Education in Nepal: Report of the Nepal National Education Planning Commission
293
EDUCATION IN NEPAL REPORT of tlu NEPAL NATIONAL EDUCATION PLWNINC COMMISSION PREPARED BY MEMllERS OF THE COMMISSION EDITJID BY Sardar Rudra Raj Pandey-Chair man of the Commission (Chairman oftbe Board of Education of NepaI) Kaisher Babadur K.C.-Critic Member of the Commission (Secretary of Education, Government of Nepal) Dr. Hugh B. Wood_Educat\onal Advisor to the Commission (professor of Education, University of Oregon, USA) PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLICATIONS COLLEGE OF EDUCATION KATHMANDU. NEPAL
Education in Nepal: Report of the Nepal National Education Planning Commission
Education in Nepal: Report of the Nepal National Education Planning
CommissionPREPARED BY
EDITJID BY
Sardar Rudra Raj Pandey-Chairman of the Commission (Chairman oftbe
Board of Education of NepaI)
Kaisher Babadur K.C.-Critic Member of the Commission (Secretary of
Education, Government of Nepal)
Dr. Hugh B. Wood_Educat\onal Advisor to the Commission (professor
of Education, University of Oregon, USA)
PUBLISHED BY
KATHMANDU. NEPAL
AU IOghJs Rtln'Ded
The text or this publication or any part thereor may not be
reproduced in any manner whatsoever without permission in
writing
from the publisher.
yM a'. jug Education
General Outline of the Plan
The: Cwric:uIum for Primary Schools
Thc: Cmric:ulu.m for Secondary Schools
U::Ii\enu!; Education
POTt IV-Educational Progrm
\11
V 'The People Speak
Port I-TIre Survq
TABLE OF CONTENTS
f
Presentation of the Completed Report, March I, 1955-
Sardar Rmlra Raj Pandcy, Chairman of the Commission, (third from
left) presents the mimcographcd Rcr0rt tu the I-IOllorable
t...linisler 01" Euu"a· tion, D~. Dilli R. Rcgmi, at a formal
ceremony held in Gallery Hall. Seilted al the left is Dr. Hugh B.
Wood, Educational Adviser to the Commissio1l; standing- at the
right is Trailokya ::\ath Crl"aily, Sccrctal'y-Treas\lIcr of the
Commission.
T in aJ fenn' with mak,
N delle is gc is th m",,' co,"" is 01
aod t
1 missi and yeM ceivt MOl nati( Ou, D,. O,~
prep
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
n......nd teMby ioad~. n.e I",~ 01 imol.....ua1 a"';D"""''' ;n
almc.1 aD tbt adY=ttd """,,17'" kM t-n w". "ip. ......;" in
limnent. Am-c an <x>untna in A<i.a. ha", bwndl"';!
~"""rir>n plans "ith pIalh .Dd dritt ... break-neck speed 10
wipe out illilef2C! and n>at.e democnt:y • OItcu:ss.
XepaI io pasO"!I" thro..!!"h a crisio in Mt histo<y. n..
a<h't:nt of democrur ha. l>unknM 1= proplr wi.h Jtt&ter
...,.,.,D>ibilitia.. Sh~ io pUt, If> hI>Id a~ dtttioo in
.hc diswu (..I....,. Education is lhe Ant. q""'.""" of ou"",,"" of
<kmoc.acy. "Wc ....... ed"""'" 00. marter.," a. the Q,Hcsr
p>s>iblc oppnnuni'Y. If ignononcc and mi«:racy .emain (or a
I~ time, democracy will .pcn doom and disaJI",. Hcrr is onc
oppnnunlly for lb..."'. of mr>l!>e' Nepal 10 m .... forwa,d
and r"hl asains, dum... and bring lighl in .he country.
Th. ,<:comm.ndallOM mad. by the Nepal Educa,;on Planning
eo...... miMlnn "illl~k fO, 'h.",!!Ch·... In 'he pr""n' .'moop"....
~rr,...lJ"aOnn and d""!",ir, 'hal the 'eporl c<m'd be 'ubtnl'ted
wi'hin kso lhan a y~a, lJ ,t.SOlf a toslimony nf Ihe
C<H>p<:,uion 'hu tb. <x>mnm.ion ,e ~i"ed f,om 'he
people in genenJ and Ihe ed"ea,iontttl in particular. ).,Iost of
;,. memben and ovalu.lon ....."ked with ••a! in the Ipiri' of
na'ional """';e<:, and the ,",creury with his .Iaff never .pared
paiM. Ou. 'hanb are due to all. But Ipedal menl;on may be ma.de of
Dr. Hugh B. l'Y""d, Educalional Advioo. ftoont the Univenity of
Orqnn, ,,·h..e indc:!il.tigable labour ond I""'mpt .........ne<:
in the p~radoD or .h;" "'POri ha,,,,, Ix>cn ;'waJ~ble.
It io hoped that the report will rcce,"C due mnaidcn.'ion ;n .he
hands of the 8'>,..,rnmml and ed....don will """,Ive
"'P1lriority in ill Kbane ofou, country'. <kxdopmen••
Rudra Raj Pa.nd~
APPRECIATION
I" the Fall or 19S3. I _ ;n,ited '" N~ to .....rer with the
Ministry of Ed........... olliciah _ cd.......';..na' poobktns and
polnl tio.litics in this anmllY, 1 >no ",Iocd to ourvey ""iYlng
a",dilMms and r=tn,n=ul a plan '0< 'he d""clo",nt:n' of a
....'ionaI sysl<m of cd"".'io,,_ I """n't:rcd ,he in,ilalion
wilh an olT~r to .cl '"' ed....-A· ,;"nal ail.';"", to a high·kw.!
nau",n.al cdue,u"'n planning <omm;";"" if ,,,.h w""c
apl"'i,,,.d. I r.lt that ,,,ch an _gnmen, Wa! a t ..k fot ,h.
lc~dc" ~r 1\<]),,1, not Ibr a [",e;!:"",, And 'he
aco,mplishmcoll "r the Cnmmis$ion now Iland n. ,,,,'imon)" to 'he
..,"'''Im.... of 'hi, oV;"i"". True, ,h. m.mben h~,c made me fed
that J Om """, a ~"""l "f I\'cp'l 'ha" • ("r<is,,", , thcir
hoop;,,,li,)", ~nd Ih' of all the Nel""I..., hao been ovcr_whdming,
But ,hi. RCI"''' i. a product of ,h,..,. JCO,.., N"f"lcoe
cdu..",o,,,;rts and ka""n. TIle "'l"\~, th<; qUCSlionnai,.." ,h.
outline, lh. discussion.. 11.., [,,,,,,ul_,kon of policicl and
pnnciplc<. lhe en.blislunmt ..r tar!l"<I, ,hc plah, the
reo>mmcnd a,iuns~J1 .Inn r,om lhe mcmbcn or the COOhmi.....ll,
I conRdtt it a gml r.ri'~...S" '" ha''''' I""", pcnn1ntd to ~ in
1h<' crcal;"" and lixging or ,hil Rcpo." P.anicuJa..-Jy. I
ha,.., a.!n,;"cd the roucd dc<crm;""'",,, of the Chain'......
and h. Ic3dcnhlp t1uoush ·'rousb tiJnQ~; J have apprttia,cd lb<:
£aithr..1rlcos of the mcmbe.. and rh<:ir "';Uinc_ '" do 'htir
ohan: , I ha,.., baslcd ;" ,he cnl..",rnJ~ of ...... writcn, both
in ~ aDd the ~atiom; I lCnUltl!· bopc l!>ere wiP be a I1ich pUrt
iD the Gfa' Bc)'OlId b tMot: "" t.ur1!~ who draflC(\ 10 ml>Ch
or ,he Report.
nu. is the Rep..... ; bu' ,he job is no, drnlc-l' ..... only lqun.
Forn,na<dy, rht:no will r>ot be the umal. pcriooJ bcrwecn
lI>e '"rq><>rt" and ',,",,'ion," bcca""" m..ch :u:tiOll
is al<cady und........y. SolD<: of ,he rccommcll<b.,io!1J
ha,.., been implemented "" ~tcd in Cbapler x..X. Bo'1 Ihe gl'Ca1
I.... loos ah""'d. Vni..."..,1 prImary td .."",;"n, ad ..lt
lilerae)'. O)mprehcnoivc ..,.,.,ndary td.....tinn, all'''''
ha'i"nal uni''Cr>ily -lhcsc anI! lIUny nlher gO,.)1 beckon tOo
the rncmbc,.. or the Comrnissinn and tll';, eolleag.."" in Ihe
development or Ihi. RI.al de""""a.y 11<", in 'he hea,t "rtlle
Himalayu.
From the dcptld "rmy he.,I, J leave my I>c1t wioh"" with
}'OU.
Hug!> B. W<><>d EJ-no-I~ .
•
C"APT!'.J' ,
I:s"TRODUCTION
With the rta ..'n "f dca>ncn.<J in :\<pal in 19~, ,h."..
came an awalcming of the need for e,hOOll.,.,. The ncttOSi~'~"
rn:'" Iiter.l"l' and lh. 'J"'""d of cdue':llion all ""tT .he
country, f,,,,,, ,he ~I<ehi to lhe ~I;thab.li and the
Hi""'l.j.... ." the T<ni, hat bcflI kcmlr kIt. XcporJ hat
b<cn tnllowirtll a pnlicy of ioolatinn and as ""'" has b:cn Up.
in total cbr1u>ed,1IDCOflt.:Ltni,,,,ttd by .... pram......r
<ivilIuUoa. Th.io tw both tood and t.d ell«..~ in .h. XlIX ""'.
"" other 0J""'tD ba.s .trud ~ mol, and bring a .-irein to<!(~"
''ttT p<>(W t:ocldOIatiDn) >he an dft_ ha DVm xb<mc and
pla.., 'l1Iac can be: tuilC'd 10 d.. ~phical p>loiiinn and
hittorical uadil;"" of ..... COW1I')", ..'ilh ••icw to~ the
r>alio<W indi>idualitj'.!'Id ;nt<'rll1li<mal
oOOdari~', h hat bn:n b:od ill ,h• ......, m..t the .....Id hat
ach':LDcro., fa< attd .....0. aD b:o<b.~ Ih.t h.rdIy 1>0"
pttttn. of.he J'O!>lJblion ;,. the """nU')' <an rcod "00
...-i'e. Th.... is orithcr r,,(>id """,no '"
,,:>mJ:lmnic1tion ...,.. • _ure cctmOIlIic e<>ndilKm- The
problaN fO, the <'(>Un,,,· ..... 'hut qui.< h.... "nt.l.he
odds "lI'ai.., Unprm.....e<>, .rc .1"",", inm"""i,-"bl.. aut
,her ",us, be ",ked, f<>r"", h,a,,, '" mardl .no..ldcr '"
.tw.,k!er wi,h o,her "",ionl of lhe wocld as Wc """"me mcn,bcn IIf
world ""l;'""iuliorn.
In order to ""'\co dOnlOCfll<'!'. rcaJ <ueccn wc h.,,, 10
educo.le our pc,,?I. wilhin the ,horl.,t p<l$.i~le time,
cspc<:;.II)· tinGe univ.....1aduil ,,,f1ragc h.. "h"dy bee"
prvdxi"..d. The dan~," of diclatOflhip or ch-il war dtle tu mi""e
nl" ,he righ, lo .-,,'e mw' be ."ni<led .nd ,hi. is nut l"l"i~ic
in a '''''"If)' like OUrI wi,h"u' proper ed"".,ion,
A#fi81_81 .IIM e..",..w;... Until 1950 .h..~ had hem. ""Iy limiled
ed,ocational fnili,;'" in :"cpal
.nd th..., ....".., mcn~ for a ,.~. few penplf,. Wilh "'"
rce<>gn,tinn nf cduca,ion as the kq.,.(",e '" democra~·. the
eo....nmcnl nf X"I"'1 ......b Iioh«I att EdUOltinn &ard in 19~
to ,upeni>c and expand the ",,;,ling edu<-atinDal faciliti...
In a mectintl; orthio &.rd MId in :-;",-.mbcr, 19~3.
lhe~ ...... made '" the Go-"CInI1>Cn' th.a. a :"aUonal
Coonmi&ion ~ PIanniJ:Is Ed<OCa,im> be .~t<:d 10
tun..,. ""io<i:lfl cd..............1 frii_ tla and 10
p<q>arC a rd:ocme b natinnal~ education On Nepal. It had been
poin'ed oul bcbc in the Chaioman', addrcNa to the .......1.ocn of
the Bow-d. thal aun~ ~......" ofcducotion!Or the ...hole counlrJ
in
2 upon or ';~'AL Inl1CATlO>l PU>lNJNO
C»>OOu.:I10>l
place 0( dj,~tmcUlod.o i> ~,ial ; tl>«< "'UOI be
traincd!C&dl.... in
abundan<~, and l\"<:pal mull ha'''' heT o"n uni~enilf'
Dr. HURh B. Wood. educational rpccialist from th~ Unh..,...;ty
of
Or~, U. S. A.• ",'''0 ..... in India DC! a fulbri!tll leaching
asignm<:nt,
~ ,m'lled '0 i"q>aI immed;"lelr to C<>o>r.tr "'i,h lhe
.\lin"<cry or EdtoCllhnn
ollieialo on 'he motttt. Following Iou v_h, 'he r""'anm.n,
a('pOw'ed 'h. l\"a'ionaJ EducoUoo Planning e-m~ Tb. mcml"cn ol
'hi> Cam·
miooion wen: d>a.r:n to '.po """'" ,....iou> ..- _,ion<
...r1h~ peopIc of
.'\epo.l. Include<! in 'h~ ",cmbenhip ".....,
rq>re«:n'.ui.... of 'he'dill'ert:n'
grOllp" of m'n and ",,,,,,cn f,om ,he :odmini."ati"c __ice., ,he
!'ublie
Sen'iu eo............n. I"" MinUlry nf Edu<ati<m,
rcpoacn....'i,·'" of lhe
hndap...cn, ~', ottr>ndary, and !UKhn 1"'-dI or ed"nllion,
and
Cl<p'" i.n«d bymcn (m'enllll: pn<;ticall)' the "'hole nf 'he
Hirna4y:an
hi!hland', 'he central ":a1l0)~, and ,he lhin ba,,~ of 'he Ta....i
bth of
i'\q>aI. The ...."'ben of.he Com", iot> "'P''''<nl<'d
all "",\I,. of life and
a~ ....... of <he..-. ....,,"'nIDn« in cd"""'it>n in Sepal.
In all.
H Wtte invi'ed to patticipa'., bu'lOffle ,,-e.: unable to pv'idr-te
because
of distance fr"m ,10, capio.al and otheT.......,.... ("'am.. of ,h.
Comm"""n
members "'110 ocn...I "'i11 be fuund in Appcndi~ I.)
Sanlar Rudra. Raj i'anrk'!' ..ilo ...,.. au " of lhe
Ed"""tion
brd, Wa' appnin'c<l '" Chairman of ,h. Com ;""'n. T ...ilo~."
"'a,h
Up";!},, Dcpu')' Scen·...ry of I::d",""itm appoin'ed Sc:actar)'.T
"rcr
of the Com<n~ 1),-. Wo<>rI w" ked ID ""'.., ... the Ed
tional
Ad,...". to ,he Cvmmiuion.
Tb<: work oflhe Commitlioa ..... ina"l"""ted on ~f...th 22.
19S4, in
Gall..,..,· Hall or ,he SecT",",ia' of the Go''CnlItttO' or"'cpaI
:at Kalhmarodu.
Sa'dar Rudra Raj Pand'I" Ch"irtmon or ,h. Cummiuion, .pt>l. or
'he
gioric> of ancien' Xepa when 'Ile co"n"y ......, the
e",.,,,,,,,1o of.uh..re
and aluao..... in ,he Eas'. ",",lot "Park ,~" 'ba'
<elip••d.'\epaI afoe.- .he
oiJctea1'h CCD'ury, and <he ....duaJ :a"-..kcni,,, in 'he
p<cs<n' ccntuty. In
conehllion, he did :
It i' DO rime l'or the in...;""'...al. '0 be didtc""~ncd and
'0
remain aloof as <nctC opet:UOIOn ,,-bat diounMl' and
mi>undenwoding
an ,·it;"'ing 'he 3'~phC'J"e. As ,10= ..."no' bc n",
opin"''''
regarding 'he i",,,,,rtanee of education, i' ;s "",r... to fUld
faul'
",ith i' and offtt ........... ID others. Le, CYCI)"011C .laDd
ohouldc:r '0
obou.Idtt and help in b<lnP>I lOno<><d an
cd",...tiona\ """ramme.
Only cd"",,'c<! people can .., :a j"" ,.,.1... nn
dern<><racy. If tduca·
'ionar programme> O<:t ...id •• "'ep~l". hi"",)" "'hieh h...
faced
'wo earlier "'.baeb ·ill, fur the 'hird lime. filcc 'otal
desttuetion.
Tb<: edL><:a<icmal programm. to be lOnnulalCd thould
enlighten
110. very- dcptlto of Xapal', IOUI :and cnrieh il with 'he
ICicnlilie
knowledge "r m"""'n ,,"'... '0 "",h the ""u"try ..If-oufficient
in
.....,. ,,·ar. ..,. Wba' wc need io. nation·wide plan for
c<l"ea,ion
,,'lU<:h should 'eplace tltc prcxnt I""ehpo<cll "l..tem and
otir "I''' wrIve of "'''10....1r...ting frtnrt 'he Morbi in the
r.u', to ,he .\fah"Uli
in .h. W ..." and from the frontier. of lIbel in ,he North '0
,he
T......; in .10. South. I ea,-ru'Stll' "'ioh mr <:oun'Il=ell to
",I,.., their
ec:o<>oonic probfcmo, noake th.cir: country
p<<>lf'<71>'l'l in ... tt1 _y
and mainl.&in thC'ir ecUJcoe<: withou'looing their
idenu.)·,
Co"- ;t.... •'""3• ••:•••••
-------- ,
Dr. D, R. R~. <he HOllOrable Mina'., "fEd..."",;on, thm ra'-'
<he i<I.a~~. He ...;.;I <hat ....., .houkl no' dcprnd upon
Que
?MO ~= .... 11>:.. "'C ",ut' build IOr the fut~. for llIere i!;
_ a
r.oa:~ .,. ~l<'d. ~... lit<Tatc, prop,", in Napal. Dr.
Rqmi
, ...... 6A:. u.. ...... s.u..l:rj, " ...«tII <>f
<'duo...,., had ou~ la
- ! ;a:IC! Iba! :'>ryoal Iud ... f.u r~lcd with lhe gll of
finding a
__ "!'S"=' baood OIl Bauonal aspita';"nJ, tradition"~ and the needs
of the
!. urd 0( lupponing such .. 'j",'nn rnli,,;"ally. Ho .-fl.'l'red to
,h.
6::1."'" olhooks ift IlK ='tpali la",~ and add«! tha' the lan~
Iw1
'000 made lhe Am<" p"",'U> dur~ .... Wo. 6f,y loran as the
t<-isn and
~~ <>f II'dia b:l......,.
The HononIbl. ~Iini"tt lhen h.rncd IQ ,h. taSk at hand. He ..
id
r.lut a JOund educational'I"'''''' could n<>' be imported
from Oul>idc, but
"'::s, t.. '''..,,),-''<1 oul "fth. ntt<b and ".di,io,," ",I
the «Iunt.-y. He "'cnt
<>cl to Iuget tluo,,,~ ",us, cultiv.~ <he habit or It}illl
'" ol4Ind on our
-... ~ He aborted the rich<:r J>COfI:e to be~ in Ih."
<'OIl".;.
boa.....,. to educ.>.tioftal ino.!i.u....... He ..,0.1 du, the
tilllC Iu!I coonc wftm
t!loM: "'M M<:r~<d by oh. pMplc mus' came li>rwafd. Ho
"'S8U<M
rh.:l' 'he C,mminl<>n mnuid .~llmin. npccially the
oui'abilit)" nf lh.
;>!"Op<.o>ed pi."" ,,, the n<cd> of 'he counlry,
Srceial $,"= 'hould all<> 1><:
~ ""- the leachin.'!' of ,,,,If.help to that the l"'l~ and lIirll
who enm•
...., of Kbooh .no...1d be able j6 earn a Jj...jll3. U. aloo
j6.ochcd on
CaDdhiji·, O}-=tn of~ £dilation atid ,qreuM ,ha, che Basic
orioooIo
........ DO< ~i"!l on .... well as had br:en hoped. 1-1. drew
,he allencion
of the Corn",;"';"'" CO ""m' of oh..., p>O&ibl. ckknt ",hjeb
$tood in ch•
..·a~· of'hoomoo'h progreM oftho Book ""hoot..
Or. Rqm' c'"-<l by eU,ot<i"r ch. ConnmioUon co '...r ....:r
~!.Ili(\J;
MlIOtioNJ fuili".. in on;Icr Iha.' they mal' be
'nlJ"'<>'"'f:d, but conttrural•
.... <be deI~c 0( a Kbcon< .... nallo<>al ed...... tion
re..- all 0 pt<:>pIe
lIu' ,,-ill ~1Cllte IgnonI\<C and ;JI'ceracy. and bring ....ppj
and
proIpcricy 10 our Sl",>ou' ""untry.~
:\Ir. Paul IV, R.ooe, J)iroc,or, United S"".,. Opcra,i<l""
Ui"ion, 'hon
<;>ok<: on the place of ""'o<acion in ....,ional
plano.inlJ aoo. devdopment.
H. oaid thac'h.~test ra<>uro;e ofaD)" ""tion"'1S P""I'lc ;
<Mher .........n:a
ha•.,. "" .-aIuc ac:ept .... <bc:)' rda'" It> p<oplc.
Ed..cabo<>;' the moo.!
61l1dar=n\.a1 part of any m .."lIy'. de-"dopmcnt prnsramme. He
th."
dwelt on 'he imp<>rlaneo nfthe teacha and 'he hItS' wk of
crainmg c...ehcn
'h., Ha ahead. He .aid SO,OOO ceaeha, arc needed al lOOn u po..
ibk
M,. Rote: dosed b)' offaing the full coopt::ra,ion and .up!"'" of
'he United
S... ,a Opc:n.tiono :\r...... to the -.t ofthc Com.rnission and ,h.
<b""'J>
......, ofan ed"""ti<><W~. for Nepal.
The Hn"orabIc M.mnc:r ,hen inltod..atd Dr. HP«h B. Wood,
Prof....". of FA"...ci"" ffllm ,h. U"iv.,.,ily ofO'eeon, "'ho ,,·a.
to ....'. u
<h. Comma.k",', educacional eOl\ml",,,,. Dr. Wood emph..i"d
once
again 'hat a ""un<! ed"....'io"aJ 'l-"Cftl wu aocntial IOr 'he
~row'h of
~'. and conlicmed whal 'he HonorabU: Minista h;ul ....d
abo..c
the l>CCd of de>..\opir'lJ elI"""'ioa "" M'ionallin<s. H.
u.e.. >p>k. abooot
<lte rok or ceachen and IM nca:I fat orldeopo-ead cach""'
If"ain'ns- in <he
,..,.... ..hem. of ching>, ad<lin« 'hal ic ""tie< 10 na,1
&om Uso:talch"
<ItUI h.n~ precariou,ly onCo a 'ou.ring .""e, e which was on 'he
verge
•
w.,! ~ IN Ce>oPniJ1iOJo ~
lmmcdiady following lhe inaugural cerrn\onics, the O:>n""i.. ion
Opal<'<.l a r",,' ..day bu,inc'l> .""iun. Th..... """kmg
commi".." were org~n;,,,,l on /ldminiuration, C"rr;c"t"m, anrl
T<'3.chcr Training. and went into <el",rote "",;">nl. 'n,.
<"'m,n"'",," "",line<! the p<oblo",. rdating to their
rcopr<;lh~ a..is"",""t<, Ji.",,! ",IL'en Hrd",a (0 I><
,,>«I in moodng I <hac probkm., .nd determined their
'..'rki", pwo:"<Iurcs. At lhe do.. IJ ofeach <la)' ,he
ct>nu.,i,k<:'O mc' wgrther u • c."nmission ''''" • f",,-
n';nute:$ to cuha.n~ ideas and pmblcmo.
T_ major compliatioos....- imlU(lia,dl'. Fint, the abom« or
systematic .tpQr';n~, the lack of"""""=;"",;0,,, and the
rT<:ClKI" "rCClltrsl ~t ...pen""" orcduao,ion., =ated • dutth
ofinfonDa,ion .b<>ul the ~, "",,\11 of .0""""",,_ ~r1k\oLuly
JM.... the p<OpIc nr the "",iotI rocl .1><>..\ I,.
TIIO<':>it. ,be CcmJR..... dec:ided ... o<>c< ,,,
pr~ a co....podw,..;,...q~c10 be ocn' 10 all par.. oflbc rountry.
and. irI
thc <duu..i<nIal mi$tal:.<1 m.roc b,' otl.... "",mtries
.nd buiW nlpidly alona nn.' ]1.-. Taltil>ll about the taSb nf
the Cnrnmission, he.bm.~ how 'he de\'eIoprnem ~~ ""md
alue:otionally.u:m in l\'..p.1 .oquir", tbe Il..d)· .. the n"t~
...-li...... and proh&tms in ,anu .... their .....'e oi
ftnlont'<, possible _. 1<>Wft$ .... on"",,,,, ..·hith ,he
p«>pk ..uuld be p<'qI'Ucd tl)
p&~', ~nd ..·hcth<T lher red \hi:~ fnr & _ cd"",-tionai
fJnlV&t"'M for ,.....<h, &dalel<ma., and adulu, or
specioJ...d alucalio>o ror Ibc ......, ou.t oi comid....mn ror
dwir 1Ic:n<k:r punc.
Dr. Wood ...""""rited his eonrer.:n_ wiu. manben of,l..,
I:dl«'.li.... :\linimr in 'he r.n of J933. He ",,-id mal lIIe:""
tw.J been generat 4'..... men' on f"'e po;",,;
I. Educ.lion i> essential to dnnoalr:y. 2. A" Muuli"n "-"<110
",,,.1 be ~d IOn the nen!! and culture or
Ihe IP«;~< ....';ntr)" in "hieh it i> lo f""r.lion. 3. ,\
."r"oy of ;ndi,'id"al ~1\d OO<"ial ncod. i...",,,,ial to Ihe
d",,,Jop.
menl ur on od"(ali"nal ""heme. 4. Th~ k"\'",u"o or a" edlleation~J
.\..1.", ;, [he ,e~d\« an'! ,hi.
e~rr. rtle <a",ful training in C<lmmon l'u'I-"'''''',
wmffi(l" ",.\h"d., and eommun und....tandingo.
3. ,'Ut eduatio....1 o,...em m"", JlCO'~d< "' ,he 'op!Or ,he
ttaining "rlca<k-uhip in all "·all,. o(li(c.
Dr. Wnod ,he" 1t'Jtll:e<trd .h.>, I.... Corn ...........
:drould be: dj,1dcd in.....,b-<:nmmill.... tu nomi<k'o o""h
probl<ml •• M"catio...I .un.. ""rn. ",.Ium and ,,,,,,butoks ;
:.<law>i>tnotK>n., ~ntt, ~nd~ ; a.<~l ._hen'
t",.ininR:. He .up:<'I<d thaI ..... <WDDtitl«S C'" 10
..-""k immcdi:atCII' .not rn>duu • dr31'1 of .......pn:hcm.."
rq>or' ror tho: ..-.nHd<ra...... of \.he
mtircc.n............
•
--------------
, :odditiotl, ... ocnd ~ number of ;"'CI'\"ic:wm ID......u,;,.
ar... '" dct<:rm.;ODeduc:uional «>ndi'io.... and
...pinlio.... , TI,e """'m;ll= wc<c ••ked toIIJbmi'
quesl.l<>... r..... the ques,Oo",,,,,iTc It>." would dicit
;nf""r=.ion <IQiudby their group.
S«ond, it immcd;;,'cly became "I'P....<nllhat «r1ain
p«lpOS&h, on"'hieb th..., could bt 11!1I. <;onl"""enl',
tt't.lnly ",,,,,Id be rcconun.nd,dby the Conuna.inn, and Iba' IlOmc
of th_ propooal, wet. of .uffi<i"".w gcncrt0 rftjui,c ea,ly
1CUon by the Min.~·<If &I"",,';"... 'I"b<:rri:>rc. !he
co""mi"... WO'<:~ I<> tomi<kr lheoe problmu fits, "nd
to1"""1'''''' rerommcnd3lion. le be " • ...."ine<! to the
Huno.able Minis,... by,he close arth. March 22-23 JaSio....
nu.. by tile ~ or lhc: lint ......,'n. me....,..k or <h<:
Commiosionhad~ ebalk<d OU', "'i,a'ionn>.;"" P"'J>lI,«\
(lhe ,tru)u of ..-hieh lUC:d_ri!M:(\ in Choptcr V), and .ction
.tarled 00 lOIn" of the mOOt urgentr«ommcndatiorn oftll.
Commasion.
In 'M "",n'''' tha' "e.:...~. the O>mnoNion n>et ... "
...n..k 01 ...•"",,,,inea "br..., ...-ice" mnnlh and continued In
...".k 0'" ,he manrprobl"""', HI' S<:pl<mbet, lha" w«<:
!ulT"'kn' ret""" from 'h. '1Llf",;',nnai,e, in,''';'''''''' tile
eo.."" Bun'''", ~nd ",her ...,,,... tu atart d'ahingthe l"C1K""'
<If tbe CoI1'\mil$iuD. This " .... <lono by ,,·nten who
..-orkedwiLh \he: ,...n..m oommillca and a>mpiled .ou'" draf..
oC,heir diKu.io....Those ",eTe m-iclo"Cd r"" bj' the
ttlmmi'......nd then bv ,he Comonislir>n... a whok. An 011'''''
...... made Wl"Cr,ne 'he draf't 'n the' ...tiofacUoo oraame",bon
<If ,he CODuni'lion--obvioulJy•• dilliooul' feu--.nd
.hhoo,."'"thit clfor...... no< ..b<JIly lU<UtOful, ,he
R<f"I" J'Cllf"XnlJ 'be nc.>rtyu....nm-.s opinion of the
CotnmAoion.
T......JHLJtr.... The CotnmiJlinn h guided by the mlJ....~"ll:
l<Jm< of rdU-enoo"." oc, rorlh by the Min;', ofF.d""a,;"n in
ale"er rnllowinl{ 'he in~"lI'"ra-"on..".".,...,,,,,,,, ,
I. The OornmiDlott """'Id 0e\'<Itt: il>df '" .tudying 'M
.j....,.. of <:d"......" obtooioing in the
.....n1c}·lOdaJ·.
2. It """'Id prepatc an ",,'l;ne r." ,he '_ll~ni...tinn oroch",,1o
onmode...., pUdital Hp.., with .pecial C1nph",io On the
d",-dopmeo'ofprinI.lry <>.llK.l.tion for all. S. ".h""ld
d....... an o"LlinelM the prq>a.... tiop "r >land.ord
I">:'·
book< !'or na'ional education "'Id «comm""d ad«luatc """""""to
'he CO"ern"""" f"" the JlKV"""io" of '''''boob by """,pete..,aotlvn
.Dd. publish them by put.ing "I'. P>d printi<1c pi'"adequ.,e
M 'he purpooc.. 4. It mould l'C><Qmmend to 'he
(love,,,,,,",,' the co'abliohmen' or a
N..tional Unr.-enity within fi,~ ye nku"'''':! '" t ....
the.W>datd of «"","tion within ble tifM I.'(ImDOet'dUt'te..;t!t
the immedia,e needs of the people. 3. It should immedia'dy give ito
opinion to the Go''-'"'II''O''' aboutteacher.' 'rainmg and sce 'ha'
the ~mmend"lkm isimplftDe<Oted.
6 UPollT 0' N~rH EDUCATION PI.ANNTliO Co"..lSitON
6. n.e C"",,"....ion ohoul<l lry 11> find ....jll and mea..
!Or (Olle<:tint;
fund> ..hccva poosibk tor th< bia;job~.
1. Thc CommD:sion >houId _!hc Government &>t.P"'"'"! to
a>-<>pC
members d=ned eompetent by them, """'''ling the Govcrn_
ment t<> lend a circular to 'he C""crnmenf, "fVlInll SO 'hal
they
,."..Id aid llte Co!tlDiiloion whel'C\'CO" vouii>le,
Tbc: CommiJlion l"dltd 011 !hat: terms 01 rcf<nn<:e 10.
r=ncnI KUidancc ; 011 Ihe Edu<a.1an..1 Mviooo- b p..)«(h~t and
ptOr.:.ionaI
ad'it<: ; and _ lIoe Education Ministry offices, thc ecr.u.
Du..... and
..d ... G<>vnnmtnt nlf""", and the q.....inn.."i,... and
;nte.."ic"," flit ,pecifIC
information. The "bsen<t of P"'Y;ou. 'ep<>m as a f.ame of
.cr....ne. or
.....rling poin' ,,,clnl Ih~, ,h. C<>mrniulon ....as lQ.oed
\(I exerdoe ito ini,i.
li,oc and .......<i>·i'y. As a 1"C>O,1,. thillin<
ooml""henW.oc 1"Cp<>r1 in a ,';fIln 5ad rdI«'U
<t>rIIpleor frc«lnm £mm nditiona/ patterlJl.
PI_ ofW Rt/O'I
It "'"Y be ..en ,h.1 Ihe ....\; of the Cornmisaioll fe111"1licatty
into two
par.. , a ,,,,,ocy ofti;.,ing t:undi'lons and needI. Ind a
<dIeme for " rom
pine 'l"'ml of national. cd"""ion, indoding primary. occondary.
uPi,~
oily, and adult odlIcation.
Tb< 6",1 part or the R.epon is Iatgcly d"''>!td u> "
survey 0( thc
present ...",. ef eduea'ion in I\"epal. The .lC<'>nd par1Ial"
out a ""h<:nlc 0(
nll;"nal cdu,,"'ion. TIle Ih;nl pUI 'u,nma';'l" Ihe
Ttcommendatio... of
thc Commissicm. The fourth fmtt .. pe,hl". unique innovation
fur"
docwnen. o('h" kind_ The urgency of lOme <of the prob!cm$
d.":,,,.cd
hCf'Cin lcd lIoe~ arll· ill iu ddiberatio"" to malo:
oe<tain
rca)ftUllC1>(\ations, wlliclt~ P"'",ptIr im~ted br ,be
;'\tiniolcr of
.EduCltion. (Seldom MlOre have the reallnmendatinns of
Oornmiaion
been acted up"" hefore ,hel' wce Wl"iucn into • rcporl!) /Icea",e
much
of 'his implemenl\l.Itiotl "'·u in p".-:"", while the Report wIU
boing ....,itten,
IhcCo~ a.vee<l '0 ""ritc ,be fi....' 'hra: pa,u indcpendently
oflhis
......tio<o. and then,j t bcfoo-e gni,,! 'o~. '" TC'l"icw the
.... t.. of the
~srowirc rth<~" ~\iom.. Thio hao
been done in th< fourth part of th< Repon.
•
THE LAND OF NEPAL
.... .o",-cy of Ihc <dual;"".l fac~iti", of a <(>ontry cm
be: m.aningful onh inth.,.,ttingoflh. Land and .."h"re in which i.
it made. 1.1..... Un""ru" .. thc de'\"lopmcnl of a nation...
od""".i"" Kh.".. mml be:~ dicated .... an ondcrsundins nf thc nawo
and ,u peoplc if i... In be kDainftall~ ~oed to meet tJ.ft, nccdJ,
no' tJ.o.e nf..,.,.., 'x-ei~ culture. T=e and tpaCC: do> nnt
pcmUt ... "",enm" ..lldy or thex radOn, but this Ca?,"" an...... In
Vve a brief OlJtli"" of the ~pby nf the land, ~ bad:groundo or 11",
peopl<:, ~ eha<acocriotia nf the .u1Iure, a;X """"
educat............"'"
r .. G-Dl'~JIItJ of"'''' Bcn.=n Tibet, "iU<h ;. 14 tiro.. het
JiD:, and ohe new Republic nt
u.o.., wlti<h ..ndwicb.. 10... to the """th, east, and wBl.,
Nep;ol is a -...nl(l. toughly fi,,,, hundred miles 10"S and oinCly
In 00. hundred ten =ikt broad ...ith ao app«.oaimat<: area of
54,000 atJ,...,c rnil... It it an iadep<ndcn, kiogdom ,nhabit«!
hy a polrsl'" PDl'"latioo or aboo. ten cillion people.
Hntoncalll·, local 'ruli';"'" ,<JaY" Ihe name of X.pal to the
oblong ~- {If Ka'hmandu, which i, ,iluated be'",<'Cn ,h.
Sap,,,-Gandllk an..l Kam.>J,. ri,·., b••in,In 'he ...('1' and
'he S.pt..·Koti ri,·" b",in' '" ,h. <:at'. nit ccn'....1 ,·..n.y
nf Kathmnodtl, r.d by Ihe ri~\ll., B..gmati and h.r ~ all by
thcm..l~<J, "and. independent of ,h. alpine ri,,,, 'l~t<t'"
or :.. ,"",t of "'epal and r.... hnf...ay bet..."",, 110.
(,<'1"" tnblclan<b of Tibe' ctl the tlIITth ..no! ,h.
<tuk, bu,nio.!j" ao><\ 11., plai". of G..ng.l;"
Hind''''lan U the "Hlth ....... ,·alley .."'lIis"... · pmt.<ted
_pi..., v;"'lent 'lOTmS by the ~;ng"'""nt~in,. exlu:m<ly krtik,
<I<"",ly populated, and ...j'h _ ci<-:5oatin" "'00 cuI"".
&,-,ing bad< to thltt lhousaoo \...... of r«UnIed ~..
:'\qW "",-y be di"ided into three -... ':d'.rioios (a) the tropical
~ "'the T.......i (....... 1Ia. landojand the: bu' 010"", <1E
the Iowa c::. ..;> IQ .... "hicudc 0( 4,000 'oft, (h) the
tempencc otn"",~ =i>1d_ ioo! :he ~-t)~ '~"ll up '" an altitude:
ar 10,000 li:eo, ...... (c) thc: _ 60:::" pako-u<:Ut: rqionn
<cmpri:&i:>,g the ",,,in back ai theH~)....
,,:rom 10,000 '" 29,002 flOC'. Tbcx~ tDtI"' ppon in generaJ
• a r"....... alK! flora "'bidl is c~tnini<: of <tu""
disuQCtzoo.-~ ~iO"I, of ...·hich the 10-., is cio-Cangetie, the
CttItnll is tBm-Gaogelic or Himalal'''u, and Ihe noo-,h"n is
JWeo-an:<k or alpine.
The 10"..,.' tropical region e<>nldla of a 'trip "fland
><lm" 70 to 30 mH", wide which (0,,,,.11," southe,n bounda'y
of Kc!,al "'hh lndj~. It is "m!"""", partly of optn nat
C£I\lIW>, And pa"l)' of ["r..l-cl.d hill, and hig!> y
malnrious valle\'l. The richly c"h'nt«.! piaino of ,h. Tar,,;
whicll extend from Ih. fOod"'m frontier ror about 10 miles Inland
.'" .u""""lled hI" • ''''1' of low-[I"iJlg lJ.nd which
b<>rden the roughly 12.miJe bdl of de....,10.-.... .. far u
the Slwo.li<; lOO'-hilll. This _!rip of land is the true rani
...hieb, at pbccs, is """"posed of"",,mpy <no... "'.......,'ft
by I;o)J grass and rank ""fCUliun, csp«Wly in the Tappu rtFons of
<::t.I1(m :\rpol.
The: rara kllOWa in !\qW as "Bhaber" ......jh.adi,.. rile: abnopdy
and stteteh from t to "'oa<. 1 h"l' ar<: IMmpooro ~nly of Sal
IRQ
(Sht>Ka rubu>tus) in'....mins"=d .....th Sill'l&1
(.i1k-co'Lon) tta:l ...,Ib a &liehl unr\ef\lrowth of gr-a.
and...",1>. '/'hie; b .., ~ «l'"UJ .he sloP"" of 'he Siwariks
(lhe pndltune rM'l;C) bordering the nor'hern "",.-gin "flhe
,ulrHimal"}"all region, whkh li.. bcjl(lnd.
Ho climate i, ,imU.r la that of the Indian plai,.. wilh some
inerea,. of hCOI an,l a" exCC" "f_is,u'. d"" to Ih. ,~rl(ln
f..,....lI and lhe high moUntain'll",' block \he mon!O<ll\
bq"(lnd, Tbe fauna i' .uppor.. is .imilar in characlcr '" <J.ooc
"'hid> a~ to he f"und in 'he Ind;.n mainland of BcnpI and .b"am,
ouch :lI "",ph.n'" ,hiftoCl<:<:rooto, ..ml.ohan, .nJd.bo.rs,
buff....... dl.i<als, I"'S-dcer, and ...-amp dctt. 11",
bufTaJnn. CUDlin... as far as 9,(Ql k<1 .nd ~ rq>bood b;'
Tibn.on l"ala.nd Ibrir rroo:o.brerd ~Jhumm..~ {A....;c biIono)
aoo.-.: !he al<i"'<k or 10,000 I;,et.
"The bin! life of me Tani~n is much <he ....... :lI1.ha1 bund in
lhe ;\Iab"". """" and "-am, and indutks ",,",·bill•• I"..bt..,
fn,i,-pigeo... bulbuh and ""OOI:lp«ken. ......ng <he
."I,i,.,.,rn amu ."d nn 'he rog<: of ,h. fo,.m .re (oun<!
some of ,h. more .Ol"'''''" bird. of 'h" Indian plai'", and many
wading bird. and ,,'a'er "''''10 'rend the winlet among it. "r••
.." and ",""h... The ."Id .eMon .timula'et ,h. migrul"" of many
'p""i.. of bird. frum Till<' o<,.h u wild duck! .nd <ran""
"'hieh b,""d in tlr. mounlains.nd daccn<l t<> 'he
plain< for a !>rief cb.an~.
Th" Omtnl Rtgion is deacribcd u a cluslO'OUS opa<e of mountai...
,"M}.... in "I.,.,....lion (,om 4.000 to 10.000 feet with ......"C"
or 'empera"'T. '"V)~'" fjom ten 1.0 .,,-cl,.. dtgn:<S inIo-er-
the Tani. It indudes the Mah.libara' nnze <>f mount.aino
"'bido ..... to 1.000 fcet to IOrm a <onti 0""'" bo..riu
a.r:r-.- Nepal~ """ to "U<. A' in,""....to, oh. """,,,!&in
wall is pKT<xri by the IU"X<" nf.he .~'_ .n-..n"r,he s.,'UO
Kaoio. or the ~'e1l C;uod".ko, or <lie ""'hle Tn.",. K..-""l)'.
Ilet,,-un ,he ;\I.bahb..... ....uge: and <he main lIirnalala"
cltain, ,""'" "'" m.n}" p"pulouo "aUO)'I like l>umja, K",b~nd...
I'okhara. and many ."heT. "'hou~ the maj...i'r of ,he p"pula\;"n io
den..l}" concen\ra\~d.
The f.,una of Ihi. cenlral 'OM !s cbaract.ri"icalll' Him"la;-a".
Ma"l' nl 'he ,pec;'" oeeudnl'( in lhio rtg;"n "'. p""ullar to
;-';'1'<'1 alone. S""b ani",ab as ,he (."·Cl, badger, racoon,
c""l1"., p>..upin•• 01<., d<> 001 «CUr in the Indian
pcni...ula. Th. ",hole __ of..u:hbirds ... )'ubina, .1..... minLa,
iaulu. <le., an:: nearlr. if """ "'boil)) reorri"1<d to
lb.
This !s Nepal
• __ ._1 ,j. 1I'....r.~. ,.. •.
•.•.Iio' ....... 11< "'0
•
7
'. . ,
•
.1"'-"'--..........---------- 10
,..,gioo. The majority of rep.i!"" <)Ccuring in this zone aN:
purdy Hima_ laran ,pcti",.
This part of the land ha. no ,lock o[,now, but there are ,oto.
plac.. whet<' 'nOW folio heavily during winter. Numerou, .(rearm
and rivulet. ,pring from the mountainous range. 11.10,1 important
town, of the ('{Iunt',. lie in this part. The .ultu,"" and
ci,~li"ationorllle entire country i> that of t:h.i:I
region.
The northcm region commences with the se<:ond ba.tion
"[mountai,,., kno"'D ... the Himala;.. abo,.., an ll1titud. of
10,000 feet, which ha' oothing tTOpical about it. Onc can
p"rcdve.ix .e..oni in the Himalayan and the erntral regioIU and
,h... are eel.brat..1 in lh. ancient inscriptio"" of Nepal, a
charactcrDtic totally a!»ont from ,h. 'he Ihree =son, of India.
Within thi' '.one, the r",-.. , i. C<lml'O"cd of <noife"',
scn,bby rhoUoJendcolU, and carpe'" of Rower>. Aoove 'he
'tee-line a'ea a' 13,000 to 14,000 feet, an open COUlltry of"ark
dark ",onoo;" di<covererl, with limpid 'tre~m. and .ilenllakes.
With this fq;:ion, the oriental form> disappear, Ki"ing place to
'he palro-,,'c,ic t)'j)CS of fauna. Amon.~ the eh~r~cteri>lic
la,ger animals, 'h"'" ~re yak<, jharal, ibex and <har. The
pine foroo" eont~im many speci"" of w~rble,", ti"', ~nd Iinch".,
bu' the "arious species orlaughing thru,h.. which fOTm so m~rked a
feature of the bim life of low," Tegion, ~re <ompicuous by their
absence wi'h the e~ception that in ea"Orn Nepal lhe b1ackf~e<d
laughing 'hru'h is found ,'ight "p to the mow_line, Aoove lhe Iree
]ille, l);J<h bem",e ,carce and the kinds mo,t mmmonl)' me, Me
r"''''ns, dipp<=, wall_e,eepe..., aeeellW" and the mo>!
h<a,,'iful of Alpine birds known ... Hndgsoo', G'at\dala. The
littlc :-'-epale>t wren is found among the rocky crags above an
altitude of 12,000 feet, and flock> of mow_ pig""... are not
UnCOmmon. Monal., tragopa"'. hloorl, ~nd che<r pheasants and
,now-<;OCQ occur within <hi> zone_
This region i> the nothernmo", ~nd the le",' populate,1 part of
the country. It;, mainly Himalayan with huge depo.tis of .now. Her.
iee~
crowned mount~in.will> angul"r outlines shine high \lp ioto the
temperate .ky, gi,'ing life 10 moravian stream. and rivulets tha'
gu.h forth in zig_,ag', 10 irrigale the Tarai plain. and the vast
plains oflnrlia.
Th, Peopl, of N,!>"I
From the greatest pcoh of the main Him~layanrange, there run down
roughly south a ocri.", of enom\Ou. 'pu"", which .tarting in the
,now> then ri.e, dip, and unduhte lor twenly or more mib be[ore
finally plunging into lhe cenlral backbone of Nepal. Pcrcherl Oil
the nallko of thO$/:, ridges are the village. of lhe world-bmm's
climber> kno"'n ." the Sherp"', Thakses, Kathbhoti:b, and
Ro:>gJ>lU, ""me of whom ha"e retainet!. unehaugod rhe
phy>ical character;',;'" and religion of the tra",,_H;m~l~pn
people. They. look upon the U~lai Lama "nd lhe Potola for
Teiigious·leade.,hip while .till holding proudly to thei, Nepalese
nationality. Gomp"-' (temple COlltres of learning) ,,'ith lhe
Tibel"n mcthod of leaohing, pral'er_wheds, nag>, "",ame.., and
bunting> f"nn " «gul.,. feature of 'h;, region. In ph)'.i'l"e,
th",e prople are bigger. more picturesque, more curiouS,jollier,
and TllOl'e carefree 'hao the Gorkluo. of mixed ex'raction who
ll\'e ~long and below the.ix 'holl>and 10 two thousand foot
conto\l' of ,heir mountain homes. Some of lhem weat long hair
pigtail fa.hion dow'n 'heir back with Gurkha halO and ~nny boot>
with laces. Unlike ll>e Gu,kh..., they are
nIl. '-"''' or "UAL u •
••••
•
pal tf'aden.~ up to TIbet alld China and deooending to the
Indianpb:m. a..d~..""'~ f<r. <n.de. 8y Iheir 'KW
ch....c:tnio"a, theyre ... aq...bk lot 0(~......~, umpoikd people.
_"""""'" a:m:! bdow the 6,(0) roo, oontour .'" the .he ,'jlla~_ of
Ihe:tlCl!C " ....~ IIIafk their ......t. at lOIDe of .he ,,,,,,0$1
lighten in_ -'! ...a.... .Abc:o« <htir bom<s, up 00 <1.0
ahitudc of 15,000 f<ft,~",.,p obe Sboo;>u mmmon pu,w.. ror
'hcio- Ii,."..".,k. On .his......etal ....t • I'td 1»'
\r1l1U''''''' ri,~, at"'C .imilarly c:nnftne<llribco,-a _
iII-... paniculu provinccl'rom oast .... "'COl. ouch at the
U1n1Alt,..... doe hbhumuo., ,h. Kll.ambuo, the Lq>ch.u, the
YUhao. 11><W ., obo \'.~"UI. ,be Xeooo"an. lbe Sunpal1, the
Sun,,-a.., the Chep.a"ll'.obo T1umis, .he D""",,","I1, the: Majhio,
,he ""'"n.w, the Gurungl, the:lLl¥rt. <be Khaoeo, the Thull.....
:oM .he ll<aIunin&, only the ....!a" """i<>&"~
<b<ir cla<:cn. amlpantinly pun: r""" <be adlllinom:
...-bkh is thed>ic::f Jow"<'< of difficl,Il}" in
dU>ifring all other ,ril>e> from ,he Kha"", 10<be
frankly :-fong<>loid ~furmil..
To <he: ma!Mic>u> ...... \""'~~:oM thl: Taai bell",!!
,,"n<:i,,",I~' ouchpeople a< the Dh;......h.. the lJo,iu,
alld 'he Thanu of oemi-Mong<>loidoriJin ".!to .ptak Maithily
&lid Ilhojpuri "<..,,ding to .heir local;"n. TheseyeopI<
ace «mlparatiYdr ;ml11l1M fr(WD the 000"'1'" 01 ....laria:u>d
li,-e~ la \he ro....u. Side ~. fide ar~ the IlM~la ab>riginab
ftorn eh~ earlier eribe "rA........,\>i>,Iia of whom th~
Kuounrbs in cbe Ccncnl bd, ad Ill"~lusIW>us in the T....I rqM)n
may be WI lilIlr.. Th~ Tarai ,~ion .Iso containS. 'p"inkling "f
Brahmi.... Kay:asrhu,Gua.."" Rajputs, and Moslem1 ..110 in the
majority..r a>a.peal eilherMaidlUl· or Ilbnjpuri or Avadlli.
But. "f c<>Ur>e, ie is irn]><dllbl< to be
dngmalic aOOu. thio racial .......cf dl~ Himala)'2n p<»pIe.
Tloar, """ lI>ttc: MC miud villop;tS andabw>d:ant uarnpla
..11...." this racial Slra,," dips and Nmo. One an ili ..."'"
....aigllelinc cieh... in l.....iLory or in alritude.
If":Nriul .~.I<r'*'ou
O1i"" h:u Iter annals; iXep:aI, too, ha. het ehton<>lOllY.
The tombs"hb< utI"'t frce.thinken like V;pa""'1I BlJddha.,
Sikh", Buddha, Krakued>:a:>d:a Buddha, Vm.-:abbu''''
!Il1ddha, Kon:ahmuni Buddha, Buddha5.:ar.....pa and Huddha
Siddh"'tha Oau"",,"a, within ,h. limits of Nepal,=,,- to th"
woldiD! oft... oili<e1l ,aen "f the CO\l.OIry in'" • oation
loneidore the J>cis/>boutiq pcnpb iV3'pcd lbe
a><><q>cJ. The fin.. Atyu,.,...,.., ."""ding in rhe
earl"'t !lnoI>RUIni ocript the en.hrininc: of ,h"-.n::aI remains
"f Buddha Oau<.:>"'., w:as disem-...cd in ehe \"11lag<!
..r!"i;n.h,,,.,, in the T ..."i, ch... "..abliohinc a funcral
tradition which the:ccie::lt kif>!' ..r iXtpal ha,.. --.led in
all their itnpottaD, inocriptiono~ ..-hieh is fol""''C'd
mClieul"",I}' even,o th;' day. 710r Kir",,"'. Xcpal ..:as a
pon.-erlul~ under tlUttyI~~ti IJrIp ftoon Yalmba to G.,;, e1cwn I"
lillCCll hundred }-can beforcCoo~""e of .he Lkchavi kings, wlro
r<:igned in ,he d.\~n of thc~ ....._ Some of ch. 1"ll.nd..1)'
Indian he""" (A,juna of :'Ilaha~ '" particular) appear <0 ha,..
,isiled. Nepal durina; <be reip of the
" ,;,.,11 Ki'anti King, Hut"g_';. The KirolU we'" .imple in ,he;r
manntT1
and CUI"""" and carried .. "kik"," an ... r1y ....,rsion of 'he
khuui the
G",~ (&<TOes lIl-day. The "'<pabe Km, and l!>fc Indian
h.." cam. '"
grips "'..... 'he possnslon of "wild bo.u-.h". It> <iQ.h,
but~ Indian hero
,.,... der••tod, an cpi"'>dc whi.h ,h. rarnoUf Indian
P<>C' Bh'Ta''; h".
dram.alikd In,o ,b. m",' lJt,a"lif,,1 or Indilln d"..k" kn""'n ••
Ih.
"Ki",llUjo."lum." h""aJ_imedu,"'~ ,h. ,.~ of S"rar"muo ,ha, Buddha
Ca,,'anu 'pp<'a'S It> ha'.., ''iIJ'ed tile ,""-I!er .,(
1""1"'1 in ",<In ,,,
wonhi!, 'he 11<>1,. ,i'Q. The Kiran.1 King 'l",mk. rcign«l
m'.r 1'.'"",,1
whcn A..,h ,·..ite<:l Lumbuni ill 2~ B. C. and from
,fI<1<, and oth<>"
....rI). .."tri.,. it ran b< ...tobliilil:<\ that dIe ""rim,
...... of the Ki",,,,;'
Canned _. from the high and~' plateau' "ft"'" Himal:aru d<-n 10
lbe
G.n1"" ."d adjacrnl liner.l.. The rhtonolot:r of ,h. Kif.''''
kinl:>,
re«>rdiLlg .".h na,,"" n. Y.lamb., D""k"m .od H "ing_ti,
d.fmitelj' l"~n[
... ..-ne grul pttiods in the hiol".,,. or l""""I, ,n ""him the
D"ddh'<l and
lAc]"in litera,,,,,, l"""r doqu<nt ,..t;"""'r. ~_l fig",.. in
."lhn,';e
and po<i'""(: Indian hio'<>I1' r...... al>o", the 4'h
CCtl'''r)' a. c. ",heD
KaLltd)'a mention. "Sap.....li",,,,," f(Jr 'he ,,"oolen Kood.
man"f~c'UT«l in
J\ep;rJ.. VnlOr'unatcl!·. d"';AlI: 'I>c "P""",,,k ;og<:" the
~ndo wandet
at raodom in tbe ""- of the Hindu pas•.
TII, Ul,~~I.'iJ. The inscriptio,," of'.... Licma"j Ir.inlt' of
N:qlOll ha,..,
much in c<>mll"stl wi'h ,h. d'>Clunen" di<em""'e<\
hy Si, Aur<il.~toin in
Ce",ra1 ""a. F""n ,he ='11' dioc<n....-M .'c..........!!;..1
l'CCXlO"d> "'e
learn ,hat tM <;"il, of Sq>al ........ i<s ""ll.'n '0 ,be
1I: tll......,,'.
Aht>o",,1I ,!>er. ~t • ...n ·iden<.. .,r its ""nnu'.,..
",,11 Sr." ,;. ,here
i,l\O proof of it. ,c1"'io,,. wi'lo ;>'lo~a.dh~. The d~a,ic
.y<l.m ohhe
r.""hara' (11.. rul. or the ~«ted ft,.., or the dlag.) ,,·hich
g"ided ,h.
the lile .,r the o:>m"-' people. ,,'" dc\-dopcd ., 'hi>
'i..... & ....1<ri,;e
...1"". lInt,ti;hed. Epigraphy attained perfection an<l
\'<die as"..,logy
guided the life <If ,.... '"mmn" m"... 'fhetc w:u "Ii.'l:i"".
,oleat;"n and
free dlleu.ions "f "llgiB'" rrff<1<. PotU like ".ma. Usa"",
Utih""l'a,i
and Anuparama lIou.io.h«I. "!red " hlod noganittd guilch li....
the
R.,no...~". Chinne '.,.IS that d ib< ,he ,,,,,-cl> of",lI.
Buddhilll
monkl'" India I",b:to ,h. Sh"nHhing-dtu "" 'I'" m....t;"n the
Impcrial
Cur.... <" 'he Uni""ni')' a' NalatKIa un,iI ,h. brginin/C nf ,h.
5<'''''lh
Cent...,. .... D. On ,he basio nI ,..... rac.., L. Fled and M.
Vit>C.....
Smi<h e~ ,Ita. do< Gupu. m wa' of Xq-alt:se .....i~n. and
tha' the
Cup'a King> "r India ..-"re p""MJ "f tht:i, Li""lIa"i
lin"'lgc,.' Ira" .hTough
maci...1.1I;"nc," wi'h 'he K'n~. of Nopal.
With the Prime .....__ Amstwannan then: came ,h. in'rod"elion
"rn""" Oi.i"it;e, and '" a d ....l.,.,,~itr••Ia..ifiea,ion nfrdig
nd
'o<"lar ;n<'i.ut;""" eoml'.";,;',n "r a ........ "am",a••
",in';n!'l" of .........
'I..'rm "r coinage ..nd 'llt r""nda'io" "f ,he ]lab.., nf
K.ila...·ku'''. After
:\Of.nanb .nd ClIlUlnh .he coi.... of Amou\"'''....n-ota:n'pcd "'th
the
m.bl",o of. Bring .'V'1fon """iug If> the ~h. "',oh one
f<a"F"w ,.iot:d in dIe ..";,,.d. nf w.l1r.ing a"tI ,h. oPJOO'''.
fa•• witll the I"na, "<Km'
and 'he ",Iat ,.<1;"<1«:---<"<:"<.' imm......
a«...inn 'If pnlit;"'J ","n~,h.
I' I< ,t.-: t",<:IiOO.., with .he m.agic nanlC or
""'''1''''1'. ,ha. ~cpal rn.o
"ncr MIopIcd in her ""nda:d ..nd het ""ina~. Apin i.;. from .his
,ime
th.. , ,he Kin," or :<Icpal a..ume In 'hem""'""" ,he tid. "r
··P......"'.
Ilhatlaralr.a Ma),.raja Dhiraja" or ki"g ,,(kings..
'.
" ~~
nol in =d.
I' tJ,..,.o .,('h. • ".w",r..~ " "no.!OS;: ... ,, '" iI& "
.......1 ~'rnlh,,=, "' ,11_-., ~", and ~
Ai,...., ". ;0;""1
=
='"
n.dI"and ptb<r<'d ""Ml:ll:Dlum m Tibet, ..hit.h .1.IuCk .t
.... root of the ;>,..fuia! ~uiEb<ium of ~",h••a..t Alia.
Nepool had _i",ibK'd .. g.e.. Dl::ID.bef <if~ l>OX"<hcrn
"l~kshJ""" (Mm ,IK: lb..." of historr. B.,t ~ to hC' y,(\ ~"ht-rn
nci~bour with ,inlc, oh. had r""goncn her --u....t1 ~bo"rl "'h"
<lrg.rn.cd "'<ntlth"" in ,he ",Iilude nf Ti\>tt, -&r
t-.....:en\Cd 1(2(1=. In" matter of Mlr l"Cir1, ,h. T'Ix'a".
bee.",. _ .......~bie a.. 10 impe<:1 ,he .tabili,y "rChi....,
:'\~J, Kalhmir and.....
T10e~ of India ."" oiIcn. aboo. 1ft<, uli.-i.;e,
<>I".h<"e northerner., _ ChiJr,;a, ..'1>0 kad "" ".h In
sult.... f...... tl><x .....then> itI,-.den, h.b a.duII)'
DOl<d the , p JtloeY Wwma,.... On .his side of <he:
HiaIala}'2S, :"epal abo<>rb<d .he ohock and «:n>pered
and umcd 'he Tlbrto.m by _irruc of ha- ."pttiol-
ci,ilisa'.......
The Chi".... annah r«OO"d: "TI•• f",t king vf Bo" (yul) c~(•.J)d.d
his ,e"i,,,.-y '" 'helM>Uth·oa'l all,,-r "" ,h. CQunlry nf
1'(>.lo-mon (llrahmi""J ,\, 'he I"'&inning nf ,h. dy"auy of
lbe "I"ang (lI>",ard, G20 A. D.), h. galb....... togelh..
100,000 ..-.Iditn."
Th• ..,.. .lOO OIt<:C<>e01" or 'his ""'nckr t>C the
Tibe...." Un!,i", """F.cd his ra,~ "';,h hio ..;<.10...... lie
OCt•• IQ........ com""""," t>C 16 p(nOm. und... ,he l~ip t>C
'n.o..-...;._ 10 Xfpo>I in nrtk< '" .h.dy the
><er<1> of"wr;,Uos_ The Mime ""otd ..-ilb the
,\lpbal>n. which ,'try neaTly <q>n>dU«d lb. lell,," ,h
pre>"I.n, in :""1"'1, "nd .dap'ro i_If '" the mnI' del;c..,.
no'a';"... or"robe.... n "'"n<l> .bsen, f,,,,,,
.h....lphol.oeu ....."""t in the Gupta inoetir,;on. of
'>;crthe... Incli.1 or ,h,.,.. dA)'. The TIl>clan king
",liei,ed Ihe h,nd "I' A""u""mo,,', daugh'er in ma" iAge, and
ItMaman th" h. "';0.'<, ,h. Pri.... .'.linis'.r ....k"mtd ,he
requC<l and 'hw .,wed :-.'''V''l NOItI im-....ioot:l by
Tibet.
Nep.aI """' ......~ I , Red do<:,,," Sil,,, \'amt<>" of"
llI'n"si \'ihao-.1'" u.-.. ...!tete he ,he.....,. of.he
sp<.....t of Iluddh..... ioo Tibe•. H.""'lOlJow<,d~·
T.b"'l& and Canutta I'r<>m Kaohn.... The "",,,,Lation of
,he Buddh'" sa il'IoITO~ undert.akm "nd... 1"""",i Sanoblu>....
with lb.....ull Iho, ,h., 'he Tibeun bngu"lle \x<:am. rot... or
'h.OImng<'>' ,'Ohicl~ of ""pt.,.,;"'n ...ft., ,h• .'.landa';n
...nd !ianlkri. in ....,;".. .'.'an)" V.ndyiU frOllt Ne""J found
elninen' pla«. in ,he hierorehy of "j"il.oet.
In the ",ionc. ofmcdidne al"" N",.l n",..". bgged br ""hind other
....."'.ie!.. Chalr.ra ....ni, the r.mou. C<>""ncnta'.,.. ur
S1'u,luul (a K""" booI; on onedicinc in So.mbi') lInllt"iohed
10..... A> "",ed ,,00..'0, a brillian, array of aehoUn from
y"'8l" .....Ib, the ......t sqe, '0 .si! lk\", ......\;c:a :"epal
.....'1'" .
In ,he ld 0( arl$ and ....fls :"cpaI boMk a hiJh po>iticot. The
,empl.. of the Ramoehehhe, Chugb K'anl o.od ,h...nd... p ..n<!
tien <of 'he 1'"... 1.1 po.la"" of Ulasa a,.., hing .xamples of
the paso<l.o. .~·I. of ~r<hiteeture oh,aininl; in "epal
during the ,i",h and "" ..nth con!<lri.. A.D. Aranike·.
"""rJ<maml,,p during Ihe l~,h century ha. 'Mde him i",,,,ortal
in <'1Iina. Th. p..gocb "fIe of ~rehit..",re in building>
a.... illo OI"igin 10 -"eraJ. His ODn,cmporar}" .'.10.'; I)h""j
ini,iated the then Chinese I'mpttor Kublai Khan into the
<>«Ul, ""', of H.,..V"j",.T...n,,,,. n.. ..~ul
1<1istJ<: taknt ohibit"';g !he ......truct;on tJl
Ind",-C<iha, ~b.... Grill>., KaiWlI K..... and Bhadradhivaoa
buildinll" was ...\OCh ~i:ated a, that .:me. \\"00\. iD ..'00<1
""" rnnal .... ..d! .... fiDe aru likcwi>e "'""''P)' ... spa"iaJ
""",ion, csperi,uy the f",""", which dispbJ OOlCQuioitc
......bDamhip.
THE lAND 0' ""'AL " -.~
~J:::,,. -;"""n'e - I~' ,"~
..-hl'"ll IJrd In ....n~~r
,ha,". :.r;nin
= -"
n...u-andpthe<edlllOalUl.umin1ibt'l • ..-hich wucll .t thr.
I"OOl: J the pc>Iitia! f"luilib"i= of _,b-eut Alia. l'iepool
b.od ...imilio\ed. lff<al =btt of m- .....-.h..... ··yakshr""
(mm the <b..'" of hhWf)". Bur iodinrt'lO bo:r ooft IOU.hem
~b<>u. "i,1> ';mo, oh. had foo-g<>uen ha _,. ,'"
~b<>u.. "'hn "'l!.niK<! ,hem",h..,. in the ..,li'mic of
Tiho", ...... .- ~,ed l••den. in 3 matt.... ~ffif'r l"""". ,he
Til>o'"n' bec.me ~J.'T!.irl'bk as ,n ;"'I.. ,ji ,h••••bHi,)'
"rChi"., "".pal, ", ...h",,, .nU
T1>c Iegencb of India ",." "ko, .!><:>ut 'he ac.i,;'"'"
of IhCS'< nnrllo"""o.., '- Chlna. ,"'M had ., rn.",h I<>
."If... from ,heoe ""nhern '",-aden. has ardclly noted <he
'-ariuw JUga of oMir l<Innation. On <hi< .old. o£ .he
lliI:I!I..Iay.,;\"tpaI:rJ::mtbrd th• .hodl aM 'tmpemland wncd the
Tibftans br rir_ ofhtr ...per;'" a'-i1....';"".
The 0>,,,,,,,, annals.....",.d , MTl>c fin, king of Dud (rul)
Cll,end<>! hi> '''' Ii",,}, ID lhe ....th.ea.t as far at
the cnunlr!' 0( P<>-Io-~n (8rahmiM) At "'" ""sinning nr 'he
dymuty or the 1'"a"" (t""",.d. (i2O A, D.), ho s:a,heud 'OfCthcr
100,000 ",loliers."
The ""n and ",cc"",,, of ,hi, fo<mrter of the Tibeta" Empire
e<:lipocd his falhe, wi,h hi> vie")f;es. He "'nt a m;",~n
cnn,J1"'$"'I <>f 16 J""'S'ln.. und« 'he leadership
.,r'ln_m;.anu, '0 Nc[>al in order ID .."dj' ,he occrc"
of..-ri,ing. n..: 1.1 ......... ..,rumed "'ith thc Alph:l.hc..
..-hieh ' ....r """rh' r<p<udu«d ,he k:lta, ,hen pr~",Ieo" in
~q>;iL and ada,"<d .tod( to> 'he _, ddiate M ....""'"
of'l"ibo<tan ""',..... abJcn' rr..... the a.lphabe.. e"n'OO' in
the c"pu inIcrip<ioono clN".<hcm India clthooc cbl~' The
Tibcun kinK O<>Iicited the hand ..Am_'anDaD" daucbta in
man"'&Co and .'a'eunan m.., he R'U, the Pr;""e Min;,ttt
......;;omro the ""lUCIt and th......,"C<! Nepal rrom im'Uion by
1;1><'.
Xepal ,hen len' h.,. k'lned d<l"tOt" Sih-a Var""," of lIh,ingi
Vihara to Lh wheTc he "'''''e 'he ""'~' of ,h••pre",1 of
!lucidhi,," in Tihet. 11 follt>w"<! b1' Ta\)ld!a and c.nuUa
jmm Katlln,ir. The ',a",bt;"'n <>f ,he Ilutklh'" .nil'''''''
wcrc "nder'Mkcn unOCr n"",i Samb"",~ wi<h lhe ,.."I, 'ha. 11...,
'he Tibetan l.anguag<:- ~mc on<: of ,he' o"ongn' nhid.. or
n;preooion altO' ,he :\I.nda<jn .nd SaRlkri, in hi...
~Ian}'
\'and'!'Ul'rom :'i<'P"1 b,nd ftnioall plaeeo in the ltiaardtr
..TIbe•.
In Ute ocicna: ollOl«!iri= aho. Nepal ".,....... I.a.ucd w
b<bn.d <>th... a><mu-ic:a. Cltakr.o Paoi. the
famo..' Commmu,wr tl ShwJor.., (a II'cat bot;/;; on trtedicin<
io Samkri') lInuriIl>ed h<:r-e. ....ou-,ed aOO'.... a
brillWtt amj' <>f oclw!aB f...,m y~.."",lka, the g,cat ...~,
to "-11 Dcva, makes :"opal ""n'l,kuous.
In 'he world of Rm and c,afU ~.pa' hold, Rhigh po,i,ion. Thc ,nnpln
of <he Ramochrhhe, Chugb K'ang a"d the un,l .. gro'>"ntl
,icrs of lhe P"tal:>. ""lace <>I' U ...... are li,·j""
cumI)]" <>f the pagnda "r1e er archiu,.''''e <>blaining
in :Sepal dll,ing ,be si~th and "",..,..,h cm""ieo .\_0. A,.anikc·,
workotlMlll,ip d", iog 'he I',h century "" made him immorllll in
Chi..... Thc paJ'>da ..yIc ofard\i<c<:tllK in buildings
""'" ilS oti(UIto :"cpol Hi> """tonptll'aty ;\l.ati Dh....j
ini....tcd tI>c ,hen Chi....., Empaor K..bbi Khan into the
DCCuIt cult of Hc.Vajno·T......a. The~l .....&;c ",Ien,
ahibitcd;o"'" l'Omll'U<'tioo of Indno-C.iha, M.... Grill,.,
Kaibsh KIl'. and Bhadradhi\ "',iIdingo """ mucb .pprcciatcd at that
lime. \\'",k in .."""'.lId mc<aJ wcU at fine .,u lil.c..·iIC
oa;"pr a '!""-i.alI.....i'i"n, copeci&IIl' the former which
display aq"j,;'e .."rkmaru!tip.
0". counlt)" IIas alwal" b<aI a meeling ground of lbe
eultun.l
ideologies 0( the North and the South. Here, Hindu culture hos
happily
bI<:n<\f,d wilb that of Buddhism, t ..... lting in a diltinn
eullUT<: ...nich fimb
ex~ ;11. lCmplca and chaityu, hom.. &t>d ""bus, -.ill
fiu>ctionl.,
rdigious~io... alld r...i.... cw.toms aad mann<n and in
dancillfl and
.inging.
In ohe 11 th "tntwy whetI ochobn came ....itlo bag .o.ntI. baggage
f"""
'h< ""'th, _IC"! b m., out ....... "1" offend <h.... "rh.....
On the "d.er hand "., ha"'" pr-.-...d mall" of ,....., boob """ith
;, iI diflicuh to
fond in the lOuth. AU tbi. distinctly ,1>0". the dominating role
'hat history
Iw plal~ in otiC country.
The Duk A8a that~ 'hill g1.......... arI}' period in Nepal
bcniglutd lIS and..., forgot ouc own war.h. O"t hill"'T pas$td into
the
cuMody of foreig".".. who now undcrt<lOk the .",k of nU,
ed"""tioln and
orientation. TIll" ,,-e toUlly fo<gu. "'hat "ut .aponsibilil;n
Weft.
7lt D rp' tI El .. /__ Hl.-it.I P... of Vi.....
Tb. development "f rdutation in Nep.>l rdkc.. cla,ly her ml.
as
CAUlI}1! f".. the fusion or the Aryan Brahmanism, Buddhism and
8<>upo;"'"
or the TIbcco-Bunnan ""ca.
Though not wM:I..puad .. unn.:nal in anyoen<e, tt.... "Y'lems or
education llom;,hcd (.". «"'u,i.. bdo"" the a<!vent <'f the
English system
whid' ..... imprort<:d from India le.. then "",'enW.five ye."
ago, and the
inttodun;nn of ChandiaD Buie Educat;"n 1<S1 than tCl )'UflI ago.
Moot
of tbe r.cw 5<:hook In 1\q>aI 1u-da)'1'tfI<o<1 'IH:
"""'an.sambi'i<: in!luc:noc
which 10 SOm. e>;lnu has aJ""'l~ domina,edth. oth<T
'l-PCS,
1be Buddhist ;nllue"a: may be tCnl In the fc'" "C",npa>"
which
.till mnaJtin llHb.y along .... not'the", bordrrs of Nq>al. bul
onC mUl'
now IJO to TIbet to rulIy lIlfdy this eduo:alicmal ~~IaD. n.o..Sh
de\..,1opcd
..-tly ;1' 1\o:pa1, 'h. A"''''n in.'UiORJ of India and tIH:
;1'1""""01"'1' or the
S.lUl:titic O)'Stem into :'Icpal gr.d"aU~· pushed Ihe carli.,.
.\~..m nD<thwa'd.
TIbet to-day ~tai... all of <he "aditions of .h_ Qrly B...tdhist
i...'i'"tio....
which ... noo&lIy iod. to <hrir pa«:n' """"try noopI in
ancien. «:c:orded
ins<aiptio<ll.
Br 711 A, D, the monasteri.. "fY....lung, Chonghi<:, and Samra,
and
the lempl.. of u..ua and Y....p.a had be<n bu~t. Subsequently
the lradi
I ..... of ka<niIlc ... <arrie:d on by oudI univastty
<o..~ as Gandc:n fJ>oualrtg .booJ, ',300 students and
....has). O<<:-pung (hour;ing about
7,7(0). and Sera (hou'inll ..bo"t5.m}, all of Ihnn founded In the
rors.
quacl..- of the 15th a:n",,}' A. D. with innumerable ..mHatcd
mon."eriel
oha')'inlI si_ all aver Tlbn,.nd.1to the no<hern r<gioou of
l\'cpal. The
Tibetan UBti",...........,.., built on be:h of rocb.M ..;<11
fin" lIon<a- In
Ih. 'otal .bomce ofvermin, the m:usi,.., """.." .... ..rTibet h"",
withstood
the ",car and tear or time beller than thooe of 1\epal.·
THE ,""",D DF "'.F"L
Eue;>< for lb<~ 0;00 of aocicnt ~ip like
Gum·v;hara"Bl'X'-beU •:\~I}'" ,S.....r..mbhu·nath). KhajDu-vahi
(KhaJjurib. ~ • :\Lt.= 1k'I... SansUrita \·iha<a lin Patanj,
aDd BhrigartSVar. -~.-b.... , ~epaI haJ ahno" 'otally ,... t the
tr~i\ion of mon... lie• ~ b blind ........hip. The ""I)' ,clia of
this andent l)~t"'".. ScpI.,... Goo::::;.p&J of lb< tlorder
atn.
J ,. - the . - .. ofNt::;. . _"sa'!! _ .an<:>ont "'"""JK-'I.
e a~t.... , "'-r<:d Buddbim> as m.ut:h by ,ndins; and
linanci"l the,..,. ,.oc:Ilo<*) as they~ the "tree Vcd.. by
gettins beautiful ~ Kulptu=! and d~ica,in.~ 'trnpln IQ Vcdie!lOOs.
nut, aboo<l>ediD tbcir abalnlK specula, ion., the lIuddhi.'It
..achers of X<pal did no' S«rrt"'pay an)· a ..rntioll to the:
noed of the :\:cpaJ_ m.aJSQ for simple learning.n-.p. the BuddhiRic
Vi....... 8ouriohod and multiplied under- the ~ doctation> "fthe
tiap of Sepal, the fint At,.an impact of Vedic
"H""'Fi~'";:-, I~&i~~-"·~t ~r i ~'f -V;.• , •• g.! •.tl
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----------------- -
11
.-\0 rnn<Iben of" holth,· hum>n «JmJIlwUty and. JCSpOJIIible
Ii>r i..in,..,......, Ill")" omidly kept lhe ...~istcn of
don.""", and. p<,vilqelgnon,ed b,· the indi,-jdua4 anrl th.i.
king.. The Vihar"I"<xtved their ~ ud lbe """,,y COnHn\.' thei.
<bily diarieI. Propag:okd by aof P.u:~ .ogubt<:d by BlIddhil,
-..r>ci" and I""trol,*d by Z ba:p.. Ihc ll:>OCl»tioc
iRMi...u.- and .pt~of <ducation *",dcd~. , J by the ......,-
IlucIdhaJ and Ihar di>clples bid bdOre Nepal*$ !
'~<1I·hcr!l""'''ngsrca'M''_
A. " .-.It. :Sepal IP""" proud of a eon,im>oul chronology.
",here itio I , ...... <be h .. of lhe hillorical Dud<lltal.
=moly Sidd""-rthaG ;aid a ,ilitatld spent onc
ninylDSOR,,,tl>e,-iLlayoCNala. ~ siltS ottupicd b)- tb< pasl
Bud.u.a. duriDlI the mgn or,z r...., I.:..icI Sunj-armA.
1IIflaQ, dot IzId.ian ~j.o .....,b. unM,."",k'(I rq>o.ir the
!lupa. dedicated.' " r 3 _n about 238 8. C. and .."tt, himKlf on"
p~cn-Ie _~"c... ... .-.... dI ~ble 1>,"
'''''pilIa.imcrip<ions~pu'~.. I e.~_~bo: l<:a.-n. ,he tint
IesIocoo '" h""ooy__ doe ...,. ..... aD!:c... i;><i;....
<lnlJcIlro, in \be l\:yan B",luruoni ~.. j • Do """"'!
!lr.dc!l:u
~ ....."":. ......."';'. ~ :.t:'f:::n:. ~T~e~;:..,,:: ... .. it _
w:idt .... '-oM h. bm. in the
..... .... • , doe Smpato 10 <.h.. (Ountry ~ ..... .,dawidt
tbe""'.o(lluddhm. ..·hich he had
.... 'e',! :: thr~::'';'''n~Bu.:.'l~~\~t~ld~: ,..,." "'-'dhirn bad
lhe slorr of $O/"'ming, appas"'" _bai..- CODCl"""" of 11ldia.
Unbtunatdy,
..... 1 • .-Id ..... "'"to IOCfthcr in lodia and fouIhl.....~_.
.w:..a; p<riod.
0..*....... h:olId, Bowldhis... and Brahmanism. Inng sepcral.d
and.... _ 1Mio,.' I 'rued ud aImool mingled in Nopal C\'a>
"ith.... ~ *' Ua:!>a'; En.. The lluddhi>t mnnb had coo
.....£<""' ;"'~~~e ~ aad lhc \'iha~ '0 the Ma4y rl'U-lhinkiJlK
Ruddhao.~ ....~ Gnds Sllank:ano and Yi>hn" had find lheir
ahod...-... ...,. bcighl$ of D<>ladci (Chungu-Nara\".nIJ and
Deva'a:rama~~~~_. >rid> thdt Ik\..ku!u (lChools for (..ehing
lhe parlieul.r prayCf, ...e.~~ "ith the "',,rlhip of lpecir.c
godI).
I I aAd bcn.-.. tbc ""... priOlCipal dMnitico, lhcrc w=
1.-..4._local prico.., Bn.luni... and lhe LluD:os "jth their
~vc....... of ,,"""'il;' and adl>crcnu. Side by tide, 111= were
the'!..-:~ (otb>ols of poliua) 10 I••,h f.alty 10 lhe king and
to lhe~ cpzWalio<u in a COIInlry, "'here Roya.hy "as handed down
from • !iClII and "here renka and. indoci~ feudal chicfJ ddi<d
the~;;:~~ .-bori~'. n.c.a, ""', _ &od the Pirn-lu!al(~ ro.-
teaelI"'l.......,. ol1hc CO\:Ilory) "'hich banded do>ln the
Icdilioo &oon IC"='
"';;"';:.~l>on.
"... i:>tcriptiolU and chronicla allow us to 10110\0' th.
dev.lop",ent>-,Ob-,;,,*' 7th e"•.,u1')" A. D., "hen NerW allllUa
1hc hrighl oft::..\t:""·.:..
mxlcrthciaspiralioaollhcAryall.-e!ip>ul hdidJ, tbc • \'i:I
had adapkd tll~ Soondait~ in ptd"cmIce to the ~l Ki....ti
languag<' in vogue, jJ\d ,nli..d <he Iinguis,ic unity"""".
«>unlry to the
T'Cjection of the indigenouI diolecu. Alrady will. .he
in!ICription. of King
M_·Ikva. "'" find this A'1.... IaDgu.g<: a .rllide of robust
thol'&ht
aI>ll ddka,. art, ...hich, will. tM 7th cen!Ul1', had ~altd ..
W<n1llO:Q
idea of«h1rUng. of InIIm.ml, and of b<:auty lhmughoul ,he
AsUlIic worid.
£L.bGn.ed by l!riot rulell of gtammar IInd ......,oa\C<l will.
,he mllly
ne....ku",", Raja-kubu. f'it,.;-ku];u, Ri.hi_kula. and GUr".klll
.., it had
b<x::ome: too ....... p1c< for the undcrsnuwling of the
CLlrnmon people in lbe
l"""'<"' of cUne.
W. have olr.:llly d<lc,i1xd how d..,;"y helped l"epal ID cast in
her
Wt with ,esurgent Tilxt .1><>", this ,ime and how
th...'~nl br<>o,ghl hor
in _laCt ..i<h China., ..·hich >ridcn<:d ber political
hori:wn. Reminded by
th_ new "flI, ........ cl the ..iJd iIlau_ (l(obe Monas, who
pr«<ded
than. and p-aotDLly by the .isi"ll ti<k of the AnIbs, China _t
n... mandarin. and pilgrims In lodi:l .., that .he might br••1t ,he
COt'do... <>f!he
b.arbarialU. Nepal pnm1ised an =}" WlIy'crooo \0 'h" new amllnO'oe
of
D'tions, and bec:une the """.~ poi.... of ,he , ..., "'Oflds
""""I"ll lhc
hundred '.l<lI ot the Himalar-
AIr""d}' Kcpal ka<l gi'"ft\ Buddhiun to loo;", which """,ly
helped
hcr to preserve htnelf lhrough «,igio,," unity in a
,ub-<xwl.il"'n' of
div=ily. Eq....uy, Nqwol w:u now joined in ""'<iIod< to
Tibet, who
'f>'lU the weuace of lbe -.unon ~, born>o<nI. Nq>al',
ocriptl, .ranob,<d her holy 1<::<... i lallt<! he.
lJCds and ~blishcd her
"",na,t",i"" which bear .he rnl' of a"cin" hC'l"i,age e-.''''' 10
Ih" doy.
C1,in"'" Aml>auado~palftd through Tibet to X<ra! .nd bee:tmc
official
gutfIO. Nepal" cullure, .rt, .uchhectufe and oculp'u""
""0I\;sh<x! and
inoI>ir<d lbc r'Cfincd ou- th<:mtol"",,- s..,...iDcd by
libe•• l donatiool:
a"" properly encouragal, xicn« 8ourisloed. The Ica.ncd mnab in
.he
many Villanl.' <omp<»oed and diotribult<! copi.. of holy
script..,..,. and
ca"""ical tl""'itcl, wll~e aloa di'~rling thenrlch-el from their
aUlI..-e
....dies by findy """ccuted paintings and lI1iniallUct.
But the I'dl>\lr= of I\epool W<1"e no' adcq....t< fOr her
upandinc
ncecb. With ,he ""let of hl.m, India had fallen into ana",hy and
ell_,
and CIIina. .nd Tibet hod "",haUlted th<:m>elvo by i"""",ant
......B. The
Liccha,~ kinp ofNepal. "'ha w"'" backed 1»' lite miChl W <he
al.lC«lSOrS
of Srca-lSan-lxplto-po, diu.ppea:<:d in t=moiL
Wi,II the diuoppcartln<:t of tile L;ccha"", the ~blla Kings
btame
Ihe Ma"cB or Xepa1. The Licchavit ....d .ffectod the
combination
of the 8u<Idhislic and <he Brtlhm.o.nnk panth<OM, bUI the
~f...u... ocparalcd
the '- ....d..... puaibed ,,11.. and la..... !Or the~ !fOUr
and <20,,,, and inlrOd...cd new 'l'ltenu of weishtt and """"W'n,
whido
prepar.d I\epat fo, a period of economic pI"OOpai,y. Once more
in
h;.l.....y, .... !ind the Chinese Arnbassll.ooB tlavelllng .e",,"
Ihe gr""t roada
of Alia &Btl ucltaDginc Mia.io... and gifQ with the King!. of
Nq>al.
One<: _e, ;.kp&l excd10d in llleratwe, ardJilecture,
....tptun and
paintiDlJ. Ewn ,he ~lan.. king> compooed d....... lic WOO'b and
took
part in Ihe dra"",.....to...
The 'iet<wy of the Gutu.... c:ompJeted the a .........Uon of
Nepal 10
doe .idf:all of BrahlIIan........ for the I«OtId time in her
J:c>"fl h_t<wy.
•, •
" .... frU'th;nkin( B~ :and a"",,,"bed by Ih~ early A<yan cullS
01Buhmannism, :-.'q>al tra,,,l1ed <"rough lhe
"ari,,,...la!!"" or her ocintillatin!j"".,....",u hi>:",.,.·.
She then came in """lac! with the AryanJ of I:(llropc <!~ the
<»tltin~ pt..:... of her ".llio...1 hisl<lry. "The
ltadamo.n"..., a G:cl!:a po ... "btinI' lhc Bibk and tM Bible
bril19 <he bayoDCC~x'G . 7 ~ Gurkha> .drniutd aM ~ed lbe
neutruity of- ---=~ Prilhi :'ia,a'..." Sah. ,....t ,,'ith ad"antaV
the fire-amu... I I the discipUnc of ruro"" inln the Ncp<olose
almy. "i> in......,..~ exactl,· that 'he Oori.r"al arut
......".1 ;n'ertOI of Lhe...... :"O<;>&I1i<s (or' the
1''''''''''. ""'"' 1xQ_ a DCW So;mi'M: ld<:oloX",__ f "'"
b>oc.Illn!.......uch from the " ..nil....! ll:a13 m obe .,. I 3
aI £roe:> ... iCCl''''' of u.. undefined "",,<hem pbin..
"There i._d r do< ""'"'~n ..il)" ""1"'1'. hi"'"rl' and cuhur.,
...,,;.ch ha,'.-.l tor 'bc=nch'O in .pilOc "r.he .urr.nU and
C1'05S..aIrrcnts of mill". ~~ &aft.:..=~ 10 ."" larK" and ~ntly
...."..,
J:s5io. _ tIo< odIo:r band. wall ,,,,'Oh"'" in her ,nugjI;lc
aKa;"" "lam,........ :.. ....,Id.".,.:afford h", the need«l
p,01''<',;''n. Figh,ing -..,............. ' - .~ '<)
bo!J>oe in"",;'". or Europe••he ttpl<,.,kd... -= _ .-., iT '
\ ...... riDu attd the ,uboooqumt d;,,-;,ion or
~ an ... PM' ...." daf, Il-itish peopI< decided to _ ial'G.
J>:"-;,,.:cd &om the p,..,..onMt:ning
....~ ' • • :lAd ob<:euod b~' ,he 1mor .......... Uofilo ill
!<><by ..,.,-.,.ing bon-ttn '''"0
... f an: _p<ioa. 1l0Dto--o '0 ."" ...il of......oadiIr bdic".
in IlII god> and fOIll(!t. Iolam nnly, .,.,. • :I_~ and bro" the
"N.pool_ i<!ot.. _' ' od lboaund ~las1~ lOrat p;ort of ,h.
lUlII/dom..-....... i*i....... &::Id frudom oCwonIti;>....,
a.jcalOu,ly
_~. Qe;r HiDd1t. BewldbK. and IIonpo &m.1u-co. 'fhen,_ • __ IlL
dtc It.(.alb killp "",,0 hod allo"~ rllll"",,1'" ,,, .h• ...... 's
- ou ... ohc 18tlt om'"l")' A.D. '0 preach ,h.ir religion and.....
""tuoidtd i• ..,.. don. with.he "ill "r.h. co.w...... Then:__ 1- b
Bmdh.... in X.pal. BuddhiJm W&n<d &Dd ......
<IIIIi! -.tlczt iI kldt i..~. to a;'. !Or ,he nation. Voifono
lUId__dio:ipIiac .....!>cmorwlt'ia .....:cd l/lc Buddhis,
monlr.o .Ione; _1iIIIIIdC aud dr.-cnc, .h. lay o"d.')' ...:aped
thcrn.
la ..x,. to cbaIk ..... a new pooth lOt ,he....." , th. Gw-thaome
bel ,ba, the ~i>-aIofArrao Brahmanoiom ....,~!Or'* i .acioct of
<heir na na1 indcpert<lcnoC'. Af, a n::li,ion or ""PO",•
"""'"""&