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Head Start A federally funded program in the 1960’s targeted toward at-risk
preschoolers. Designed to prevent generic, negative outcomes in adolescents and adulthood.
Short term: Better vocabulary, math and writing skills, and social skills than non-program disadvantaged kids.
Long-term: More likely to complete high school and college. Less likely to be arrested or charged with a crime (Ludwig & Phillips, 2007).
Cost effectiveness studies: Society can save 7.16 dollars of future costs for every dollar spent on prevention.
The High/Scope Perry Preschool Project Often considered a variant of Head
Start.
Components Emphasis on active learning. Small class size. Interface with children’s parents. Like Head Start, curriculum extends beyond
educational concerns.
The High/Scope Perry Preschool Project (cont)
Research
Longitudinal study of 123, low-income, AA children three to four years-old.
Initial data collection between 1962 and 1967.
Random assignment to program or control group.
School Violence: Causes(Eisenbraun, 2007) Personal: high testosterone, low serotonin, gender, drug
use, threats of violence, & bullying.
Family: Abuse or neglect, inconsistently observed limits, rigidity or over-control.
School: Poor school climate or fit, school size, policy
responses to violence. Social: poverty, discrimination, gun availability, media
violence.
Violence in the media
What portion of young kids view intensely violent media images? Dartmouth study in
2002.
Violence in the media (cont) Is there a relation between heavy
viewing and violence? Merits of different designs:
Experimental: Bandura and the Bobo dolls in the 1960s. Boyatis et al., 1995.
Violence in the media (cont)
Longitudinal: Eron, et al.
(1972). Huesmann et al.
(2003) replication.
Meta-analyses. Hearold (1986).
Violence in the Media—Conclusions The magnitude of the effect of media on
violent behavior depends on: Audience characteristics (Grimes, et al. 2004).
Media attributes Images that are more realistic, legitimized, and lack
of emphasis on the pain and suffering the victim are seen stronger predictors of violent behavior.
The Contact Hypothesis (Cook, 1985).
Contact reduces negative attitudes under certain conditions.
Contact with diverse groups is
associated with more favorable attitudes towards these groups (e.g., Molina and Wittig, 2006).