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EDUCATION. “ The purpose of education is to replace an empty mind with an open one.” -Malcolm S. Forbes. Chapter 6. The Skeletal System. Functions of Bone. __________________________________________ It provides a framework for the body and gives it shape. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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EDUCATION“The purpose of education is to replace an empty mind with an
open one.”-Malcolm S. Forbes
CHAPTER 6The Skeletal System
Functions of Bone __________________________________________
It provides a framework for the body and gives it shape.
It supports and protects organs from injury. _______________________________________
It provides a place for muscles, tendons, ligaments and tendons of the body to attach.
It helps make movement possible. ____________________________
It stores minerals (Calcium) _______________________________
It provides a place for hematopoeisis
Bone Structure Two main types of bone:
_________________________ Bone Light and spongy inner layer of bone. Consists of tiny spicules with bone
marrow between.
_________________________ Bone Heavy and dense outer layer of all
bones Composed of haversian systems
(small units of bone tissue)
Bone Structure 3 types of bone cells.
____________________- cells that secrete the matrix of bone
____________________- cells that have been trapped in the matrix they have created
_____________________- cells that remodel bone by eating it away from places it is not needed.
______________________- covering of bone
______________________- membrane that lines the hollow interior surface of bones.
Bone Cells Osteoblasts
Cells that form bone.
Osteocytes Osteoblasts that are no
longer active & trapped inside matrix of osseous material.
Can revert back to osteoblasts
Osteoclasts Eat bone away. Are the remodelers of bone Withdraw calcium when
needed from bone
Haversian Systems Concentric layers of ossified bone matrix
arranged around a central Haversian canal
Blood Supply to Bone Tiny vessels penetrate the periosteum. _________________________- tiny channels
in the bone matrix that vessels pass through. Are at right angles to Haversian canals
_________________________- Where large vessels enter the bone. Carry blood into and out of bone marrow. Can be mistaken for fracture on radiographs.
NUTRIENT FORAMINA
DIAPHYSIS – the shaft of long bonesEPIPHYSIS – the ends of long bones
Bone Formation
Bone is formed in 2 ways: ____________________________ ____________________________
Bone formation and growth is stimulated by ____________________(GH) from the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) gland in the brain.
Endochondral Bone FormationEndochondral Bone formation
Cartilage to bone formation How most bones develop Starts in the ______________________ -
________________ in the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones are gradually replaced by bone.There are ________________ that develop in epiphysis (ends) of bones
Growth plates Located between ________________and
___________________ Sites of creation of new bone that allows bone to
lengthen as animal grows. Cartilage is created on epiphyseal side while bone is
created on diaphyseal side. When bone reaches full length, all
cartilage is replaced by bone and plates “close”.
Remodeling may take place but bone will not get any longer.
Young animals may have epiphyseal fractures because this area is weaker than rest of bone.
Intramembranous Bone Formation
Occurs only in _____________________bones Bone forms directly from _____________
with no cartilage intermediary.
Bone Shapes Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular
Bones
Long Bones Longer than they are wide. The ends of the bones are
called _________________________ There is both a _________
epiphysis and a _____________ epiphysis
Main part of bone is the shaft or _______________ which is composed of compact bone.
EXAMPLES: _____________________________________________________________
Short Bones Shaped like cubes. Have core of _________________bone
covered by _____________________ bone. EXAMPLES: _____________________________
Flat Bones Thin and flat bones Consists of two layers of ______________
bone separated by _________________bone. EXAMPLES:
____________________________________________________________
Irregular Bones Miscellaneous
bones that do not fit into another category.
May have characteristics of more than one category.
EXAMPLES:________________________________________
_____________ - is largest sesamoid bone in body.
Bone Marrow Fills the spaces within center of bones Has two types:
_______________ bone marrow ________________________- the process of
forming new blood cells. Majority of bone marrow in young animals
but less in older animals __________________ bone marrow
Consists primarily of __________________ connective tissue.
Common type of marrow in adult animals Does not produce blood cells but can revert
to red marrow if needed.
Common Bone Features ___________________________
Joint surfaces where bones come in contact with each other to form joints.
Consists of: Condyles Head Facet
Covered by articular cartilage Composed of what type of cartilage?
Common Bone Features: Condyle Large, round articular surface. Major condyle is located on end of
humerus and femur. Also located in skull.
Common Bone Features: Head
Somewhat spherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone.
Found on humerus, femur and rib. Head is usually joined with rest of bone
by a neck.
Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO)
Head of femur is removed in cases of trauma or severe arthritis.
A “false joint” forms which gives more comfort to the patient.
Femoral Head Ostectomy
Common Bone Features: Facet
A flat articular surface. Found in carpal and tarsal bones as well
as in vertebrae, radius and ulna.
Common Bone Features: Processes All projections of a bone. Heads and condyles are considered to be
processes. Tendons may attach to processes
Common BoneFeatures: Holes and Depressed Areas
__________________: A hole in bone. Usually allow the passage of nerve or blood
vessel. May exist simply to lighten structure
Example: pelvis has the ____________________
______________: A depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone. Usually occupied by muscles or tendons.
Types of Skeletons Bones of head and trunk are
_______________________________Skeleton
Bones of limbs and appendages are ____________________________ Skeleton.
Some animals may have __________________- bones formed in the viscera or soft organs.
Axial Skeleton: bones of head & trunk Skull Hyoid bone Spinal column Ribs Sternum
Skull Usually consists of 37 or 38 separate bones Most skull bones joined by _________________ Mandible is connected to skull by a
______________(TMJ)
SkullExternal bones: Frontal bones (2) Occipital bones (1) Parietal bones (2) Temporal bones (2) Incisive (2 ) Nasal (2) Maxillary (2) Zygomatic (2) Mandible (2) Palatine (2) Turbinates (2)
Skull Bones Continued Categorized by:
Bones of Cranium Bones of the ear Bones of the face
Bones of the Cranium Cranium-portion of skull that surrounds
the brain. External Bones of Cranium:
Frontal Bones (2) Interparietal Bones (2) Occipital Bone (1) Parietal Bones (2) Temporal Bones (2)
Internal Bones of Cranium: Ethmoid Bone (1) Sphenoid Bone (1)
External Bones of Cranium
Occipital Bone Forms caudoventral portion or base of
skull, most caudal skull bone. Important because:
Where spinal cord exits skull Skull bone that articulates with first cervical
(neck) vertebrae. ______________________is in center of
occipital bone. Occipital Condyles are on either side of
foramen magnum
Interparietal Bones Small bones located on dorsal midline
between occipital and parietal bones Clearly visible in young animals, may
fuse together in older animals.
Parietal Bones Form the lateral walls of the cranium Well developed in dogs, cats and
humans, but relatively small in horses and cattle.
Temporal Bones
Located ventral to the Parietal bones
Form walls of the cranium Contain middle and inner ear
structures Form
________________________(TMJ’s) with the mandible (Lower jaw)