Educación Artística 4º RIEB Alumno 2011-2012

8/6/2019 Educación Artística 4º RIEB Alumno 2011-2012

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Alqdjdhô` Jv|åt|hdj

D q j v | o m

v j l o





Alqdjdhô`

Jv|åt|hdjDqjv|o mvjlo



Doovlh`jdhô` |èd`hdo%~aljmômhdj

Lhvaddhô` la Latjvvokko a H`òsjdhô` la Ej|avhjkat Alqdj|hsot+lmea /ta~

Ejvåj Dvht|h`j Ejv|åàw Eavdjlo+ J`j Khkhj Voeavo Sêwzqaw+Jkarht Mo`wêkaw Lqkwjhlat

Jq|ovat

Kova`j Dadhkhj Cqa`tj`|j Êshkj Lqaújt+ Kjqvj Mjefoj Tqêvaw+Vh|j Bokefjadi Vjteqtta`+ Ot}jklo Ejv|å` lak Dje~o @÷úaw+Ejvåj \avatj Djvkot Xêúaw+ Ejvrh|j`hj Ov|amj Ckovat+ EjvåjMqjljkq~a ^j|vhdhj Voeavo Tjkjt+ Ejvåj At|akj Vqhw Chtbav

Vashthô` |èd`hdo%~aljmômhdj

Mjfvhakj Volvåmqaw Fkj`do+ Gatthdj Ejvhj`j Ov|amj Volvåmqaw+Votj Ejvåj @÷úaw Bav`ê`law+ Lj`hakj Jtava| Ov|hw Ejv|hàw+Kqw Ejvåj lak Todovvo âdb Wqeêvvjmj

Jtatovat

Koqvlat Jejvo Eovaò+ Ka|hdhj Ejvåj la kot Ê`makat Mo`wêkawJvvalo`lo+ Ôtdjv ^jkjdhot Dafjkkot

Doovlh`jdhô` alh|ovhjk

Lhvaddhô` Alh|ovhjk+ lmea /ta~

Jkagj`lvo ov|hkkj la Fqa`+ jfko Ejv|åàw+ At|bav èvaw Mqweê`

Dqhljlo alh|ovhjk

At|afj` Ej`|adj Jmqhvva

^volqddhô` alh|ovhjk

Ejv|å` Jmqhkjv Mjkkamot

Covejdhô`

Jfvjbje Eaàt @÷úaw

Hdoòmvjcåj

Lhj`j Ejxè` ^èvaw+ Cjfhokj Fqa`vot|vo @jsj

ôv|jljLhtaúo la dokaddhô`7 Djvkot ^jkkahvoHkqt|vjdhô` la ~ov|jlj7 Dadhkhj Vèfovj

^vheavj alhdhô`+ 6>:>Tamq`lj alhdhô`+ 6>:: "dhdko atdokjv 6>::%6>:6(

L.V. ¨ Tadva|jvåj la Alqdjdhô` ^÷fkhdj+ 6>::Jvma`|h`j 62+ Da`|vo+>3>6>+ Eèrhdo+ L.C.

HTF@7 8=2%3>=%<38%3=3%8

He~vato a` Eèrhdo

lht|vhfqdhô mvj|qh|j%~vobhfhlj tq sa`|j

Tavshdhot alh|ovhjkat "6>:>(

DHLDKH+ T.D.

Jtatovåj alh|ovhjk

^j|vhdhj sj` Vbhg`+ Akhtj Djt|akkjòt+ Vodåo Ehvj`lj

Hkqt|vjdhô`

Cjfvhdho Sj`la` Fvoadi "~~. 2%8+ 64+ 63%6=+ 44+ <6%<4+ 12%18+ =3%==(+

Mkovhj Djklavjt "~~. ::+ :1+ 66+ 13+ 2<(+ ^j|vhdho Fa||ao "~~. 4=+ 14+ 86(+

Tjvj Aka`j ^jkjdhot "~~. :4+ :=+ 62+ 1>+ 3<+ 33%32+ =:%=6+ 21+ 84(+ TavmhoFovlo` "~~. 41+ <1+ 16+ 32+ 2=+ 8>(+ Ejvåj Kjvvjwoko "~. 68+ atdqk|qvj

|h~o jkafvhga(+ Vodåo ^jlhkkj "~~. 68%4>+ <>+ <3+ 1:+ =>+ =8+ 24(+ A`vhzqa

\ovvjkfj "~. 11(+ Volvhmo Cokmqahvj "~. 31(+ Gotè Kqht Mjvdåj Sjkjlaw

"~~. 6<+ =4(+ Ateavjklj Våot "~. 22(.

Lhtaúo x lhjmvjejdhô`

Vomakho Vj`mak

Hdoòmvjcåj

J`j Ehvaxj Ejv|åàw Okjsa

Co|omvjcåj

Vjcjak Ehvj`lj9 jtht|a`|a7 J`jå \hvjlo

Alqdjdhô` Jv|åt|hdj. Dqjv|o mvjlo cqa latjvvokkjlo ~ov kj Lhvaddhô` Maàvjk la Ej|avhjkat Alqdj|hsot "lmea(+ la kj Tqftadva|jvåj

la Alqdjdhô` Fêthdj+ Tadva|jvåj la Alqdjdhô` ^÷fkhdj.

Tadva|jvåj la Alqdjdhô` ÷fkhdj

Jko`to Kqgjefho Hvjwêfjk

Tqftadva|jvåj la Alqdjdhô` Fêthdj

Gotè Cav`j`lo Mo`wêkaw Tê`dbaw

Lhvaddhô` Maàvjk la Ej|avhjkat Alqdj|hsotEjvåj Alh|b Fav`êklaw Vaxat

Jmvjladheha`|ot

Kj Tadva|jvåj la Alqdjdhô` ^÷fkhdj jmvjlada j kot eêt la 64 62< ejat|vot

x ejat|vjt+ j kjt jq|ovhljlat alqdj|hsjt la |olo ak ~jåt+ jk Th`lhdj|o

@jdho`jk la \vjfjgjlovat la kj Alqdjdhô`+ j ar~av|ot jdjlèehdot+ j kot

Doovlh`jlovat At|j|jkat la Jtatovåj x Tamqheha`|o ~jvj kj Jv |hdqkjdhô`

la kj Alqdjdhô` Fêthdj+ j kot Doovlh`jlovat At|j|jkat la Jtatovåj x Tamqh%

eha`|o ~jvj kj Vacovej la kj Alqdjdhô` ^vhejvhj+ j eo`h|ovat+ jtatovat x

loda`|at la atdqakjt òvejkat+ ~ov dokjfovjv a` kj vashthô` la kjt lhcava`%

|at savthoàt la kot khfvot la |ar|o kkasjlj j djfo lqvj`|a kjt Gov`jljt

@jdho`jkat x At|j|jkat la Ar~kovjdhô` la kot Ej|avhjkat Alqdj|hsot x kjtVaq`hoàt Vamho`jkat+ vajkhwjljt a` 6>>8. Jtå doeo j kj Lhvaddhô` Maàvjk

la Latjvvokko Dqvvhdqkjv+ kj Lhvaddhô` Maàvjk la Alqdjdhô` H`låma`j x j kj

Lhvaddhô` Maàvjk la Latjvvokko la kj Mat|hô` a H`òsjdhô` Alqdj|hsj.

Kj ta~ ar|ha`la q` at~adhjk jmvjladheha`|o j kj Ovmj`hwjdhô` la

At|jlot Hfavojeavhdjòt ~jvj kj Alqdjdhô`+ kj Dha`dhj x kj Dqk|qvj "oah(+

~ov tq ~jv|hdh~jdhô` a` ak latjvvokko la at|j alhdhô`.

\jefhè` ta jmvjlada ak j~oxo la kjt thmqha`|at h`t|h|qdhoàt7 Q`hsav%

thljl Jq|ôòej Ea|vo~okh|j`j+ Da`|vo la Alqdjdhô` x Dj~jdh|jdhô` ~jvj

ak Latjvvokko Tqt|a`|jfka la kj Tadva|jvåj lak Ealho Jefha`|a x Vadqvtot

@j|qvjkat x jk Eh`ht|avho la Alqdjdhô` la kj Va~÷fkhdj la Dqfj. Jtheht%

eo+ kj Tadva|jvåj la Alqdjdhô` ^÷fkhdj ar|ha`la tq jmvjladheha`|o j

|oljt jzqakkjt ~avto`jt a h`t|h|qdhoàt zqa la ejàvj lhvad|j a h`lhvad|j

do`|vhfqxavo` j kj vajkhwjdhô` lak ~vata`|a khfvo la |ar|o.



^vata`|jdhô`

Kj Tadva|jvåj la Alqdjdhô` ^÷fkhdj+ a` ak ejvdo la kj Vacovej H`|amvjk la

kj Alqdjdhô` Fêthdj+ ~kj`|aj q`j ~vo~qat|j h`|amvjlj la khfvot la |ar|o+

latla q` `qaso a`cozqa zqa bjda è`cjtht a` kj ~jv|hdh~jdhô` la kot jkqeòt

~jvj ak latjvvokko la kjt doe~a|a`dhjt fêthdjt ~jvj kj shlj x ak |vjfjgo. At|a

a`cozqa+ h`dov~ovj doeo j~oxo \adòkomåjt la kj H`covejdhô` x Doeq`hdjdhô`"|hd(+ ej|avhjkat x azqh~jeha`|ot jqlhoshtqjkat a h`coveê|hdot zqa+ gq`|o do`

kjt fhfkho|adjt la jqkj x atdokjvat+ a`vhzqada` ak doòdheha`|o a` kjt

atdqakjt earhdj`jt.

Lat~qèt la sjvhjt a|j~jt+ a` at|a dhdko ta do`tokhlj kj Vacovej a` kot

taht mvjlot x+ a` do`tadqa`dhj+ ta ~vata`|j at|j ~vo~qat|j doe~ka|j la

kot `qasot khfvot la |ar|o+ zqa jfjvdj kj |o|jkhljl la kjt jthm`j|qvjt a`

|olot kot mvjlot.

At|a khfvo la |ar|o h`dkqxa at|vj|amhjt h`òsjlovjt ~jvj ak |vjfjgoatdokjv+ laej`lj`lo doe~a|a`dhjt loda`|at ovha`|jljt jk

j~vosadbjeha |o la lht|h`|jt cqa`|at la h`covejdhô`+ ak qto h`|a`thso la kj

|adòkomåj+ kj doe~va`thô` la kjt bavvjeha`|jt x la kot ka`mqjgat zqa `húot

x gôsaàt q|hkhwj` a` kj todhaljl lak doòdheha`|o. Jk ehteo |hae~o+ ta

fqtdj zqa kot at|qlhj`|at jlzqhavj` bjfhkhljlat ~jvj j~va`lav la ejàvj

jq|ôòej+ x zqa kot ~jlvat la cjehkhj sjkova` x jdoe~júa` ak djefho

bjdhj kj atdqakj earhdj`j lak cq|qvo.

Tq akjfovjdhô` at ak vatqk|jlo la q`j tavha la jddhoàt la dokjfovjdhô`+doeo kj Jkhj`wj ~ov kj Djkhljl la kj Alqdjdhô`+ jtå doeo do` e÷k|h~kat

jd|ovat a`|va kot zqa lat|jdj` jtodhjdhoàt la ~jlvat la cjehkhj+

h`sat|hmjlovat lak dje~o la kj alqdjdhô`+ ovmj`hteot asjkqjlovat+

ejat|vot x ar~av|ot a` lhsavtjt lhtdh~kh`jt. \olot bj` `q|vhlo ak do`|a`hlo

lak khfvo latla lht|h`|jt ~kj|jcovejt x j |vjsèt la tq ar~avha`dhj. J akkot+ kj

Tadva|jvåj la Alqdjdhô` ^÷fkhdj kat ar|ha`la q` ta`|hlo jmvjladheha`|o ~ov

ak doe~voehto laeot|vjlo do` djlj `húo vathla`|a a` ak |avvh|ovho `jdho`jk

x do` jzqakkot zqa ta a`dqa`|vj` cqavj la èk.

Tadva|jvåj la Alqdjdhô` ^÷fkhdj



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^vata`|jdhô` 4

Doòda |q khfvo 3

Fkozqa H 8K A DDHÔ @ : Doea`daeot ak júo :>

K A DDHÔ @ 6 Kjt |vat lhea`thoàt :6

K A DDHÔ @ 4 Jk to` zqa ea |ozqat+ fjhko :1

K A DDHÔ @ < ªZqa |olo shfva* :2

K A DDHÔ @ 1 Bjdha`lo `qlot x eêt `qlot 6:

H`|amvo ko j~va`lhlo 64

Jq|oasjkqjdhô` 61

Fkozqa HH 6=

K A DDHÔ @ 3 Ak ofga|o at|ê badbo la... 62

K A DDHÔ @ = Lj`wj do` q` ~oaej 46

K A DDHÔ @ 2 @o |a jvvqmqat+ dqavo shago 41

K A DDHÔ @ 8 ªQx... zqè ehalo* 4=


Jq|oasjkqjdhô` <:

Fkozqa HHH <4

K A DDHÔ @ : > J djlj atdqk|qvj tq |èd`hdj <<

K A DDHÔ @ : : \a ko dqa`|o fjhkj`lo <2

K A DDHÔ @ : 6 ªJx+ dqavlj+ ò |a vasha`|at* 1>

K A DDHÔ @ : 4 Dqjkzqhav dotj ~qala ~jtjv 16


Jq|oasjkqjdhô` 1=

Å`lhda



Fkozqa HS 18

K A DDHÔ @ : < Bjmjeot q`j at|j|qj 3>

K A DDHÔ @ : 1 Fjhkj`lo q` |aej3<

K A DDHÔ @ : 3 ªZqa ka to~ka* ªZqa ka to~ka* 32

K A DDHÔ @ : = Ak jdovlaô` la kj bht|ovhj =:

H`|amvo ko j~va`lhlo =4

Jq|oasjkqjdhô` =1

Fkozqa S ==

K A DDHÔ @ : 2 ªKj atdqk|qvj ta eqasa* =2

K A DDHÔ @ : 8 Box+ ªxo atdogo ak |aej* 2:

K A DDHÔ @ 6 > ªJ eå+ eht |hefvat* 24

K A DDHÔ @ 6 : Kaav do` aeodhô` 21

H`|amvo ko j~va`lhlo 2=

Jq|oasjkqjdhô` 28

V O XA D\ O L A A @T J E F K A Ak |aj|vo jefqkj`|a 8>

Fhfkhomvjcåj 86

Dvèlh|ot hdoòmvêchdot 84

¿Zqè o~h`jt la |q khfvo? 81



Doòda |q khfvo

At|a khfvo |a jdavdjvê j kjt jv|at

shtqjkat+ kj lj`wj+ kj e÷thdj x ak |aj|vo.

Doòdavêt eêt jdavdj la djlj qò la

at|ot ka`mqjgat j |vjsèt la lht|h`|jt

ar~avha`dhjt.\q khfvo at|ê lhshlhlo a` dh`do

fkozqat+ djlj qò la akkot do`|haà7

:6

F K O Z Q A H

A` |avdav mvjlo doòdht|a kjt

djvjd|avåt|hdjt la kj fhlhea`thô`+ jbovj

j~va`lavêt j vadoòdav kj

|vhlhea`tho`jkhljl a` ak ka`mqjga shtqjk.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Zqè lhcava`dhj a`dqa`|vjt a`|va kjhejma` la q` gqmqa|a zqa j~jvada a`q`j vasht|j x ak zqa q|hkhwjt ~jvj gqmjv?

Shsheot volajlot la ofga|ot

|vhlhea`tho`jkat. \jefhè` kottavat bqejòt x kot j`hejkat toeot|vhlhea`tho`jkat+ ¿zqè zqhava ladhv ato?

Doeo tq oefva ko h`lhdj+ kot ofga|ot|vhlhea`tho`jkatto` jzqakkot zqa|haà` |vat lhea`thoàt7 kjvmo+ j`dbo x

~vocq`lhljl.

^jvj ladhv dqêk kjlo lak ofga|o at akkjvmo+ ak j`dbo o kj ~vocq`lhljl+ lafa|oejvta a` dqa`|j a` zqè ~othdhô` at|êlhdbo ofga|o7 bovhwo`|jk o sav|hdjk.

Kot ofga|ot |haà` covejt lhsavtjt+

~qala` tav dqav~ot maoeè|vhdotdoeoq`j atcavj+ ~avo th kj covej at|ê a` kj`j|qvjkawj o ta do~hj la akkj ta kkjejovmê`hdj + ~ov agae~ko q`j ej`wj`j9x th j atj ej`wj`j ka ljt q`j eovlhlj+at|êt djefhj`lo tq covej ovhmh`jk x

|a`lvê a`|o`dat q`j covej

jddhla`|jlj. Èt|ot to` tokjea`|ajkmqòt agae~kot la a`|va kjt ehkkoàt

la covejt la kot dqav~ot zqa otvolaj`+ oftavsj kot ofga|ot la at|j~êmh`j7 ¿zqè covejt |haà`?

Kaddhô` 6 Kjt |vat lhea`thoàt

Ej|avhjkat7

Ofga|ot lak ‛Fj÷k lak jv|a―

x eofhkhjvho la |q tjkô`

doeo fj`djt+ eatjt+

eodbhkjt+q o|vot.

Do`tqk|j a`

Bjx eqdbj h`covejdhô` davdj la

|h. Th jkm÷` |aej |a mqt|ô x zqhavat

tjfav eêt+ jzqå |haàt lô`la

fqtdjv. A`do`|vjvêt tqmava`dhjt

la vadqvtot h`coveê|hdot qfhdjlot

a` kj ~kj|jcovej Ar~kovj+ kodjkhwj

|q mvjlo+ takaddho`j kj jthm`j|qvj+

qfhdj ak fkozqa x c`jkea`|a bjw

dkhd a` ak vadqvto.

Q` lj|o h`|avatj`|a

To` j`èdlo|jt o h`covejdhô`tofva q` jt~ad|o ~jv|hdqkjv lak

|aej. qala tav jkmo h`|avatj`|a

tofva q` jv|ht|j o q` lj|o zqa |a

h`sh|a j h`sat|hmjv tofva ko zqa

ta doea`|j.

Ej|avhjkat

A` at|j ~jv|a ta tqmhava` kot

ej|avhjkat zqa ~qala` ae~kajvta

a` kjt jd|hshljlat la kj kaddhô`.

Djlj mvq~o+ lhvhmhlo ~ov ak ejat|vo+

lafavê ladhlhv th dqa`|j do` akkot oth bjx o|vot eêt jddathfkat x zqa kat

thvsa` eagov.

J~va`lhwjga at~avjlo

A` at|a ~vheav ~êvvjco ta h`lhdj

fvasaea`|a zqè j~va`lavêt

lqvj`|a kjt jd|hshljlat la kj

kaddhô`. ^jvj do`tamqhvko+

at he~ov|j`|a zqa ~jv|hdh~at

x j~oxat j |qt doe~júavot9

lafavêt vat~a|jv kjt lhcava`dhjt

a`|va qt|alat x ~jv|hdh~jv doà`|qthjteo+ do`sa`dhlo la zqa

j |h |jefhè` |a vat~a|jvê`.

Atdjkj

^jvj zqa |a`mjt q`j hlajlak |jejúo vajk la kjt

ofvjt ta h`dkqxa doeo

vacava`dhj q`j mqvj j

atdjkj.

\a vadoea`ljeot jsamjv a` h`|avà| thae~va a`

doe~júåj la q` jlqk|o.

Ko zqa doòwdo

Doeo ~vheavj jd|hshljl ta

|a h`sh|j j zqa vaarhoàt

tofva ko zqa tjfat lak |aej.

43

F K O Z Q A H H

Athe~ov|j`|a taújkjvzqa q`

eaefvj`ôcoòàdath|j+jlaeêtlak

~jvdba |a`tho`jlo+q`j djgj la

vato`j`dhj ~jvjje~khchdjvkj

shfvjdhô`.La badbo+eqdbot

h`t|vqea`|otla o|vjtcjehkhjtàdath|j at|jdjgj.That|hvjtq`j

eaefvj`jx kjmok~ajt+ shfvjvê+~avo tq

to`hloj~a`jttavêjqlhfka+at~ovakko

zqa ta àdath|jje~khchdjvkj shfvjdhô`.

¿Dôeox do`zqè do`t|vqhvåjtq`

eaefvj`ôcoò?

ªH`|è`|jko*

… @adath|jt+fêthdjea`|a+lach`hvzqè

qtjvêtdoeo eaefvj`jx zqè doeo

djgjla vato`j`dhj.Ak ~jvdba ~qala

tavla bqka o~kêt|hdo9ar~avhea`|j

doò|vot ej|avhjkat.

… Athe~ov|j`|a zqa ~jvjkj djgj

q|hkhdatq` ofga|ochvea x zqa

je~khchzqa fha`kjt shfvjdhoàt.Q`

fo|a la djv|ôò ea|jkcq`dho`jeqx

fha`.Ash|j ej|avhjkatlèfhkat+doeo

akq`hdakoak ~kêt|hdoeqx lakmjlo.^qalatat|hvjv kjeaefvj`j x q`hvkj

jkj djgjdo`khmjt+dqavljo

|jdbqakjt.Kj dkjsa atq` ~jvdba fha`

|a`to.Q`jeaefvj`jjvvqmjljo

ckêdhljòthvsa ~jvjq`

eaefvj`ôcoò+la jbåak lhdbo7‛@o

|a jvvqmqat+dqavoshago+ zqa |a zqhavo

~j‘ |jefov―.

… Eqdboteaefvj`ôcoòtta mok~aj`

do`qòt~jkotkkjejlot fjzqa|jt.

ªH`sa`|j|qt fjzqa|jt*+~qala` tav

q`jtsjvh|jt+qòtkê~hdato vjejt.

… Bjw kj~vqafj la dokodjvkatdjfawjt

do`~kjt|hkh`j+ jkmolôà`sqak|o a`

q`~aljwola |akjx jejvvjloj q`

ar|vaeola kjfjzqa|j o+h`dkqto+

~qalatqtjvq` at|vo~jgo~jvj|jkkjv

|q h`t|vqea`|o.Kjt djvjd|avåt|hdjt

la kjtfjzqa|jt jcad|jàk |hefva lak

eaefvj`ôcoò+ªjtåzqa èt|a atq`

aòvea dje~o~jvjar~avhea`|jv*

Doea`|jdo` |qtdoe~júavot7jbovj

zqa bjtdo`t|vqhlo

|qeaefvj`ôcoò+

¿zqè he~ov|j`dhj

|haà akej|avhjk do`

zqa ta akjfovj? ¿Cqa

cêdhkdo`t|vqhvko+jk

|aàvq`jhlaj

~vashjla dôeo

bjdavko?+¿~ov zqè?

¿Komvjt|a vajkhwjvko

doeoat~avjfjt?+

¿~ovzqè?

Do`tqk|ja`7Thlatajt tjfav dôeo do`t|vqhv eaefvj`ôcoòtb||~7//}}}.lamaàvjlovat.doe/sav|alavo/

Fo`motGjefè

Kotj|kj`|at +atdqk|qvjta` ~halvjfjtêk|hdj+

\qkj+<.2 ela jk|qvjdjljqò.

4>

F K O Z Q A H H

¿Ta~qalasavdo`zqèej|avhjkat

vajkhwjvo`tqt atdqk|qvjt?+¿~ovzqè?

Djljej|avhjk |haàdjvjd|avåt|hdjt

zqato` ÷`hdjtx ocvada lht|h`|jt

~othfhkhljlatla ar~vathô`9~ovatoak

jv|ht|j+q`j sawzqa |haà tqhlaj+akhma

akeêtj~vo~hjlo.

Do`tqk|ja`7Thzqhavat sav akdhvdo la Jkarj`lav Djklavb||~7//vadhdkj lo.aq/jkarj`lav%djklav%x%tq%dhvdo/

Q` lj|o h`|avatj`|aJkarj`lav Djklav cqa q` jv|ht|j zqado`t|vqxô q` dhvdo eqx ~adqkhjv+

~ovzqa at|jfj h |amvjlo ~ov lhsavtot~avto`jgat dvajlot do` jkjefva+dovdbokj|jt+fo|oàt+dovdbot+a`|vao|vot ej|avhjkat.Kqamo+èk ehteobjdåj va~vata`|jdho at j`|a q`~÷fkhdo ~jvj ljv j doòdav tq ofvj. :

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Jq|oasjkqjdhô`

ôlvêt ehvjv|a a` ak at~ago

la |q atcqavwo ~jvj sjkovjv komvotx jt~ad|ot zqa ~qalat eagovjv7 tè

boàt|o+ ak vatqk|jlo at tôko ~jvj |h.

J ko kjvmo la |oljt kjt

kaddhoàt ~olvêt bjdav qto

la kot ofga|ot x ej|avhjkat

lak ‛Fj÷k lak jv|a―.

J`|at la |aveh`jv |q khfvo+

a`do`|vjvêt q` ~voxad|o

la a`tjefka a` ak zqa

~olvêt j~khdjv eqdbot

la kot j~va`lhwjgat zqa

jlzqhvht|a+ ò tôko a` at|a

júo thò j ko kjvmo la |olj

|q alqdjdhô` ~vhejvhj a`

kj jthm`j|qvj la Alqdjdhô`Jv|åt|hdj.

A` jkmq`jt kaddhoàt

a`do`|vjvêt ~jkjfvjt

lat|jdjljt a` jwqk+

~jvj zqa |a cgat a` kot

do`da~|ot eêt he~ov|j`|at

x sjxjt je~khj`lo |q

sodjfqkjvho jv|åt|hdo.

Jk c`jk lak khfvo j~jvada q`j ~êmh`j

do` ~vamq`|jt ~jvj asjkqjvko. \q

o~h`hô` at eqx he~ov|j`|a xj zqa

òt jxqljvê j a`vhzqadavko.

Bjt |vjfjgjlo do` kjt hlajt+ kjt

bht|ovhjt x kot |aejt ~vo~qat|ot+ doeo

vadqvtot ~jvj vajkhwjv q`j dvajdhô`

lj`dåt|hdj+ jbovj ko bjvêt do` q` |aej

khfva.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Zqa ar~avha`dhj bjt |a`hlo jk fjhkjv

khfvaea`|a?+ ¿ko bjt badbo do` jkm÷`

|aej?

A`kjtkadhoàtla lj`wjbjt|a`hlo

h`lhdjdhoàtx tqmava`dhjtla dôeo

bjdavodvajvq`jlj`wj9aàt|jdkjta

~o`lvêta` ~vêd|hdjkozqa j~va`lht|a

a`kotfkozqatj`|avhovatxfjhkjvêt|÷

toko.A`kjlj`wjtakkjej` tokot jkjt

~vata`|jdhoàta` kjtzqa ÷`hdjea`|a

bjxq`fjhkjvåòq` lj`wj`|aa` ak

atda`jvho.

… Q|hkhwj |q dqav~o x kj e÷thdj

~jvj akjfovjv |qt tadqa`dhjt la

eosheha`|ot.

… Va÷à|ado` qàzqh~ox~vata`|j

|qlj`wjj eololaa`tjxoj`|atla

fjhkjvcva`|aj |oloakmvq~o.Djlj

lj`wjlqvjvêeaòtlaloteh`q|ot

a`tq ~vata |jdhô .

… ^hlajxqljj|q ejat|vo~jvjzqa

~o`mjkje÷thdj9kotzqalataa`+

~jtjvê jk cva`|alakmvq~o~jvj

eot|vjvtq lj`wj.

… Vadqavljzqakj lj`wj|ajxqljj

ar~vatjv|a.^jv|hdh~jva` q`toko

cov|jkada|qdo`chj`wj.ªJ fjhkjv*

… Jk|aveh`jv+atdqdbjkotdoea`|jvhot7

¿komvjt|a|vj`teh|hvak|aej zqa

h`|av~va|jt|a?

Lqvj`|a at|a júo atdokjv bjt

vajkhwjlo lhcava`|at |h~ot la lj`wjt.

^qalat ~vata`|jv at|a do`gq`|o la

doe~othdhoàt a` jkm÷` jd|o la |q

atdqakj. Vadqavlj zqa+ doeo |oljt kjt

lhtdh~kh`jt+ kj lj`wj vazqhava la eqdbj

lalhdjdhô`.^qalatovmj`hwjv|a doò|vot

doe~júavot+ cqavj la kjt dkjtat+ ~jvj

~vjd|hdjv x dvajv |olo ko zqa zqhavjt.

2:

K A D D H Ô @

: 8

Kaddhô` :8 Box+ ªxo atdogo ak |aej*

Ej|avhjkat7

Q` va~volqd|ov la

to`hlo ~jvj |olot+

e÷thdj x jkm÷` ofga|o


^jvj kj ~vôrhej dkjta‣

@adath|jvêt kot hlhôcoòt+

eaefvj`ôcoòt+ dovlôcoòt x javôcoòt

zqa do`t|vqht|a a` kaddhoàt j`|avhovat9

q`j bht|ovhj fvasa7 cêfqkj+ vakj|o o

dqa`|o x ofga|ot lak ‛Fj÷k lak jv|a― zqa

|a taj` ÷|hkat.

Do` ak |aej x kj e÷thdj zqa akamht|a

a` djtj+ h`|av~va|jvêt |q dvajdhô`

lj`dåt|hdj. ^jvj komvjvko+ at he~ov|j`|a

zqa |a tha`|jt fha` do` |q akaddhô`. @o

lafat ta`|hv|a covwjlo+ ~jvj zqa |qt

eosheha`|ot taj` `j|qvjkat.

Jq|oasjkqjdhô`

<:

J Q \ O A S J K Q J D H Ô @

At|hae~o la zqa asjk÷atko zqa bjtj~va`lhlo aàt|a fkozqa.Kaa djlj

a`q`dhjlox ejvdjdo` q`j~jkoeh|j"<(ak `hsakzqa bjxjtkomvjlojkdj`wjv.

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do` cjdhkhljlKo bjmo

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bjdavko

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do`zqa at|ê`badbot kotofga|ot.

H`|av~va|oq`jhlaj~ovealhola kjlj`wj.

Do`t|vqxoq` eaefvj`ôcoòla jdqavlodo`

tqtdjvjd|avåt|hdjt.

Akjfovochmqvjtdo` lhcava`|atej|avhjkat.

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fkozqa.

Ea ~vo~o moeagovjv a`7

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q`|ar|o |aj|vjk.

^voeqasoakvat~a|odoèht

doe~júavot.

\qo~h`hôàthe~ov|j`|a ~jvjzqa ~oljeoteagovjvak khfvola Alqdjdhô` Jv|åt|hdj.

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:.¿\a mqt|ôakkhfvo?

Eqdbo Vamqkjv ôdo

6.¿\a mqt|jvo`kjt heêma at?

Eqdbo Vamqkjv ôdo

4.¿Kjt heêma at|a jxqljvo j a`|a lavkjtjd|hshljlat?

Eqdbo Vamqkjv ôdo

<.¿\a cqa cêdhkdo`tamqhvkotej|avhjkat?

Thae~va Djtht hae~va Jkmq`jts adat

1.¿Kjt h`t|vqddho atla kjtjd|hshljlatcqavo`dkjvjt?


3.¿\a mqt|jvo`kjt jd|hshljlat~vo~qat|jt?


Kjtjd|hshljlat|a ~aveh|havo 7 Eqdbo Vamqkjv ôdo

=.Ar~vatjv|a j |vjsètla |q dvaj|hshljl

2.Do`shshvdo`|qtdoe~júavot

8.¿\a mqt|jvåjbjdavtqmava`dhjtj at|a khfvo? TÅ @o

Th|q vat~qat|jattå+ atdvhfa dqêkatto`7

¿Zqè o~h`jt la |q khfvo?

… Akhgj`q` dqa`|ooq`jbht|ovhjzqa

va~vata`|jvê`+tq~÷fkhdotavêak

mvq~ola ~vheavmvjlo.Jkakamhv

tqdqa`|ovadqavla`dqêkatkat

mqt|jfj`dqj`lodqvtjfj ak ~vheav

júola ~vhejvhj.

… Vajkhda`q`jkad|qvjlakdqa`|ox

takaddhoà`kot ~avto`jgatzqa djlj

qòva~vata`|jvê.… H`dkqxj`lj`wjx q`vh|eo.¿Dôeo

hejmh`jtzqa fjhkjvê|q ~avto`jga?

¿O |jksaw j~jvadavêejvdbj`lo?

… Vadqavla`do`thlavjv jt~ad|ot

he~ov|j`|at~jvj kj~vata`|jdhô`

la tq ofvj+doeo~alhv~avehtodo`

j`|akjdhô`~jvjhvjktjkô`la tqt

doe~júavot+jdoeoljv akeofhkhjvho

x ~va~jvjvq` atda`jvho.\jefhè`

bjmj`djv|akat a h`sh|jdhoàt+ò

okshla`~oàvkjbovjx ak låjla kj

cq`dhô`.

… Doeq`hzqaàt~o`|êàjea`|a tqt

hlajtx+ eha`|vjt|vjfjgj`+ ~ha`ta`

a`kot~azqaúotat~ad|jlovatzqa

j~kjqlhvê`tq ~voxad|och`jk.

… ^jvjzqa kjtjv|atshtqjkattaj`

~jv|a la at|a ~voxad|o+ak ~hto|a`lvê

dokovatx covejt|vhlhea`tho`jkat.

ª^va~êvj|a*Q|hkhwj ~h`|qvjsh`åkhdj

~jvj~h`|jvak~avhôlhdola djcè+savla

x jwqk.^qalat~h`|jvsjvhjt~êmh jt

la djljdokov.

… Dqj`lokkamqa`jkkqmjvzqa tavêtq

atda`jvhodokozqa` ak~avhôlhdo a`

aktqako+~qala ar|a`lavkoo bjdav

covejtjvvqmê`loko doeo~halvjt+

~kj`|jto jmqj+la~a lha`lola kj

8>

F K O Z Q A S

^voxad|o la a`tjefka Ak |aj|vo jefqkj`|a

Bj` kkamjlo jk ch`jk la at|a júo

atdokjv. ^jvj lalhdhv zqè ~voxad|o

dokad|hso ~vata`|jvê` at he~ov|j`|a

zqa h`|avdjefha` o~h`hoàt a`|va

|olot kot doe~júavot lak mvq~o x

zqa |oea` a` dqa`|j ko j~va`lhlo a`

djlj ka`mqjga jv|åt|hdo. At àdatjvho

zqa |olot ~jv|hdh~a` a` kj |oej la

ladhthoàt+ jtå doeo a` kj vajkhwjdhô`lak ~voxad|o.

Kj djvjd|avåt|hdj ~vh`dh~jk lak

|aj|vo jefqkj`|a at zqa tqt jd|ovat

shjgj` la q` kqmjv j o|vo he~voshtj`lo

atda`jvhot ~jvj tqt ~vata`|jdhoàt.

Ej|avhjkat7

Q`j bht|ovhj fvasa+

djv|qkh`j x ~avhôlhdo9

~h`|qvj sh`åkhdj djcè+

savla x jwqk+ x ofga|ot


bht|ovhj.Laga` qàt~jdho khfva ~jvj

zqa kot~avto`jgat ò|vo~hada`.

… \jefhè`q|hkhda` jkm÷`la|jkka ~jvj

djvjd|avhwjvj tqt~avto`jgat. ^qala

tavq`toefvavo+q`jdovo`j+q` ~hdoq

ovagjt.Doeoatq` |aj|vojefqkj`|a x

|haà zqa shjgjvdo`|olo+~vodqva`

zqa kotofga|ot zqa ejàga`taj`

ta`dhkkot.

… Ateqx he~ov|j`|a zqa a`tjxa`tq

~vata`|jdhô`.

… Jkch`jkhwjv+ doea`|aà`|va qt|alat

zqè ar~avhea`|jvo`lqvj`|a kj

va~vata`|jdhô`.

8:

V O X A D \ O L A A @ T J E F K A

BakhotHH+kj tjmjla kotehk tokat+mvq~oEjkjfjv+Cvj`dhj+6>>1.







>

Z

A` at|j kaddhô` va~jtjvêt kjtbjfhkhljlat jv|åt|hdjt zqa latjvvokkjt|a

a` |avdav mvjlo+ jtå doeo jkmqòt la kot

do`da~|ot jlzqhvhlot. At he~ov|j`|a

vadovljv ko j~va`lhlo ~ovzqa at|a júoje~khjvêt j÷` eêt |qt doòdheha`|ot

x |q ~avda~dhô` lak jv|a.

J~va`lht|a lhcava`|at |èd`hdjt x

j qtjv lht|h`|ot ej|avhjkat ~jvj dvajvheêmaàt fhlhea`tho`jkat. Ea`dho`j

jkmq`j la akkjt. Oftavsj kj hejma`. ¿At

hmqjk j o|vjt zqa sht|a a` kot dhdkot

~jtjlot?+ ¿a` zqè at lhcava`|a?

Kaddhô` : Doea`daeot ak júo

Jlaeêt dvajt|a eosheha`|ot doòfga|ot x ovmj`hwjt|a q`j lj`wj

dokad|hsj |vjfjgj`lo a` lqa|ot+ |våot x

dqjv|a|ot. ¿Dôeo heh|jvåjt kot

eosheha`|ot zqa ta eqat|vj` a` kjhejma`? ¿Zqè bht|ovhj ~ha`tjt zqa

at|ê` va~vata`|j`lo? ¿Dôeo bjvåjt

~jvj tjfav zqè bht|ovhj at?

Latdqfvht|a zqa kj e÷thdj |haàlht|h`|jt cq`dhoàt x zqa ta dkjthchdj a`

lhcava`|at mèàvot. Doea`|j+ ¿dôeo ta

kkjej |q dj`dhô` cjsovh|j? ¿J zqè

mèàvo ~av|aàda? Th |qshavjt zqa akamhvq`j e÷thdj zqa jdoe~júa

kj ~othdhô` la kj atdqk|qvj

la kj hejma`+ ¿dqêkatdomavåjt?

\jefhè` ar~kovjt|a ak

atda`jvho+ tqt lhcava`|at

wo`jt x kj ejàvj a` zqa|a ~aveh|a` vakjdho`jv|a

do` ak ~÷fkhdo. A` kjatdqk|qvj+ ¿zqè |vj|j` la

ladhv|a kjt chmqvjt?Xj |a bjt jdavdjlo jk

jv|a. Bjt|j jbovj+ ¿zqè at

ko zqa eêt |a j|vja x ~ov

zqè? ¿Q`j tokj hejma`

doeo kj la at|j kaddhô`

~qala tavshv ~jvj bjfkjv la

lht|h`|ot ka`mqjgat

jv|åt|hdot?+ ¿~ov zqè?

Doeè`|jko do` |qt

doe~júavot.

Fotzqa h`%eôshk la Govma Gqvjlo



J`|at la |aveh`jv kj dkjta akhgj`q` at~jdho ~jvj tq ‛Fj÷k lak jv|a―.

Xj tjfa` dôeo bjdavko7 q|hkhda` tq

dvaj|hshljl+ hejmh`jdhô` x |olot tqt

vadqvtot ~jvj a`do`|vjv ofga|ot ah`t|vqea`|ot h`|avatj`|at x

lhsav|hlot+ zqa q|hkhwjvê` eêt

jlakj`|a+ a` ak latjvvokko la tqtkaddhoàt.

^jvj kj thmqha`|a dkjta‣

@adath|jvêt ofga|ot lak‛Fj÷k lak jv|a― x eofhkhjvho

la |q tjkô`+ doeo fj`djt+

eatjt+ eodbhkjt q o|vot.



6

A` |avdav mvjlo doòdht|a kjt

djvjd|avåt|hdjt la kj fhlhea`thô`+ jbovj

j~va`lavêt j vadoòdav kj

|vhlhea`tho`jkhljl a` ak ka`mqjga shtqjk.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Zqè lhcava`dhj a`dqa`|vjt a`|va kj

hejma` la q` gqmqa|a zqa j~jvada a`q`j vasht|j x ak zqa q|hkhwjt ~jvj gqmjv?

Shsheot volajlot la ofga|ot

|vhlhea`tho`jkat. \jefhè` kottavat bqejòt x kot j`hejkat toeot

|vhlhea`tho`jkat+ ¿zqè zqhava ladhv ato?

Doeo tq òefva ko h`lhdj+ kot ofga|ot

|vhlhea`tho`jkat to` jzqakkot zqa|haà` |vat lhea`thoàt7 kjvmo+ j`dbo x

~vocq`lhljl.

^jvj ladhv dqêk kjlo lak ofga|o at ak

kjvmo+ ak j`dbo o kj ~vocq`lhljl+ lafa|oejvta a` dqa`|j a` zqè ~othdhô` at|ê

lhdbo ofga|o7 bovhwo`|jk o sav|hdjk.

Kot ofga|ot |haà` covejt lhsavtjt+~qala` tav dqav~ot maoeè|vhdot doeoq`j atcavj+ ~avo th kj covej at|ê a` kj

`j|qvjkawj o ta do~hj la akkj ta kkjejovmê`hdj + ~ov agae~ko q`j ej`wj`j9

x th j atj ej`wj`j ka ljt q`j eovlhlj+at|êt djefhj`lo tq covej ovhmh`jk x

|a`lvê a`|o`dat q`j covej

jddhla`|jlj. Èt|ot to` tokjea`|a

jkmqòt agae~kot la a`|va kjt ehkkoàtla covejt la kot dqav~ot zqa òt

volaj`+ oftavsj kot ofga|ot la at|j

~êmh`j7 ¿zqè covejt |haà`?

Kaddhô` 6 Kjt |vat lhea`thoàt

Ej|avhjkat7

Ofga|ot lak ‛Fj÷k lak jv|a―

x eofhkhjvho la |q tjkô`

doeo fj`djt+ eatjt+

eodbhkjt+ q o|vot.



Oftavsj |olot kot ofga|ot zqa bjx

la`|vo lak tjkô`+ latla |q thkkj+ |q

eodbhkj+ q`j moej+ bjt|j kot zqa taa`dqa`|vj` la`|vo lak ‛Fj÷k lak jv|a―.

\olot |haà` sokqea`+ ~qat odq~j`

q` kqmjv a` ak at~jdho7 ªto`

|vhlhea`tho`jkat*

… A`|va |olot sj` j dvajv q` mvj`

dqav~o |vhlhea`tho`jk j ~jv|hv la kjq`hô` la kot ofga|ot zqa |a`mj` j tq

jkvalalov. ^qala tav q` ~avto`jga+ o

the~kaea`|a q`j chmqvj. Lhtd÷|j`ko x

ladålj`ko a`|va |olot.… Akhgj` q` at~jdho ~jvj hv

jdoeolj`lo kjt thkkjt+ eodbhkjt

x djlj ofga|o zqa lataa`.Dokôzqa`kot qòt a`dhej la o|vot+

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|jejúot+ ej|avhjkat+ |ar|qvjt+dokovat x covejt bjt|j do`tamqhv

q` `qaso x aòvea dqav~o.

… \a`mj` dqhljlo la zqa kot ofga|otta ej`|a`mj` azqhkhfvjlot a` tq

kqmjv ~jvj zqa ò ta djhmj`.… Dqj`lo |avehà` tq ~hawj+

oftèvsa`kj latla |olot kot kjlot

~othfkat xj zqa at kj ÷`hdj ejàvj

la j~vadhjv a` tq |o|jkhljl q`jcovej |vhlhea`tho`jk.

… Doea`|a` a`|va |olot7 ¿komvjvo`

do`t|vqhv tq `qaso ofga|o th` zqa ta

sh`havj jfjgo?+ ¿dôeo ka bhdhavo`?+¿dqê`|o djkdqkj` zqa ehla la jk|o+

j`dbo x ~vocq`lhljl?+ ¿zqè covej

|haà?+ ¿zqè ej|avhjkat oftavsj`?+¿dqê`|ot ofga|ot ko h`|amvj`?

Gqj` Tovhjò+ Ak djvjdok ":886(+ fvo`dacq`lhlo j kj davj ~avlhlj+ 6:1 r 6:> r 31 de.

J kjt do`t|vqddhoàt zqa+ lat~qèt la

q` |hae~o+ |haà` zqa latbjdavta xlatj~jvadav ta kat kkjej acåeavjt.

Kj zqa jdjfj` la dvajv at q`j la

akkjt+ jtå zqa ªat eoea`|o la zqa |olovamvata j tq kqmjv*

: < > d e



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Z

A` ak jv|a+ kjt atdqk|qvjt to`

|vhlhea`tho`jkat jk hmqjk zqa |olot kot

ofga|ot zqa jdjfjt la q|hkhwjv. A` kjt

heêmaàt fhlhea`tho`jkat “doeo

~h`|qvjt+ lhfqgot x co|omvjcåjt“ kj

~vocq`lhljl bjda zqa kot ofga|ot jbå

va~vata`|jlot ~jvawdj`|vhlhea`tho`jkat9 ~avo atj ~vocq`lhljl

ò ta ~qala ealhv+ ò arht|a cåthdjea`|a+

at tôko q`j hkqthô`.

Q` lj|o h`|avatj`|a

Ak a`tjefkjga at q` |vjfjgo

atdqk|ôvhdo doe~qat|o la ofga|ot‛a`do`|vjlot― la dqjkzqhav |h~o+

zqa ak jv|ht|j jdoeolj la q`j

ejàvj at~adåchdj ~jvj dvajv q`j

ofvj. Dqjkzqhav ofga|o ~qala

q|hkhwjvta+ latla kj|jt+ kkj`|jt la

dodba+ |vowot la ejlavj+ ~halvjt+

wj~j|ot shagot+ co|omvjcåjt+ bjt|j

~jv|at la q`j doe~q|jlovj+ a`|vaeqdbåtheot o|vot.


E÷thdj zqa |a mqt|a fjhkjv+ o|vjzqa ta fjhka a` |q vamhô` x q`

va~volqd|ov la to`hlo ~jvj

|olot.

Baka` Atdofalo+ Jeovdh|o dovjwô`+ jzqå |a

dj`|j |q mqh|jvvô` ":884(+ h`t|jkjdhô` do`

at|qdba la mqh|jvvj+ q` |j~a|a x q` fj`do~h`|jlot+ :6> r ::> r 3> de.

: < > d e



Kaddhô` 4 Jk to` zqa ea |ozqat+ fjhko

Doeo |÷ xj tjfat+ bjx lhcava`|at |h~ot

la e÷thdj zqa+ jlaeêt la tav

atdqdbjlot+ ~qala` tav h`|av~va|jlot

j |vjsèt la kj lj`wj. A` at|j kaddhô`

j~va`lavêt dôeo.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Zqè |h~ot la e÷thdj bjt fjhkjlo?¿\oljt ta fjhkj` hmqjk? ¿Dqêkat |a

mqt|jvo` eêt x ~ov zqè? Doeè`|jko

a` mvq~o.

^jvj j~va`lav j fjhkjv at àdatjvho

doòdav kot mèàvot x kjt |èd`hdjt la

ejàgo lak eosheha`|o. Kj ar~vathô`

dov~ovjk at q` ka`mqjga zqa ò tôko |a

jxqljvê j doòdav |q dqav~o x kjt~othfhkhljlat zqa |haàt ~jvj

ar~vatjv|a a` ak at~jdho+ |jefhè` |a

~aveh|hvê vakjdho`jv|a do` kjt ~avto`jt

x do` kot ofga|ot zqa |a volaj`.

Ej|avhjkat7

E÷thdj zqa |a mqt|a fjhkjv+

o|vj zqa ta fjhka a` |q

vamhô` x q` va~volqd|ov la

to`hlo ~jvj |olot.



3

Z

kjt tadqa`dhjt+ jtå doeo ak |h~o la

e÷thdj ~aveh|a` zqa q`j lj`wj |a`mj

q`j at|vqd|qvj dvaj|hsj x ar~vathsj. Jbovj+ ªj fjhkjv* Do` kjt ~hawjt

eqthdjkat zqa |vjgavo` la djtj

vajkhwjvê` kj thmqha`|a jd|hshljl.

… Ovmj`åda`ta ~jvj fjhkjv a` mvq~o+ x

thae~va kkasa` ak vh|eo la kj e÷thdj.… Q|hkhda` lht|h`|ot |h~ot la e÷thdj x

vajkhda` tadqa`dhjt lj`dåt|hdjt la

jdqavlo do` ak vh|eo zqa atdqdba`9

ar~avhea`|a` do` eosheha`|otka`|ot x vê~hlot+ cqav|at o tqjsat+

kjvmot o dov|ot x |olo ko zqa kj

e÷thdj kat h`t~hva j bjdav do` tq

dqav~o.… Jq`zqa |olot at|ê` gq`|ot fjhkj`lo

a` mvq~o+ djlj qò ~qala tamqhv tq

~vo~hj tadqa`dhj la eosheha`|ot xjtå dvajv tq lj`wj ~avto`jk.

A` kj ar~vathô` dov~ovjk arht|a`

h`ch`hljl la agavdhdhot. ^va~êvj|a ~jvj

~vjd|hdjv ak thmqha`|a+ ta kkjej ‛Kj fokj

zqa ~atj eqdbo―.

… Covej q` dåvdqko do` |qt doe~júavot

x gqamqa` j ~jtjvta q`j fokjhejmh`jvhj zqa djlj saw ta sj

bjdha`lo eêt mvj`la x eêt ~atjlj.… Do` tq djvj x tq dqav~o bjmj` mat|ot

x eosheha`|ot la dj`tj`dho x |olo

ko zqa djlj qò zqhavj ar~vatjv

eha`|vjt ~jtj` kj fokj. Vajkhda` ak

agavdhdho do` e÷thdj. Tôko bjx q`jvamkj7 ªò ta sjka bjfkjv*

Kj q`hô` la sjvhot ~jtot oeosheha`|ot a` q`j lj`wj at q`jtadqa`dhj lj`dåt|hdj. Kj sjvhaljl la

Q` lj|o h`|avatj`|a

Q`j doe~júåj+ o mvq~o la lj`wj+ at|ê

h`|amvjlj ~ov fjhkjvhàt+ lhvad|ov x

dovaômvjco+ sat|qjvht|j+ ejzqhkkht|j+

atda`ômvjco+ to`hlht|j x o|vjt ~avto`jt

eêt+ do` cq`dhoàt zqa doe~kaea`|j`

ak |vjfjgo la kj doe~júåj la lj`wj.



Kj e÷thdj x kj lj`wj to` lot

ka`mqjgat jv|åt|hdot zqa jkmq`jt sadat

at|ê` khmjlot. Kj lj`wj+ a` kj ejxovåj

la kjt odjthoàt+ q|hkhwj ak vh|eo la kje÷thdj ~jvj dvajv eosheha`|ot.

… ªDoeha`wj j fjhkjv*… Dqj`lo |avehà`+ akhgj` o|vo |h~o la

e÷thdj ~jvj vakjgjvta.

Doea`|j do` |qt doe~júavot7

dqj`lo kj fokj ta bhwo eêt ~atjlj x

mvj`la+ ¿zqè ta`|ht|a? ¿Cqa lht|h`|j kjta`tjdhô` dqj`lo avj khmavj?+ ¿~ov zqè?

¿Ak vh|eo la kj e÷thdj h`ckqxô a` ak

vh|eo la |qt eosheha`|ot?+ ¿dôeo? ^jvj kj ~vôrhej dkjta‣

@adath|jvêt ofga|ot la va÷to+

doeo fo|akkjt la ~kêt|hdo+

~jkh|ot x djgjt ~azqaújt.



Kaddhô` < ªZqa |olo shfva*

Atdvhfa a` |q dqjlavò ak òefva lajkmqòt h`t|vqea`|ot eqthdjkat zqa

doòwdjt x dôeo ~volqda` tq to`hlo.

\olot kot h`t|vqea`|ot eqthdjkat

~volqda` shfvjdhoàt zqa shjgj` ~ovak jhva9 kjt ~olaeot atdqdbjv dqj`lo

kkamj` j `qat|vot oålot ªx òt bjda`

shfvjv gq`|o do` akkjt* ^jvj ~volqdhv

to`hlo a` jkmqòt h`t|vqea`|ot+ doeoak shokå` o kj mqh|jvvj+ ta bjda` shfvjv

dqavljt9 a` o|vot+ doeo kjt ckjq|jt

o kjt |voe~a|jt+ ta bjda` shfvjv |qfot

la ejlavj o ea|jk.Bjx q` mvq~o la h`t|vqea`|ot zqa

shfvj` la ejàvj eqx at~adhjk dqj`lo

ta kat mok~aj o cvo|j7 to` kot hlhôcoòt 9at|ot h`t|vqea`|ot ~volqda` to`hlo

dqj`lo ta jd|÷j lhvad|jea`|a tofva ak

Lqvj`|a at|a júo akjfovjvêt

h`t|vqea`|ot eqthdjkat ~av|aàdha`|at

j lht|h`|jt cjehkhjt+ do` ej|avhjkat zqa

~qalat a`do`|vjv a` |q a`|ovò x la

va÷to. A` at|j kaddhô` doea`wjvêtdoòdha`lo x akjfovj`lo hlhôcoòt.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Dqê`|ot h`t|vqea`|ot eqthdjkat

doòdat? ¿Dôeo cq`dho`j` o dôeo~volqda` to`hlot?

Ej|avhjkat7

Ofga|ot la va÷to+ doeo fo|akkjt la ~kêt|hdo+

~jkh|ot x djgjt ~azqaújt.

2

Z

E÷thdot |odj`lo kj ejvhefj.





>

Z

H`sa`|j |qt ~vo~hot hlhôcoòt x

~o`kat q` òefva.… Ovmj`åwj|a do` |qt doe~júavot x+

lat~qèt+ djlj qò eqat|va j kj dkjta

dôeo cq`dho`j tq hlhôcoò x lhmj zqè

òefva ka ~qto.

Jk do`t|vqhv |q ~vo~ho h`t|vqea`|o

eqthdjk+ ¿zqè ar~avha`dhj |a ~volqgo

h`sa`|jv q` hlhôcoò? ¿Zqè bhdht|a ~jvj

dvajvko? ^kj|ådjko do` |qt doe~júavot xla|ad|j th bjx doh`dhla`dhjt.

A` kjt mvj`lat ovzqat|jt+ kot e÷thdot ta

jdoeolj` la jdqavlo do` ak h`t|vqea`|o

zqa |odj`+ xj taj zqa ko mok~aa`+ cvo|a`

tqt dqavljt o to~ka` j |vjsèt la èk.

^jvj kj thmqha`|a dkjta‣

@adath|jvêt q` |ar|o |aj|vjk fvasa9 ~qalat

fqtdjv a` kj Fhfkho|adj Atdokjv o a` kot

Khfvot lak Vh`dô`9 o fha`+ ~qalat q|hkhwjv

ak |ar|o zqa at|ê a` ak fkozqa hh la |q khfvo

la At~júok+ a` ak êefh|o la kh|avj|qvj.Kèako a` djtj.

Do`tqk|j a`7Th latajt tjfav dôeo do`t|vqhvh`t|vqea`|ot ~olvêt vashtjv at|j~êmh`j sjvhjt sadat+ xj zqa |a tavêeqx ÷|hk j ko kjvmo lak dqvto.

b||~7//}}}.lamaàvjlovat.doe/jvdbhsotsav|alavo/~jmh`jt/ea`q.b|e

Ovzqat|j lak Da`|vo @jdho`jk

la kjt Jv|at la Dj`jlê+ 6>>4.



A` ak |aj|vo ta dqa`|j+ j |vjsèt la

jddhoàt x lhêkomot+ q`j bht|ovhj. Jzqå

j~va`lavêt j vadoòdav kj he~ov|j`dhj

la kj atdvh|qvj x kj kad|qvj a` sow jk|j

~jvj komvjv q`j fqa`j va~vata`|jdhô`.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Dqêk at |q bht|ovhj o dqa`|o cjsovh|o?Doea`|j do` |qt doe~júavot dqêk at kj

~jv|a eêt aeodho`j`|a la atj bht|ovhj

x zqhèàt kj ~vo|jmo`hwj`.

^jvj |aàv q`j ofvj |aj|vjk ~vheavo

lafa atdvhfhvta q` |ar|o+ zqa lat~qèt

tavê h`|av~va|jlo ~ov kot jd|ovat. Ak

jq|ov+ o lvjej|qvmo + |oej a` dqa`|jdqj|vo a|j~jt he~ov|j`|at+ zqa to`7

h`hdho+ latjvvokko+ `qlo x lata`kjda.

A` ak h`hdho ta ~vata`|j` kot

~avto`jgat x ak kqmjv o kj è~odj a` zqa|vj`tdqvva kj bht|ovhj.

A` ak latjvvokko ta `jvvj kj th|qjdhô`

la djlj ~avto`jga x ta ~vata`|j ak |aejla kj bht|ovhj.

Kqamo+ thmqa ak `qlo + jzqå at ak

eoea`|o a` zqa |olo ta doe~khdj+ at

ladhv+ ta ~vata`|j` qò o sjvhot

do`ckhd|ot.Ch`jkea`|a |aàeot ak lata`kjda

zqa at dqj`lo j~jvada` tokqdhoàt j

kot do`ckhd|ot x ta jdavdj ak ch`jk.

Kaddhô` 1 Bjdha`lo `qlot x eêt `qlot

Ej|avhjkat7

Q` |ar|o |aj|vjk

fvasa.

Jk~bo`ta + doe~júåj Kot A`lafkat+ 6>>=.



6

Z

… Fqtzqa` a` kj Fhfkho|adj Atdokjv o a`

kot Khfvot lak Vh`dô` q` |ar|o |aj|vjk9

o fha`+ ~qala` q|hkhwjv ak |ar|o zqaat|ê a` ak fkozqa hh la tq khfvo la

At~júok+ a` ak êefh|o la kh|avj|qvj.… A`|va |olot savhchzqa` dqê`|ot

~avto`jgat j~jvada` a` kj ofvjakamhlj x lhshlj` tq mvq~o a`

azqh~ot la jdqavlo do` ak `÷eavo la

jd|ovat àdatjvhot ~jvj bjdav kjkad|qvj a` sow jk|j. ^ha`ta` dôeo

tavåj kj sow la tq ~avto`jga x |vj|a`

la vadvajvkj.… Lat~qèt+ hla`|hchzqa` kjt dqj|vo

~jv|at lak |ar|o |aj|vjk7 h`hdho+

latjvvokko+ `qlo x lata`kjda.… Do` dvaj|hshljl a hejmh`jdhô`

h`sa`|a` o|vj covej a` kj zqa ~qala

|aveh`jv kj bht|ovhj+ ~ha`ta` a`

`qasot badbot o ~avto`jgat zqa la~vo`|o ~qlhavj` j~jvadav x djefhjv

ak ch`jk. Atdvhfj` tqt hlajt x kqamo

doe~êv|j`kjt do` tqt doe~júavot.

Doea`|j do` |qt doe~júavot x

ejat|vo7

¿Do`thlavjt zqa atdvhfhv q` |ar|o

|aj|vjk at cêdhk?+ ¿~ov zqè? ¿^jvj zqè |athvsa kj kad|qvj a` sow jk|j? A` |q kad|qvj+

¿dôeo komvjt|a vadvajv jk ~avto`jga?+ ¿|a

bqfhavj mqt|jlo tav o|vo?+ ¿~ov zqè? Jbovj zqa doòdat kjt ~jv|at zqa

doe~oà` q` |ar|o |aj|vjk+ ¿~ha`tjt zqa

èt|a ~qala ae~awjv a` ak ch`jk x |aveh`jv

do` ak h`hdho?+ ¿~ov zqè?

\olj ofvj la |aj|vo h`hdhj do` q` |ar|o+

zqa ta atdvhfa ~jvj tav kaålo x

lvjej|hwjlo9 a` èk j~jvada` ~avto`jgat+at~jdhot x badbot “|j`|o vajkat doeo

chd|hdhot“ do` kot zqa ta fqtdj dj~|jv

kj j|a`dhô` x kj dqvhothljl lak ~÷fkhdo.


@adath|jvêt vo~j x jddatovhot zqa ~qaljtq|hkhwjv doeo sat|qjvho+ ofga|ot lak ‛Fj÷k

lak jv|a― x ak hlhôcoò zqa do`t|vqht|a.



H`|amvo ko j~va`lhlo

… Lhshlj` ak mvq~o a` azqh~ot+ h`sa`|a`

qò o sjvhot ~avto`jgat+ vajkat o

hejmh`jvhot. Latdvåfj`kot x akjfova`

tqt bht|ovhjt+ ~qala` vakj|jv jkm÷`

tqdato ~ov ak dqjk bjxj` ~jtjlo+laga` sokjv tq hejmh`jdhô`9 ~ov

agae~ko+ ¿dôeo hejmh`j` zqa at kj

shlj la q` h`tad|o?

… Jbovj+ ladhlj` zqhèàt

va~vata`|jvê` j atot ~avto`jgat7

ªtavê` atdqk|qvjt shsha`|at*+ ~ov ko

zqa ò ~olvê` eosavta `h q` ê~hda.¿Dôeo sj` j djvjd|avhwjvkot?+ ¿zqè

sat|qjvho qtjvê`?+ ¿a` zqè ~othdhô`

~avejàdavê`? Qfåzqa`kot a` jkm÷`kqmjv lak tjkô` o tjkmj` jk ~j|ho

~jvj dvajv q` gjvlå` la atdqk|qvjt

shsha`|at+ lo`la ak ~÷fkhdo ~qalj

djeh`jv x oftavsjvkot.… Q|hkhda` tqt hlhôcoòt ~jvj

jefha`|jv ak gjvlå` o kj eqat|vj

atdqk|ôvhdj.

Kjt jv|at òt ~aveh|a` ar~kovjv eqdbjt~othfhkhljlat ~jvj ar~vatjvòt9 a`

at|jt kaddhoàt ~olvêt h`|amvjv |qt

doòdheha`|ot x q|hkhwjv |q dvaj|hshljl.

¿Dôeo dvaat zqa taj q`j atdqk|qvjshsha`|a?

Ej|avhjkat7

Vo~j x jddatovhot zqa ~qaljt q|hkhwjv doeo

sat|qjvho+ ofga|ot lak ‛Fj÷k la jv|a― x ak

hlhôcoò zqa do`t|vqht|a.





Jq|oasjkqjdhô`

At |hae~o la zqa asjk÷at ko zqa bjt j~va`lhlo a` at|a fkozqa. Kaa djlj

a`q`dhjlo x ejvdj do` q`j ~jkoeh|j "<( ak `hsak zqa bjxjt komvjlo jkdj`wjv.

A` eht jd|hshljlat xo7 Ko bjmodo` cjdhkhljl

Ko bjmo @adath|ojxqlj ~jvjbjdavko

Vadoòwdo kjt djvjd|avåt|hdjt

la kj |vhlhea`tho`jkhljl a` q` ofga|o.

Akjfovo hlhôcoòt la jdqavlo

do` tqt djvjd|avåt|hdjt.

Vadoòwdo kjt ~jv|at zqa do`covej`

q` |ar|o |aj|vjk.

Vajkhwo eosheha`|ot lj`dåt|hdot

do` lhcava`|at |h~ot la e÷thdj.

Latdvhfa q`j th|qjdhô` a` kj zqa j~khzqat ko zqa j~va`lht|a+ bhdht|a o h`sat|hmjt|a a` at|a

fkozqa.

Ea ~vo~o`mo eagovjv a`7

A` eht jd|hshljlat xo7 Ko bjmo Ko h`|a`|oTôko dqj`loea h`lhdj`

^voeqaso ak vat~a|o do`

eht doe~júavot.

Doe~jv|o eht hlajt do` eht

doe~júavot ~jvj dvajv tadqa`dhjt

la eosheha`|ot.

J~vadho kj kad|qvj la eht doe~júavot

a` q` |ar|o |aj|vjk.



3







¿Dôeo latdvhfhvåjt kj |ar|qvj+ ak dokov+

ak |jejúo x kj covej la at|ot ofga|ot?

¿Ta sa` lhcava`|at a`|va tå?+ ¿~ov zqè?

Sjt j dvajv q` ofga|o |vhlhea`tho`jk7

… Akhma q` |aej9 ~ov agae~ko+ ¿|a

jdqavljt la jkm÷` tqaúo o ~atjlhkkj

a` ak zqa j~jvadhavj jkm÷` ~avto`jga

q ofga|o h`|avatj`|a? Sjt jdo`t|vqhvko+ q|hkhwj`lo kot ej|avhjkat

zqa |vjght|a la djtj. Doeha`wj ~ov

bjdav q` lhfqgo o foda|o la ko zqa

zqhavat vajkhwjv. Ak lhfqgo at

fhlhea`tho`jk x ko do`sav|hvêt a`

|vhlhea`tho`jk do` |qt ej|avhjkat.… ^jvj dvajv j |q ~avto`jga q ofga|o

~qalat ~amjv+ j|jv o aefo`jv kot

ej|avhjkat.… Jk ch`jk+ th |haàt |hae~o+ jmvèmjka

dokov9 th ò+ |aveå`jko a` |q djtj.… Dqj`lo bjxjt |aveh`jlo+ dokodj |q

|vjfjgo a` q` kqmjv lo`la ta ~qalj

j~vadhjv.



Kot j|kj`|at + atdqk|qvjt a` ~halvj fjtêk|hdj+

\qkj+ <.2 e la jk|qvj djlj qò.

>

Z

¿Ta ~qala sav do` zqè ej|avhjkat

vajkhwjvo` tqt atdqk|qvjt?+ ¿~ov zqè?

Djlj ej|avhjk |haà djvjd|avåt|hdjt

zqa to` ÷`hdjt x ocvada lht|h`|jt~othfhkhljlat la ar~vathô`9 ~ov ato ak

jv|ht|j+ q`j saw zqa |haà tq hlaj+ akhma

ak eêt j~vo~hjlo.

Do`tqk|j a`7Th zqhavat sav ak dhvdo la Jkarj`lav Djklavb||~7//vadhdkj`lo.aq/jkarj`lav%djklav%x%tq%dhvdo/

Q` lj|o h`|avatj`|aJkarj`lav Djklav cqa q` jv|ht|j zqado`t|vqxô q` dhvdo eqx ~adqkhjv+~ovzqa at|jfj h`|amvjlo ~ov lhsavtot

~avto`jgat dvajlot do` jkjefva+dovdbokj|jt+ fo|oàt+ dovdbot+ a`|vao|vot ej|avhjkat. Kqamo+ èk ehteobjdåj va~vata`|jdhoàt j`|a q`~÷fkhdo ~jvj ljv j doòdav tq ofvj. :

< > d e





… Atdogj` qò la kot ~avto`jgat ~jvj

va~vata`|jvko a` q`j lj`wj7 ~qala

tav kj fvhtj+ kjt ckovat+ q`j fjvdj

o ak ejv.… Do` jxqlj la tq ejat|vo+ dvaa` q`j

lj`wj. ^qala` bjdavkj la sjvhjt

ejàvjt9 ~ov agae~ko+ eha`|vjt q`doe~júavo kaa ak ~oaej+ kot

~avto`jgat j~jvadavê` tam÷` taj`

ea`dho`jlot.… Th ~vachava`+ ladkjea` ~vheavo ak

~oaej x lat~qèt h`|av~vè|a`ko do`

e÷thdj.… \jefhè` ~qala` fqtdjv a` tq khfvo

la At~júok o|vo ~oaej o dqa`|o ~jvj

h`|av~va|jv q`j lj`wj `jvvj|hsj.… Vadqavla` zqa j`|at la fjhkjv o

lj`wjv lafa` bjdav jkm÷` agavdhdho

la djka`|jeha`|o ~jvj zqa ò

kjt|hea` tq dqav~o x ~qalj` vajkhwjv

eagov kot eosheha`|ot.

6

Z

Kj lj`wj ar~vatj hlajt j |vjsèt

la eosheha`|ot lak dqav~o. Jzqå

j~va`lavêt j h`|av~va|jv q`j hlaj

o jvmqea`|o ta`dhkko j |vjsèt la

kj lj`wj.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Dôeo |vj`teh|at q`j hlaj th` bjfkjv?

Kjt lj`wjt dkêthdj+ do`|ae~ovêàj x

cokdkôvhdj ~qala` do`|jv bht|ovhjt do` ak

ka`mqjga lak dqav~o+ dqj`lo at|o tqdalata lhda zqa to` lj`wjt `jvvj|hsjt.

… Kaj` ak thmqha`|a ~oaej lak dqfjò@hdokêt Mqhkkè` ":8>6%:828(.

Kaddhô` = Lj`wj do` q` ~oaej

Fvhtj zqa j~a`jt eqasat

Fvhtj zqa j~a`jt eqasatkjt ckovat+ totamjlj+

chò jkha`|o lak djvea`

zqa fkj`ljea`|a ~jtjt+sa` x ae~qgj eh fjvdj+

~vatj a` ak ejv hèôshk.

Kkèsjea ~olavotj+

a` |qt eå`hejt jkjt+

ob+ fvhtj+ chò jkha`|o+fvhtj zqa j~a`jt eqasat

kjt ckovat+ totamjlj.

Ak djtdj`qadat + Sha`j Cat|hsjk Fjkka|+ :82:.





<

Z

Th |÷ kaåt|a+ doea`|j7 ¿dôeo komvjvo`|vj`teh|hv |qt doe~júavot do`

eosheha`|ot ko zqa kaåjt? Th |÷ fjhkjt|a+

¿dôeo |a j~oxô kj kad|qvj eha`|vjt

fjhkjfjt?+ ¿~ov zqè?A`|va |olot+ o~hà`7 ¿kj ar~avha`dhj

cqa lht|h`|j do` e÷thdj?+ ¿~ov zqè?

A` |olo |vjfjgo dokjfovj|hso at

he~ov|j`|a tav vat~a|qoto do` kotlaeêt+ tofva |olo dqj`lo ar~vatjeot

q`j o~h`hô` vat~ad|o j tq |vjfjgo.

^jvj dvajv q`j lj`wj ta ~qala`

q|hkhwjv o|vot ka`mqjgat jv|åt|hdot+ doeokj kh|avj|qvj. Vackarho`j dôeo cqa |q

ar~avha`dhj jk h`|amvjvkot a` at|j dkjta.

Arht|a` dovaomvjcåjt zqa |haà` q`|aej `jvvj|hso x dovaomvjcåjt zqa tôko

|vj`teh|a` ~kjdav j |vjsèt la tqt

lhtaúot x |vjxad|ovhjt dovaomvêchdjt.

^jvj kj ~vôrhej dkjta‣@adath|jvêt q` ej|avhjk akêt|hdo+

doeo q` mkofo+ q` ~aljwo la

~kêt|hdo o ~hak9 khmjt+ dqavlj lakmjlj+

|jdbqakjt x fo|at la ea|jk o djv|ô`.

Jkmqòt o|vot ej|avhjkat+ doeo

jkmolô`+ va|jwot la |akj+ kjwot+

~kjt|hkh`j+ at|vo~jgo x ~jkh|ot la

ejlavj.

Odqvva`dhjt + Lj`dajfhkh|x H`|av`jdho`jk

Eèrhdo+ 6>:>9 dovaomvjcåj7 \avatj Djvkot.



Jbovj |odj ak |qvò j kot

eaefvj`ôcoòt9 a` at|j kaddhô`

hla`|hchdjvêt tqt djvjd|avåt|hdjt x

do`t|vqhvêt q` h`t|vqea`|o eqthdjk

do` ej|avhjkat la |q a`|ovò o lava÷to.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Zqè djvjd|avåt|hdj lafa |aàv ak

ej|avhjk la q` hlhôcoò? ¿ôv zqè at |j`

he~ov|j`|a ak ej|avhjk do` ak dqjk at|ê

do`t|vqhlo q` h`t|vqea`|o?

Q`j cjehkhj la h`t|vqea`|ot hlajk

~jvj jdoe~jújv lj`wjt o ejvdbjt atkj la kot eaefvj`ôcoòt + dqxj

djvjd|avåt|hdj ~vh`dh~jk at ~volqdhv

to`hlo jk bjdav shfvjv q`j eaefvj`jo ~jvdba a` |a`thô`+ doeo kot|jefovat. Oftavsj kjt heêmaàt la kj

thmqha`|a ~êmh`j.

Kaddhô` 2 @o |a jvvqmqat+ dqavo shago

Ej|avhjkat7

Q` ej|avhjk akêt|hdo doeo q` mkofo+ ~kêt|hdo o

~hak9 khmjt+ dqavlj lakmjlj+ |jdbqakjt x fo|at la

ea|jk o djv|ô`. Jkmqòt o|vot ej|avhjkat+ doeo

jkmolô`+ va|jwot la |akj+ kjwot+ ~kjt|hkh`j+

at|vo~jgo x ~jkh|ot.



3

Z

At he~ov|j`|a taújkjv zqa q`

eaefvj`ôcoò àdath|j+ jlaeêt lak

~jvdba |a`tho`jlo+ q`j djgj la

vato`j`dhj ~jvj je~khchdjv kjshfvjdhô`. La badbo+ eqdbot

h`t|vqea`|ot la o|vjt cjehkhjt

àdath|j` at|j djgj. Th at|hvjt q`jeaefvj`j x kj mok~ajt+ shfvjvê+ ~avo tq

to`hlo j~a`jt tavê jqlhfka+ at ~ov akko

zqa ta àdath|j je~khchdjv kj shfvjdhô`.

¿Dôeo x do` zqè do`t|vqhvåjt qèaefvj`ôcoò?

ªH`|è`|jko*

… @adath|jt+ fêthdjea`|a+ lach`hv zqè

qtjvêt doeo eaefvj`j x zqè doeo

djgj la vato`j`dhj. Ak ~jvdba ~qala

tav la bqka o ~kêt|hdo9 ar~avhea`|jdo` o|vot ej|avhjkat.

… At he~ov|j`|a zqa ~jvj kj djgj

q|hkhdat q` ofga|o chvea x zqa

je~khchzqa fha` kjt shfvjdhoàt. Q`fo|a la djv|ô` o ea|jk cq`dho`j eqx

fha`. Ash|j ej|avhjkat lèfhkat+ doeo

ak q`hdak o ak ~kêt|hdo eqx lakmjlo.

^qalat at|hvjv kj eaefvj`j x q`hvkjj kj djgj do` khmjt+ dqavlj o

|jdbqakjt. Kj dkjsa at q` ~jvdba fha`

|a`to. Q`j eaefvj`j jvvqmjlj o

ckêdhlj ò thvsa ~jvj qèaefvj`ôcoò+ la jbå ak lhdbo7 ‛@o

|a jvvqmqat+ dqavo shago+ zqa |a zqhavo

~j‘ |jefov―.… Eqdbot eaefvj`ôcoòt ta mok~aj`

do` qòt ~jkot kkjejlot fjzqa|jt.

ªH`sa`|j |qt fjzqa|jt*+ ~qala` tavq`jt sjvh|jt+ qòt kê~hdat o vjejt.

… Bjw kj ~vqafj la dokodjvkat djfawjt

do` ~kjt|hkh`j+ jkmolô` a`sqak|o a`q` ~aljwo la |akj x jejvvjlo j q`

ar|vaeo la kj fjzqa|j o+ h`dkqto+

~qalat qtjv q` at|vo~jgo ~jvj |jkkjv

|q h`t|vqea`|o. Kjt djvjd|avåt|hdjtla kjt fjzqa|jt jcad|j` ak |hefva lak

eaefvj`ôcoò+ ªjtå zqa èt|a at q`

aòvea dje~o ~jvj ar~avhea`|jv*

Doea`|j do` |qt doe~júavot7 jbovj

zqa bjt do`t|vqhlo

|q eaefvj`ôcoò+¿zqè he~ov|j`dhj

|haà ak ej|avhjk do`

zqa ta akjfovj? ¿Cqa

cêdhk do`t|vqhvko+ jk|aàv q`j hlaj

~vashj la dôeo

bjdavko?+ ¿~ov zqè?¿Komvjt|a vajkhwjvko

doeo at~avjfjt?+

¿~ov zqè?

Do`tqk|j a`7Th latajt tjfav dôeo do`t|vqhv eaefvj`ôcoòtb||~7//}}}.lamaàvjlovat.doe/sav|alavo/

Fo`mot Gjefè



A` ak |aj|vo+ at he~ov|j`|a zqa kj bht|ovhj

ta `jvva fha`+ ~jvj zqa ak ~÷fkhdo

a`|ha`lj x lhtcvq|a kj ofvj. Jzqå

j~va`lavêt dôeo `jvvjv q`j j`èdlo|j.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Doòdat j jkmq`j ~avto`j la |q

doeq`hljl zqa dqa`|a bht|ovhjt? ¿\amqt|j atdqdbjvkj?+ ¿~ov zqè? X j |h+ ¿|a

jmvjlj do`|jv bht|ovhjt?

A` `qat|vo ~jåt arht|a q`j mvj` |vjlhdhô`

ovjk ~ov ealho la kj dqjk ta |vj`teh|a`

kaxa`ljt+ eh|ot x j`èdlo|jt9 jtå+ la

maàvjdhô` a` maàvjdhô`+ bj` kkamjlo

bjt|j òto|vot. Kjt shagjt bht|ovhjt ta

jlj~|j` j kj vajkhljl la zqha` kjt

dqa`|j x do`t|j`|aea`|a h`t~hvj` o|vjt

`qasjt.

… Va÷`j`ta a` azqh~ot x+ ~ov |qvòt+djlj qò la qt|alat do`|jvê j kot

laeêt q`j j`èdlo|j zqa doòwdj.… La |oljt kjt j`èdlo|jt zqa ta

do`|jvo`+ atdogj` q`j x atdvåfj`kj a`tq dqjlavò+

vadqavla` zqa

lafa |aàv

h`hdho+

latjvvokko+

`qlo x

lata`kjda. Th

|haà` lqljt+

vackarhoà` x doea`|a`.

… Q`j saw zqa at|è atdvh|j+ doea`|a`do` tq azqh~o ko thmqha`|a7 ¿dôeo

~qala` do`|jv kj j`èdlo|j

q|hkhwj`lo tôko eosheha`|ot lakdqav~o x mat|ot?

Kaddhô` 8 ªQx... zqè ehalo*





¿Bjt hlo j jkm÷` eqtao?+ ¿j dqêk?+

¿vadqavljt dôeo cqa |q ar~avha`dhj?

A` at|j ÷k|hej kaddhô` dvajvê` q`

eqtao a` ak zqa |qt doe~júavot x |÷

ar~o`lvê` ko zqa bj` j~va`lhlo tofvakot lht|h`|ot ka`mqjgat jv|åt|hdot.

Ovmj`åda`ta a` dqj|vo azqh~ot+ djlj

qò ta a`djvmjvê la q`j taddhô` lak


Ej|avhjkat7

\qt |vjfjgot la kot fkozqat h x hh+ dh`|j

jlbathsj+ djv|qkh`jt x ~kqeoàt la dokovat.

eqtao. Q`j la akkjt ~olvåj at|jv

lat|h`jlj j kjt jv|at shtqjkat9

ar~o`mj` jbå kot ofga|ot

|vhlhea`tho`jkat zqa vajkhwjvo` do`

ej|avhjk la va÷to lqvj`|a at|a fkozqa.

Dokozqa` kjt chdbjt |èd`hdjt la djlj

q`j la tqt ofvjt9 ¿vadqavlj` dôeobjdavkjt?+ th ò+ do`tqk|a` a` ak khfvo la

|avdav mvjlo la Alqdjdhô` Jv|åt|hdj kj

kaddhô` =+ lak fkozqa HH.

@oefva lak eqtao

Tjkj:Jv|at shtqjkatOfga|ot |vhlhea`tho`jkat

Tjkj6E÷thdj

Hlhôcoòt xeaefvj`ôcoòt

Tjkj4\aj|vo

Kot ~avto jgat a ak |aj|vo

Tjkj

<Lj`wjKj ejvdbj

a kj lj`wj





Jq|oasjkqjdhô`





Hla`|hchdo kjt djvjd|avåt|hdjt la kot ej|avhjkat

do` zqa at|ê` badbot kot ofga|ot.

H`|av~va|o q`j hlaj ~ov ealho la kj lj`wj.

Do`t|vqxo q` eaefvj`ôcoò la jdqavlo do`

tqt djvjd|avåt|hdjt.

Akjfovo chmqvjt do` lhcava`|at ej|avhjkat.


fkozqa.



^jv|hdh~o do` eht doe~júavot ~jvj kaav

q` |ar|o |aj|vjk.

^voeqaso ak vat~a|o do` eht

doe~júavot.







Kjt atdqk|qvjt ~qala` bjdavta do`

ej|avhjkat eqx lhsavtot x djlj qò la

akkot lafa |vjfjgjvta do` q`j |èd`hdj

at~adåchdj9 jzqå doòdavêt jkmq`jt la

akkjt.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Bjt gqmjlo do` fjvvo o ejtj?+ ¿dôeokot ej`h~qkjt|a?+ ¿cqa lhcådhk? ¿^ha`tjt

zqa kj |èd`hdj ~jvj bjdav q`j ofvj at

he~ov|j`|a?+ ¿~ov zqè? Doeè`|jko do`

|qt doe~júavot.

<<

F K O Z Q A H H H

Kaddhô` :> J djlj atdqk|qvj tq |èd`hdj

Ej|avhjkat7

Ejtj "la ejåw+ la tjk q o|vjt(+ fjvvo+

~kjt|hkh`j+ ~j~ak ejdbè o dqjkzqhav

ej|avhjk eoklajfka zqa ta |a odqvvj.

Jlaeêt+ q`j fjvvj la gjfô`+ at~o`gj+

~aljwo la dovdbo+ o dqjkzqhav ej|avhjk

a` fkozqa zqa ta ~qalj |vj`tcovejv+|hgavjt x ~jkh|ot.

Mvj` Atch`ma la Mhwj "63>> j.D.(+vodj djkhwj+ 6> r =4 r :< e.

Alqjvlo Dbhkkhlj+ Akomho jk bovhwo`|a ":88>(+ bovehmô` jvejlo+ :> r :1 r :6. e+ Mhgô`+ At~júj.

A` ak fkozqa ~jtjlo xj vadoòdht|azqa kot jv|ht|jt q|hkhwj` h`ch`hljl

la ej|avhjkat a` kj dvajdhô` la tqt

atdqk|qvjt. Doeo djlj ej|avhjk |haà

djvjd|avåt|hdjt eqx lhsavtjt+ ~jvj|vjfjgjvko at adatjvho q|hkhwjv |èd`hdjt

x bavvjeha`|jt at~adåchdjt+ ¿zqè

bavvjeha`|jt adath|jvåjt ~jvj kjfvjv

q`j ~halvj?+ x th ò |qshavjt `h`mq`jbavvjeha`|j+ ¿~olvåjt bjdav q`j

atdqk|qvj?









Xj bj` h`|av~va|jlo q`j bht|ovhj laejàvj ovjk o atdvh|j9 jbovj ko bjvê`

~ov ealho lak dqav~o.

… La kot dqa`|ot o bht|ovhjt fvasat zqa|vjgavo`+ akhgj` qò.

… Q`j saw akamhlo+ va~jv|j` kot

~avto`jgat x akjfova` q` ~azqaúomqhô` atdvh|o zqa kat tavê ÷|hk ~jvj

at|vqd|qvjv tq lj`wj.… Vadqavla` zqa lafa` do`|jv kj

bht|ovhj fjhkj`lo.

… Lat~aga` ak tjkô` x ovmj`åda`ta a`

l÷ot+ |våot+ dqjv|a|ot o zqh`|a|ot+

tam÷` ko vazqhavj`.… Atdogj` e÷thdj x jkmq`jt dotjt lak

‛Fj÷k lak jv|a― zqa ~qalj` tav ÷|hkat

~jvj jdoe~jújv kj lj`wj.… @o okshla` zqa j`|at la doea`wjv

j fjhkjv lafa` vajkhwjv q`

djka`|jeha |o dov~ovjk.

… Ar~kova` lhcava`|at eosheha`|ot~jvj va~vata`|jv j tq ~avto`jga+

vadqvvj` j |olo ko zqa bj`

<2

F K O Z Q A H H H

Kaddhô` :: \a ko dqa`|o fjhkj`lo

A` q`j dvajdhô` lj`dåt|hdj ta ~qala`

q|hkhwjv lhsavtot vadqvtot ~jvj

h`|av~va|jvkj. Jzqå doe~va`lavêt zqa

q`j bht|ovhj |jefhè` ~qala tavshv|a

~jvj vajkhwjv q`j lj`wj.

Ko zqa doòwdo7

¿^qalat ar~vatjv |qt hlajt xta`|heha`|ot j |vjsèt la eosheha`|ot

th` q|hkhwjv ak ka`mqjga ovjk? ¿Dôeo ko

bjdat?

Ej|avhjkat7

E÷thdj |vjlhdho`jk o

h`t|vqea`|jk+ q`j bht|ovhj

fvasa o q` dqa`|o dov|o x

ofga|ot lak ‛Fj÷k lak jv|a―.

Kjt foljt + Doe~júåj @jdho`jk la Lj`wj+ :82=.



j~va`lhlo tofva ar~vathô` dov~ovjk

x vajkhda` tadqa`dhjt lj`dåt|hdjt

la jdqavlo do` kot eosheha`|otzqa taj` àdatjvhot ~jvj `jvvjv kj

bht|ovhj o ak dqa`|o zqa bj` akamhlo.… Kj e÷thdj x kot eosheha`|ot zqa

vajkhda` komvjvê` zqa kj bht|ovhj |a`mjq`j savthô` lhcava`|a a` djlj azqh~o.

… Jbovj+ ªj fjhkjv* Q`j saw |aveh`jlj tq

lj`wj ~vatè`|a`kj j tqt doe~júavot.

… Oftavsa` kj dj`|hljl x sjvhaljl la

eosheha`|ot do` kot zqa ta ~qala

h`|av~va|jv q`j bht|ovhj.


@adath|jvêt q`j djgj

la wj~j|ot o la kadba

x khmjt la lht|h`|ot

mvotovat.

Júo davo + Fjkka|\aj|vo lak At~jdho+ 6>><.

Q` lj|o h`|avatj`|a

A` kj lj`wj dkêthdj

arht|a q` ka`mqjga

dov~ovjk ~jvj

ar~vatjv ta`|heha`|ot

at~adåchdot+ doeo ak

jeov o kj |vht|awj9o dhav|jt jddhoàt+

doeo ~vo~oàvka

ej|vheo`ho j kj

jejlj+ o h`sh|jvkj j

fjhkjv.

… Doea`|a` dôeo cqa ak |vjfjgo

h`|avò la djlj azqh~o+ zqè jdhav|ot

|qshavo`+ j zqè lhchdqk|jlat taa`cva`|jvo` x zqè ~qala a`vhzqadav

tq |vjfjgo.

A` kj lj`wj ta ar~vatj` hlajt j|vjsèt lak eosheha`|o lak dqav~o9

jtå+ jk ljv q` ea`tjga o ~vata`|jv

q` do`ckhd|o+ ta ~qala jxqljv j dvajv

do`dha`dhj tofva q` ~vofkaej+ xj tajla |h~o todhjk+ jefha`|jk o ~okå|hdo+

a`|va o|vot.



\olot kot h`t|vqea`|ot zqa maàvj`to`hlo ~ov ealho la dqavljt ~av|aàda`

j kj cjehkhj la kot dovlôcoòt7 ak jv~j+

ak vazqh`|o+ kjt mqh|jvvjt+ kot shokhàt+ kot

shoko`dbakot o kot |okokodbat.Doeo ~qalat sav+ at|ot h`t|vqea`|ot

|haà` sjvhjt dqavljt+ q`jt eêt

mvqatjt zqa o|vjt+ zqa ta at|hvj` o

|a`tj` ~jvj zqa jk bjdavkjt shfvjv~volqwdj` ak to`hlo. Kj jk|qvj lak

to`hlo la djlj dqavlj sjvåj tam÷`

tq mvjlo la |a`thô`+ tq ko`mh|ql x tqmvotov7 eha`|vjt eêt |a`tj+ dov|j x

lakmjlj+ ~volqda to`hlot eêt jmqlot.

Kot dovlôcoòt qtj` q`j djgj la

vato`j`dhj ~jvj je~khchdjv ak sokqea`lak to`hlo la kjt dqavljt.

^jvj tjfav eêt tofva kot dovlôcoòt+

~qala` h`sh|jv jk tjkô` la dkjtat j q`

cjehkhjv o doòdhlo zqa ta~j |odjv q`h`t|vqea`|o la at|a mvq~o ~jvj zqa

|ozqa x kat ~kj|hzqa dôeo cq`dho`j.

>

F K O Z Q

A H H H

Kaddhô` :6 ªJx+ dqavlj+ ò |a vasha`|at*

A` at|j kaddhô` j~va`lavêt j akjfovjv q`

dovlôcoò do` ej|avhjkat la va÷to x do`

o|vot zqa a`dqa`|vat a` |q a`|ovò.

Ko zqa doòwdo¿ôv zqè ~olaeot atdqdbjv ak to`hlo la

kot h`t|vqea`|ot eqthdjkat?

¿Zqè adath|j q` h`t|vqea`|o~jvj je~khchdjv q`j shfvjdhô`?

¿Zqè |haà` zqa sav kjt |vh~jt

la q` mj|o do` kj e÷thdj? ª^qateqdbo* Jq`zqa |a ~jvawdj

ar|vjúo+ arht|a` h`t|vqea`|ot eqthdjkat

a` kot zqa bjx zqa bjdav shfvjv q`j

dqavlj x èt|j+ a` eqdbjt odjthoàt+ atakjfovjlj do` q`j |vh~j la mj|o.

¿Doòdat h`t|vqea`|ot zqa ~volqwdj`

to`hlo ~ov ealho la kj shfvjdhô` ladqavljt? Atdvhfa jkmqòt jzqå.

Ej|avhjkat7

Q`j djgj la wj~j|ot

o la kadba x khmjt la

lht|h`|ot mvotovat.

Taddhô` la dqavljt la kj Ovzqat|j Th`cô`hdjla kj Q`hsavthljl la Mqj`jgqj|o+ 6>>:.



Jbovj at ak eoea`|o la do`t|vqhv |q

~vo~ho dovlôcoò.

… ^jvj doea`wjv+ bjw q` bqado dhvdqkjv

a` ak da`|vo la kj djgj+ doeo eqat|vj

kj hejma`.… ×`hdjea`|a |haàt zqa ~oàv khmjt

la lht|h`|ot mvotovat a` ak kjlo eêt

kjvmo la kj djgj. Oftavsj kj hejma`.… Kjt khmjt zqaljvê` |a`tjljt x

vato`jvê` a` ak bqado la kj djgj jk

bjdavkjt shfvjv do` |q lalo. ^jvj

sjvhjv kj jk|qvj la djlj dqavlj

~qalat bjdav `qlot a` akkjt+ laeolo zqa zqala` eêt j~va|jljt

q`jt zqa o|vjt.

Kj jk|qvj |jefhè` sjvhjvêla~a`lha`lo lak mvotov la kjt khmjt7

kjt mvqatjt ~volqdhvê` to`hlot

mvjsat x kjt lakmjljt+ jmqlot.… G÷`|a`ta a` azqh~ot ~azqaúot

x q|hkhda` tq `qaso h`t|vqea`|o

~jvj jdoe~jújv q`j dj`dhô` zqa

kat jmvjla. \ozqa` la eaeovhj kj~hawj o mqåa`ta do` q`j mvjfjdhô`.

H`dkqto jsa`|÷va`ta j vajkhwjv tq

~vo~hj doe~othdhô`. ¿Zqè dovlôcoòt

ta atdqdbj` a` kj mvjfjdhô` la |q

eakolåj cjsovh|j?… Gqamj do` |q qaso h`t|vqea`|o x

ar~kovj |olo ko zqa ~qalat bjdav do`

èk. ¿^volqda to`hlot mvjsat x jmqlot?

¿^qalat bjdav to`hlot kjvmot x dov|ot?

Kot h`t|vqea`|ot eqthdjkat

~av|aàdha`|at jk mvq~o la kotdovlôcoòt covej` kj

ejxov ~jv|a la q`j

ovzqat|j th`cô`hdj. A`

akkj thae~va bjx lot mvj`latmvq~ot la shokhàt+ qò

la shokjt+ o|vo eêt la

shoko`dbakot x+ ~ov

÷k|heo+ kot aòveatdo`|vjfjgot.



J~va`lavêt zqa kj he~voshtjdhô`

at q`j bavvjeha`|j dvaj|hsj zqa |a

jxqljvê j doòdav x ar~kovjv jkmq`jt

la |qt bjfhkhljlat+ doeo kj h`|qhdhô`+ kj

hejmh`jdhô` x kj dvaj|hshljl.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Zqè at he~voshtjv? ¿A` zqè th|qjdhoàtla |q shlj bjt |a`hlo zqa qtjv kj

he~voshtjdhô`?

Ak jd|ov q|hkhwj tq sow+ tqt mat|ot x tq

ar~vathô` dov~ovjk ~jvj va~vata`|jvj tq ~avto`jga a` kjt lhcava`|at

th|qjdhoàt zqa tqvma` a` q`j ofvj la

|aj|vo. ^jvj akko+ |haà zqa j~va`lav tqtlhêkomot x q|hkhwjv ak |h~o la sow+ mat|otx eosheha`|ot zqa eagov va~vata`|a`

kjt aeodhoàt a hlajt la tq ~avto`jga.

\jefhè` at eqx he~ov|j`|a zqa ak

jd|ov bjmj agavdhdhot la he~voshtjdhô`9at ladhv+ zqa ~qalj vat~o`lav x

ejàgjv |olo |h~o la th|qjdhoàt

hàt~avjljt x jtå vajkhwjv qèagov |vjfjgo atdè`hdo.

16

F K O Z Q A H H H

Kaddhô` :4 Dqjkzqhav dotj ~qala ~jtjv

Jfvj` ak dhako do` lj`wj + doe~júåjla lj`wj Lhlhe la Iooi Too%Boo+ 6>>=.



at|j jd|hshljl at he~ov|j`|a zqa |q

ta`|hlo lak oålo x |q vackago dov~ovjk

at|è` doàd|jlot. ª@o |a zqalat thèosav|a*

… O|vo agavdhdho la he~voshtjdhô`

~qala tav dqj`lo q` doe~júavo

doeha`wj lhdha`lo q`j cvjta x djljqò sj a`vhzqadha`lo ak lhêkomo la

ejàvj zqa |a`mj do`|h`qhljl+ ~ov

agae~ko7 ‛ta ea voe~hô ak ~jvjmqjt―x qò j qò sj` do`|at|j`lo |olo ko

zqa ta kat odqvvj. ^qala tav dôehdo

o |vêmhdo+ lot ~jkjfvjt+ q`j cvjta

x bjt|j q`j do`savtjdhô`. ª@o |azqalat djkkjlo*

1

Ovmj`åda`ta do` tq ejat|vo ~jvj

|vjfjgjv a` mvq~o x lat~aga` ak

tjkô` ~jvj vajkhwjv lot agavdhdhot la

he~voshtjdhô`+ ªzqa to` eqx lhsav|hlot*

… Tq ejat|vo tavê zqha` lhmj kjt cvjtat

zqa ta do`sav|hvê` a` jddhoàt zqa|olot lafavê` he~voshtjv.

… Covea` q` dåvdqko x dqj`lo ak

ejat|vo lhmj+ ~ov agae~ko7 ‛at|êkkosha`lo cqav|a a` kj a`|vjlj la

kj atdqakj― |olot vajkhwjvê` kjt

jddhoàt zqa ovejkea`|a ta

bjda` dqj`lo ato tqdala. Bêmj`koh`lhshlqjkea`|a+ la ejàvj zqa ak

doe~ov|jeha`|o+ kot eosheha`|ot

x kjt ~jkjfvjt o ar~vathoàt taj`lht|h`|ot.

… La|è`mj`ta dqj`lo ak ejat|vo

djefha kj jddhô` x lhmj7 ‛|olj kjma`|a sj la ~vhtj jk |vjfjgo―+ ‛xj

tjkhavo` |olot j vadvao―+ o ‛bjx zqa

vadomav kj dotadbj j`|at la zqa

zqaea ak tok―. J`|a djlj cvjta bjmj`vê~hljea`|a tqt jddhoàt. jvj

Ejvhjò Fa`kkhqva+ @húot fjgo ak ~jvjmqjt

"ch`jkat lak thmko RHR(+fvo`da+ ::> de la jk|qvj.

: < > d e





¿ôlvåj` do`sa`dav j q`j ~avto`j ladoe~vjv jkmo zqa `h qt|alat tjfa` zqè

at? ¿Ko bj` h`|a`|jlo? Q` dbjvkj|ê` at

jzqakkj ~avto`j zqa a`mjúj j o|vot

bjdhè`lota ~jtjv ~ov jkmqha` zqa òat+ o sa`lha`lo+ ~ov ealho la |vje~jt

x jd|qjdhoàt+ |olo |h~o la dotjt+ doeo

~ôdhejt ~jvj a`jeovjv+ ealhdh`jt

zqa |olo ko dqvj` o jeqka|ot zqaj|vja` kj cov|q`j x ak lhàvo. Tqaka`

bjdavta ~jtjv ~ov eèlhdot o ~avto`jt

la o|vjt ~vocathoàt x q|hkhwj` tq

aòvea h`ma`ho x the~j|åj ~jvjdo`sa`dav j kot h`ma`qot. Th` lqlj to`

~avto`jgat eqx ~adqkhjvat.

1H`|amvo ko j~va`lhlo

… ªJ doea`wjv ak gqamo* Dokozqa` jk

cva`|a lak tjkô` |oljt kjt atdqk|qvjtzqa do`t|vqxavo`. Kqamo ~jtjvê`+

a` azqh~ot la |vat+ jk cva`|a lak

mvq~o. Qò la kot |vat tavê ak e÷thdo

x q|hkhwjvê q` dovlôcoò. O|vodoe~júavo akamhvê q`j atdqk|qvj+ tavê

ak dbjvkj|ê`+ x ak |avdavo ak jtht|a`|a.

Ej|avhjkat7

Kjt atdqk|qvjt zqa vajkhwjvo`

lqvj`|a at|a fkozqa x kot

dovlôcoòt zqa do`t|vqxavo`

a` kj kaddhô` la e÷thdj.



… Ak dbjvkj|ê` |vj|jvê la sa`lav

kj atdqk|qvj jk vat|o lak mvq~o

h`sa`|ê`loka q`j bht|ovhjejvjshkkotj o ~vo~haljlat eêmhdjt.

\jefhè` ~qala bjfkjv la ko zqa

j~va`lhô a` at|a fkozqa jdavdj la

kj akjfovjdhô` la atdqk|qvjt.… Ak e÷thdo ~qala jdoe~jújv do`

tq h`t|vqea`|o kj bht|ovhj lak

dbjvkj|ê`. Ak jtht|a`|a vajkhwjvêeosheha`|ot do` tq dqav~o ~jvj

hkqt|vjv ko zqa at|ê do`|j`lo

ak sa`lalov. Vadqavla` ko zqa

vajkhwjvo` a` tq kaddhô` la lj`wj.… Djlj azqh~o |a`lvê lot eh`q|ot

~jvj do`sa`dav jk vat|o lak mvq~o9

dqj`lo bjxj |vj`tdqvvhlo at|a|hae~o+ hèalhj|jea`|a ~jtjvê

ak thmqha`|a azqh~o. @o ko ~ha`ta`

eqdbo+ lèga`ta kkasjv ~ov tqt hlajt+

|jk doeo bhdhavo` a` kot agavdhdhot la

he~voshtjdhô`.… Q`j saw zqa bjxj` ~jtjlo |olot

jk cva`|a+ covea` q` dåvdqko ~jvj

doea`|jv ko zqa odqvvhô lqvj`|a ak

gqamo. ¿Zqè azqh~o kat mqt|ô eêt?+¿~ov zqè? ¿Zqè azqh~o cqa eêt

do`sh`da`|a?

Ak jv|a a`vhzqada eqdbjt jd|hshljlat

la qat|vj shlj do|hlhj`j. \÷ |jefhè`

~qalat q|hkhwjv ko zqa j~va`lat a` |qt

dkjtat la Alqdjdhô` Jv|åt|hdj ~jvj |qtgqamot x jd|hshljlat lhjvhjt.

13

F K O Z Q A H H H


@adath|jvêt ~kjt|hkh`j+ jkjefva

lak eêt lakmjlo x fkj`lo ~othfka+

|hgavjt x ~h`wjt.



Jq|oasjkqjdhô`





Hla`|hchdo |èd`hdjt zqa ta ae~kaj` a` kj

akjfovjdhô` la atdqk|qvjt.

H`|av~va|o q`j lj`wj j ~jv|hv la q`j bht|ovhj.

Do`t|vqxo h`t|vqea`|ot la kj cjehkhj la kot

dovlôcoòt la jdqavlo do` tqt djvjd|avåt|hdjt.

Vadoòwdo kj he~ov|j`dhj la kj he~voshtjdhô`

a` ak |aj|vo.


fkozqa.


A` eht jd|hshljlat xo7 Ko bjmo Ko h`|a`|oTôko dqj`lo

ea ko h`lhdj`

J~ov|o eht hlajt ~jvj do`|jv q`j

bht|ovhj ~ov ealho la kj lj`wj.

^vo~o`mo tokqdhoàt ~jvj vatoksav kot

~vofkaejt zqa ta tqtdh|j` a` dkjta.







Jzqå j~va`lavêt j q|hkhwjv kj atdqk|qvj

doeo ka`mqjga ~jvj ar~vatjv hlajt x

aeodhoàt.

Ko zqa doòwdo¿Tjfat dôeo ta ka kkjej j q`j

co|omvjcåj a` kj zqa j~jvada tôko ealho

dqav~o? ¿X dqj`lo j~jvada ak dqav~odoe~ka|o+ dôeo ta kkjej?

La`|vo lak dje~o la

kjt atdqk|qvjt+ j jkmq`jt la akkjt kjtlaòeh`jeot at|j|qjt x+ a` maàvjk+

èt|jt to` la fqk|o valo`lo+ at ladhv+

zqa ta ~qala` sav latla |olot kotê`mqkot x jlaeêt djth thae~va

va~vata`|j` chmqvjt bqej`jt zqa

~qala` o ò at|jv jdoe~jújljt lao|vot akaea`|ot+ ~ov agae~ko+ j`hejkat.

Kjt at|j|qjt la chmqvjt bqej`jt

ta dkjthchdj` la jdqavlo do` kj ~jv|alak dqav~o zqa va~vata`|j`. Ta kkjej`fqt|ot dqj`lo to` la kj djfawj j kj

~jv|a tq~avhov lak |ôvjr9 dqj`lo to`

la kj djfawj j kj dh`|qvj+ ta kkjej` laealho dqav~o9 th kj va~vata`|jdhô` atla kj djfawj j kjt volhkkjt ta laòeh`j

la |vat dqjv|ot 9 ~ov ÷k|heo+ ta kkjej

>

F K O Z Q A H S

Kaddhô` :< Bjmjeot q`j at|j|qj

Ej|avhjkat7

^kjt|hkh`j x jkjefva lak eêt lakmjlo

x fkj`lo ~othfka+ |hgavjt x ~h`wjt.

Djehkka Dkjqlak+ Kj ~azqaúj dj|jkj`j ":281(+ eêveok+

4<.3 r 62.< r 66.= de+ ^jvåt+ Eqtao Volh`.

Ak jlokatda`|a la \jeqå` "~avholo ~otdkêthdo7 8>>%::>>(+

fjtjk|o+ 48 r ::: de+ Eqtao la J`|vo~okomåj la Rjkj~j.

: < > d e



at|j|qj la dqav~o a`|avo kj zqa sj la

kj djfawj j kot ~hat.

Kjt at|j|qjt |jefhè` ta dkjthchdj`

tam÷` tq ~othdhô`. Ta kkjej` tala`|at th kj chmqvj bqej`j at|ê ta`|jlj9xjda`|at+ th ta a`dqa`|vj jdot|jlj9

ma`qckarjt + th at|ê la volhkkjt+ xadqat|vat dqj`lo kj chmqvj bqej`j

at|ê j djfjkko.

Oftavsa` kjt heêmaàt j`|avhovat x

doea`|a` a` mvq~o7 ¿a` zqè ~othdhô`ta a`dqa`|vj djlj chmqvj? ¿Zqè ~jv|a

lak dqav~o at|ê va~vata`|jlj? ¿Dqêk

kat mqt|j eêt?+ ¿~ov zqè? ¿Zqè at|ê`

ar~vatj`lo? Sjt j akjfovjv kj at|j|qj la q`

~avto`jga. jvj akko+ adath|jt tjfav

jkmq`jt dotjt tofva èk7

¿At q` ~avto`jga he~ov|j`|a?+ ¿~ovzqè?+ ¿a` zqè è~odj shshô?+ ¿dôeo

avj cåthdjea`|a?+ ¿dôeo sat|åj?+

¿|a`åj jkm÷` ofga|o o j`hejk zqa kojdoe~jújvj thae~va?

¿A` zqè ~othdhô` ko ~o`lvêt?+ ¿la

dqav~o doe~ka|o o cvjddho`jlo?

… Lhfqgj q` foda|o ~jvj mqhjv|a a` kj

vajkhwjdhô` la kj at|j|qj. ªEjòt j kj

ofvj*

… ^vheavo bjw q`j at|vqd|qvj lajkjefva ~jvj zqa kj chmqvj ta

ej`|a`mj la ~ha. Oftavsj ak agae~ko+

zqhwê ~qalj tavshv|a.… Dqfva kj at|vqd|qvj do` ~kjt|hkh`j

~jvj ljv covej j |q at|j|qj.

Q` lj|o h`|avatj`|a

Kj mhmj`|j at q`j atdqk|qvj eo`qea`|jk

lak jv|ht|j earhdjò Gotè Kqht Dqasjt9

ta a`dqa`|vj a` kj Dhqljl la Eèrhdo. La

cva`|a at q`j eqgav+ ak vot|vo at arjd|o

jk la kj eolako+ x ~ov j|vêt at q` boefva+

q` jq|ovva|vj|o. ^qalat sav tq co|o a`

kj ~êmh`j 34.

Do`tqk|j a`7^jvj doòdav ak Eqtao Gotè Kqht Dqasjtshth|j b||~7//eqtaogotakqhtdqasjt.doe.er/

Dokozqa` kot |vjfjgot a` q` kqmjvshthfka x vackarhoà`7 ¿dôeo cqa tq

ar~avha`dhj jk akjfovjv kj at|j|qj?+ ¿zqè

faàchdhot ~avdhfa` a` kj q|hkhwjdhô` la

q`j at|vqd|qvj?



36

F K

O Z Q A H S

Fxvo` Mêksaw+ A` ak atda`jvho ":828(+ fvo`da cq`lhlo+ <6 r <8 r 68 de.

Gotè Kqht Dqasjt+ Kj mhmj`|j ":88:(+ sjdhjlo

a` fvo`da+ 2>> r 48: r 4>> de+ Eqtao GotèKqht Dqasjt+ Dhqljl la Eèrhdo.


@adath|jvê` q`j h`sat|hmjdhô` tofva kj

tjfj`j+ q` ~khamo la djv|qkh`j o ~j~ak fo`l+

~kqeoàt o dvjxoàt+ q` va~volqd|ov la

to`hlo ~jvj |olot x e÷thdj la ~avdqthoàt.

: < > d e

Tamqvjea`|a a` |q doeq`hljl

arht|a jkmq`j at|j|qj9 th ò bjt ~qat|o

j|a`dhô`+ bjwko jbovj x oftèvsjkj

la|a`hljea`|a+ |vj|j`lo la j`jkhwjva` akkj |olo ko zqa bjt j~va`lhlo a`

at|a júo.





3<

F K

O Z Q A H S

Kaddhô` :1 Fjhkj`lo q` |aej

Do` q`j lj`wj ~qala h`|av~va|jvta q`j

bht|ovhj o j`èdlo|j9 box do`|h`qjvêt

do` at|a j~va`lhwjga dvaj|hso+

ae~kaj`lo q` |aej doeo vadqvto ~jvj

kj dvajdhô` la q`j lj`wj.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Tjfat dôeo ta eqasa` kot j`hejkat?¿ôlvåjt h`|av~va|jv kot eosheha`|ot la

jkmqòt?

Q`j lj`wj ta ~qalado`t|vqhv j ~jv|hv

la q`j hlaj+ q` ~oaej

o q`j bht|ovhj. Arht|a`

h`ch`hljl la |aejt

Ej|avhjkat7

\q h`sat|hmjdhô` tofva kjtjfj`j+ q` ~khamo la djv|qkh`j o

~j~ak fo`l+ ~kqeoàt o dvjxoàt+

q` va~volqd|ov la to`hlo ~jvj |olot

x e÷thdj la ~avdqthoàt.

~jvj tav h`|av~va|jlot+ ~qala` at|jvvakjdho`jlot do` kj j|qvjkawj o

do` th|qjdhoàt todhjkat+ doeo kot

badbot bht|ôvhdot+ o fha` do` jddhoàt

cj`|êt|hdjt. Ko eêt he~ov|j`|a dqj`loatdogjt q` |aej at zqa taj la |q h`|avèt.

¿Dôeo bjdav q`j lj`wj j ~jv|hv

la q` |aej?

… Lhsålj`ta a` dh`do azqh~ot+ djlj

azqh~o akjfovjvê q`j lj`wj j ~jv|hvlak |aej ‛J`hejkat a` kj tjfj`j―.

… A` ak ~khamo la ~j~ak zqa |vjgavo` la

djtj bjmj` q`j kkqshj la hlajt tofva

kj shlj la at|ot j`hejkat x jò|a` kotlj|ot zqa h`sat|hmjvo` tofva ak |aej.

^ha`ta` a` ko thmqha`|a7 ¿dôeo to` kot

j`hejkat x kjt ~kj`|jt zqa bjfh|j`

a` kj tjfj`j? ¿Dôeo at ak dkhej?¿Zqè to`hlot bjx? ¿Dôeo at ak tqako?

¿Dqêkat tavåj` tqt aeodhoàt jk at|jv

la shth|j a` ata kqmjv?… Jbovj akjfova` tadqa`dhjt la

eosheha`|ot j ~jv|hv lak |aej.

Asjk÷a` kjt djvjd|avåt|hdjt la tq~avto`jga7 ¿dôeo at cåthdjea`|a?+

¿dôeo ta eqasa? Th cqavj` q`j

tav~ha`|a+ ¿dôeo ta lat~kjwjvåj`? X

th cqavj` q` mvq~o la ar~kovjlovat+¿dôeo ko bjvåj`?

… ^ha`ta` a` kj th|qjdhô` x a` kjaeodhô` zqa èt|j kat ~vosodj. ¿Zqè

~jtjvåj th la ~vo`|o kkoshavj

x ak tqako at|qshavj eqx

vatfjkoto? ¿Zqè bjvåj` th bqfhavjeqdbot eotzqh|ot?

… H`sa`|a` q`j o sjvhjt th|qjdhoàt

tofva ko zqa ~olvåj ~jtjv jbå9

lat~qèt+ atdogj` kot ~avto`jgat









32

F K O Z Q A H S

Kaddhô` :3 ªZqa ka to~ka* ªZqa ka to~ka*

Do` jkmqòt ej|avhjkat la |q

a`|ovò q ofga|ot la va÷to at ~othfka

akjfovjv h`t|vqea`|ot eqthdjkat. Box

j~va`lavêt j bjdav q` javôcoò.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Zqè ta |oej a` dqa`|j ~jvj dkjthchdjv

kot h`t|vqea`|ot eqthdjkat? ¿Dqêkat to`kot mvq~ot o cjehkhjt la h`t|vqea`|ot

zqa doòdat bjt|j ak eoea`|o?

¿Bjt sht|o dôeo h`ckj kot djdba|at ak

ejvhjdbh zqa |odj kj |voe~a|j? Tq

djvj ta ~oà vogj x ~jvada zqa ka sj j

at|jkkjv a` dqjkzqhav eoea`|o. At|oodqvva ~ovzqa ò at cêdhk tjdjvka q`

fqa` to`hlo j h`t|vqea`|ot doeo kj

|voe~a|j.

Ej|avhjkat7

Q` |vowo la ej`mqavj o q` |qfo

x q` aefqlo. Jlaeêt+ ak dovlôcoò+

ak eaefvj`ôcoò x ak hlhôcoò zqa

do`t|vqxavo` a` kjt kaddhoàt j`|avhovat.

Odjvh`j

Jv~j

\voe~a|j

Tjrocô`



Arht|a` eqdbot h`t|vqea`|ot zqa

~jvj maàvjv to`hlo àdath|j` la jhva.

Oftavsj kjt heêmaàt la at|j kaddhô` x

a`dhavvj a` q` dåvdqko kot h`t|vqea`|otzqa àdath|j` jhva ~jvj ~volqdhv

to`hlo.

Kot h`t|vqea`|ot zqa maàvj`to`hlo j ~jv|hv la kj shfvjdhô` zqa

~volqda q`j dokqe`j la jhva a` tq

h`|avhov ta doòda` doeo javôcoòt.

Jkmqòt la èt|ot to` kj |qfj+ ak ckjq|å`+ak dkjvhà|a x ak ofoa. At|a mvq~o at

eqx je~kho7 |haà akaea`|ot doeo kj

ckjq|j+ a` kj dqjk bjx zqa ~jtjv jhva

j |vjsèt la q` |qfo ~avcovjlo zqamaàvj to`hlot la lht|h`|j jk|qvj jk

|j~jv o lat|j~jv kjt ~avcovjdhoàt+

ko zqa azqhsjka j sjvhjv ak kjvmo lak

|qfo. \jefhè` bjx akaea`|ot doeoak dovò cvj`dèt9 a` èt|a+ ak jhva shjgj

~ov kjvmot |qfot la ea|jk a`valjlotzqa ch`jkhwj` a` q`j |voe~j j`dbj+

kkjejlj ~jfakkô`.At eqx he~ov|j`|a zqa+ la tav

~othfka+ q`j ~avto`j zqa ta~j |odjv

q` javôcoò kot shth|a a` tq tjkô`

~jvj zqa atdqdba` x doòwdj` tqh`t|vqea`|o.

Shokå`

Ckjq|j lqkda

Jdovlaô`

\qfj

Ejvjdjt

Ckjq|jla djvvhwo



>

F K O Z Q A H S

dj`|j o do` q`j mvjfjdhô`. @o lqla`

a` he~voshtjv x dvajv tqt ~vo~hjt

doe~othdhoàt.

Q`j saw zqa |a`mj` h`t|vqea`|otla |oljt kjt cjehkhjt+ doefhà` tqt

to`hlot ~jvj dvajv jefha`|at toòvot.

¿Zqè jefha`|a ta maàvj dqj`lo|odj` tôko kot dovlôcoòt o dqj`lo

doefh`j` hlaôcoòt do` javôcoòt?

A` kjt ovzqat|jt th`cô`hdjt+ kotjavôcoòt ta lhshla` a` lot mvq~ot7

kjt ejlavjt+ zqa to` kjt ckjq|jt+

dkjvhà|at+ ofoat x cjmo|t+ a`|va o|vot+x kot ea|jkat+ j kot zqa ~av|aàda` kjt

|voe~a|jt+ kot |voefoàt+ kot dovòt

cvj`datat+ ak tjrocô` x kj |qfj.

Sj` j do`t|vqhv q` h`t|vqea`|o eqxta`dhkko+ ~avo hlajk ~jvj gqmjv. Fjt|j

dokodjv q` aefqlo a` qò la kot

ar|vaeot la q` ~aljwo la ej`mqavj x

to~kjv ~ov ak o|vo. Oftavsj kj hejma`.^qala` bjdav eqdbjt ~vqafjt+

h`|a`|a` bjdav lht|h`|ot |hefvat ojk|qvjt. ¿Zqè ~jtj dqj`lo ak |vowo

la ej`mqavj at eqx kjvmo? ¿Dôeo taatdqdbj th |j~j` x lat|j~j` q`j x

o|vj saw kj fodj lak aefqlo eha`|vjt

to~kj`? ¿Zqè ~jtjvåj th bhdhavj`

~avcovjdhoàt a` lht|h`|ot kqmjvat la kjej`mqavj x kjt |j~jvj` x lat|j~jvj`

do` kot lalot?

Jbovj covea` a`tjefkath`t|vqea`|jkat do` ko zqa bj`

do`t|vqhlo a` kaddhoàt j`|avhovat x

jdoe~júa` kj eakolåj zqa qt|alat

akhgj`9 ~qala` bjdavko eha`|vjt jkmqha`


@adath|jvê` q`j

dje~j`h|j ~jvj

|olo ak mvq~o.







Kj e÷thdj x kj lj`wj at|ê` å`|hejea`|avakjdho`jljt+ ~ovzqa kj e÷thdj bjda

zqa òt eosjeot do` lhsavtot vh|eot.

¿Vadqavljt ko zqa bhdht|a lqvj`|a at|a

fkozqa jk |vjfjgjv do` e÷thdj?Xj |haàt q` agae~kjv la djlj

q`j la kjt cjehkhjt la h`t|vqea`|ot7

hlhôcoòt+ eaefvj`ôcoòt+ dovlôcoòt

x javôcoòt+ zqa maàvj` to`hloteqx lht|h`|ot+ ¿la zqè covej ~olvåjt

q|hkhwjvkot ~jvj fjhkjv do` akkot?

… Lhsålj`ta a` azqh~ot la e÷thdot xfjhkjvhàt+ ta~jva` kot h`t|vqea`|ot

~ov cjehkhjt x dokôzqa`kot a`

lht|h`|ot kqmjvat lak tjkô`.

… Kot e÷thdot ~olvê` ar~avhea`|jvkhfvaea`|a to`hlot jk|av`j`lo

do` kjt lht|h`|jt cjehkhjt la

h`t|vqea`|ot+ ~jvj zqa jk ch`jk bjxj`dvajlo kj ejxov dj`|hljl ~othfka la

to`hlot. vqafa` lht|h`|jt eawdkjt

la to`hlot+ o fha`+ la saw a` dqj`lo

|ozqa` tôko q`j cjehkhj x ~avdhfj`zqè odqvva.

… Eha`|vjt |j`|o+ kot fjhkjvhàt ta

eosavê` jk vh|eo la kj e÷thdj.… Lat~qèt djefha` la vokat.


Ej|avhjkat7

Kot h`t|vqea`|ot zqa do`t|vqht|aa` |qt dkjtat j`|avhovat la e÷thdj7

hlhôcoòt+ eaefvj`ôcoòt+

dovlôcoòt x javôcoòt.



<

F K O

Z Q A H S

Jk ch`jk+ doea`|a` a`|va |olot

tq ar~avha`dhj7 ¿zqè kat mqt|ô eêt7

fjhkjv o |odjv kot h`t|vqea`|ot? ¿Zqè

eosheha`|ot x to`hlot a`do`|vjvo`?¿Dôeo ta eoshavo` kot fjhkjvhàt do`

kot lht|h`|ot to`hlot? ¿Zqè jefha`|at

ta maàvj`? ¿Zqè |haà` zqa bjdav~jvj komvjv q` vh|eo la|aveh`jlo?

Kot e÷thdot x fjhkjvhàt ~qala`komvjv q` lhêkomo ejvjshkkoto+ ~avo at

he~ov|j`|a tav eqx vada~|hsot j ko zqa

kot o|vot ~vo~oà`. A` ak jv|a+ atdqdbjvò tôko ta lj j |vjsèt la kot oålot+ thò

la |olot kot ta`|hlot.


@adath|jvê` jkjefva lakmjlo o bhko+

~amjea`|o fkj`do+ |hgavjt+ kê~hdat

la dokovat+ djv|oàt la dokovat

x ej|avhjk khmavo la va÷to9 ~jkh|ot

o q`j vjej tadj.

Kot Fo|at Dj`|j`do` ak th`|vjfjgox kot kj|hefjkat.

Kot Fo|at Dj`|j`|odj`lo kj kj|avåj.

Kot Fo|at Dj`|j` do` kjt wje~okka|jt.



Jq|oasjkqjdhô`

=

J Q \ O A S J K Q J D H Ô @





Do`t|vqxo javôcoòt la jdqavlo

do` tqt djvjd|avåt|hdjt.

Hla`|hchdo lhcava`|at ejàvjt

la atdvhfhv eht bht|ovhjt.

Doefhò kjt cjehkhjt la h`t|vqea`|ot

h`dkqxa`lo eh javôcoò.


fkozqa.



Ar~vato eht hlajt ~ov ealho

la atdqk|qvjt.

\vjfjgo a` azqh~o ~jvj dvajv

q`j lj`wj j ~jv|hv la q` |aej.

Atdqdbo do` j|a`dhô` kot doea`|jvhot

la eht doe~júavot.







Kjt atdqk|qvjt ~qala` |aàv

eosheha`|o o va~vata`|jvko. Jzqå

do`t|vqhvêt q`j atdqk|qvj do`

eosheha`|o ~jvj ar~vatjv hlajt x

aeodhoàt.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Zqè ofga|ot doòdat zqa ~qaljèosavta do` ak sha`|o? ¿^ha`tjt zqa q`j

atdqk|qvj ~olvåj eosavta?

Doeo xj bjt sht|o a` kot fkozqatj`|avhovat+ dqj`lo òt vacavheot j

atdqk|qvj a`|a`laeot zqa ta |vj|j la q`

ofga|o do` sokqea`. Jlaeêt+ ~vata`|j kj

djvjd|avåt|hdj ~jv|hdqkjv la o |aàv qèosheha`|o vajk+ tôko ko va~vata`|j.

Th` aefjvmo+ a` ak thmko rr tadoea`wjvo` j dvajv atdqk|qvjt zqa

vajkea`|a ta

eosåj`+ ta kat kkjeô

atdqk|qvjt dh`è|hdjt.A` jkmq`jt la akkjt+

kot jv|ht|jt komvjvo`

eosheha`|o ~ov

ealho la eo|ovat+ eha`|vjt zqa a` o|vjt

ta qtô kj the~ka jddhô` lak sha`|o+ j at|jt÷k|hejt ta kat laòeh`j eôshkat.

Kj atdqk|qvj eôshk ej`|haà ak

azqhkhfvho la kot ofga|ot zqa dqakmj` laakkj mvjdhjt jk fjkj`da x j q` ~q`|o laj~oxo+ zqa ~qala tav ak |adbo+ kj ~jval o

q` to~ov|a at~adhjk.

At he~ov|j`|a |aàv a` dqa`|j zqabjx lht|h`|jt dkjtat la eosheha`|o7 ta ka

kkjej do`|h`qo dqj`lo ak eosheha`|o o

djefhj o at do`t|j`|a9 dådkhdo+ dqj`lo

~jv|a la q` ~q`|o x vamvatj jk ehteo~q`|o la lo`la ~jv|hô9 otdhkj|ovho+

dqj`lo sj la q` ~q`|o j o|vo+ xj taj

la jvvhfj bjdhj jfjgo o la q` kjlo

bjdhj o|vo+ doeo ak ~è`lqko. \jefhè`bjx eosheha`|ot vê~hlot+ ka`|ot a

h`|ae~at|hsot.

¿Zqè |h~o la

eosheha`|o |haà`

kot thmqha`|atofga|ot7 kot

~j~jko|at+ kjtfqvfqgjt la gjfô`+

ak cokkjga la q`

êvfok dqj`lo

bjx sha`|o+ aktqfa x fjgj lak

~jvzqa+ kj vqalj

la kj cov|q`j?

¿Zqè ~vosodj tqeosheha`|o?+ ¿~ov

zqè ta eqasa`?

2

F K O Z Q A S

Kaddhô` :2 ªKj atdqk|qvj ta eqasa*

Ej|avhjkat7

Jkjefva lakmjloo bhko+ ~amjea`|o

fkj`do+ |hgavjt+ kê~hdat

la dokovat+ djv|oàt

la dokovat x ej|avhjk

khmavo la va÷to9

~jkh|ot o vjej tadj. Jkarj`lav Djklav+ Bovdj

x ~jka|jt ":83>(+ bogjt lajkqeh`ho+ ea|jk+ jkjefvax ~h`|qvj+ Q`hsavthljl

la Xjka+ AQJ.



A` q`j atdqk|qvj eôshk+ ~ov ko maàvjk

kot ej|avhjkat lafa` tav khmavot ~jvj zqa

ta eqasj` cêdhkea`|a. Jbovj do`t|vqhvêt |q eôshk.

… ^jvj zqa ta eqasj+ q|hkhwj ej|avhjkat

khmavot+ doeo ~j~ak o djv|ô`.… Akhma q` |aej+ ~ha`tj ko zqa zqhavat

ar~vatjv x bjw q` atzqaej la dôeo

zqhavat |q eôshk. ^qalat ae~kajvtokjea`|a chmqvjt maoeè|vhdjt q

ofga|ot lht|h`|ot vakjdho`jlot do` q`

ehteo |aej.… \vjwj kot ofga|ot zqa zqhavjt ~jvj

|q eôshk a` q`j bogj x lat~qèt a` ak

ej|avhjk zqa sjt j qtjv. Th ò |vjat

djv|oàt ladokovat+ ~å`|jkot

do` kot dokovat

zqa |vjght|a x

kqamo vadôv|jkot.

\jefhè` ~qalat a`tjv|jv ~azqaújt

~halvjt x dqa`|jt la dokovat+ o ko zqa

ta |a odqvvj+ do` jkjefva o bhkot+ ~avo

vadqavlj zqa |olo lafa tav khshjò.… Jbovj at àdatjvho bjdav kj

at|vqd|qvj la kj zqa dokmjvê` kjt

covejt zqa bjxjt akamhlo. Ladhladqê`|ot ~jkh|ot sjt j qtjv x+ jxqljlo

~ov kot bhkot+ dqakmj kot ofga|ot la kj

at|vqd|qvj.… At he~ov|j`|a ljv azqhkhfvho j |q

do`t|vqddhô`. @adath|jvêt la q`

doe~júavo ~jvj zqa tqga|a ak eôshk x~qaljt azqhkhfvjvko x jtå ta fjkj`daa

a` ak jhva. Lat~qèt |a |odj j |h

tot|aàv ak la |q doe~júavo.

Dqakmqa` tqt eôshkat la jkm÷`

th|ho ~jvj eot|vjvkot j kot laeêt+ x

doea`|a` a`|va |olot7 ¿kot eôshkat

ta ej`|haà` azqhkhfvjlot?+ ¿dôeoko komvjvo`? ¿Zqè atdqk|qvjt to`

eêt ar~vathsjt7 kjt zqa vajkhwjvo`

j`|avhovea`|a o kot eôshkat?+ ¿~ov zqè?



>

F K O Z Q A S

Kot ta`|hlot to` he~ov|j`|at9

do` jkmqòt ~olaeot ~avdhfhv ak

eosheha`|o la kot ofga|ot. Oftavsj

ak kqmjv lo`la shsat7 a` |q djtj+ a` kjcavhj+ a` kj atdqakj+ a` kj djkka+ a` ak

~jvzqa x a` |olot kot kqmjvat lo`la

sjxjt+ ¿zqè ofga|ot ta eqasa`? ¿Taeqasa` tokot? ¿ôv zqè ta eqasa`?

Doeè`|jko do` |qt doe~júavot.

Ko zqa jdjfjt la bjdav at

h`dov~ovjv eosheha`|o j akaea`|otzqa ò ta eqasa` ~ov tå ehteot+ ~avo


@adath|jvêt q` va~volqd|ov la

to`hlo ~jvj |olot+ e÷thdj x jkm÷`

ofga|o lak ‛Fj÷k lak jv|a―.

vadqavlj zqa a` jv|a ak eosheha`|o

~qala tav va~vata`|jlo9 at ladhv+

jq`zqa kj atdqk|qvj ò ta eqasj doeo

kj zqa |÷ jdjfjt la bjdav+ tå ~qala~vosodjv atj ta`tjdhô` jk at~ad|jlov.

Oftavsj kj hejma` la at|j ~êmh`j x

j`jkåwjkj7 ¿|haà eosheha`|o vajk o atq`j va~vata`|jdhô` la eosheha`|o? A`

at|j hejma`+ ¿zqè ~jv|a at kj zqa h`lhdj

th bjx o ò eosheha`|o?+ ¿dôeo ~ha`tjt

zqa ak jv|ht|j bj komvjlo at|a acad|o?

Ejvdak Lqdbje~+ Lat`qlo

fjgj`lo q`j atdjkavj `÷e. 6 ":8:6(+ôkao tofva kha`wo+ :<3 r 28 de+

^bhkjlak~bhj Eqtaqe oc Jv|.

: < > d e



Bjt |vjfjgjlo do` kjt hlajt+ kjt

bht|ovhjt x kot |aejt ~vo~qat|ot+ doeo

vadqvtot ~jvj vajkhwjv q`j dvajdhô`

lj`dåt|hdj+ jbovj ko bjvêt do` q` |aej

khfva.

Ko zqa doòwdo

¿Zqa ar~avha`dhj bjt |a`hlo jk fjhkjvkhfvaea`|a?+ ¿ko bjt badbo do` jkm÷`

|aej?

A` kjt kadhoàt la lj`wj bjt |a`hloh`lhdjdhoàt x tqmava`dhjt la dôeo

bjdav o dvajv q`j lj`wj9 a` at|j dkjta

~o`lvêt a` ~vêd|hdj ko zqa j~va`lht|a

a` kot fkozqat j`|avhovat x fjhkjvêt |÷toko. A` kj lj`wj ta kkjej` tokot j kjt

~vata`|jdhoàt a` kjt zqa ÷`hdjea`|a

bjx q` fjhkjvå` o q` lj`wj`|a a` akatda`jvho.

… Q|hkhwj |q dqav~o x kj e÷thdj~jvj akjfovjv |qt tadqa`dhjt la

eosheha`|ot.… Va÷à|a do` q` azqh~o x ~vata`|j

|q lj`wj j eolo la a`tjxo j`|at lafjhkjv cva`|a j |olo ak mvq~o. Djlj

lj`wj lqvjvê eaòt la lot eh`q|ot

a` tq ~vata`|jdhô`.… ^hla jxqlj j |q ejat|vo ~jvj zqa

~o`mj kj e÷thdj9 kot zqa lataa`+

~jtjvê` jk cva`|a lak mvq~o ~jvjeot|vjv tq lj`wj.

… Vadqavlj zqa kj lj`wj |a jxqlj j

ar~vatjv|a. ^jv|hdh~jv a` q` toko

cov|jkada |q do`chj`wj. ªJ fjhkjv*… Jk |aveh`jv+ atdqdbj kot doea`|jvhot7

¿komvjt|a |vj`teh|hv ak |aej zqa

h`|av~va|jt|a?

Lqvj`|a at|a júo atdokjv bjt

vajkhwjlo lhcava`|at |h~ot la lj`wjt.

^qalat ~vata`|jv at|a do`gq`|o ladoe~othdhoàt a` jkm÷` jd|o la |q

atdqakj. Vadqavlj zqa+ doeo |oljt kjt

lhtdh~kh`jt+ kj lj`wj vazqhava la eqdbjlalhdjdhô`. ^qalat ovmj`hwjv|a do` o|vot

doe~júavot+ cqavj la kjt dkjtat+ ~jvj

~vjd|hdjv x dvajv |olo ko zqa zqhavjt.

Kaddhô` :8 Box+ ªxo atdogo ak |aej*

Ej|avhjkat7

Q` va~volqd|ov la

to`hlo ~jvj |olot+

e÷thdj x jkm÷` ofga|o



@adath|jvêt kot hlhôcoòt+

eaefvj`ôcoòt+ dovlôcoòt x javôcoòt

zqa do`t|vqht|a a` kaddhoàt j`|avhovat9

q`j bht|ovhj fvasa7 cêfqkj+ vakj|o o

dqa`|o x ofga|ot lak ‛Fj÷k lak jv|a― zqa

|a taj` ÷|hkat.

Do` ak |aej x kj e÷thdj zqa akamht|a

a` djtj+ h`|av~va|jvêt |q dvajdhô`lj`dåt|hdj. jvj komvjvko+ at he~ov|j`|a

zqa |a tha`|jt fha` do` |q akaddhô`. @o

lafat ta`|hv|a covwjlo+ ~jvj zqa |qt

eosheha`|ot taj` j|qvjkat.



26

F K O Z Q A S

Lak o|vo kjlo la Djveakj + Fjkka| H`la~a`lha`|a+ fjhkjvå`7 Gotè Vhsavj.



A` at|j odjthô` doefh`jvêt lhsavtot

|hefvat do` ak qto la hlhôcoòt+

eaefvj`ôcoòt+ dovlôcoòt x

javôcoòt ~jvj va~vata`|jv lht|h`|ot

~avto`jgat+ eoea`|ot x aeodhoàtla`|vo la q` dqa`|o.

Ko zqa doòwdo

Doea`|j do` |qt doe~júavot kjt

djvjd|avåt|hdjt la djlj q`j la

kjt cjehkhjt la h`t|vqea`|ot.

A` lhcava`|at dqk|qvjt bj` arht|hlo

bht|ovhjt+ dqa`|ot x cêfqkjt zqa+

jdoe~jújljt la e÷thdj+ a`cj|hwj`

th|qjdhoàt o ~avto`jgat.

… Lat~aga` ak da`|vo lak tjkô`.… Covea` |vat azqh~ot+ djlj qò

akamhvê qò la kot dqa`|ot+ vakj|ot o

cêfqkjt zqa |vjgavo`.

… Lat~qèt kaj` tq bht|ovhjj|a`|jea`|a+ at he~ov|j`|a zqa

j|ha`lj` j ko zqa zqhava |vj`teh|hv ak

jq|ov a` kot lhcava`|at eoea`|ot lakdqa`|o. ¿Zqè |h~ot la ta`|heha`|ot

x aeodhoàt hla`|hchdj`? ¿Dqê`|ot

~avto`jgat bjx?… Vakjdhoà` djlj h`t|vqea`|o do`

kot ta`|heha`|ot+ ~avto`jgat o

eoea`|ot he~ov|j`|at la kj bht|ovhj.

Vadqavla` ak |hefva zqa ~volqdadjlj qò la kot h`t|vqea`|ot ~jvj

q|hkhwjvkot dovvad|jea`|a x jtå ljv

shlj eqthdjk |j`|o j kj bht|ovhj doeo

j kot ~avto`jgat.

Kaddhô` 6> ªJ eå+ eht |hefvat*

Ej|avhjkat7

Hlhôcoòt+ eaefvj`ôcoòt+ dovlôcoòt

x javôcoòt zqa do`t|vqht|a a` kaddhoàtj`|avhovat9 q`j bht|ovhj fvasa7 cêfqkj+

vakj|o o dqa`|o+ x ofga|ot lak ‛Fj÷k lak

jv|a― zqa |a taj` ÷|hkat.



<

F K O Z Q A S

… Djlj qò la kot azqh~ot

~vata`|jvê ak dqa`|o do` e÷thdj

jk vat|o la tqt doe~júavot. Akhgj`

zqè h`t|vqea`|ot q|hkhwjvê`+ do`

akkot ljvê` sow x eosheha`|o j kot

~avto`jgat.

… Dqj`lo bjxj` ~jtjlo |olot kotazqh~ot+ doea`|a` x kqamo atdvhfj`

a` tq dqjlavò7 ¿dôeo komvjvo`

|vj`teh|hv do` kot h`t|vqea`|ot kjtaeodhoàt? ¿Dôeo h`|av~va|jvo`

j kot ~avto`jgat x kjt th|qjdhoàt

la kj bht|ovhj? ¿Zqè doh`dhla`dhjt

x lhcava`dhjt a`do`|vjvo` a` tqtva~vata`|jdhoàt?

Kot doe~oth|ovat x kot e÷thdot ta sjka`

la tqt h`t|vqea`|ot ~jvj va~vata`|jv

ko zqa eêt kat h`zqha|j+ eo|hsj

o he~ov|j. A` kjt ~akådqkjtat|o ~qala j~vadhjvta eqx

dkjvjea`|a9 a` akkjt+ kot ~avto`jgat+

eoea`|ot o th|qjdhoàt ta vatjk|j` j|vjsèt la kj e÷thdj.

¿Doòdat jkmq`j ~akådqkj lo`la at|o

taj eqx dkjvo?+ ¿dqêk?+ ¿~ov zqè?

Do` fjta a` ko zqa bjt j~va`lhlo j

ko kjvmo la at|a júo+ atdvhfa zqè at qàkad|vôcoò.


@adath|jvêt fqtdjv |ar|ot

|aj|vjkat fvasat x |vjavkot

j kj dkjta

Q` lj|o h`|avatj`|a

J kjt cjehkhjt la kot dovlôcoòt x javôcoòt

|jefhè` ta kat doòda doeo la dqavlj

x sha`|o+ vat~ad|hsjea`|a. J eqdbot

hlhôcoòt x eaefvj`ôcoòt ta kat òefvj|jefhè` h`t|vqea`|ot la ~avdqthô`. âvdq|hv

thm`hchdj mok~ajv.



mat|ot x tq ar~vathô` dov~ovjk |haàzqa bjdav lhcava`|at |h~ot la kad|qvj7

~vheavo q`j la doe~va`thô`+ doeo kjt

zqa bjdat a` |qt dkjtat la At~júok+ x

kqamo q`j kad|qvj lvjej|hwjlj.A` at|j jd|hshljl vajkhwjvêt lht|h`|ot

|h~ot la kad|qvj la q` |ar|o |aj|vjk.

… Va÷`j`ta a` azqh~ot x akhgj` dqêk

la kjt atda`jt la kj ofvj zqhava`

kaav. Kaj q` ~êvvjco djlj zqha` xdoea`|a` zqè tqdala+ dqêkat to`

kjt ~jv|at eêt he~ov|j`|at la kj

bht|ovhj+ zqhèàt to` kot ~avto`jgat x

dôeo at djlj qò la akkot.… Akhgj` q` ~avto`jga. Hla`|hchzqa` zqè

|h~o la djvêd|av |haà x dôeo ~olvåj`

tav tq sow x kot eosheha`|ot la tqdqav~o.

… Bjmj` q`j kad|qvj a` thka`dho la kj

~jv|a lak |ar|o zqa ka dovvat~o`la j

tq ~avto`jga.… A`tjxa` q`j kad|qvj dokad|hsj9

djlj qò kaavê tôko kj ~jv|a zqa

ka dovvat~o`la9 ~avo+ at|j saw+ jk

Kaddhô` 6: Kaav do` aeodhô`

A` ak |aj|vo+ kj kad|qvj lvjej|hwjlj

at he~ov|j`|a ~ovzqa j |vjsèt la akkj

~qalat hla`|hchdjv kjt ta`tjdhoàt+

aeodhoàt x ta`|heha`|ot zqa ~vosodj

ak |ar|o. Jzqå j~va`lavêt j kaav a` sowjk|j q`j bht|ovhj lvjej|hwjlj.

Ko zqa doòwdo

Do` fjta a` kjt jd|hshljlat la |aj|vo

zqa bjt vajkhwjlo bjt|j jbovj+

latdvhfa do` |qt ~vo~hjt ~jkjfvjt zqè

at q` jd|ov.

Kj kad|qvj j|a`|j x vackarhsj lakjt ofvjt la |aj|vo at qò la kot

~vh`dh~jkat |vjfjgot la kot jd|ovat.

At eqx he~ov|j`|a zqa q` jd|ova`|ha`lj ko zqa tqdala a` kj ofvjx dôeo at tq ~avto`jga. ^jvj

h`|av~va|jv dôeo lafa` tav tq sow+ tqt

Ej|avhjkat7

Kot |ar|ot |aj|vjkat

zqa akhmhavo` a` kj

taej`j.

2



23

F K O Z Q A S

eoea`|o la kaav q|hkhda` ak |oò la

sow x kot mat|ot zqa va~vata`|a` j tq

~avto`jga. A`têxa`ko sjvhjt sadat.… Dqj`lo at|è` kht|ot ~jvj kaav a`

~÷fkhdo+ jdoeola` ak eofhkhjvho la

tq tjkô` la dkjtat x bjmj` q` at~jdho

~jvj ak atda`jvho x o|vo ~jvj ak~÷fkhdo.

… Djlj azqh~o vajkhda kj kad|qvj

lvjej|hwjlj la tq atda`j cva`|aj tqt doe~júavot la mvq~o. Q|hkhda`

tq sow+ mat|ot x eosheha`|ot fvasat

~jvj va~vata`|jv kjt th|qjdhoàt ~ov

kjt zqa ~jtj` kot ~avto`jgat.… Jk ch`jkhwjv kjt

kad|qvjt doea`|a`

a` mvq~o th kotazqh~ot zqa kaxavo`

kj ehtej atda`j ko

bhdhavo` hmqjk o lht|h`|o x ~ov zqè

do`thlavj` zqa odqvvhô jtå.

Kj h`|av~va|jdhô` la djlj jd|ov

at lht|h`|j+ ~qat djlj qò |haà q`j

sow lhcava`|a x sa kjt dotjt la q`j

covej ~jv|hdqkjv. Jtå+ j ~atjv la zqa ak|ar|o taj ak ehteo+ at ~othfka zqa kj

jd|qjdhô` x kjt ofvjt zqa ~vata`|j`

ò taj` hmqjkat. Sjvhjt ofvjt la |aj|vo

dkêthdjt ta bj` va~vata`|jlo latla

bjda eqdbo |hae~o ~ovzqa kj shthô` la

kot jv|ht|jt thae~va at lhcava`|a.

Kot kodot la Sjka`dhj+doe~júåj avvo \aj|vo+ 6>>8.


@adath|jvêt ak eôshk zqa

do`t|vqht|a a` kj kaddhô` :2+ kot

h`t|vqea`|ot zqa bjt akjfovjlo

lqvj`|a ak júo+ x at|jefvat la

lht|h`|ot kjvmot x dokovat.



Bjda eqdbo+ eqdbo |hae~o+ bqfoq` vax kkjejlo @jfqdoloòtov HH+

zqha`+ tam÷` dqa`|j q`j kaxa`lj+

zqavåj |j`|o j tq at~otj+ Jex|ht+ zqa+

~jvj laeot|vjvka tq jeov+ ej`lôdo`t|vqhv a` tq ~jkjdho kot gjvlhàt

eêt ar|vjovlh`jvhot+ doòdhlot doeo

Kot Gjvlhàt Dokmj`|at la Fjfhko`hj.

Jd|qjkea`|a ta lafj|a tq arht|a`dhj+`jlha tjfa dôeo avj` arjd|jea`|a

x ~vofjfkaea`|a ò dokmjfj`+ ~avo

cqavo` do`thlavjlot doeo q`j la kjtTha|a Ejvjshkkjt lak Eq`lo J`|hmqo.

¿\a hejmh`jt dôeo avj`? X ak gjvlå` la

|qt tqaúot+ ¿dôeo tavåj?

Jcov|q`jljea`|a+ do` dvaj|hshljl ahejmh`jdhô` ~olaeot dvajv ejvjshkkjt

x bjdav zqa arht|j` ªgjvlhàt dokmj`|at*


Ej|avhjkat7

Ak eôshk la kj kaddhô` :2+ kjt

atdqk|qvjt+ kot h`t|vqea`|ot

zqa bjt do`t|vqhlo lqvj`|a ak

júo+ x at|jefvat la lht|h`|ot

kjvmot x dokovat.



22

F K O Z Q A S

Jbovj sj` j do`t|vqhv ak gjvlå` la

tqt tqaúot do` |olot kot eôshkat

zqa bhdhavo` x do` kot at|jefvat zqa

|vjgavo` la djtj.

… Do` jxqlj la tq ejat|vo+ dqakmqa`

kot eôshkat a` ak |adbo la tq tjkô` oa` o|vo at~jdho lo`la taj ~othfka+

lagj`lo dqavljt la lht|h`|ot kjvmot.

Q`jt ~qala` tav eqx kjvmjt+ ~jvjzqa kot eôshkat kkamqa` bjt|j kj

eh|jl la tq ~adbo.… Dvaa` ata at~jdho a`|va |olot9 th

ko lataj`+ q|hkhda` |jefhè` kjt

atdqk|qvjt zqa bj` akjfovjlo a`

o|vot fkozqat. Vadqavla` zqa kjt

o~h`hoàt la |olot to` hmqjkea`|ahe~ov|j`|at+ atd÷dba`ta qòt j

o|vot.… Dqj`lo at|è` tj|htcadbot+ jfvj`

kjt ~qav|jt la tq gjvlå` eêmhdo a

h`jqm÷va`ko do` e÷thdj q|hkhwj`lo

|olot kot h`t|vqea`|ot zqa bhdhavo`

lqvj`|a at|a dhdko atdokjv. qalaòvmj`hwjv q`j savfa`j |odj`lo

tqt h`t|vqea`|ot a heh|j`lo ak

eosheha`|o la tqt eôshkat.

… Fjhka` a`|va akkot dqhlj`lo òat|vo~ajvkot.

Jk ch`jkhwjv+ doea`|a` tq ar~avha`dhj7¿dôeo komvjvo` |vjlqdhv ak eosheha`|o

lak eôshk j tq dqav~o?+ ¿~qlhavo` tamqhv

kot to`hlot la tqt h`t|vqea`|ot?+

¿Dôeo cqa tq ar~avha`dhj jk dvajv akgjvlå` la tqt tqaúot?

Kj hejmh`jdhô` x kj dvaj|hshljlto` akaea`|ot eqx he~ov|j`|at ~jvj

komvjv |vj`teh|hv q`j hlaj. Kjt hlajt

eêt h`òsjlovjt ~qala` tav jzqakkjt

zqa a` q` h`hdho ~jvadåj` he~othfkat.


@adath|jvêt q` dqa`|o o q`j bht|ovhj

fvasa+ q`j djv|qkh`j+ ~avhôlhdo+ ~h`|qvj

sh`åkhdj djcè+ savla x jwqk. Fqtdrj ofga|ot

lak ‛Fj÷k lak jv|a― zqa taj` la q|hkhljl

~jvj bjdav |aj|vo+ doeo q` toefvavo+q`j dovo`j+ q` ~hdo+ ovagjt+ a`|va o|vot.





… Akhgj` q` dqa`|o o q`j bht|ovhj zqava~vata`|jvê`+ tq ~÷fkhdo tavê ak

mvq~o la ~vheav mvjlo. Jk akamhv

tq dqa`|o vadqavla` dqêkat kat

mqt|jfj` dqj`lo dqvtjfj` ak ~vheavjúo la ~vhejvhj.

… Vajkhda` q`j kad|qvj lak dqa`|o x

takaddhoà` kot ~avto`jgat zqa djljqò va~vata`|jvê.

… H`dkqxj` lj`wj x q` vh|eo. ¿Dôeo

hejmh`jt zqa fjhkjvê |q ~avto`jga?¿O |jk saw j~jvadavê ejvdbj`lo?

… Vadqavla` do`thlavjv jt~ad|ot

he~ov|j`|at ~jvj kj ~vata`|jdhô`

la tq ofvj+ doeo ~alhv ~avehto do`j`|akjdhô` ~jvj hv jk tjkô` la tqt

doe~júavot+ jdoeoljv ak eofhkhjvho

x ~va~jvjv q` atda`jvho. \jefhè`

bjmj` djv|akat a h`sh|jdhoàt+ ookshla` ~oàv kj bovj x ak låj la kj

cq`dhô`.

… Doeq`hzqa` at~o`|êàjea`|a tqthlajt x+ eha`|vjt |vjfjgj`+ ~ha`ta`

a` kot ~azqaúot at~ad|jlovat zqa

j~kjqlhvê` tq ~voxad|o ch`jk.… ^jvj zqa kjt jv|at shtqjkat taj`

~jv|a la at|a ~voxad|o+ ak ~hto |a`lvê

dokovat x covejt |vhlhea`tho`jkat.ª^va~êvj|a* Q|hkhwj ~h`|qvj sh`åkhdj

~jvj ~h`|jv ak ~avhôlhdo la djcè+ savla

x jwqk. qalat ~h`|jv sjvhjt ~êmh`jt

la djlj dokov.… Dqj`lo kkamqa` jk kqmjv zqa tavê tq

atda`jvho dokozqa` ak ~avhôlhdo a`

ak tqako+ ~qala` ar|a`lavko o bjdavcovejt jvvqmê`loko doeo ~halvjt+

~kj`|jt o jmqj+ la~a`lha`lo la kj

>

F K O Z Q A S

^voxad|o la a`tjefka Ak |aj|vo jefqkj`|a

Bj` kkamjlo jk ch`jk la at|a júoatdokjv. ^jvj lalhdhv zqè ~voxad|o

dokad|hso ~vata`|jvê` at he~ov|j`|a

zqa h`|avdjefha` o~h`hoàt a`|va

|olot kot doe~júavot lak mvq~o xzqa |oea` a` dqa`|j ko j~va`lhlo a`

djlj ka`mqjga jv|åt|hdo. At àdatjvho

zqa |olot ~jv|hdh~a` a` kj |oej la

ladhthoàt+ jtå doeo a` kj vajkhwjdhô`lak ~voxad|o.

Kj djvjd|avåt|hdj ~vh`dh~jk lak

|aj|vo jefqkj`|a at zqa tqt jd|ovat

shjgj` la q` kqmjv j o|vo he~voshtj`loatda`jvhot ~jvj tqt ~vata`|jdhoàt.

Ej|avhjkat7

Q`j bht|ovhj fvasa+

djv|qkh`j x ~avhôlhdo9

~h`|qvj sh`åkhdj djcè+savla x jwqk+ x ofga|ot




bht|ovhj. Laga` q` at~jdho khfva ~jvj

zqa kot ~avto`jgat ò |vo~hada`.… \jefhè` q|hkhda` jkm÷` la|jkka ~jvj

djvjd|avhwjv j tqt ~avto`jgat. qala

tav q` toefvavo+ q`j dovo`j+ q` ~hdo q

ovagjt. Doeo at q` |aj|vo jefqkj`|a x

|haà` zqa shjgjv do` |olo+ ~vodqva`

zqa kot ofga|ot zqa ejàga` taj`

ta`dhkkot.… At eqx he~ov|j`|a zqa a`tjxa` tq

~vata`|jdhô`.… Jk ch`jkhwjv+ doea`|a` a`|va qt|alat

zqè ar~avhea`|jvo` lqvj`|a kjva~vata`|jdhô`.

Bakhot HH+ kj tjmj la kot ehk tokat+mvq~o Ejkjfjv+ Cvj`dhj+ 6>>1.



Jmqhkjv+ @ovj+ He~voshtj|ho + ^h||tfqvmb+ Q`hsavth|x oc h||tfqvmb

^vatt+ :822.

J`bok|+ Kjqva`da+ Djehkka x kot mhvjtokat + Fjvdako`j+ Tavvat+ :881.

_______+ Lamjt x kj ~azqaúj fjhkjvh`j + Fjvdako`j+ Tavvat+ :883.

Jvht|ô|akat+ ôè|hdj + Ejlvhl+ Mvalot+ :886.

Fjdzqahvo+ Mavô`heo Cot|av+ Dqvto doe~ka|o la tokcao+|oeo h +

Eèrhdo+ Vhdovlh+ :881.

Fjkk+ bhkh~+ Kj h`sa`dhô` lak dokov + Ejlvhl+ \qvàv+ 6>><.Fkoe+ Kx`à J`à x K. \jvh` Dbj~kh`+ \ba eoea`| oc eosaea`|.

Lj`da he~voshtj|ho + h||tfqvmb+ Q`hsavth|x oc h||tfqvmb

^vatt+ :822.

Fvadb|+ Fav|ok|+ Atdvh|ot tofva |aj|vo + Fjvdako`j+ Jkfj+ 6>><.

Djújt+ Gotè+ Lhlêd|hdj la kj ar~vathô` lvjeê|hdj7 q`j

j~vorhejdhô` j kj lh`êehdj |aj|vjk a` ak jqkj + Fjvdako`j+

Od|jalvo+ :886.

Djtjlo+ Gat÷t x Vjcjak ôv|hkko+ Jfadaljvho lak |aj|vo + Tashkkj+

Da`|vo la Lodqea`|jdhô` la kjt Jv|at Atdè`hdjt la

J`ljkqdåj+ :886.

Dj|júo+ Cav`j`lo x Mqt|jso Djvvhkko jw+ \aejt la dqk|qvj

eqthdjk+ Eèrhdo+ \vhkkjt+ :8=8.

Davsavj+ Gqj` Fovvêt+ Bht|ovhj dvå|hdj lak |aj|vo h`cj`|hk at~júok +Ejlvhl+ Alh|ovj @jdho`jk+ :826.

Ljkkjk+ Jkfav|o+ Dôeo jdavdjvta j kj lj`wj+ Eèrhdo+ ta~%^kjwj x

Sjklèt%Mofhavò lak At|jlo la Zqavè|jvo+ :822.

_______+ Kj lj`wj do`|vj kj eqav|a + Eèrhdo+ q`je + :8=8.

Mjvdåj Eo`djlj+ Cvj`dhtdo+ \aovåj la kj e÷thdj + Eèrhdo+

Vhdovlh+ :881.

Mvo|o}tih+ Gavwx+ Bjdhj q` |aj|vo ~ofva + Ejlvhl+ Thmko rrh + :82:.

Boke+ J``hij+ J`|o` x kot lvjmoàt + Fjvdako`j+ Tavvat+ 6>>:.

Bovehmô`+ Gqj` J`|o`ho+ \vjfjgo lvjej|÷vmhdo x ~qat|j a`

atda`j+ Ejlvhl+ Jtodhjdhô` la Lhvad|ovat la Atda`j+ 6>>4.

H`t|h|q|o Dqfjò lak Khfvo+ ^jvj bjdav |aj|vo + Djvjdjt+ Ak ~avvo

x kj vj`j+ 6>>3.

Ij`lh`tix+ ]jtthkx+ ^q`|o x kåàj tofva ak ~kjò + Eèrhdo+

Dokocô`+ 6>>=.

Ihll+ Vhdbjvl+ Ljhtx zqhava tav cjeotj + Fjvdako`j+ Tavvat+ 6>>:.

Kjcavvhâva+ Maovmat x \oeêt Eo|ot \avqak+ Kj he~voshtjdhô`

~aljmômhdj x |aj|vjk7 ej|db la he~voshtjdhô + Fhkfjo+

amj + :884.

Kkosa|+ Govlh+ Hlaokomåj x ea|olokomåj lak lhtaúo + Fjvdako`j+

Mqt|jso Mhkh+ :82:.Ej|avhjkat x Eè|olot Alqdj|hsot la kj Tqftadva|jvåj la

Alqdjdhô` Fêthdj x @ovejk+ Khfvo ~jvj ak ejat|vo.

Alqdjdhô` Jv|åt|hdj. vhejvhj+ 6§ al.+ Eèrhdo+ ta~ + 6>>:.

@ha|wtdba+ Cvhalvhdb+ Ak `jdheha`|o la kj |vjmalhj + Ejlvhl+

Jkhj`wj+ 6>><.

Okhsa|o+ Eavdalat x Ljkhj Wxkfavfavm+ Eosheha`|o+ gqamo x

doeq`hdjdhô`. avt~ad|hsjt la ar~vathô` dov~ovjk ~jvj

`húot + Fqaòt Jhvat+ @osalqd+ 6>>1.

Okhsa|o+ Eavdalat x Ljkhj Wxkfavfavm+ Eosheha`|o+ gqamo

x doeq`hdjdhô`. avt~ad|hsjt la ar~vathô` dov~ovjk

~jvj húot + Fqaòt Jhvat+ @osalqd+ 6>>1.

^jkj`|+ ^jfko+ \aj|vo7 ak |ar|o lvjeê|hdo + Fqaòt Jhvat+

Da`|vo Alh|ov la Jeèvhdj Kj|h`j+ :832.

Vaòqk|+ @oékka+ Lvjej|hwjdhô` h`cj`|hk7 ar~vatjvta j |vjsèt

lak |aj|vo + Ejlvhl+ @jvdaj+ :88<.

Tqtjvvax Våot+ Thkshj+ ^vêd|hdjt atdè`hdjt a` kj djvvavj

~vocatho`jk la lj`wj dkêthdj + Eèrhdo+ Do`jdqk|j+ 6>>>.

Volvåmqaw+ Cèkhr x Votjvho Mjvdåj+ Vå|ehdj j~khdjlj j kj

lj`wj cokikôvhdj. Eè|olo la a`|va`jeha`|o vå|ehdo

~jvj fjhkjvhàt + Eèrhdo+ Co`dj+ 6>>:.

Tdbhkkav+ Cvhalvhdb+ Ijkkhjt. Djv|jt tofva kj alqdjdhô` at|è|hdj

lak boefva + Fjvdako`j+ J`|bvo~ot+ 6>>1.

Sxmo|tih+ Kas Taeaòshdb+ Kj hejmh`jdhô` x ak jv|a a` kj

h`cj`dhj + Ejlvhl+ Jijk+ :882.

Fhfkhomvjcåj

6

F H F K H O M V J C Å J





Alqdjdhô` Jv|åt|hdj. Dqjv|o mvjlo.

ta he~vhehô ~ov a`djvmo la kj Doehthô` @jdho`jk

la Khfvot la \ar|o Mvj|qh|ot+ a` kot |jkkavat

la ####+

do` loehdhkho a` ####+

a` ak eat la ### la 6>::.

Ak |hvo cqa la ### agae~kjvat.



\q o~h`hô` at he~ov|j`|a ~jvj zqa ~oljeot eagovjv ak khfvo la Alqdjdhô` Jv|åt|hdj.

Dqjv|o mvjlo. Ejvdj do` q`j ~jkoeh|j " ∗ ( a` ak at~jdho do` kj vat~qat|j zqa eagov

ar~vata ko zqa ~ha`tjt.

:. ¿\a mqt|ô ak khfvo?

Eqdbo Vamqkjv ôdo

6. ¿\a mqt|jvo` kjt heêmaàt?

Eqdbo Vamqkjv ôdo

4. ¿Kjt heêmaàt |a jxqljvo` j a`|a`lav kjt jd|hshljlat?

Eqdbo Vamqkjv ôdo

<. ¿\a cqa cêdhk do`tamqhv kot ej|avhjkat?

Thae~va Djth thae~va Jkmq`jt sadat

1. ¿Kjt h`t|vqddhoàt la kjt jd|hshljlat cqavo` dkjvjt?


3. ¿\a mqt|jvo` kjt jd|hshljlat ~vo~qat|jt?


Kjt jd|hshljlat |a ~aveh|havo`7 Eqdbo Vamqkjv ôdo

=. Ar~vatjv|a j |vjsèt la |q dvaj|hshljl

2. Do`shshv do` |qt doe~júavot

8. ¿\a mqt|jvåj bjdav tqmava`dhjt j at|a khfvo? TÅ @o

Th |q vat~qat|j at tå+ atdvhfa dqêkat to`7

¿Zqè o~h`jt la |q khfvo?



TA^

Lhvaddhô` Maàvjk la Ej|avhjkat Alqdj|hsotLhvaddhô` la Latjvvokko a H`òsjdhô` la Ej|avhjkat Alqdj|hsot

Shjlqd|o Våo la kj ^haljl 1>=+ dqjv|o ~hto+

Mvj`gjt Eèrhdo+ Hw|jdjkdo+

>2<>>+ Eèrhdo+ L. C.

Lj|ot maàvjkat

A`|hljl7

Atdqakj7

\qvò Ej|q|hò Sat~av|hò Atdqakj la |hae~o doe~ka|o

Documents

Educación Artística 4º RIEB Alumno 2011-2012