EDITORIAL BOARD Beijing, P.R. China · 2020. 8. 29. · Mt. Banahaw is the tallest mountain in Luzon south of the Cordillera and Zambales Mountains, and Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor in ChiefLESLEY CASAS LUBOS, PhD, Liceo de Cagayan University, Philippines

Associate EditorsVICTOR B. AMOROSO, PhD, Central Mindanao University, PhilippinesARVIN B. DIESMOS, PhD, National Museum of the PhilippinesSHI-YONG DONG, PhD, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. ChinaHALIJAH IBRAHIM, PhD, Institute of Biological Sciences University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDIRK NIKOLAUS KARGER, PhD, University of Zurich, SwitzerlandIDRIS MUSA ADAM OMER, PhD, Agricultural Research Station, SudanBENITO C. TAN, PhD, University of California Berkeley, USA

Chief Executive OfficerMARIANO M. LERIN, PhD, CPA, Liceo de Cagayan University, Philippines

Managing EditorMA. FLORECILLA C. CINCHES, PhD, Liceo de Cagayan University, Philippines

Copy EditorTERESITA T. TUMAPON, PhD, Liceo de Cagayan University, Philippines

Finance ManagerMR. LORIMER S. CAPINPUYAN, MM, Liceo de Cagayan University, Philippines

Technical StaffLEILANI G. PIMENTEL - Quality AssuranceBERNARD A. GUTIERREZ - Plagiarism Detection SpecialistMITZ S. PELEYO - Data ProcessorMARK KURT LLOYD C. MONDILLA - Cover and Layout Design

AIMS AND SCOPE

The Asian Journal of Biodiversity (AJOB) aims to publish new discoveries in species diversity, ecological diversity, genetic diversity, and biodiversity education which provides new information necessary to preserve, conserve, and protect the faunal and floral richness of Asia.

The Asian Journal of Biodiversity is an international peer reviewed and multidisciplinary journal that provides a venue for scholars to publish their research findings. Through the new knowledge generated, this journal intends to empower citizens to take an active role in biodiversity conservation.

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Asian Journal of Biodiversity Vol. 6 No. 2 February 2015

Vol. 6 No. 2 February 2015CHED Accredited Research Journal, Category A-1Print ISSN 2094-5019 • Electronic ISSN 2244-0461doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/ajob.v7i1.838

Macroscopic Fungi of Mts. Banahaw-San CristobalProtected Landscape Northwestern side, with a

description of Nidula banahawensis sp. nov. (Basidiomycota)

EDWIN R. TADIOSAORCID No. 0000-0002-0286-692x

[email protected] National Herbarium, Botany Division

National Museum of the PhilippinesP. Burgos St., Manila, Philippines

andCollege of Science and Computer Studies- Graduate Studies Department

De La Salle University - DasmariñasDasmariñas City, Cavite

MINERVA C. ARENASORCID No. 0000-0001-9212-6273

[email protected] Department

Institute of Arts and Sciences, Far Eastern UniversityNicanor Reyes St., Sampaloc, Manila, 1015 Philippines

RENATO G. REYESORCID No. [email protected]

Center for Tropical Mushroom Research and Development, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences,

Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

ABSTRACT

Collection and photo-documentation of macroscopic fungi at Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape (MBSCPL) were done to account the existing macroscopic fungal species in the area. This protected landscape was categorized

Asian Journal of BiodiversityThis Journal is in the Science Master Journal List of

Thomson Reuters (ISI) Zoological Record

MINERVA ARENAS


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as one of the priority areas for biodiversity conservation in Southern Tagalog Region. Macrofungi sampling was completed using Transect Line (TL) with a combination of quadrat and opportunistic sampling methods. Sixteen transect lines were laid out and ten quadrats of 10m x 20m with an interval of 250m were designated for each TL. All macrofungi were photographed in their natural habitat. A total of 62 species were collected and photo-documented. These belong to Class Ascomycetes and Class Basidiomycetes. Further, a new species of bird’s nest fungus is described, named Nidula banahawensis. This fungus appears to be unique in growing mossy-montane forest at an elevation of 6,131 ft. A detailed description, taxonomical remarks, photographs of basidiomata, peridioles, and illustrations of basidiospores and section of peridiole with double-layered cortex are provided. Up-to-date fungal documentation in MBSCPL revealed a very low number of species as compared to other protected areas in Southern Tagalog. Moreover, more field surveys of the Landscape is anticipated to discover a rich and diverse fungal flora in MBSCPL.

Keywords: biodiversity, macroscopic fungi, Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape, Nidula, Basidiomycetes, Gasteromycetes

INTRODUCTION

The Kingdom Fungi is a large group of eukaryotic, spore-bearing and achlorophyllous organisms which constitute an abundant element of terrestrial biota in the Philippines (Quimio and Capilit 1981). Since fungi lack photosynthetic pigments, they are heterotrophic, requiring pre-formed organic matter (Koon 1990; Landecker 1990). Macroscopic fungi that includes woody and bracket fungi, puffballs, birds’ nests, stinkhorns, umbrella-and fan-like fleshy mushrooms have distinctive fruiting bodies which can be seen by the naked eye, spore-bearers and grow above or below the ground (Chang and Buswell 1996). Their estimated number ranges from 53,000 to 110,000 species and mostly belong to Basidiomycetes and others to Ascomycetes (Mueller et al. 2007). In the Philippines, 3,956 species representing 818 genera of fungi had been identified (Tadiosa 2012).

Mt. Banahaw is the tallest mountain in Luzon south of the Cordillera and Zambales Mountains, and Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape (MBSCPL) is the largest protected area in southeastern Luzon; as such, it is an important watershed for Laguna and Quezon provinces (Balete et al. 2011). The

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MBSCPL straddles the provinces of Laguna and Quezon in Southern Tagalog Region. It has a total area of 10,900 hectares and it covers eight municipalities and two cities. Extremities in elevation of MBSCPL have allowed the formation of a various habitats, from the steep ridges down to the flat plains of the lowlands (Figure 1). This explains why its mountain ranges support a high diversity and endemicity of flora and fauna species (DENR 2015).

The MBSCPL has a record of almost 42 species of fungi that consists of mainly basidiomycetes and ascomycetes (DENR 2013). It is also a home of many species of flora and fauna, a number of which are endemic to the landscape like the Rafflesia banahawensis, one of the largest flower in bloom in the Philippines. Several studies on MBSCPL showed a high flora and fauna diversity (Madulid et al. 2006; Dans and Gonzales 2010; Balete et al. 2011; Gascon et al. 2013). To date, MBSCPL is recognized as one of the most diverse forest ecosystems in the Philippines; thus, there is a need for conservation and protection. However, the diversity and distribution of fungal species remains poorly studied.

This protected landscape is regarded as a sacred mountain where people flock during the Lenten season and perform folkloric religious activities. Furthermore, it is a favorite camping and trekking site for mountaineers (Madulid et al. 2006). In accord with this, it has been closed to the public since 2003 to allow the forest within to recover from the adverse effects of human activities in the area. Later, the moratorium was extended, initially for three years, from 2005 to 2008; then again from 2009-2012. Although vegetation has regenerated, the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB) has decided to extend further the moratorium for another three years, from 2012 to 2015, to allow the natural environment to heal itself.

This research study provides an updated report on the fungal diversity and species richness on the different elevations and vegetation types at the Landscape, particularly in Mt. Banahaw de Tayabas and Mt. Banahaw de Majayjay. Moreover, it presents data on the existence and distribution of fungi as well as the discoveries of new fungal species such as bird’s nest fungus, Nidula.

Nidula V.S White is one of the genera of fungi in the family Nidulariaceae which exhibits cup or urn-shaped fruiting body (Brodie 1975). Along with the Cyathus Haller, Crucibulum Tul. and C. Tul., Mycocalia J.T. Palmer, and Nidularia Fr., they are known collectively as the bird’s nest fungi due to their small nest-like fruiting bodies containing lentil-shaped or egg-like peridioles.

Bird’s nest fungi were traditionally assigned to the family Nidulariaceae Dumort. and included in gasteromycetes (Brodie 1975), they were fused into the


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family Agaricaceae Chevall. (Kirk et al. 2008) based on the result of evolutionary studies (Hibbett et al. 1997). However, some authors (Zhao et al. 2008) prefer to maintain these bird’s nest fungi in the family Nidulariaceae based on a multilocus phylogenetic analysis of Agaricales as proposed by Matheny et al. (2006).

In the Philippines, the study of Nidulariaceae began with the various expeditions, and in writings of Spanish botanists, particularly the Augustinian friars, residing in the country. They discovered a rich tropical fungal biota in this part of the continent after the discovery of the islands in the sixteenth century. As early as the start of the 18th century, several Philippine fungi were discovered, studied, and published by European and American mycologists including Nidula (Teodoro 1937). There were also several contemporary Filipino pioneers in mycology and plant pathology who worked with the collection and identification of Philippine fungi. Despite this increase, many areas of the Philippines remain unexplored or little studied. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to widen the knowledge of Nidula species richness for the Philippines, based on studies on the protected areas in tropical rainforest of the country.

Recent field expeditions in Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape by the authors, has resulted in the discovery of a new species of Nidula which is formally described here. The material described in this place is deposited at the Philippine National Herbarium, and has enough characteristics to consider it as a new species. For more than a century, no one Nidula species was known from the Philippines.

Figure 1. Photo Shows the Portions of Forested Areas in Mt. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This research study was done to document the existing macroscopic fungal

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species in Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape (MBSCPL), particularly to (a) identify macroscopic fungal species based on external and anatomical features, (b) provide listing of macrofungi in MBSCPL, and (c) determine the bio-physical components affecting the growth and development of fungi.

METHODOLOGY

Study SitesMts. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape (MBSCPL) lies 14004’03”

N latitude and 121029’33”E longitude with a highest peak of 7,120 ft. The MBSCPL is almost 11,000-hectare which rings through the municipalities of Lucban, Tayabas, Sariaya, Candelaria and Dolores in the province of Quezon, and in the municipalities of Rizal, Nagcarlan, Liliw, Majayjay and San Pablo City in the province of Laguna. It is an open secret outdoor enthusiasts, scientists and tourists with an appreciation for the beauty of nature. Sampling, documentation and recording of macroscopic fungi were conducted in Tayabas, Quezon and Majayjay, Laguna. Two barangays in Tayabas (Bukal and Lalo) and two in Majayjay (Bukal and Taytay) were considered as study sites (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Map of the Philippines Showing Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape in the Provinces of Quezon and Laguna.

Gratuitous Permit and Entry Protocol at Protected AreaPrior to collecting and photo-documenting of macroscopic fungi at MBSCPL,

Dr. Tadiosa and his collaborators were able to coordinate with the MBSCPL


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Protected Area Superintendent, Ms. Salud Pangan. This coordination was in line to the provision of Article V Section 17 Paragraph 1 of R.A. 10066, otherwise known as “The National Heritage Act of 2009”. It states that the National Museum (NM) shall have the authority to collect, maintain and develop the national reference collections of Philippine flora and fauna through research and field collection of specimens. It further states that NM shall inform the DENR of such collection. All type of specimens collected in Philippine territory shall be deposited in the National Museum – Philippine National Herbarium.

Field Sampling of Macroscopic Fungal SpeciesSampling of macroscopic fungi was completed using 16 transect lines (TL)

with 10 quadrats each, 10m x 20m with an interval of 250m on each quadrat. Transect line was laid starting at 425m above sea level up to the peak of 2,100 masl. A total of 160 quadrats were laid out in all study sites. A combination of quadrat method and opportunistic sampling methods were employed. All macroscopic fungi found inside and outside the quadrat were photographed in their natural habitat, collected, identified and classified (Figure 3). Each sampling sites were visited twice (rainy and dry season) and collections were done during the visit.

In all the TL’s, the fungi collected were recorded using Global Positioning System (GPS). The host plant or substrates, fungal color, shape, size of the fruiting bodies, prevailing temperature and humidity in the area at the time of collections were observed and recorded. Macroscopic fungi inhabiting the soil and ground litter were dug using trowel, and, for those attached to tree branches or barks, were gathered using bolo and knife.

Figure 3. Dr. Edwin Tadiosa Examining Macroscopic Fungi in the Study Sites and Documenting all the Fungi in the Areas by Taking some Notes especially

on the Morphological Characteristics of the Organisms.

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Identification of Macroscopic FungiThe macroscopic fungi were collected in the study sites and brought to

Philippine National Herbarium for further study. They were hand-carried to laboratory for thorough analysis of macro- and microscopic features of the fruiting bodies. Confirmations of their identity were compared to the specimens deposited at Philippine National Herbarium. Identification of the collected specimens were based from the taxonomic works of Reinking (1921), Quimio (2001), Hemmes and Desjardin (2002), Reyes et al. (2003), Lodge (2004), Kuo (2011), and Tadiosa et al. (2011).

The fruiting body of bird’s nest fungus was collected during rainy season and summer season at MBSCPL in Majayjay, Laguna. The collection site is located near the peak of MBSCPL with an elevation of 1,875 masl (6,131.25 ft.). The specimens were brought to the laboratory for examination, following methodologies proposed by Brodie (1975) and Zhao et al. (2008) and observed under a JCM-6000 Benchtop Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Jeol Neoscope. The colors on the Nidula descriptions were coded according to Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). The egg-like structure peridioles were sliced by hand with a razor blade and sections were mounted in 3% KOH and 3% aqueous solution of phloxine and examined using Leica S6 Stereo Microscope and light microscope. The collected fungi after examination were deposited in the Philippine National Herbarium.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Taxonomy of Macroscopic Fungi in Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape

Field sampling of fungi from 2013 up to 2014 has resulted in the identification of 30 families, 49 genera, and 62 species with a total of 849 individuals. Data gathered showed, that seven species belong to three families and five genera of Ascomycetes while 55 species in 27 families and 44 genera of Basidiomycetes were collected and identified (Table 2 & Table 3).

As shown in Figure 6, macroscopic fungi belonging to Ascomycetes are poorly represented having only 6% for Xylariaceae having four species, and less than 4% for Pyronemataceae having two species and one species for Sarcoscyphaceae. On the other hand, macroscopic fungi under Basidiomycetes were highly represented; family Polyporaceae has the highest number of species, with 12 species (19%); followed by Coriolaceae with four species (7%); Ganodermataceae,


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Auriculariaceae, Dacrymycetaceae and Hymenochaetaceae with three species each (5%) and the rest of the families with one or two representative species (<5%). Macroscopic fungi were found growing mostly on rotten trunks or branches of dead trees while others on soil and forest leaf litters.

The recommended best time to collect macroscopic fungi is in the morning, when temperature is favorable (Halling and Mueller 2005). It is also during this time when the fruiting bodies of the macroscopic fungi are expanded and the spores remain intact on the pores, tooth or gills.

The climate of Philippine archipelago is described as having moderately elevated temperature and humidity with widespread rainfall. Temperature deviates as altitude changes, so as the elevation increases the temperature decreases. Humidity which is defined as the moisture content in the atmosphere is correlated with the warm temperature. Precipitation or rainfall distribution in the Philippines is the most noteworthy climatic factor in the country. The difference on the monthly amount of rainfall is due to the wind direction and presence of mountain in the study areas. Since rainfall provides low temperature and also resulted in low humidity, thus precipitation permits the growth of macroscopic fungi in the study areas (Coronas 1920).

Noteworthy DiscoveriesThis field survey has added to our awareness not only on the diversity of

fungi in this part of Southern Luzon but more importantly on existence and distribution of some taxa. Among the significant fungal species collected in the Landscape include Cookeina tricholoma (Mont.) Kuntze, Cymatoderma elegans Jungh. and Coprinus lagopus Fr. (Figure 7). These species were first recorded from this area. Other important species that was recorded, photo-documented and collected include unidentified species of bird’s nest fungus, Nidula sp. (Figure 4 & 5). The identity of this fungus cannot be ascertained to currently known Philippine species, hence may represent taxon that is new to science (Table 1).

Taxonomic Treatment/ DescriptionNidula banahawensis E. R. Tadiosa, sp.nov.Figs. 4 a-b & Figs. 5a-b

Basidiocarp urn-shaped, 8-10mm high (≤12 mm high with epiphragm), 5-7 mm wide at the mouth, expand at the center and gradually tapering towards base (up to 4 mm wide), sessile, attached directly at the substrate. Epiphragm

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operculate, bursting at maturity of the fruiting body. Ectoperidium (exterior) whitish to grayish, covered with thick grayish bristles, shaggy hairs tomentum, hairs mostly in tufts (≥ 116 µm high); mouth circular, slightly flutter, margin recurved, fringed, whitish to grayish, unwooly and never break nor divided into stellate lobes. Endoperidium (interior) smooth to rough (unstriated), shining orange to orange-yellow color towards the mouth, pale yellow to grayish towards base; lip minutely fimbriate and setose. Peridioles numerous (≤30), depressed, grayish to dark brown, 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter, ovoid to subglobose, surface slightly wrinkled, sticky, embedded in transparent sticky gel when moist; no funiculus or the elastic cord of mycelia where peridioles are firmly attached to the inner surface of the fruiting body. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid, 6-8µm x 8-10µm, mostly rounded at both ends, thick-walled (≤ 1µm thick).

Holotypus: PHILIPPINES: Luzon Island: Laguna Province: Majayjay Municipality: Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape, 14004’07.3” N, 121029’30.3” E, 1,875 masl, 20. Specimens examined: Philippines, Laguna, Majayjay, Mt. Banahaw, on agosip (Symplocos odoratissima var. odoratissima, 19 December 2014; 27 March 2015, E.R. Tadiosa, 1449, Philippine National Herbarium (PNH) 178436, holotype. Locality and Distribution – Known only from the type locality, So. Pitong-gabi, Brgy. Bucal, Majayjay, Laguna Province, Luzon Island, Philippines. Etymology. The species name is after the place where this bird’s nest fungus was collected. Habitat and Ecology. It grows on a rotten branches of agosip Symplocos odoratissima (Blume) Choisy ex Zoll. var. odoratissima Noot., along the trail of mossy forest going to the peak (2,185 masl) of Mt. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape.

NOTES:The extant Nidula banahawensis’ morphological characters, with urn-shaped

basidiocarp containing numerous grayish to dark brown peridioles, mouth with membranous covering, presence of thick tunica on the peridioles, double-layered cortex enclosing basidia and basidiospores, absence of capillitium, no funiculus and or absence of a cord that attaches the peridioles to inside of the fruiting body. Because of these characters, N. banahawensis could easily be positioned in the bird’s nest fungal group.

Nidula banahawensis is recognized by its large peridium (8-10 mm x 5-7mm), orange to yellowish endoperidium-wall, grayish to dark brown-colored peridioles (1.0-1.5 mm diameter), with surface slightly wrinkled, broadly ellipsoid, some ovoid or globose basidiospores (6-8 x 8-10µm).


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In a closer look, the newly described species has quite resemblance to two described Nidula species: N. emodensis (Berk.) Lloyd. (Cunningham 1924) and N. niveo-tomentosa (Henn.) Lloyd. (Brodie 1975). However, N. emodensis differs in its smaller peridia (4-6mm high) and somewhat small peridioles (0.5-1mm wide in diameter) that are almost black at maturity (Cunningham 1924). Nidula niveo-tomentosa differs by its shorter peridium but almost the same in terms of width (4-6mm tall x 5-7mm wide; Brodie 1975). Nidula emodensis was reported in Australia, Tasmania and the North America. Further, N. niveo-tomentosa was accounted in North America and Jamaica. The newly described Nidula is the first in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. More organized and unorganized research expeditions in tropical areas of extreme biological importance is needed, focusing on fungal species inventory exhausting conventional taxonomy and molecular tools, in order to broaden knowledge of gasteroid fungi diversity in the tropics, where more taxa as yet new to science are likely to be established.

Figures 4a-b. Nidula banahawensis. a. Basidiocarp of Matured Bird’s Nest Fungus. b. Basidiocarp with Peso Coin as Measurement as to the Size of Fruiting Body. Figures 5a-b. a. Basidiocarp of Newly Open Bird’s Nest Fungus (peridioles intact); b. Basidiocarp with Finger Thumb as Measurement. At the bottom is an Immature Peridia with Membrane Covering the Mouth, Epiphragm. The Moss is above the Epiphragm.

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Plate 1. Nidula banahawensis. a. Half Mature Basidiomata; b. Peridioles viewed in SEM; c. Peridioles with Wrinkled Surface; d. Top View of Basidiomata, e. Basidiospores, f. Section of Peridiole, g. Matted, Shaggy Hairs (tomentom) outside Fruiting Body

Table 1. Measurements of the Peridia, Peridioles, and Basidiospores of Nidula emodensis, N. niveo-tometosa and N. banahawensis.

Table 2. The Number of Species, Genus, and Family in Two Classes of Fungi Collected and Photo-documented, the Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.


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Table 3. Macrofungi Collected in Wood and Soil from Four Localities in Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape.

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Figure 6. Percentage Composition of Fungal Families with Abundant Species (n=62) under Class Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes Collected

in Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape.

Species Richness and CompositionA total of 3,755 species of fungi in the Philippines was reported by Quimio

and Capilit (1981). Considering the extremely rich and diverse tropical fungal flora of the region, this number seems small, showing the vast tracts of tropical habitats are still unexplored. The estimated number of fungi in the world is 1.4 million and with only 120,000 so far been reported (Hyde 1988). With the vast conversion of natural areas to housing subdivisions and commercial areas in many parts of the country, if not given attention and properly documentation, many unreported fungal species, might just vanish before these are discovered (Quimio 1997). The study identified 62 species using transect, quadrats and opportunistic sampling methods. Most of the fungi under families Polyporaceae, Coriolaceae, Xylariaceae, Ganodermataceae, Auriculariaceae, Dacrymycetaceae and Hymenochaetaceae were commonly found in the study areas. Figure 7 shows rare and common species of fungi during the survey, namely: Cookeina tricholoma, Hexagonia tenuis, Microporus xanthopus, Schizophyllum commune, Auricularia cornea, Cymatoderma elegans, Ganoderma applanatum, and Coprinus lagopus.

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Figure 7. Some of the Macrofungal Species Collected from Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal Protected Landscape.


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Table 4. Meteorological Data within the Vicinity of the Study Sites at the Time of Collection

Factors Affecting the Growth of Macroscopic FungiMBSCPL fall within the fourth type of climatic factors, where rainfall is more

or less evenly distributed throughout the year. Climate is one of the essential factors in the growth of macrofungi. A combination of the climatic factors such as rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, and wind direction are the responsible for the existing mycological composition of the Landscape.

The rainy season is a prolific time for them due to the rather constant and often high moisture content of the substratum and humidity of the air (PAGASA 2010).

Temperature variation within MBSCPL is very slight. The mountainous areas, where study areas in Tayabas and Majayjay are confined, is a little bit cooler than the western plain, an effect being caused by the elevation and vegetation. This explains the considerable number of the fungal flora in MBSCPL. The temperature was measured in all study sites using thermometer. This was taken throughout the duration of study.

Wind velocity with a speed of over 50kph plays a role in the distribution of fungi. A high velocity is usually brought about by the tropical cyclones and thunderstorms. This wind force has been sufficient enough to break branches of trees and even make them fall, thus providing more substrata for the wood-rotting fungi.

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CONCLUSIONS

A total of 62 species of macroscopic fungi identified at MBSCPL represented by Ascomycetes with three families, five genera and seven species and Basidiomycetes has 27 families, 44 genera and 55 species. The study sites provide a wide range of habitat for macroscopic fungal species, this is compose of rotten fallen tree trunks and branches, living trees, timber, grasslands, fence posts, stumps and leaf litters.

The rainfall which is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year favored the luxuriant growth of the fungi in MBSCPL.The bountiful number of collected and classified macroscopic fungi truly established the relationship of climatic factors specifically temperature, humidity and rainfall in the existence or lost of ecologically functional important organisms. Climatic factors were undeniably playing a crucial role in macroscopic fungal life cycle.

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EDITORIAL BOARD Beijing, P.R. China · 2020. 8. 29. · Mt. Banahaw is the tallest mountain in Luzon south of the Cordillera and Zambales Mountains, and Mts. Banahaw-San Cristobal