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LOGO

EDU-CRAFT EDUCATIONAL

AIRCRAFT

THE AERODYNAMIC TUTOR….

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LOGO STAGES OF PRESENTATION

1st STAGE 2nd STAGE 3rd STAGE

INTRODUCTION

AND

CONCEPT OF

PROJECT

CONSTRUCTION

AND

WORKING

FUTURE

SCOPE

AND

FUTURE

PLANNING

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LOGO OBJECTIVE AIRCRAFT:-

Aircraft is a flying machine used for transportation, military and different scientific experiments purpose.

This project is made to give you an idea about various axes on which airplane rotates. This project explains various terms of airplane such as climb, descend, bank or roll, and yawing. This movement takes place on its three axes they are vertical, longitudinal, and lateral which are perpendicular to each other and intersect at the airplane's center of gravity (cg). To control position and direction a pilot must be able to control rotation about each of them. This is a maneuver project in which the various parts of airplane through which airplane rotates on its axis’s are controlled by means of electric servo motors.

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LOGO LAYOUT OF AERO PLANE

RUDDER

ELEVATOR

AILERONS

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LOGO EXPLANATION Now as we mention above

aircraft moves along three axis. These

three axis are as mentioned below.

Lateral Axis (Pitch Axis)

Longitudinal Axis (Roll Axis)

Vertical Axis (Yaw Axis)

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LOGO LATERAL AXIS

The lateral axis passes through the plane

from wingtip to wingtip. Rotation about this axis is called

pitch. Pitch changes the vertical direction the aircraft's

nose is pointing. The elevators are the primary control of

pitch.

ELEVATOR

PITCH AXIS

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LOGO

ELEVATOR

MOVEMENT

DESCEND

CLIMB

DOWN

UP

PITCH AXIS

Relative movement about this axis is called PITCHING. Pitching is the process of climbing or descending the aircraft, by tilting it about its pitch axis

The pitching motion is being caused by the deflection

of the elevator of this aircraft. The elevator is a hinged section at the rear of the horizontal stabilizer. There is usually an elevator on each side of the vertical stabilizer. The elevators work in pairs; when the right elevator goes up, the left elevator also goes up.

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LOGO

ROLL/BANK AXIS

LEFT

AILERON

RIGHT

AILERON

LONGITUDINAL AXIS The longitudinal axis passes through the plane

from nose to tail. Rotation about this axis is called bank or roll. Bank

changes the orientation of the aircraft's wings with respect to the

downward force of gravity. The pilot changes bank angle by

increasing the lift on one wing and decreasing it on the other. This

differential lift causes bank rotation around the longitudinal axis.

The ailerons are the primary control of bank. The rudder also has a

secondary effect on bank.

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LOGO

RIGHT

ROLL/BANK

LEFT ROLL/BANK

DOWN UP

DOWN UP

RIGHT

AILERON

MOVEMENT

LEFT

AILERON

MOVEMENT

Relative movement about this axis is called ROLLING. Rolling is the process of tilting the aircraft, about its roll axis.

Ailerons can be used to generate a rolling motion for an aircraft. Ailerons are small hinged sections on the outboard portion of a wing. Ailerons usually work in opposition: as the right aileron is deflected upward, the left is deflected downward, and vice versa.

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LOGO VERTICAL AXIS

The vertical axis passes through the plane

from top to bottom. Rotation about this axis is called yaw.

Yaw changes the direction the aircraft's nose is pointing,

left or right. The primary control of yaw is with the

rudder. Ailerons also have a secondary effect on yaw.

RUDDER

YAW AXIS

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LOGO

It is the process of taking turn by allowing the aircraft to rotate about it’s vertical (yaw axis) by means of rudder.

The yawing motion is being caused by the deflection of the rudder of this aircraft. The rudder is a hinged section at the rear of the vertical stabilizer.

YAW AXIS YAWING

MOTION

RUDDER

MOVEMENT

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LOGO DETAILS OF COMPONENTS

AERO

MODEL BLOWER

SERVO

MOTORS DPDT

SWITCH

JUMBLE

RIN • Wingspan

70cms

• Nose tip to

tail tip dist.

60cms

• Height of

model 9cms

• Tail plane

height

11cms

• Voltage

230Volts

• Speed

3000rpm

• Voltage

12v

• Current

1.5Amp.

• Speed

1rpm

• Voltage 12v

• current

2Amp.

• Dia. Of

sphere 8mm

• height of

bushing

12cm

SPHERE

BUSHING

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LOGO 1. AERO MODEL

It is the model of aero plane made up of

material known as Styrofoam, which is

hardened than thermo cole. It is the main

component of the project. It gives the

required motion when control surfaces are

operated.

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LOGO 2. BLOWER

Blower is used to blow the air on the

aero plane model which produces the air

drag effect like in the real aircraft.

Honeycomb structure screen is placed in

front of blower to convert the turbulence

flow of air into streamline flow.

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LOGO 3. SERVO MOTORS Servo motor is the motor

which gives limited

rotations in both the

directions i.e. in clockwise

and in anticlockwise

direction.

In project ,we are using 3 servo

motors to operate the control

surfaces of aero model like

ailerons, elevators and rudder.

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LOGO 4. DPDT SWITCHES DPDT switch means dual

pole dual throw switch that is, it has two poles and it can supply the current in two directions.

We are using this switch to operate

the servo motors in two opposite

directions which in turn operate the

control surfaces. This switch has 6

terminals, DC supply is given to middle

2 terminals & end terminals are

connected to servo motor in cross

direction.

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LOGO 5. SPHERICAL BUSHING

Spherical bushing and rod end forms a spherical pair

which allows the sphere inside the race to rotate freely .

The design makes them particularly suitable where

oscillating or tilting movements must be permitted at

relatively slow sliding speeds. We are connecting the ball

of this joint to aero model which will give free rotation to

model when control surfaces are operated.

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LOGO CONSTRUCTION

An Aero model is fixed rigidly to the eye of the spherical bushing. Servo motors are connected to the control surfaces of the plane (elevators, aileron, rudder) and are driven by DPDT switches through remote control. This whole construction is enclosed in transparent box of acrylic sheet like wind tunnel. A blower with honeycomb structure screen is placed in front of aero model to convert turbulent flow into streamline air flow .

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LOGO

SPHERICAL

BUSHING

CONSTRUCTION DIAGRAM

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LOGO WORKING When blower blows the air through honeycomb

structure screen it converts turbulent air flow into streamline flow.

When air flows over the aero model, it experiences air drag. When DPDT is operated it will operate servo motor which is attached to the elevators by means of mechanical linkage. When servo motor is operated both elevators will move in upward direction. Hence the air which is coming from the blower will strike the elevators in backwards direction causing the plane to move in upward direction.

Similarly, servo motor will operate ailerons and rudder to give required motion with respect to related axes.

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LOGO ADVANTAGES

It will help in understanding the basic dynamic principle of the aero plane.

Due to the spherical bushing simultaneous movement on three axis is possible like braking, floating, etc .

Real effects can be observed because of blower.

Because of the variable flow rate of blower, air drag principle can be easily understood.

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LOGO DISADVANTAGES

Complete action of aero model about any

axis is not possible.

Because of the Styrofoam material used

for the model, it’s life is short.

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LOGO FUTURE SCOPE Other secondary control surfaces like

spoilers, flaps, air brakes, winglets, slats,

etc. can be added to give other movements.

On the same project various dynamic flow

testing can be done like in wind tunnel.

Additional instruments or sensors like

attitude meter can be placed to study

different terms.

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LOGO COST ESTIMATION

1,800 /- 3

60 /- 3

1,100 /- 16 sq. feet

250 /- 1

800 /- 1

1,500 /- 1

COST QUANTITY

200 /- -

7,010 /- -

1,300 /- -

SERVOMOTOR

DPDT SWITCH

ACRYLIC SHEETS

SPHERICAL BUSHING

AERO MODEL

BLOWER

COMPONENT

MECHNICAL LINKAGE

TOTAL

OVERHEADS

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LOGO FUTURE PLANNING

FINAL PROJECT ‘EDU CRAFT’