1 mark]

The time between the arrival of the first P wave and the first S wave at the detector depends on

A the time between the P and S waves being sent out

B the distance between the places where the P and S waves are sent out

C the distance between the earthquake and the detector

D the time it takes the scientists to travel from detector to the earthquake

(ii) Estimate the magnitude of an earthquake which has an S-P time of 30 s

and an amplitude of 5 mm.

[2 marks]

Magnitude =


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(iii) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to the correct answer.

[1 mark]Look at the statements below.

Statement 1 Statement 2

If the amplitude is higher for the same S-P time

the magnitude is higher.

The shorter the S-P time for the same amplitude,

the higher the magnitude.

Which statement(s) is (are) correct?

A Statement 1 only

B Statement 2 only

C Both statements

D Neither of the two

(b) State the Principle of Conservation of Energy.

[2 marks]

(c) Write energy transfer chains for the following cases.

Use the energy forms below.

thermal (heat), light, electrical, sound, kinetic, chemical, nuclear and potential (elastic and gravitational)

(i) A battery torch.

[3 marks]

(ii) A TV set

[4 marks]

(iii) A runner going up a hill.

[4 mark]

[Total for Q7 = 17 marks]_______________________________________________________________________________________

energy

, &

energy

energy,

energy

energy

energy

energy

energy&


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8. (a) Below we see a schematic picture of how fossil fuel is burned to produce electricity.

(i) Write an energy transfer diagram for the power plant.

Use the energy forms below.

[4 marks]

thermal (heat), light, electrical, sound, kinetic, chemical, nuclear and potential (elastic and gravitational)

Below we see a Sankey diagram for the power station.

(ii) Find the power that turns to sound.

[2 marks]

Power on sound =

(iii) Name the second form of wasted energy that gives 264 MW.

[1 mark]

(iv) Find the efficiency of the power station.

[2 marks]

Efficiency =

Boiler

Burns fuel

to turn

water to steam

Turbine

Rotates by the steam

Generator

Produces

electricity

480 MW

Useful energy

192 MW

Wasted energy

264 MWSound


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(v) A new turbine and generator are installed that increase its efficiency to 45%.

The output power should still be 192 MW.

What is now the input power?

[3 marks]

Input power =

(vi) Based on this example explain what more efficient means.

[3 marks]

(b) Global warming is believed to be caused by greenhouse gases.

(i) In the sentences below underline the correct part in italic.

[2 marks]An object will emit more radiation if it is { darker/lighter} in colour

and has a { higher/lower} temperature.

(ii) Name two greenhouse gases.

[2 marks]

1.

2.

(iii) Explain how the increase in greenhouse gases causes an increase in temperature

and explain why the Earth eventually reaches a constant, though higher temperature.

[4 marks (EW)]

[Total for Q8 = 23 marks]_______________________________________________________________________________________


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9. (a) In all of the cases below state which of the two, A or B, is the more efficient.

[3 marks]

(i) Two lamps.

Lamp A Lamp B

Input Power = 100 W

Output Power = 10 W

Input Power = 30 W

Output Power = 10 W

More efficient =

(ii) Two car engines.

Car engine A Car engine B

Input Energy = 10 kJ

Output Energy = 4.5 kJ


Output Energy = 3.5 kJ

More efficient =

(iii) Two washing machines.

Washing machine A Washing machine B


Wasted Energy = 6 kJ


Wasted Energy = 7.5 kJ

More efficient =

(b) Describe two properties of objects that emit more radiation.

Explain why these objects will still reach a stable temperature.

Suggest why polar animals (like polar bears and foxes) have a dark skin under a white fur.[4 marks (EW)]

[Total for Q9 = 7 marks]_______________________________________________________________________________________

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Edexcel Science 2011 P1 Topics 4 and 6 exercise