Education and Intellectual

Trends

Education and Intellectual

TrendsBy Rachel FederJanel KajisaEmily Nolan

And Andrea David

By Rachel FederJanel KajisaEmily Nolan

And Andrea David

RenaissanceRenaissance

HumanismHumanism An intellectual movement born out of the Renaissance that

was based on the study of classic Greek and Roman literature Humanists studied the Liberal Arts- grammar, rhetoric, poetry,

moral philosophy or ethics, and history Petrarch was the father of Humanism Civic humanism was a movement in which Cicero was the

model Scholars were supposed to live an active life of service to their

state Humanist schools were developed in Italy for the upper-class

elite to educate them in order to make well-rounded citizens

An intellectual movement born out of the Renaissance that was based on the study of classic Greek and Roman literature

Humanists studied the Liberal Arts- grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy or ethics, and history

Petrarch was the father of Humanism Civic humanism was a movement in which Cicero was the

model Scholars were supposed to live an active life of service to their

state Humanist schools were developed in Italy for the upper-class

elite to educate them in order to make well-rounded citizens

New Renaissance MovementsNew Renaissance Movements

Neoplatonism was the study of Platonic philosophy

Major beliefs were the hierarchy of substances and that all human beings were bound together by love

Hemeticism focused on the occult sciences Eventually gave way to pantheism, where

divinity was embodied in all beings

Neoplatonism was the study of Platonic philosophy

Major beliefs were the hierarchy of substances and that all human beings were bound together by love

Hemeticism focused on the occult sciences Eventually gave way to pantheism, where

divinity was embodied in all beings

Christian HumanistsChristian Humanists Erasmus wrote The Praise of the Folly, in 1511 In it he criticized the corrupt practices of the Church in a

humorous way Thomas More advocated reform in the Church

Erasmus wrote The Praise of the Folly, in 1511 In it he criticized the corrupt practices of the Church in a

humorous way Thomas More advocated reform in the Church

Reformation EducationReformation Education Protestant schools were made for a larger group than

the Humanist schools Combined Humanist ideals with religion Introduction of the gymnasium, or secondary school

Protestant schools were made for a larger group than the Humanist schools

Combined Humanist ideals with religion Introduction of the gymnasium, or secondary school

Education During ExpansionEducation During Expansion

Henry the Navigator established sailing schools for boys in Portugal to teach them how to sail and therefore explore

Catholics set up missions to educate Indians who were conquered in the ways of the Catholic Church

Henry the Navigator established sailing schools for boys in Portugal to teach them how to sail and therefore explore

Catholics set up missions to educate Indians who were conquered in the ways of the Catholic Church

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution The “world machine” was developed by Newton and

dominated Western thought God used the forces of motion to move everyone and

everything The Scientific Method was set procedure for experimentation

based on observation

The “world machine” was developed by Newton and dominated Western thought

God used the forces of motion to move everyone and everything

The Scientific Method was set procedure for experimentation based on observation

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon

The Englishman who founded the Scientific method He was an Empiricist who use deductive reasoning He urged scientists to move from the specific to the general He thought human power could conquer nature

The Englishman who founded the Scientific method He was an Empiricist who use deductive reasoning He urged scientists to move from the specific to the general He thought human power could conquer nature

DescartesDescartes

Rationalist who used deductive reasoning and focused on mathematical logic

He began doubting all notions based on authority or custom Cogito ergo sum” -I think, therefore I am Started with the self-evident truths Uses logical reasoning Cartesian Dualism- the belief that the mind and body are

seperate

Rationalist who used deductive reasoning and focused on mathematical logic

He began doubting all notions based on authority or custom Cogito ergo sum” -I think, therefore I am Started with the self-evident truths Uses logical reasoning Cartesian Dualism- the belief that the mind and body are

seperate

SpinozaSpinoza

Thought that God was not just the creator of the universe, but that he was the universe

Believed in pantheism Using reason humans can find true happiness

Thought that God was not just the creator of the universe, but that he was the universe

Believed in pantheism Using reason humans can find true happiness

PascalPascal

French scientist who wanted to keep science and religion together

Wrote Pensees in which he tried to convert rationalists to Christianity

Appealed to reason and human emotion Thought God was a reasonable bet If he exists we gain everything, if he doesn’t, we lose

nothing

French scientist who wanted to keep science and religion together

Wrote Pensees in which he tried to convert rationalists to Christianity

Appealed to reason and human emotion Thought God was a reasonable bet If he exists we gain everything, if he doesn’t, we lose

nothing

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

As skepticism about religion and God grew, people were free to think for themselves

Free use in reason Questioning old ideas Worked to make the world a better place Product of the philosophes Centered in Paris

As skepticism about religion and God grew, people were free to think for themselves

Free use in reason Questioning old ideas Worked to make the world a better place Product of the philosophes Centered in Paris

MontesquieuMontesquieu Wrote Persian Letters in which he criticized French institutions

like the monarchy and Church Format was easy to read and apealed to a wide audience Most famous work is Spirit of Laws and was a study of

government Wanted to apply the scientific method to social and political

areas to find how the “natural laws” governed human relations Advocated for the seperation of powers Fan of England’s system Alos advocated for religious toleration, and an end to slavery Believed in three types of governments- republics, monarchies,

and despotisms Checks and balances

Wrote Persian Letters in which he criticized French institutions like the monarchy and Church

Format was easy to read and apealed to a wide audience Most famous work is Spirit of Laws and was a study of

government Wanted to apply the scientific method to social and political

areas to find how the “natural laws” governed human relations Advocated for the seperation of powers Fan of England’s system Alos advocated for religious toleration, and an end to slavery Believed in three types of governments- republics, monarchies,

and despotisms Checks and balances

VoltaireVoltaire

Wrote in an entertaining way- satire Admired English life Advocated freedom of press, religion, and speech Criticized traditional religion Agreed with deism- God created the universe and then

stopped being involved in it Universe runs according to its natural laws

Wrote in an entertaining way- satire Admired English life Advocated freedom of press, religion, and speech Criticized traditional religion Agreed with deism- God created the universe and then

stopped being involved in it Universe runs according to its natural laws

DiderotDiderot Condemned Christianity Wrote the first encyclopedia It was 28 volumes and was called the Encyclopedia, or

Classified Directory of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades Helped the philosophes criticize French society Advocated religious toleration Wanted religious, social, legal, and political reforms Helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

Condemned Christianity Wrote the first encyclopedia It was 28 volumes and was called the Encyclopedia, or

Classified Directory of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades Helped the philosophes criticize French society Advocated religious toleration Wanted religious, social, legal, and political reforms Helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

RousseauRousseau

Discourse on the Orgins of the Inequality of Mankind Humans begin in a happy and primitive condition without

prejuduces Private property is the root of inequality Once humans are civilized, they can’t go back to being

uncivilized Government was a nessecary evil Social Contract The agreement on behalf of the entire society to be governed

by the general will Tried to harmonize individual liberties with the government Participatory democracy What’s good for society is good for the individual

Discourse on the Orgins of the Inequality of Mankind Humans begin in a happy and primitive condition without

prejuduces Private property is the root of inequality Once humans are civilized, they can’t go back to being

uncivilized Government was a nessecary evil Social Contract The agreement on behalf of the entire society to be governed

by the general will Tried to harmonize individual liberties with the government Participatory democracy What’s good for society is good for the individual

Mary WollsonecraftMary Wollsonecraft Vindication of the Rights of Women Pointed out contradictions in the prejudices men have against

women If they thought that having slaves always obey their masters

was wrong, then having women always obey men was also wrong

The basis of Enlightenment idea is that reason is innate in all humans, so women have that reason that men have

Vindication of the Rights of Women Pointed out contradictions in the prejudices men have against

women If they thought that having slaves always obey their masters

was wrong, then having women always obey men was also wrong

The basis of Enlightenment idea is that reason is innate in all humans, so women have that reason that men have

David HumeDavid Hume Treatise on Human Nature Advocates observation and reflection Common sense Science of man Examining human experiences would lead to the knowledge of

human nature

Treatise on Human Nature Advocates observation and reflection Common sense Science of man Examining human experiences would lead to the knowledge of

human nature

Enlightenment EducationEnlightenment Education

By the 18th century Europe had many private secondary schools France and Spain both had large colleges These schools were designed to meet the needs of upper-class

children The philosophes reinforced the belief that education should function

to keep people in their own social classes Focused mainly on Greek and Latin classics Paid little attention to math, science, and modern languages The curriculm was old-fashioned, which led to many complaints Reforms were made to introduce new ideas like maths and sciences

to the schools Very few important scientific discoveries occurred in the universities Literacy was spread mostly by chapbooks Habsburg Empire had a system of state-run primary schools Protestant reformers emphasized reading the Bible so much so that

a stronger focus was put on education and reading

By the 18th century Europe had many private secondary schools France and Spain both had large colleges These schools were designed to meet the needs of upper-class

children The philosophes reinforced the belief that education should function

to keep people in their own social classes Focused mainly on Greek and Latin classics Paid little attention to math, science, and modern languages The curriculm was old-fashioned, which led to many complaints Reforms were made to introduce new ideas like maths and sciences

to the schools Very few important scientific discoveries occurred in the universities Literacy was spread mostly by chapbooks Habsburg Empire had a system of state-run primary schools Protestant reformers emphasized reading the Bible so much so that

a stronger focus was put on education and reading

Enlightened AbsolutismEnlightened Absolutism Arose form the belief in natural rights and natural laws Monarchs used these principles in their monarchies

Arose form the belief in natural rights and natural laws Monarchs used these principles in their monarchies

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

A law passed in 1833 said that children aged 9-13 had to receive 2 hours of math and reading schooling everyday

Few children actually received the required education The law was only applied to cotton mills In 1850 2/3 of women in England couldn’t read or write,

and 1/2 of the men were also illiterate Education was mostly unavailable for children working

in factories- making it difficult for them to rise in social class

A law passed in 1833 said that children aged 9-13 had to receive 2 hours of math and reading schooling everyday

Few children actually received the required education The law was only applied to cotton mills In 1850 2/3 of women in England couldn’t read or write,

and 1/2 of the men were also illiterate Education was mostly unavailable for children working

in factories- making it difficult for them to rise in social class

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

Believed in the Balance of Power No one country would be able to dominate the others Conservatism- preached by Metternich The state was a partnership between those living, dead, and

yet to be born Edmund Burke reflected on the French Revolution and

criticized its radical republican ideas

Believed in the Balance of Power No one country would be able to dominate the others Conservatism- preached by Metternich The state was a partnership between those living, dead, and

yet to be born Edmund Burke reflected on the French Revolution and

criticized its radical republican ideas

John Locke vs. Thomas HobbesJohn Locke vs. Thomas Hobbes

John LockeJohn Locke Argued against the absolute

rule of one man Wrote Two Treatises of

Government in which he said that humans lived in a state of equality and freedom naturally.

Humans have certain unalienable rights (life, liberty, and property).

The government’s job is to protect the rights of the people, and if it fails to do so the people can form a new government.

Argued against the absolute rule of one man

Wrote Two Treatises of Government in which he said that humans lived in a state of equality and freedom naturally.

Humans have certain unalienable rights (life, liberty, and property).

The government’s job is to protect the rights of the people, and if it fails to do so the people can form a new government.

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes

Belief in absolute authority over subjects, in which the ruler had unlimited power and suppressed all rebellions.

Wrote the Leviathan, his major treatise on political thought

Claimed that in the state of nature human life was brutish, guided by animalistic instincts and a ruthless struggle for self-preservation

Belief in absolute authority over subjects, in which the ruler had unlimited power and suppressed all rebellions.

Wrote the Leviathan, his major treatise on political thought

Claimed that in the state of nature human life was brutish, guided by animalistic instincts and a ruthless struggle for self-preservation

SocialismSocialism Socialism-the ideology created by political theorists

or intellectuals who wanted to introduce equality into social conditions and believed that human cooperation was superior to the competition that characterized early industrial capitalism. Utopian socialists-against private property and the

competitive spirit of early industrial capitalism. By eliminating these things and creating new systems of social organization they believed that a better environment for society would be established.

Socialism-the ideology created by political theorists or intellectuals who wanted to introduce equality into social conditions and believed that human cooperation was superior to the competition that characterized early industrial capitalism. Utopian socialists-against private property and the

competitive spirit of early industrial capitalism. By eliminating these things and creating new systems of social organization they believed that a better environment for society would be established.

Utopian SocialistsUtopian Socialists

Fourier-proposed the creation of small model communities called phalansteries where the inhabitants would live and work together for their mutual benefit

Owen-also believed that humans would reveal their true goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. He transformed a squalid factory town into a flourishing community, but failed at his second attempt in Indiana.

Fourier-proposed the creation of small model communities called phalansteries where the inhabitants would live and work together for their mutual benefit

Owen-also believed that humans would reveal their true goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. He transformed a squalid factory town into a flourishing community, but failed at his second attempt in Indiana.

Utopian SocialistsUtopian Socialists

Blanc-wrote The Organization of Work in which he maintained that social problems could be solved by government assistance and called for the establishment of government funded workshops.

Female Supporters-supported by female activists, ex: Zoe Gatti de Gamond who established her own phalanstery in which men and women shared the same rights. Flora Tristan preached the need for the liberation of women around the world and wrote the Worker’s Union.

Blanc-wrote The Organization of Work in which he maintained that social problems could be solved by government assistance and called for the establishment of government funded workshops.

Female Supporters-supported by female activists, ex: Zoe Gatti de Gamond who established her own phalanstery in which men and women shared the same rights. Flora Tristan preached the need for the liberation of women around the world and wrote the Worker’s Union.

LinksLinks

Enlightenment Primary Sources: http://www.historywiz.com/enlightenmentsources.htm http://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/WebLinks/WebLin

ks-AgeOfEnlightenment.htm#docs http://aam.govst.edu/projects/pduignan/primary_sources.htm

Enlightenment Primary Sources: http://www.historywiz.com/enlightenmentsources.htm http://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/WebLinks/WebLin

ks-AgeOfEnlightenment.htm#docs http://aam.govst.edu/projects/pduignan/primary_sources.htm