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Prof. G. D. YadavDirector (Vice Chancellor)& R. T. Mody Distinguished Professor/J.C.Bose National FellowInstitute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT/UICT)(Deemed University)Mumbai - 400 019Dr. Michael J. WhitecombeLecturer in Supramolecular ChemistryCranfield UniversityCranfield, Bedfordshire MK 43 OALDr. P. LakshmanaperumalsamyDirectorSchool of Life Sciences and Professor & Head,Dept. of Environmental SciencesBharathiar University Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) - 641 046Dr. A. K. DikshitProfessorCentre for Environmental Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology (IIT) BombayPowai, Mumbai - 400 076Dr. Ligy PhilipAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Civil EngineeringIndian Institute of Technolgy (IIT) MadrasChennai - 600 036, IndiaDr. S. N. KaulFormer Director Grade ScientistCSIR-NEERIMantri Riviera, Flat No. E-1,Bhau Patil Road, BopodiPune-411 020Prof. Jinren NIDeputy DeanCollege of Environmental Science and Engineering at PekingUniversity and Director, The Key Lab of Water and SedimentSciences, Ministry of Education, China
Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. H. F. DaginawalaFormer Professor and HeadDepartment of MicrobiologyRSTM Nagpur University NagpurProf. N. VasudevanDirectorCentre for Environmental StudiesAnna University, Chennai - 600 025Dr. Mohammad JawedProfessor of Environmental EngineeringDept. of Civil EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology(IIT) GuwahatiGuwahati - 781039, IndiaDr. A. G. BholeFormer Professor of Civil EngineeringVisvesvaraya National Institute of TechnologySouth Ambazari Road, Nagpur - 440 011Prof. M. ViswanathamPrincipalJNTU College of EngineeringAnantpur (A.P.)Dr. Gurdeep SinghProfessor (HAG)Center of Mining Environment / Department of EnvironmentalScience & Engineering, Indian School of Mines,Dhanbad-826 004 (Jharkhand, India)R. S. JayasomuScientist & Associate EditorIndian Journal of Biochemistry and BiophysicsNISCAIR (CSIR)Dr. K. S. Krishnan MargNew Delhi - 110012
Director, NEERI : Dr. Satish R. Wate (Ex-officio)Editor-in-Chief : Dr. Satish R. Wate; Editor : Mr. P. S. Kumbhare
Production : Mr. R. M. Deshpande; Sales and Distribution : Mrs. Jaya N. SabjiwaleThe Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering is published quarterly. The Institute assumes no responsibility for the statements and opinionsadvanced by contributors. The editorial staff in its work of examining papers received for publication is assisted, in an honorary capacity, by a large number ofdistinguished scientists. Communications regarding contributions for publication in the journal should be addressed to the Editor, Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Engineering, R&D Planning Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur - 440 020. Allcorrespondence regarding reprints, journal copies, subscription renewals, claims for missing numbers and advertisements should be sent to the same address.Annual Subscription : Individual : 400/- (India) $200 (Foreign) and Institutions & Organizations: 2000/- (India) $600 (Foreign). The subscriptionproforma is placed at our website www.neeri.res.in You may use the same proforma for placing your orders for subscription. You are requested to kindlysend the same along with Demand Draft by post to Editor, Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, R & D Planning Division, CSIR-NationalEnvironmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur - 440 020. The Demand Draft should be in favour of Director, NEERI,Nagpur.For further details, please write to: Editor, Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, R & D Planning Division, CSIR-National EnvironmentalEngineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur - 440 020.;Phone : +91 712 2249782; Fax : +91 712 2249782; e-mail : [email protected] : www.neeri.res.in© 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher.Printed & Published by : Dr. Satish R. Wate, Director, CSIR-NEERI on behalf of CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, NehruMarg, Nagpur - 440 020 (India)Registered with Registration of Newspaper of India (Reg. No. 6465/59)Printed at : Jaikrishna Offset Works, Garoba Maidan, Nagpur.
Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (JESE)
About the Journal
Started in 1958, Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering (JESE) is a peer reviewed quarterly journal published bythe CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur reporting various significant achieve-ments in the field of environmental science and engineering, according to the R & D thrust areas of the Institute. The journal isproviding communication links among the members of the scientific community engaged in research in India and abroadcovering all the major aspects of environmental science and engineering.
Aims and Scope
The Scope of this journal covers Environmental Science and Engineering and the ralated areas. The journal intends to timelydisseminate information related to monitoring of the environmental status across the country and abroad, innovative and effec-tive S & T solutions to environmental and natural resource problems, significant R & D activities in the field of environmentalscience and technology, environmentally sound technologies and policy analysis. The journal aims at publishing both reviewand research articles in the field of environmental science and engineering. Case studies and short communications are alsopublished to inform about the hazards and risks likely to occur to the people and the environment due to certain materials, andthe way of controlling these hazards and associated risks. Varios topics covered in the journal include: air quality monitoring,modeling and management; air pollution control; source management and apportionment studies; carrying capacity baseddevlopmental planning; soil and water chemistry, monitoring and management of land degradation: river and lake ecosystemstudies; application of fly ash, saewage, sludge and mine tailing on land; ecological approaches to improve ecological andsocio-economic values of land-use systems; integrated natural resource management; remote sensing applications in environ-mental geoscience; ground water and rain water harvesting; water and waste water treatment; solid and hazardous waste man-agement; eco-freindly technologies; waste land management; biodiversity assessment; biogeochemistry of rivers and estuaries;pollution chemistry, particularly metal speciation and bioavailabilityin water and soil systems; PAHs and volatile organics inatmosphere; environmental analytical methodologies; monitering and modeling of urban noise; environmental impact and riskassesment studies; environmental audit studies; chemical process simulation and development; environmental policies;bioremediation and biodegradation studies; environmental biotechnology and genomics studies; research on environmentalmaterials, etc.
The journal publishes high-impact contributions on:
• Environmental monitoring
• Environmental biotechnology
• Environmental system design modelling and optimisation
• Environmental impact and risk assessment
• Solid and hazardous waste management
• Policy analysis and planning
The Vision
Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering endeavors to become a leading medium for dissemination of scientific andtechnical information in environmental science and engineering
The Mission
To Provide environmental scientific information with description of timely, contemporary advances in environmental scienceand engineering, and management for use in improving our environment
Journal of EnvironmentalScience and Engineering(http://www.neeri.res.in) ISSN 0367-827 X
Volume 57 No. 4 Oct. 2015
CONTENTS
Environmental System Design Modelling and Optimization
Adsorption Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies of Heavy Metals Removal ...287-293Using Musa Sapientum Stems - A Low Cost Agro Waste Biosorbent
Vipin Kumar, Avantika Chandra, Arabinda Behera And M K Jain
Introduction of Fixed-Film Bio-reactor (FFBR) for Treatment of Nitrogenous ...294-302Wastewater with Variable Concentration and Hydraulic Retention Time underAmbient Conditions
Anjali Barwal And Rubina Chaudhary
Environmental Monitoring
Vegetation Index over Kerala, India in Relation to the Rainfall Pattern ...303-307Shajimon K John and T K Mani
Evaluation of Fluoride Zonation Using GIS Techniques in ...308-314Dudu Tehsil, Rajasthan, India
Daisy Saba1, M. Verma, N. Jain and K. C. Sharma
Assessment of Soil Quality of Harij Taluka of Patan District ...315-320(North Gujarat, India)
R. T. Vashi, K. S. Contractor, P. Y. Dave And K. K. Patel
Water Management
Rainwater Harvesting and Greywater Reutilisation in Modern Homes ...321-329A Case Study of Four Major Metropolitan Cities
Tirthankar Chakraborty and Indranil Mukherjee
Solid Waste Management
Eco-friendly Model for Aerobic Meso Thermophilic Composting of ...330-334Muncipal Solid Waste
D V Wadkar and A S Kote
The journal is covered by the following leading abstracting, indexing and current awareness services:
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Engineering Index
Current Contents
Research Alert
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
INSPEC
Biotechnology and Bioengineering Abstracts
Biological Abstracts
EMBASE
Scopus
IC Journals
CAB Abstracts
Elsevier Biobase - Current Awareness in Biological
Sciences (CABS)
Indian Science Abstracts
BIOBASE
BAILSTEIN
IARAS
Compendex
ACM
Ulrich’s
National Library of the Netherlands
French National Library
British Council Library
British Council Libraries
German National Library of Science and Technology
National Library
Review
Use of Garbage Enzyme as a Low Cost Alternative ...335-342Method for Treatment of Greywater – A Review
Fazna Nazim And Meera V
Impact of Human Activities on River Water Quality - Indian Scenario ...343-358Hemalatha D. S. and Dayananda H. S.
A R Khan 58
Asim Kumar Pal 40
Bhawna Dubey 40
Chandran A 1
Dilip S Ramteke 26
Ganesh R Kale 47
Gurdeep Singh 40
H M Patel 64
Haibin Chen 74
Haolan Zhang 74
J L Tarar 80
Jean Jose J 1
K B Patange 58
Kiran D Ladwani 26
Komal Y Kalawapaudi1 6
Author Index
J. Env. Sci. Eng., 57(1), 2015
Authors Page No. Authors Page No.
Krishna D Ladwani 26
Lalita N Sangolkar 16
Lincy Alex 1
Lipton A P 1
M Chavan 80
N Thacker 80
Rajesh B R 1
Roopali V Goyal 64
S H Behere 58
Sha Li 74
Snehal A. Khedkar 16
Sonali A Borkhade 47
Udayakumar P 1
V M Patil 7
V V Sasane 7
Chlorophyll 1
Phaeophytin 1
Trophic state 1
Hydrochemical characteristics 1
Arabian sea 1
Groundwater quality 7
Water Quality Index 7
Parameters 7
Lake Ambazari 16
Toxic cyanobacteria 16
Microcystis 16
PCR 16
mcy genes 16
DNA extraction method 16
Heavy metals 26
Pollution 26
Recovery 26
Toxicity 26
Risk 26
Particulate pollution 40
Coal mining 40
Jharia 40
Key word Index
J. Env. Sci. Eng., 57(1), 2015
Fischer-Tropsch 47
CO2 utilization 47
Liquid fuels 47
Thermodynamic limits 47
CO2 hydrogenation 47
Noise modelling 58
LAeq
58
Traffic noise 58
Drinking water distribution system 64
Booster chlorination 64
Optimization model 64
Linear programming 64
Promoting potential 74
Sorting 74
MSW 74
Public behavior 74
Fuzzy probability method 74
Vegetables 80
Health risk 80
Pesticide residues 80
Nagpur district 80
Key words Page No. Key words Page No.
A A Khaja 137
A G Nataraj 145
A J Thatheyus 137
A K A Rathi 172
A K Priya 109
Arun Kansa l160
Bina Gupta 89
D Ramya 137
J Paramanandham 126
Jasmine Singh 156
K Rasappan 150
K S Abbiramy 126
Kavitha 120
Kurian Joseph 120
M Isaac Soloman Jebamani 150
Author Index
J. Env. Sci. Eng., 57(2), 2015
Authors Page No. Authors Page No.
M Johnson Naveen Kumar 150
Maarja Schults 160
Manviri Rani 89
N Manamohan Rao 145
Namasivayam Vasudevan 131
P Ronald Ross 126
Poongothai S 102
R Loganathan 150
Rahul Kumar 89
Rudre Gowda 145
S Nagan 109
S S Prabu 137
Sangeeta Loonker 156
Srinivasan K 102
Valsa Remony Manoj 131
AAS 156Air quality management 160Aniline 137Aquaculture 131Bioreactor 131Bioremediation 109CETP172COD 131Common Effluent Treatment Plants 172Common environmental infrastructure 172Contamination 156Decolorization 137Diseases 156Domestic wastewater 150Dye effluent 109Encapsulation and solidification 120Environmental protection 172Eosin Yellow 137Erichrome Black T 137Evaporation residue 120Factory tea waste 126Fish 89Flavobacterium sp 137Germany 160Groundwater quality 102Heavy metals 156India 160Industrial area 172Industrial development 172Industrial infrastructure 172Laboratory scale-SBR 150
Key word Index
J. Env. Sci. Eng., 57(2), 2015
Landfill 120Leachability 120Macrophytes 89Mushroom cultivation 126Nickel (II) 145Organic carbon removal 150Parameters 150Partial degradation 126Partitioning 89Pollution control 172Pseudomonas aeruginosa 137Ragi husk 145Sediment 89Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) 150Slurry phase reactor 109SME clusters 172Spent wash 126Stakeholder analysis 160Upflow 131Upflow immobilized column reactor 109Urban air quality 160Urban river 89UV-visible spectrophotometer 156Vermicomposting 126Wastewater 131Wastewater treatment plants 172WATCLAST 102Water 89Watershed 102
Key words Page No. Key words Page No.
Ajay Kumar 230
Aradhana Kashyap 197
Bhawna Sharma 246
Deepak Mishra 197
E V Ramasamy 214
J. Anuradha 203
Jaswinder Mehta 246
Jayasooryan K K 214
Jean Jose J 225
Mahesh Mohan 214
Mary Teresa P. Miranda 225
Md. Rashid Tanveer 197
N. Nagendra Gandhi 183
N. Naveen 183
Nikita Chokshi 263
P. Saravanan 183
Poonam Prasad 271
Prashant Kumar Singh 239
Pushpendra Singh Rajpoot 230
Author Index
J. Env. Sci. Eng., 57(3), 2015
Authors Page No. Authors Page No.
R K Trivedi 230
Rajesh B R 225
Rubina Chaudhary 251
Ruchi Acharya 246
S A Abbasi 203
S. Renganathan 183
Samir Vahora 263
Shashi Shankar Tiwari 239
Shylesh Chandran M S 214
Smita Badur Karmankar 251
Sreelekshmy S G 225
Subin K Jose 214
Sushant B. Wath 271
Swaminathan G 190
Tasneem Abbasi 203
Tayyab Saify 246
Udayakumar P 225
V R Sankar Cheela 190
Adsorption isotherm 183
Anaerobic fixed film 263
Aquatic systems 214
Band gap 197
Bio-indicator 225
Biosorption 183
Concrete 251
Corrosion 197
Diffusion 251
Durability 251
Electrosynthesis 197
Evaporation 190
Flood distribution 230
Galvanostatic deposition 197
Gold nanoparticles 203
Hardness 239
Heavy metals 239
Impedance 197
Kaithal and Ghaggal river 230
Kinetic modeling 183
Land use / land cover 230
Lantana camara 203
Leachability Index 251
Ludwigia peploides 183
Macrobenthos 225
Management 271
Mercury 214
Key word Index
J. Env. Sci. Eng., 57(3), 2015
Monodispersed particles 203
Organic carbon 225
Organic loading rate 263
Packing media 263
pH 246
Phenol 190
Phenotypic plastic 246
Photoaction spectral studies 197
Photocatalysis 190
Physico-chemical properties 239
Phyto-fabrication 203
Pollution profile 214
Pollution-point and non-point sources 271
Public-private partnership 271
Scenedemus 246
Sediment 214
Sediment 225
Semiconductor 197
Solar radiation 190
Spatial 230
TCLP 251
TEM 203
Temporal 230
Titanium dioxide 190
Waste water treatment 263
Water resource 239
Water resources 271
Key words Page No. Key words Page No.
A S Kote 330
Anjali Barwal 294
Arabinda Behera 287
Avantika Chandra 287
D V Wadkar 330
Daisy Sabal 308
Dayananda H S 343
Fazna Nazim 335
Hemalatha D S 343
Indranil Mukherjee 321
K C Sharma 308
K K Patel 315
Author Index
J. Env. Sci. Eng., 57(4), 2015
Authors Page No. Authors Page No.
K S Contractor 315
M K Jain 287
M Verma 308
Meera V 335
N Jain 308
P Y Dave 315
R T Vashi 315
Rubina Chaudhary 294
Shajimon K John 303
T K Mani 303
Tirthankar Chakraborty 321
Vipin Kumar 287
Adsorption 287
Aerobic 330
Agro-waste 287
Bio-growth media 294
Bio-reactor 330
Biosorption 287
Change detection 303
Composting 330
Denitrification 294
Dissolved oxygen 343
Dudu tehsil 308
Environmental management 321
Fermentation 335
Fixed film bio-reactor 294
Fluorosis 308
Garbage enzyme 335
GIS 308
Greywater utilization 321
Ground water 308
Harij taluka 315
Hydraulic retention time 294
Image registration 303
Key word Index
J. Env. Sci. Eng., 57(4), 2015
Kerala 303
Lead 287
Monsoon 303
Musa sapientum stems 287
Nitrate 294
Organic waste 330
Patan district 315
Rainwater harvesting 321
Remote sensing 303
Self-purification 343
Soil quality 315
Solar energy 330
Sustainability 321
Theomorphic 330
303
294, 343
335
321
287
Vegetation index
Wastewater
Wastewater treatment
Water scarcity
Zinc
Zonation mapping 308
Key words Page No. Key words Page No.
287
Kumar et al/ J. Env. Sci Eng., 57(4), 2015J Environ Science & Engg. Vol. 57, No. 4, p. 287-293, October 2015
Adsorption Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies of Heavy Metals Removal UsingMusa Sapientum Stems - A Low Cost Agro Waste Biosorbent
VIPIN KUMAR1+, AVANTIKA CHANDRA2, ARABINDA BEHERA3 AND M K JAIN4
The contamination of water by toxic heavy metals is a worldwide environmentalproblem. The sustainable removal of heavy metals has become a major challengefor scientists. Biosorption is one such emerging technology which utilized naturallyoccurring waste materials to sequester heavy metals from industrial wastewater.The potential of locally available Musa sapientum stems as a low-cost adsorbentfor the removal of Zn(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution was investigatedin this study. The influences of contact time, initial metals ion concentration, pH,biosorbent dosages, particle size and temperature were studied in batchexperiments. The results showed that the M. sapientum stems was an effectivebiosorbent for the biosorption of Pb(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solution. Thebiosorption performance was strongly affected by studied parameters such asinitial concentration, pH, biosorbent dosages, and biosorbent, particle size. Themaximum metal biosorption occurred at pH 6 and percentage biosorption wasincreased with an increase in biosorbent dosage. Experimental data were wellinterpreted by Langmuir and Freundlich model with maximum biosorption capacityof 19.78 mg/g for zinc and 19.02 mg/g for lead on M. sapientum stems. For boththe metals kinetic data were properly fitted with the pseudo-second order kineticmodel.
Key words: Adsorption, agro-waste, biosorption, Musa sapientum stems, lead, zinc
1Assistant Professor, 2Research Scholar, 3M.Tech Scholar, 4Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering,Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad – 826 004, Jharkhand, IndiaCorresponding author: [email protected]
Introduction
Presence of heavy metals in the aquaticsystems has become a serious problem. As a result,there has been a great deal of attention given to newtechnologies for removal of heavy metal ions fromcontaminated waters. A number of chemical andphysical processes are available for the removal ofthese toxic ions. Of all the available processes whichcan remove these toxic ions have some or the othertechnical or economical problem. A study of suchsystems and their difficulties has been reported.Therefore, some methods which are environmentfriendly and low cost are desirable. Besides theavailable methods for heavy metals removal, bio-technological removal using bio-adsorbent have shownsome advantages as they are cheap, readily available,low cost, simplicity to use and environment friendliness.
The main adsorbent used in industry is activatedcarbon. Adsorption process using activated carbon asan adsorbent is one of the effective conventionalmethods used to remove heavy metals from industrial
effluent. However, adsorbent-grade activated carbonis expensive and the regeneration of the used carbonis often difficult, resulting in low feasibility for smallscale industries. Hence, considerable attention has beengiven to the use of agriculture waste materials as analternative to replace the conventional adsorbents. Agrowastes are an abandoned, readily available, low costand cheap, environment friendly bio-material.Considering the above criteria, Musa sapientum stemswas selected to prepare the biosorbent.
Biosorption can be defined as the ability ofbiological materials to accumulate heavy metals fromwastewater through metabolically mediated or physio-chemical pathways of uptake1. The major advantagesof biosorption over conventional treatment methodsinclude low cost, high efficiency of metal removal fromdilute solution, minimization of chemical and/orbiological sludge, no additional nutrient requirement,and regeneration of biosorbent and the possibility ofmetal recovery 2. Biosorption for the removal of heavymetal ions may provide an attractive alternative tophysio-chemical methods 3.
294
Fixed-f i lm bio-reactor (FFBR) for treatment of nit rogenous wastewater
School of Energy and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya-Indore,Madhya Pradesh (India) – 452 001*Corresponding author: [email protected]
1. Introduction
Different industries have contributed to increasethe nitrate level in wastewater like nitric acid, fuel orplastic producing industries (Cyplik et al., 2012),chemical industry producing nitrogen-based fertilizers(Leakowiæ et al., 2000; Zala et al., 2004), watertreatment plants, which produces brines afterregeneration of ion exchange resin or after reverseosmosis processes (Cyplik et al., 2007; McAdam andJudd, 2009). Hence, the removal of high nitrate contentfrom industrial wastewater is considered as a majorproblem.The principal forms of nitrogen are organicnitrogen, ammonium (NH
4+ or NH
3), nitrite (NO
2-)
and nitrate (NO3-) (Hurse and Connor, 1999). The
presence of nitrogen can have adverse effects on theenvironment, since its discharge above the requiredlimit (10 mg L-1 as per CPCB, 2008; WHO, 2011) canbe undesirable due to its ecological and public healthimpacts. If high nitrate wastewater (primarily in theform of ammonia and organic nitrogen, both solubleand particulate) is discharged in any water body, itdegrades the water quality and such degradation resultsin spreading of various waterborne diseases, decreasedlevels of dissolved oxygen, physical changes toreceiving waters, release of toxic substances,
J Environ Science & Engg. Vol. 57, No. 4, p. 294-302, October 2015
Introduction of Fixed-Film Bio-reactor (FFBR) for Treatment ofNitrogenous Wastewater with Variable Concentration and Hydraulic
Retention Time under Ambient Conditions
ANJALI BARWAL AND RUBINA CHAUDHARY+
In this paper, the results of experimentation performed in a laboratory scalefixed film biological reactor (FFBR) treating the wastewater having variablenitrate concentration, are presented and discussed. Removal efficiency for differentnitrate concentration ranging from 100 to 2500 mg L-1 was observed at constant(12 h) and variable (24 - 36 h) hydraulic retention time. Methanol was used asa carbon source. The main objective was to obtain nitrate concentration below10 mg L-1 in effluent. The study was also carried out to establish other parametersthat affect the performance of FFBR. The results show that the removal rateincreases linearly with increasing loading rate and the hydraulic retention time isone of the important parameter in removing nitrate concentration from thewastewater with removal efficiency up to 98 - 99%.
Key words: Denitrification, bio-growth media, fixed film bio-reactor, nitrate, hydraulic retention time, wastewater
bioaccumulation or biomagnification in aquatic life,and increased nutrient loads (PSAT, 2005).
Also, the presence of nitrogen and phosphorusin fresh water can create environmental conditionsthat favor the growth of toxin-producing cyanobacteriaand algae. The resulting toxins can cause gastroenteritis,liver damage, nervous system impairment and skinirritation (Akpor, 2011). The excessive growth ofbacteria and algae due to the increase of the amountof nitrogen discharged into water, contributes to thereduction of the oxygen level in water. Depletion ofdissolved oxygen in water is a problem in aquaticecosystem since maintenance of a high oxygenconcentration is crucial for survival of the higher lifeforms in aquatic ecosystem (Kurosu O). The dangersthat all these incidents have posed are a clear indicationthat nitrogen must be removed from wastewater beforedischarge.
The removal of nitrogen in biological treatmentsystems consists of four basic steps as shown in Fig 1.The first step is the conversion of organic nitrogen toammonia in a process called ammonification. Ammoniais then converted to nitrate in a two-step aerobicprocess called nitrification—the conversion of ammonia
303
John and Mani / J. Env. Sci Eng., 57(4), 2015J Environ Science & Engg. Vol. 57, No. 4, p. 303-307, October 2015
Vegetation Index over Kerala, India in Relation tothe Rainfall Pattern
SHAJIMON K JOHN1+ AND T K MANI 2
1Research Scholar, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (India), [email protected], KMEA College of Engineering, Ernakulam, Tamil Nadu (India), [email protected]+Corresponding author
The rain pattern and vegetation are showing variation over the last decade. Thisaffects the biodiversity of Kerala. In this paper, a systematic study of vegetationwith the help of satellite images over the past three years was done to find outthe variations in vegetation index and the related rainfall pattern .
Key words: Vegetation Index, change detection, image registration, Kerala, monsoon, remote sensing
I. Introduction
Remote sensing is a major area which helpsin agricultural monitoring. With the advent of hyperspectral images, minerals management, cropclassification, crop monitoring can be done therebyincreasing the boundary and depth of problemdefinitions in remote sensing. But the major problemwith these images is that they are prone to variationsdepending upon the time of capture, atmosphericconditions, satellite angle of rotation, type of sensorused and capability of sensor. The atmosphericconditions like cloud cover rain also affects the qualityof image received. These variations will give differentvalues for the spectral density as well as the spatialdata received.
Many regions are currently undergoing rapidand wide ranging changes globally. Land cover and itschange is a key to many assorted applications such asenvironment, forestry, hydrology, agriculture andgeology. The changes are slow and natural andsometimes very quick and sudden due to anthropogenicactivities. Vegetation has often been considered as aninert component of the climate system. The effect ofvegetation on climate, or the effect of vegetation inthe climate system, has long been a subject of studies.The availability of water could be changing due toclimate change. Satellite data has played a large partin helping create global weather models and inmonitoring global climate and weather. Du, et al intheir research work explained how remote sensingmethodologies can be utilized in change analysis andland cover / land use variations over a specific region1. Itami et al describes how these can be incorporatedin detailing of the changing pattern of forest area andglaciers 2. Remotely sensed data like aerial
photographs and satellite images are the only optionthat allow detecting land cover changes on a largescale. Satellite images have the potential of offeringthe most accurate and latest information compared tostatistical, topographic or land use maps.
Using remote sensing techniques, earth objectscan be seen due to the illumination of some lightenergy present in the Electro Magnetic Radiationpresent in the atmosphere. The atmosphere acts as abarrier between the earth and sensors which causeddegradation of images. Image pre-processing techniquesare employed in order to extract useful informationwhich enhances the remote sensed images for visualinterpretation and can be restored if they are subjectedto geometric distortion, atmospheric, noise, blurring,etc.
Work on the indices which help in the analysisof vegetation study is important in many ways. Thedevelopment of vegetation indices is based ondifferential absorption, transmittance and reflectanceof energy by the vegetation in the red and near infraredregions of the electro-magnetic spectrum. Plants absorblight energy with the help of chlorophyll, a greenpigment present in leaves in order to performphotosynthesis. Light is absorbed more in the red andreflected in near-infrared regions. As a result the leavesappear brighter indicating the high vegetation in thered band and dark indicating low or sparse vegetationin the near infrared regions. Depending on theapplications and pattern under study these indices canbe classified as Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI),Extended Vegetation Index (EVI), etc 3, 4, 5. With thehelp of NDVI it is possible to monitor and identify theamount of vegetation greenness. Another factor in whichdepth of biomass in an area is Leaf Area Index (LAI)
308
Fluoride zonation using GIS techniques in Dudu Tehsil, Rajasthan, India
1Post Doctoral Fellow, Department of Geography, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 055, India.2A-101, Rachna Vishwa Apartment, K.T. Nagar, Katol Road, Nagpur-440 013, India.3Assistant Professor, Poornima Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur, India.4State Ground Water Board, Jaipur, India.+Corresponding author: [email protected]
Introduction
Pollution of groundwater due to geogenic andanthropogenic factors often render the groundwaterunpotable as consumption of such water can lead tovarious health-related complications. Endemic fluorosisoccurring due to consumption of groundwater pollutedwith fluoride is a considerable health problemworldwide, which is afflicting millions of people inmany areas of the world. According to WHO Guidelinesfor Drinking Water Quality1 the limit value for fluorideis 1.5 mg/L. The assimilation of fluoride by humanbody from potable water at the level of 1 mg/Lenhances bone development and prevents dentalcarries, particularly among children2-4 while beyondthe upper level (>1.5 mg/L) it leads to dental andskeletal fluorosis5. Elevated levels of fluoride
J Environ Science & Engg. Vol. 57, No. 4, p. 308-314, October 2015
In many parts of India, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions, due to thefailure of the monsoon and scarcity of surface water, dependence on the groundwaterresources has increased tremendously in recent years. To understand the geologicalbehavior of fluoride (F) in natural water resources in relation to the localhydrogeological, climatic condition, a typical semi-arid terrain in northwest partof India was chosen. The present work is an attempt to assess the origin andgenesis of fluoride in groundwater and to map its spatial variation in terms ofsuitability for drinking and irrigation purpose. 50 ground water samples werecollected randomly during pre-monsoon period from Dudu tehsil of Rajasthan(India) and analyzed for fluoride ion, which gave a concentration in the range of0.45 to 11.2 mg/L. The highest value of F was found at Mozmabad tube wellwhich is located at central part and is related to the occurrence of fluoride richrocks. Almost 84% of the locations fall in moderate to high endemic zones wherefluoride concentration was above the maximum permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L.Majority of people living in these villages have health hazards and are facingfluorosis. In this study, the area is divided in five zones having different potentialfor their vulnerability in relation to hazardous effects of fluoride with possibleprecision and accuracy. The spatial map reveals that southern and southeasternregion of the study area comes under high contamination. Further favorableprospective zone found in a very small pocket at the northern region which canbe helpful in better planning and management of groundwater resources, especiallyin hard rock terrains.
Key words: Groundwater, fluorosis, zonation mapping, GIS, Dudu tehsil
Evaluation of Fluoride Zonation Using GIS Techniques inDudu Tehsil, Rajasthan, India
DAISY SABAL1, M. VERMA2+, N. JAIN3 AND K.C. SHARMA4
concentration in groundwater are most often associatedwith igneous and metamorphic rocks such as, granitesand gneisses have been reported from India, Pakistan,West Africa, Thailand, China, Sri Lanka and SouthAfrica. In Indian context, the fluoride is dissolved ingroundwater mainly from geological sources. Rock-water interaction is the main process in which fluoride-rich minerals are decomposed/dissociated from thesource rock and fluoride is dissolved in the groundwaterby dissolution6. The problem of excessive fluoride ingroundwater in India was first reported in 1937 in thestate of Andhra Pradesh7. At present, fluorosis isendemic in at least 20 states, affecting more than 65million people, including 6 million children8. Theproblems are most pronounced in Andhra Pradesh,Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan,Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh9. The majority of
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Vashi et al/ J. Env. Sci Eng., 57(4), 2015
Navyug Science College, Rander Road, Surat-395 009 (Gujarat)+Corresponding author: [email protected]
J Environ Science & Engg. Vol. 57, No. 4, p. 315-320, October 2015
Assessment of soil quality of Harij Taluka of Patan district (Gujarat, India)was undertaken. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are essential componentsof every living organism. In plants, nitrogen deficiency causes stunted growth andchlorosis or yellowing of the leaves due to decreased leaves of chlorophyll. Incase of excess nitrogen uptake, plant will have dark green overly vigorousfoliage which may have increase susceptibility to disease and insect attacks.Potassium deficiency may cause necrosis or interveinal chlorosis while excesspotassium may cause deficiencies in magnesium and possibly calcium. Phosphorusis an important nutrient in crop production, since many soil in their native statedo not have sufficient available phosphorus to maximize crop yield. The soilsamples were analyzed for various parameters like pH, electrical conductivity,nitrogen, organic carbon, phosphorus and potash content.
Key words: Soil quality, Harij taluka, Patan district
Assessment of Soil Quality of Harij Taluka of Patan District(North Gujarat, India)
R. T. VASHI+, K. S. CONTRACTOR, P.Y. DAVE AND K. K. PATEL
Introduction
Several elements take part in the growth anddevelopment of plants, and those absorbed from thesoil are generally known as plant nutrients. Majornutrients are carbon, hydrogen , nitrogen , phosphorousand potassium. Secondary nutrients are calcium,magnesium and sulfur and micro–nutrients are iron,manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum andchlorine.
Soil fertility compatibility and erodability arethe elements of soil quality. Among these, the problemof decline in soil fertility endangers the maximumgrowth in productivity1. Soil consists of variousconstituents such as minerals, organic matter, waterand air 2 .Warren and Agnew3 described that, of thethreats to sustainability, the threat due to soil fertilitydepletion is the most serious. The soil condition is ofgreat importance, because it is universal medium forplant growth, which supplies essential nutrients to theplants. Depending upon the cropping pattern, leaching,erosion etc, soil loses a considerable amount ofnutrients every year. If the cropping pattern is continuedover a period of time without nutrients being restoredto the soil, its fertility will be reduced and crop yieldswill decline. Poor soil fertility conceives sparse plantcover, which promote erosion vulnerability. This
happens because 90% of plant available N, 50-60% K,25-30% P and almost 70% micronutrients residue inorganic matter4.
Soil testing provides information regardingnutrient availability in soil which forms the basis forthe fertilizer recommendations for maximizing cropyields. Soil fertility maps are meant for highlightingthe nutrient needs, based on fertility status of soilsand adverse soil conditions which need improvementto realize good crop yields. Obviously, a soil fertilitymap for a particular area can prove highly beneficialin guiding the farmers, manufacturers and planners(associated with fertilizer marketing and distribution)in ascertaining the requirement of various fertilizersin a season/ year and making projections for increasedrequirement based on cropping pattern and intensity.
The Patan district is one of the importantdistrict of Gujarat because of horticultural crops likespices, fruits (mainly mangoes, Ber, Guava, Aonla,Custered apple, Jamun, Tamarind etc.). The averagerainfall is good, between 475 mm to 697 mm. About45 % of the cultivable land is covered by Kharifcrops. 50 % of the area under Kharif crops is coveredby 3 main crops [24 % - Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum),15% - Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum) and 10 % -Castor (Ricinis communis)]. About 40% of the cultivable
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Chakraborty and Mukherjee / J. Env. Sci Eng., 57(4), 2015J Environ Science & Engg. Vol. 57, No. 4, p. 321-329, October 2015
Rainwater Harvesting and Greywater Reutilisation in Modern HomesA Case Study of Four Major Metropolitan Cities
TIRTHANKAR CHAKRABORTY1+ANDINDRANIL MUKHERJEE 2
1First Year M Tech Student, Environmental Engineering & Management, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-K) Kanpur,India, -208 016, [email protected] Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Techno India College of Technology, New Town, Mega City, Rajarhat, WestBengal, India ,-700 156, [email protected]+Corresponding author
With the continuous rise in the world’s population along with the development ofthe nations as a whole, the per capita demand for water supply has increasedsubstantially globally. This needs proper addressing as it is exerting tremendouspressure on the limited fresh water sources available. Considering the importanceof water on human activities and human development, this water scarcity problemcan serve as a basic hindrance to the sustainability of life, as is the case inseveral places in the world. Moreover, a large part of the water supplied to meetthe demand is wasted due to inefficient usage, thereby increasing the waterconsumed as well as the pressure on the water supply systems. In this context,two main methods of conservation of water resources - rainwater harvesting andgreywater reutilization have been discussed in the paper with emphasis on theirviability in modern rural and urban homes of India. Case studies have been donefor four major metropolitan cities, Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi and Bangaloreto emphasize the efficacy of these processes in providing sufficient rainwater tothe population. The money saved by adopting such a process has also beencalculated for the different cases.
Key words: Water scarcity, rainwater harvesting, greywater reutilization, sustainability,environmental management
Introduction
Water is very much essential for thesustainability of life in addition to its requirement forproper ecological functioning and for the variousindustrial and agricultural purposes [U.S. GeologicalSociety, 2005]. Energy production is also completelydependent on the availability of water as it is used asa cooling agent for thermoelectric equipment. There isa growing consensus that fresh water is our mostimportant natural resource. Sea water, which constitutes97.5% of the water in the world (1.36 billion km3),[Igor A. Shiklomanov, 1999; UNESCO, 1999] cannotbe used for drinking purposes due to the high amountof salts (35 g/L on average) dissolved in it. Similarly,it cannot be used for agricultural purposes since theplants that we depend on cannot survive by taking insuch high saline water. In fact, most of the industrialactivities depend on fresh water or water with muchless salinity than seawater due to the presence ofimpurities and also due to the problem of scale depositsin equipment. One of the major solutions to decreasingthe salinity level of intake water happens to be“Reverse Osmosis,” but it appears that the process is
too expensive on a large scale to have significantbenefits. But, the population is increasing at a veryfast pace along with increased industrial activities.Both these factors have led to a substantial increasein the water demand in every community and in everysector. With the fresh water resources being constant(and even decreasing in some cases), it is of paramountimportance to try alternative approaches to conservewater for the sustenance of humanity. In this context,the present paper focuses on two techniques, namelyrainwater harvesting and greywater utilization asalternative measures to ensure the sustainability ofthe fresh water resources, particularly with respect tothe residential sector.
The problem of freshwater scarcity
Of the total water available on Earth, 2.5% isfresh water (35 million km3). Of this, 70% (24 millionkm3) is trapped in the form of ice and snow in thepolar ice caps and the mountainous regions of theworld while 30% is stored in the world’s groundwatersources [UNEP, 2002]. The Earth’s atmospherecontains approximately 13,000 km3 of water [WorldWater Assessment Programme (WWAP)]. It is evident
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Eco-friendly model for aerobic meso thermophilic composting
1.Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, AISSMS College of Engineering, Pune - 411 0012.Professor & Vice Principal, Department of Civil Engineering, D Y Patil College of Engineering, Akurdi, Pune+Corresponding author: [email protected]
Eco-friendly Model for Aerobic Meso ThermophilicComposting of Muncipal Solid Waste
D V WADKAR1+ AND A S KOTE2
Introduction
Approaches like faster reaction rate, smallercomposting area and introduction of bio-degrader aresome of the available options to reduce the compostingtime. The activity of aerobic microorganism andfermentation of organic substances influences thecomposting process to greater extent1,3,4.. Compostingcan be carried out in two ways i.e., aerobically andanaerobically. During aerobic composting aerobicmicroorganisms oxidise organic compounds to carbondioxide with the release of N, P, S etc., in inorganicform. Temperature of the biomass during compostingrises due to exothermic reaction. During anaerobicprocess, the anaerobic microorganisms, whilemetabolising the nutrients, break down the organiccompounds through a process of reduction. A verysmall amount of energy is released during the processand the temperature of composting mass does not risemuch 2, 5, 6. Aerobic composting is a dynamic systemwherein bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and otherbiological forms are actively involved. Thermophilicbacteria are mainly responsible for the breakdown ofproteins and other readily biodegradable organicmatter2,7. The biological nature of composting demandsan understanding of the key factors influencing the
J Environ Science & Engg. Vol. 57, No. 4, p. 330-334, October 2015
Composting process is comprised of three stages. The first stage is the mesosphericphase, the second stage is the high temperature stage, and third stage is the maturitystage. Aerobic composting depends largely on microorganisms that thrive in an oxygenrich environment. In this study a cylindrical aerobic bio-reactor (ABR) was made whereaeration was continuously provided with the help of a fan attached to pipe arrangementin such a way that air reached all corners of the reactor. A solar panel was connected tothe fan for its working. Bacillus megatherium and Pseudomonas fleurescens bacteriacultures were used as compost accelerator. The characteristics of compost like pH,moisture content, temperature, C/N ratio and volume reduction were studied for theperiod of 32 days of composting time was low as compared to conventional compostingperiod (40 to 90 days). The mature organic compost had pH near to neutral, moisturecontent (22.36%), volume reduction (45.43%), C/N ratio (16.5–20%) and phosphorous(2.2 to 2.5%). It can be concluded that these values are within the desired limits andcompost is suitable for ornamental plants. The setup of ABR is eco-friendly, effectiveand economical.
Keywords: Aerobic, thermophilic, organic waste, bio-reactor, composting, solar energy
microbial ecosystem in order to achieve optimumcomposting process. One of these important factorsaffecting microbial metabolism during composting istemperature. It is either a consequence or a determinantof microbial activity 15. Another important parameteris composting time of organic matter; it varies fromten days to three months 16.
Microbial biomass was found to be high at20°C and 37°C, indicating larger microbial communitiesat lower compost temperatures. Organic matterdegradation analysis revealed no large differences inthe final solid degradation rate at 55°C and 37°C. Thestudy suggests the importance of a thermophilic–mesophilic sequence in composting to maximise theextent of organic matter degradation13. The literaturesrelated to different aspects of composting process, suchas introduction of microorganism14, changes of chemicalcomposition in the compost have been reported11.Metabolic heat generation is combined with the thermalinertia effect found in compost materials due to theirself-insulating properties5; in consequence, highthermophilic temperatures are usually maintainedduring the maturation period8. Bacillus species weredominant in early stages of composting whileAcinetobacter and Sphingobacterium strains were
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Nazim and Meera / J. Env. Sci Eng., 57(4), 2015
1Post- Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Government Engineering College, Thrissur, Kerala (India)2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government Engineering College , Thrissur, Kerala (India)+Corresponding author: [email protected]
Use of Garbage Enzyme as a Low Cost AlternativeMethod for Treatment of Greywater – A Review
FAZNA NAZIM1 AND MEERA V2+
Introduction
Due to the increase of the worldwidepopulation, the problem of sewage disposal andindustrial waste management has become increasinglycritical. Nearly 70-80% of rivers and streams carrypolluted water. Catastrophic impacts on human healthand on the environment could result if pollution ofreceiving waters is allowed to continue. Therefore topreserve water quality for future generations, aneffective means of solving this problem must bedeveloped1.
Greywater is one of the major point pollutionsources, which is discharged from residential andcommercial areas into the rivers without any treatment.Greywater is the used water resulting from washingclothes and kitchen utensils, shower or bath and otherdomestic water not containing excreta2.
The characteristics of greywater depend firstlyon the quality of the water supply, secondly on thetype of distribution network for both drinking waterand the greywater and thirdly on the activities in thehousehold. The compounds present in the water varyfrom source to source, depending on lifestyles, customsand installations and use of chemical householdproducts.
In an era of dwindling water resources, thetreatment and reuse of wastewater is rapidly becoming
J Environ Science & Engg. Vol. 57, No. 4, p. 335-342, October 2015
Use of garbage enzyme, a fermentation product of kitchen waste, water andbrown sugar, is emerging as an effective method of treating greywater. Greywater is the water resulting from washing clothes and kitchen utensils, shower orbath and other domestic water not containing excreta. The garbage enzyme isprepared from fruits dregs, kitchen waste, molasses and water and capable ofhaving reinforcing and cleaning function to work with nature. It can be utilized asa low cost alternative to improve wastewater treatment processes. The reviewfocuses on study of enzymes, role of enzymes in wastewater treatment processes,description of garbage enzyme and its use in treating greywater. The reviewreveals that it is an effective method in treating greywater and thus providing thescope for reusing it for various purposes.
Key words: Garbage enzyme, wastewater treatment, fermentation
a subject of great interest to researchers. Irrigation isoften the preferred end-use for reclaimed wastewaterbecause it is produced or treated in proximity toagricultural areas and contains valuable nutrientsrequired for plant growth. However, wastewater canalso contain dangerous elements that could negativelyimpact environmental and public health. Reuse ofuntreated wastewater in agriculture is a reality in muchof the world, especially in areas where poverty restrictsfarmers’ access to freshwater and fertilizer supplies.There are a number of chemical and biological concernsassociated with wastewater reuse3.
In order to minimize potential negative impacts,it is strongly recommended that greywater must betreated before reuse. Treatment systems for greywaterexist in many forms, varying in their complexity,treatment method, and location within or outside thehome, and should be designed in accordance withgreywater source, quality, site specifications, and reusepatterns. Greywater treatment systems range insophistication from simple branched-drain gardenirrigation networks to full tertiary treatment systemsthat can filter water to nearly potable levels of quality.The greywater treatment has been practiced for severalyears in places where water is less abundant orexpensive to use. In the southern US, Australia, andmany Middle Eastern countries, simple greywaterdiverting schemes are common as a means of irrigatinglandscape plants in arid regions3.
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1Research Scholar, Department of Environmental Engineering, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysore – 570 002, Karnataka.2Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysore–570 002, Karnataka.+Corresponding author: [email protected]
Impact of Human Activities on River Water Quality - Indian Scenario
HEMALATHA D. S.1+ AND DAYANANDA H. S.2
J Environ Science & Engg. Vol. 57, No. 4, p. 343-358, October 2015
Nearly all major cities and towns in India are located on the banks of rivers. In recentyears, there has been a swift increase in the urban areas along the rivers due to rapidprogress in communications and commerce and these rivers have been transformed intoa channel for receiving and transporting the urban domestic and industrial wastes awayfrom towns. River pollution has become a natural phenomenon, which is triggered byanthropogenic activities. Discharge of wastes beyond assimilative capacity of the river,due to continued human activities has resulted in accelerated pollution, eventually renderingthe river to a virtual wastewater. When any wastewater is discharged into naturalwaters, its organic matter gets oxidized by the dissolved oxygen present in natural water.The deficiency of dissolved oxygen thus created is replenished by the absorption ofatmospheric oxygen. This phenomenon which occurs in all natural waters is known as“Self Purification”. An attempt is being made in this review paper to collate and compilethe findings of researchers on stream pollution caused due to point and non-pointsources. The research findings on physico-chemical and biological analysis of riverwater, sediment analysis, agricultural runoff, self - purification and Streeter Phelpsmodel are presented.
Key words: Wastewater, self-purification, dissolved oxygen
Introduction
Nearly all major cities and towns of India are
located on the banks of rivers. The rivers play an
important role in the lives of human beings in Hindu
mythology and are considered as goddess in the country.
The river systems provide irrigation, potable water,
cheap transportation, electricity, and the livelihoods
for a large number of people all over the country. In
recent years, there has been a swift increase in the
urban areas along the rivers due to rapid progress in
communications and commerce. The rivers are now
serving as source of water as well as a channel for
receiving and transporting the urban domestic and
industrial wastes away from towns. The same situation
persists in most of the major rivers of India viz.,
Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Tapti, Godavari,
Krishna, Cauvery and Mahanadi.
Sources of pollution
River pollution has become a naturalphenomenon, which is triggered by anthropogenicactivities. Agriculture on the flood plains right up to
the river banks, human settlements, deforestation,mining and quarrying, mass bathing on auspiciousoccasion and washing of clothes, immersion of idols,religious offerings (flowers, milk, ghee, curd and sweetsalong with polythene bags), cattle wading, disposal ofcarcasses after cremation and various kinds of wastesare such human activities that have increased the riverwater pollution. Also, excessive (uncontrolled andunscientific) use of fertilizers and pesticides inagricultural activities to enhance productivity due torapid population increase and development oftechnology threaten surface water on a large scale.The continued human activities have resulted indischarging the wastes beyond assimilative capacityof the river accelerating pollution and eventuallyrendering it to a virtual wastewater. The extent ofhuman activities on the surface waters in the developingcountries has increased dramatically over the past twodecades which has also accelerated the pollutionprocesses. The major sources causing river pollutionis represented in Fig 1.
Self purification
When any wastewater is discharged into naturalwaters, its organic matter gets oxidized by the dissolved
