COURSEGOALSo tounderstandhowvarioustheoriesattemptto

explainlearningprocesseso toappreciatehowthesetheoriesunderpinapproaches

toandmethodsofinstruction

CourseObjectivesBytheendofthiscourse,youareexpectedtobeableto:1 usebasicconceptsandprinciplestodescribeandexplain

humanlearning2 criticallyexaminetheepistemologicalassumptions

thatunderpintheoreticalconcepts,educationalgoals,andteachingpractice

3 discusstheimplicationsofvarioustheoriesoflearningtoteachingpractice

4 analyzecurrentissuesthatconfrontbothconventionalanddistanceeducation,andexploresolutionsanchoredonresearchandtheory

5.

Module1LearningObjectiveso definelearninginmorerefinedways

o Whatislearning?o Whenandhowdoesitoccur?

o explaintherolesandimplicationsoftheory&researchoninstruction

o Whataretheories?Whatcharacterizegoodtheories?

o Howdodifferenttypesofeducationalresearchcontributetolearningtheories?

o Whatistheimpactoflearningtheoriesonlearningandinstruction?

o Whatdoesitmeantoviewlearningfromascientificperspective?

2.WhatisLearning?Wehavebeenlearningallourlives.

o Butwhatdoweknowaboutlearning?o Whatisit?o Whateventsconstitutelearningandwhatevents

donot?o Aslearnersyourself,whatareyourideasabout

learning?

2.1.PerspectivesandConceptionsaboutLearning

Considerthequestionsbelowasyoureadaboutthetopic.o IstheconceptoflearningasproposedbySchunk

adequateoroversimplified?o Arethewaysweconceivelearningrelatedto

particularwaysthatweapproachhowweteachorstudy?

o Whatotherideasorargumentscanyouderivetoenrichyourdefinitionoflearning?

2.1.PerspectivesandConceptionsaboutLearning

AthertonJS(2013).LearningandTeaching;Whatislearning?http://doceo.co.uk/l&t/learning/whatlearn.htm

• WhatisAthertontryingtosuggestabouttherelationshipsbetweenwhatistaught,whatistaughtandlearned,andwhatislearnedbutnottaught.Pleaserefertothefigureonhisarticle.

• Thoughonlypartiallyrelevantatthispoint,youmaywanttoreadfurtherabouthiddencurriculumandimplicitlearningmentionedinthearticle.

• Thinkaboutyourownexperiencesinschool;generatealistofitemsthatyoumayincludeinthe“hiddencurriculum”fromwhichyoumayhaveimplicitlylearned.

• Whatisthedifferencebetweenmaturationandlearning?AthertonJS(2013)LearningandTeaching;Whatislearning?[On-line:UK].Retrieved(3May2017),fromhttp://doceo.co.uk/l&t/learning/whatlearn.htm

•

• AthertonJS(2013)LearningandTeaching;Whatislearning?[On-line:UK]retrieved28April2017fromhttp://doceo.co.uk/l&t/learning/whatlearn.htm

•

Atherton J S (2013) Learning and Teaching; What is learning? [On-line: UK]

2.1.PerspectivesandConceptionsaboutLearning

Roberts,G.(2013).WhatIsLearning?[20-minuteYouTubevideo].

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtT31Sn1Ukk

o WhatkeypointsaboutlearningdoesGeorgeRobertsbringupinhislecture?Whataredifferenttypesoflearner(ordifferentapproachestolearning)?Whatkindoflearnerareyou?

OxfordCentreforStaffandLearningDevelopment(2013,April30).WhatisLearning.[VideoFile].Retrieved(28April2017),fromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtT31Sn1Ukk

2.1.PerspectivesandConceptionsaboutLearning

EducationTheory(UCDTeachingandLearning)http://www.ucdoer.ie/index.php?title=Education_Theory• Howis"learningtheories"defined?Whyusetheories?

Jennings,D.,Surgenor,P.,&McMahon,T.(2013).EducationTheory/ConstructivismandSocialConstructivismintheClassroom-UCD-CTAG.Ucdoer.ie.[Blogpost].Retrieved(1May2017),fromhttp://www.ucdoer.ie/index.php/Education_Theory/Constructivism_and_Social_Constructivism_in_the_Classroom

2.2.LearningversusMaturation

ReadWhyStudyEducationalPsychology?http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/intro/whyedpsy.html(Huitt,2011)tofindouthowlearning,maturation,andteachingarecloselyrelated,butstilldistinct,concepts.Huitt,W.(2011).Whystudyeducationalpsychology?EducationalPsychologyInteractive.Valdosta,GA:ValdostaStateUniversity.[Blogpost].Retrieved(1May2017),fromhttp://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/intro/whyedpsy.html

SeeEldanGoldenberg'slabnotebookhttp://blog.case.edu/exg39/2005/10/03/necessary_and_sufficient_conditions_for_learningGoldenberg,E.(2005).WhatConstitutesLearning?.[Blogpost].Retrieved[1May2017]fromhttp://blog.case.edu/exg39/2005/10/03/necessary_and_sufficient_conditions_for_learning

2.2.Learning versus Maturation

Onmaturation:Whatisthedifferencebetweenmaturationandlearning?Whatistheroleofmaturationinlearning?Onthedefinitionoflearning:CompareSchunk’sandHuitt’sdefinitionsoflearning.Inwhatwaysaretheythesame?Inwhatwaysdotheydiffer?Itmaynotbeabadideatoaskagain:

WHATISLEARNING?WHATDOESITENTAIL?

Bransford,JD;Brown,AL;andCocking,RR(2000).Chapter1–Learning:FromSpeculationtoScience.InHowPeopleLearn:Brain,mind,experience,andschool(ExpandedEdition).NationalAcademyofSciences.

2.1.PerspectivesandConceptionsaboutLearning

Smith,M.K.(2003).‘Learningtheory’.TheEncyclopediaofInformalEducation.http://infed.org/mobi/learning-theory-models-product-and-process/

• Howdobehavioristsandcognitivistsdifferintheirconcpetionsoflearning?

• Compare“learningasaproduct”and“learningasaprocess”.

• Howwouldyoucategorizethewaysyoulearnedasastudent?

• Whichtypeoflearningdoyouconsidermoreeffective,productiveorworthy?

Smith,M.K.(2003).‘Learningtheory’,theencyclopediaofinformaleducation.[Blogpost].Retrieved(28Apr2017),fromhttp://infed.org/mobi/learning-theory-models-product-and-process/

2.3.LearnedvsUnlearned(supplement)Learnedvs.UnlearnedCreditstoformerstudent,KarolZepeda,forbringingupthisresource.

http://peace.saumag.edu/faculty/kardas/courses/GPWeiten/C6Learning/LearnedUnlearned.html

LeFrancois,G.R.(2014).LearnedvsUnlearned.ThomsonWadsworth:Belmont,CA.[Blogpost].Retrieved1May2017fromhttp://peace.saumag.edu/faculty/kardas/courses/GPWeiten/C6Learning/LearnedUnlearned.html

3.TheRolesandImplicationsofTheoryandResearch

MapMetaphor

Dewey(2011)citesHenryH.Bauerwhousesthemapmetaphortodrawattentiontoseveralimportantfactsaboutscientifictheories,thus:“Scientifictheoriesarelikemaps.Theypreserveinformationaboutselectedportionsofreality.Likemaps,theyareschematic(incompleteor"skeletal")butextremelyusefulinparticularsituations.”Clickandreadmoreaboutthemapmetaphor.

http://www.intropsych.com/ch01_psychology_and_science/model_building_and_mapping_reality.html

Dewey,R.(2007).ModelBuildingor“Mapping”Reality.[Blogpost].Retrieved1May2017fromhttp://www.intropsych.com/ch01_psychology_and_science/model_building_and_mapping_reality.html

3.1.Historical-PhilosophicalPerspectives

EvolutionofPsychologyasaScienceIn“HowPeopleLearn,”Hammond,Austin,Orcutt,andRosso(2001)describetheevolutionofperspectivesaboutlearningtheoriesfromitsphilosophicaltothemodernpsychologicalbases.Hammond,LD,Austin,K.,Orcutt,S.&Rosso,J.(2001).HowPeopleLearn:IntroductionToLearningTheories[Weblogpost].Retrieved(2May2017)from{http://www.stanford.edu/class/ed269/hplintrochapter.pdf

ReadthearticletofindouthowRationalismandempiricismmaybedistinguished.

Whatwerethemajortenetsofeach?HowdidtheworksofWundt,Ebbinghaus,theStructuralists,andtheFunctionalistshelptoestablishpsychologyasascience?(Inotherwords,howdidpsychologyevolveasascience?)

Schunk,D.(2012).Chapter1–IntroductiontotheStudyofLearning.InLearningTheoriesAnEducationalPerspective.(pp.1-28).PearsonEducationInc.

3.1.Historical-PhilosophicalPerspectives

WatchAnnenbergMedia:DiscoveringPsychology--UnderstandingResearch(1990,2001).http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1499RonalddeSousa:ReligionisthePriceYouPayforScience(18minutes).(Contentsareratheradvancedandmoreappropriateforthegraduatelevel)

http://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/beyond-belief-enlightenment-2-0/ronald-de-sousa%20%20DeSousa,R.(n.d.).ReligionisthePriceYouPayforScience..[VideoFilm]Retrieved(2May2017)fromhttp://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/beyond-belief-enlightenment-2-0/ronald-de-sousa%20%20

3.2.TheoryandResearch

GuideQuestions• Whataretheories?Whatcharacterizegoodtheories?• Whataredifferenttypesofresearchusedtogather

informationineducationalpsychology;howdotheycontributetolearningtheories?

• Howdotheorieshelplearningandinstruction?• Knowtheseterms: facts concepts principles laws hypotheses

theories

3.2.TheoryandResearchLearningResources• Cherry,K.WhatIsaTheory?

https://www.verywell.com/what-is-a-theory-2795970• PsychologyResearchMethodsStudyGuide

https://www.verywell.com/psychology-research-methods-study-guide-2795700

• Biddix,P.WhatisEducationalResearch?

https://researchrundowns.com/intro/whatisedresearch/• SparkNotes.ResearchMethodsinPsychology

http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/psych101/researchmethods/

• TypesofEducationalResearch

http://www.innovativelearning.com/educational_psychology/educational_research.html

3.2.TheoryandResearchLearningResources• Cherry,K.WhatIsaTheory?Cherry,K.(2016).WhatIsaTheory.[BlogPost].Retrieved(3May2017)fromhttps://www.verywell.com/what-is-a-theory-2795970

• PsychologyResearchMethodsStudyGuideCherry,K.(2016).WhatIsaTheory.[BlogPost].Retrieved(3May2017)https://www.verywell.com/psychology-research-methods-study-guide-2795700

3.2.TheoryandResearchLearningResources• Biddix,P.WhatisEducationalResearch?

https://researchrundowns.com/intro/whatisedresearch/Biddix,P.(n.d.)WhatisEducationalResearch?[BlogPost]retrieved(3May2017)fromhttps://researchrundowns.com/intro/whatisedresearch/

• SparkNotes.ResearchMethodsinPsychology

http://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/psych101/researchmethods/

SparkNotesEditors.(2005).SparkNoteonResearchMethodsinPsychology.[WebPost]Retrieved(3May2017)fromhttp://www.sparknotes.com/psychology/psych101/researchmethods/

3.2.TheoryandResearchScienceasawayofKnowingRead:Assessment,measurement,evaluation,andresearchhttp://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/intro/sciknow.html• Whyissciencea“better”wayofknowing?• Whatare“scientificprocesses”toobtainknowledge?• Whatcomprisescientificknowledge?• Howdoscientistsorganizeknowledgeinformation?

Huitt,W.,Hummel,J.,&Kaeck,D.(2001).Assessment,measurement,evaluation,andresearch.EducationalPsychologyInteractive.Valdosta,GA:ValdostaStateUniversity.[WebPost],Retrieved(2May2017)fromhttp://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/intro/sciknow.html

3.2.TheoryandResearchWhatAreCorrelationalStudies?Correlationalstudieshelppsychologistsfigureoutwhetherthingsareassociative,butnotnecessarilycausedbyeachother.• *Distinguishcorrelationfromcausation.Learnmoreaboutthisformofresearchinthis2-minutevideobyDr.RobertReiner.

http://psychology.about.com/video/What-Are-Correlational-Studies-.htm

https://www.verywell.com/psychology-basics-4014577

Cherry,K.(2017).BasicPsychologyFactsEveryoneShouldknow.[BlogPost].Retrieved(3May2017)https://www.verywell.com/psychology-facts-10-things-you-need-to-know-2795616

3.2.TheoryandResearchLearningResources• Cullata,R.TypesofEducationalResearch

http://www.innovativelearning.com/educational_psychology/educational_research.html

Culatta,R.(2011).TypesofEducationalResearch[WebPost].Retrieved(3May2017)fromhttp://www.innovativelearning.com/educational_psychology/educational_research.html

3.2.TheoryandResearchWhatAreCorrelationalStudies?Correlationalstudieshelppsychologistsfigureoutwhetherthingsareassociative,butnotnecessarilycausedbyeachother.• *Distinguishcorrelationfromcausation.Learnmoreaboutthisformofresearchinthis2-minutevideobyDr.RobertReiner.

http://psychology.about.com/video/What-Are-Correlational-Studies-.htm

https://www.verywell.com/psychology-basics-4014577

4.Somesuggestionsforyoure-Journal

howdotheoriesexplainorpredictvariouseventsorsituations;howmighttheorywiselyguidefutureactionsordecisions?

• HowhaveImyself(i.e.,theteachercandidate)learnedinschool,andhowdoIlearnmosteffectively?WhydosomepeoplelearnbetterthanIandIbetterthanothers?

• Howdoweknowifapersonhassuccessfullylearned?• Canyousuggesta“fairerdefinition"oflearningand

academicachievement?• ChristaMcAuliffe’squote:“Itouchthefuture.Iteach.”• Putonyourcreative-thinkinghatandcomeupwithoneor

morebriefstatementsthatdescribepositiveaspectsofteaching.

4.Somesuggestionsforyoure-Journal

howdotheoriesexplainorpredictvariouseventsorsituations;howmighttheorywiselyguidefutureactionsordecisions?

• Aftersomethinking,writeapersonalstatementaboutthefollowing:Whatkindofteacherdoyouwanttobecome?Whatstrengthsdoyouwanttohave?Whatkindsofpotentialweaknessesmightyouneedtoovercome?

• (Fromwhatyouhaveexperiencedinthisintroductorymodule,whatdoyouanticipatefortherestoftheterm?Howdoyouenvisionthecoursewillproceed?)

• Whatphenomena(events,situations,orconditions)mightyoubeinterestedintoinvestigate?

• Howwouldyoustateyourhypothesis?• Whatresearchmethoddoyouthinkwillbeappropriate?

Teacher-InitiatedDiscussion(TID)1.1:InformedredefinitionofLEARNINGWestartedwithActivity1whereyouwereencouragedtocraftan"informal,uninformed"definitionoflearning.Afterstudyingthemodule,youmusthavegainedformalinsights--youarenowbetterinformed--tobeabletorefineyourdefinitionoflearning.First,recallthatSchunk(2012)namedthreecomponents:change,enduranceovertime,consequenceofexperience.YoudonothavetoagreewithSchunk.Howaboutyou?Accordingtoyourinformedjudgment,whatelementsmustbepresentsothatanevent,processoroutcomemaybecountedaslearning?Then,basedonthislistofelements,howwouldyounowdefinelearning?AMETACOGNITIVEEXERCISE:Compareyourdefinitions--beforeandafteryoustudiedthemodule.Haveyoumovedforwardinthislearningjourney?

Teacher-InitiatedDiscussion(TID)1.2:Learned&unlearned.Examples&non-examplesIdentifyinstancesoflearnedandunlearnedphenomena.Giveexamplesandnon-examplesoflearning,preferablyderivedfrompersonalexperience.