CLILPHYSICAL EDUCATION

2nd ESO

READY? STEADY?

GO!!

Susana Llorens Cubel Ignacio Martí Lluesma

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CUBIERTA PROVISIONAL

Primera edición, 2019

Autores: Ignacio Martí Lluesma y Susana Llorens Cubel

Maquetación: Educàlia Editorial

Edita: Educàlia Editorial

Imprime: Grupo Digital 82, S.L.ISBN: 978-84-17997-42-7

Depósito legal: En curso

Printed in Spain/Impreso en España.

Todos los derechos reservados. No está permitida la reimpresión de ninguna parte de este libro, ni de imágenes ni de texto, ni tampoco su reproducción, ni utilización, en cualquier forma o por cualquier medio, bien sea electrónico, mecánico o de otro modo, tanto conocida como los que puedan inventarse, incluyendo el fotocopiado o grabación, ni está permitido almacenarlo en un sistema de información y recuperación, sin el permiso anticipado y por escrito del editor.

Alguna de las imágenes que incluye este libro son reproducciones que se han realizado acogiéndose al derecho de cita que aparece en el artículo 32 de la Ley 22/1987, del 11 de noviembre, de la Propiedad intelectual. Educàlia Editorial agradece a todas las instituciones, tanto públicas como privadas, citadas en estas páginas, su colaboración y pide disculpas por la posible omisión involuntaria de algunas de ellas.

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UNIT 0: HEALTH AND BODY HYGIENE

INDEX

0. LEARNING OBJECTIVES.

1. KEY VOCABULARY.

2. CONCEPT OF HEALTH.

3. FACTORS THAT TAKE PART IN MY HEALTH.

4. THE HYGIENE.

5. THE HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION

6. CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL FITNESS.

7. ACTIVITIES.

8. DON’T FORGET THAT…

9. DEEPING ACTIVITIES.

10. WEBSITES.

UNIT 0: HEALTH AND BODY HYGIENE.

0. LEARNING OBJECTIVES.

- Meaning of health.

- Meaning of physical fitness.

- Differences between bad and good habits.

- Know the importance of having a good body hygiene.

1. KEY VOCABULARY.

– Health.

– Physical condition

– Fitness.

– Lifestyle.

2. CONCEPT OF HEALTH.

According to World Health Organisation (WHO) Health is a state

of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the

absence of disease or infirmity.

3. FACTORS THAT TAKE PART IN MY HEALTH

LIFESTYLE HYGIENE REST

HEALTH

DIET DRUGS SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

(family and friends)

4. THE HYGIENE The hygiene has been one of the human worries from the beginning. In the

Ancient Cultures, people used to take measures to prevent sicknesses (public

baths, for instance).

During our adolescence it is necessary to increase our hygiene because some

hormonal changes take place. They affect the body secretions, causing a bigger

quantity of fat in the skin and hair, increasing the perspiration, etc.

We should not consider the hygiene as a hard duty, but as way for welfare and

pleasant life.

ADVANTAGES OF A CORRECT HYGIENE

-It helps to prevent illnesses and infections.

-It improves the personal health and the social relationships.

-The shower activates the circulation. A cold one in the morning

gives us vitality. A warm or hot one at night relaxes us.

5. THE HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION.

-A perfect toilet-bag should have at least: GEL/SOAP, TOWEL, DEODORANT

(PERFUM), COMB, T-SHIRT. All of this will help you to be clean without using too

much time.

-For a shower, the soap and shampoo should be neutral, to prevent allergies.

-You have to take a shower every day and to wash your hair 2 or 3 times a week.

-It is also important not to share personal items such as combs, brushes, or towels

to avoid lice.

-When you go for a shower, please don´t forget to take clean underwear and a

pair of flip-flops.

DID YOU KNOW...?

Lice like dirty hair

and fleas love unaired

beds.

Leprosy, pest and

cholera disappeared

when water was

treated and streets

were cleaned with

drains and bins.

6. CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL FITNESS

What does it mean to be in good physical condition?

Physical fitness is defined as the body’s ability to function efficiently and

effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist diseases and to

react to emergency situations.

If you are in a good physical condition you will be able to carry out your

daily tasks without undue fatigue.

If you practice a physical activity regularly you will obtain the following

benefits:

- A better working of the heart and the circulatory system.

- It improves the respiratory capacity.

- It improves your muscles, bones and joints.

- It improves the activity of the nervous system.

- It improves THE PHYSICAL CONDITION.

- It helps you make friends.

- What does it mean to be in good physical condition?

- To be physically fit means to be in a good state of health and well-

being.

SOME SYMPTHOMS OF BAD PHYSICAL FITNESS

Fast heart beat

during low intensity exercise. Rapid breathing. Backache

Bad posture/muscular pain

SOME CAUSES WHICH PROVOQUE BAD PHYSICAL FITNESS

A sedentary lifestyle.

Poor diet

Overweight

Sleep issues

Functional and cognitive Impairment.

Stress

Excess alcohol and tobacco

Illnesses

7. ACTIVITIES.

Fill up the gaps and think about your lifestyle?

1- Do you do/practice/play any sport or physical activity?

- Yes, I…………………

- No, I…………………….

2- How many days per week do you play… it?

- I………………..

3- For how long?

- I……

4- My physical condition is: bad, good, very good, excellent.

5- Write 3 things you should do to improve your physical condition:

- 1. To improve my physical condition I should…………………………………………………

.................

- 2……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………….

- 3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………..

6- Write 2 things you should not do in order to keep you fit:

- 1. To keep………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………….

- 2……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

- ……….

DON’T FORGET THAT…

• Living a healthy lifestyle can help you to prevent chronic diseases and long-

term illnesses.

• It’s important to eat a varied and balanced diet to stay healthy. You need

to drink plenty of water and eat at least five portions of fruit and

vegetables every day.

• You also need to make sure you exercise regularly to keep your heart, lungs

and muscles strong and healthy.

• Practice good hygiene by keeping yourself clean and germ free.

• Don’t forget to take your toilet bag (to the with a clean T-shirt, a towel

and gel

• It’s also important to get plenty of sleep to make sure your body has time

to recover and recharge.

DEEPING ACTIVITIES.

1- Choose one of the unhealthy habits and explain how it affects your body

health. Make a poster (70 cm x 50 cm). Add some images to make it more

visual and clear.

2- Prepare a short monologue (1’) in order to explain to your classmates the

bad consequences of carrying on with that unhealthy habit.

8. WEBSITES

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zrffr82/articles/ztsqfcw https://www.acsm.org/

UNIT 1: I IMPROVE MY STAMINA

INDEX

0. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. KEY VOCABULARY

2. CONCEPT OF BREATHING RATE.

3. WAYS OF COUNTING THE HEART’S BEATS.

4. PRACTICE ACTIVITIES.

5. HOMEWORK: Activity 5.1

6. DON’T FORGET THAT

7. DEEPING ACTIVITIES: Activity 7.1 , 7.2.

8. WEBSITES.

UNIT 1: I IMPROVE MY STAMINA

0.LEARNING OBJECTIVES

- To know the importance of measuring the breathing rate.

- To know when, how and how long you must take your pulse rate.

- To get used to count the beats of your heart after exercising.

- To know how the pulse rate varies depending on the activity.

1.KEY VOCABULARY.

- Breathing rate/pulse (lowest/highest).

- Beat.

- Carotid artery

- Radial artery.

2. CONCEPT OF BREATHING RATE.

The breathing rate (pulse, heart rate) measures how fast the heart beats.

At rest a normal breathing rate is about 70 times per minute and when you

do exercise, the heart beats faster to send more oxygen and nutrients to

the body’s cells.

3. WAYS OF COUNTING THE HEART’S BEAT.

WHEN?

It is interesting to know your pulse rate:

- At rest: this number will decrease in the meantime you do

physical activity regularly

- After the warm up

- During the main activity: specially if you fell your respiration

accelerated

- At the end of the activity and during the cooling down.

HOW?

The breathing rate is taken by applying the middle finger and the index

finger.

As you learn in 1st student’s book, by placing these fingers on the carotid

artery (1) (below the jaw) on your wrist (2) or on your chest (3).

1 2 3

HOW LONG?

Normally the pulse is counted for 15 seconds and is multiplied by 4, which

indicates the heart rate per minute.

4. PRACTICE ACTIVITIES.

Activity 1

Take your pulse rate AT REST…

…on your carotid artery

In 15’’ =

In 60’’ = p/m

…on your radial pulse

In 15’’ =

In 60’’ = p/m

…on your chest

In 15’’ =

In 60’’ = p/m

Which method do you prefer? Why?

Activity 2

You will need a stopwatch or a digital watch. Groups of 4-5 people.

WHAT TO DO:

1. Warm up (your teacher will help if you are not sure about what

exercises to do).

2. Select 3 activities (your teacher will suggest some ideas) and spend

5 minutes on each. After each one count your pulse whilst standing,

for 15 seconds and write down your results.

Activity 1:……………….

Pulse in 15’’_____

Pulse in 1’_______

Activity 2:……………….

Pulse in 15’’_____

Pulse in 1’_______

Activity 3:……………….

Pulse in 15’’_____

Pulse in 1’_______

3. Do not forget to do cool down exercises and draw 3 of them.

EXAMPLE

1st Exercise 2nd Exercise 3rd Exercise

5. HOMEWORK.

Activity 5.1.: Things to think about:

- After which activity was your breathing rate lowest? Why do you

think this was?

- After which activity was your breathing rate highest? Why do

you think this was?

- Can you explain why your breathing rate changed during the

lesson?

DON’T FORGET THAT…

You can measure your pulse in the carotid artery, radial artery or

directly on your heart.

The heart rate per minute indicates the intensity of an activity. A

heart rate above 170 bpm while doing exercise is associated with

high intensity.

Normally, the pulse is counted for 15 seconds and the number of

beats is multiplied by 4, which indicates de heart rate per minute. Is

also possible to count for 6 seconds and multiply by 10.

The recovery heart rate is the speed at which your heart rate

returns to normal after exercise.

DEEPING ACTIVITIES.

Activity

Take note of your breathing during the next few days. Write them in

this chart depending on the way you breathe. When do you breathe

quickly? And, when do you breathe slowly?

QUICKLY SLOWLY

e.g climbing up stairs

e.g. ironing

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

Activity

Find these words in the following word-search puzzle: lentamente,

respiración, rápidamente, pulso, muñeca, dedo corazón, arteria carótida,

inhalar, dedo índice (the words are in English!!)

6. WEBSITES https://www.heart.org/

A Practical Health Related Exercise Programme for Physical Education, Jo Harris and

Jill Elbourn

DID YOU KNOW…?

When running, you must inhale through the nose and exhale through the mouth. This is

the best way to avoid the onset of stich.

The cool down is really important in order to help your heart down to normal. Walking

slowly for 2’-3’ while taking deep breaths is a good example of it.

People in better physical condition return to their resting rate more quickly after

physical activity.

GAMES AND SPORTS

0. LEARNING OBJECTIVES - The knowledge of different types of

sports depending on the material to use and the rules to apply.

- Differences between popular or traditional games and current sports.

- Differences between game and sport. - Different traditional or folk games. - Basic rules to play a game.

1. KEY VOCABULARY - Field/pitch/court - Thrower/catcher - Pivot - Man-on-man - Turnover or change of possession - Forehand/backhand/flick/hammer - Fouls - Possession - Referee - Scoring - Folk games -

2. ULTIMATE Ultimate is a team sport which mixes elements of football, basketball and rugby,

substituting the ball with a flying disc (frisbee) and the referee with spirit of the game. It's the most popular sport among those played with a flying disc.

Invented and popularized in high schools and universities in the United States in the '60s, Ultimate came to Europe in the early '80s. The first team in Spain appeared in the mid-'90s and now there are nearly 25 teams and more than 500 players in the country.

Joel Silver, in 1968, introduced his idea of Ultimate Frisbee to the Columbia High School student council in Maplewood New Jersey, USA. The next year, the first game was played between two groups of students. They used a Wham-O Master disc.

In 1969 a team had been formed at the school and they played in a parking lot. Ultimate is played with a disc on a grass field or on a beach field. The field is

similar to a rugby or american football field, and the objective is to score points by receiving the disc in these end zones by passing it among the players on a team (a player with the disc must remain stationary). If the disc touches the ground or is intercepted, possession switches to the other team who then has an opportunity to score by passing the disc into their end zone.

ULTIMATE IN 10 SIMPLE RULES

1. The Field — A rectangular shape with endzones at each end. A regulation field is 64m by 37m, with endzones 18m deep.

2. Initiate Play — Each point begins with both teams lining up on the front of their respective endzone line. The defense throws (“pulls”) the disc to the offense. A regulation game has seven players per team.

3. Scoring — Each time the offense completes a pass in the defense’s endzone,

the offense scores a point. Play is initiated after each score. 4. Movement of the Disc — The disc may be advanced in any direction by

completing a pass to a teammate. Players may not run with the disc. The person with the disc (“thrower”) has ten seconds to throw the disc. The defender guarding the thrower (“marker”) counts out the stall count.

5. Change of possession — When a pass in not completed (e.g. out of bounds, drop, block, interception), the defense immediately takes possession of the disc and becomes the offense.

6. Substitutions — Players not in the game may replace players in the game after a score and during an injury timeout.

7. Non-contact — No physical contact is allowed between players. Picks and screens are also prohibited. A foul occurs when contact is made.

8. Fouls — When a player initiates contact on another player a foul occurs. When a foul disrupts possession, the play resumes as if the possession was retained. If the player committing the foul disagrees with the foul call, the play is redone.

9. Self-Refereeing — Players are responsible for their own foul and line calls. Players resolve their own disputes.

10. Spirit of the Game — Ultimate stresses sportsmanship and fair play. Competitive play is encouraged, but never at the expense of respect between players, adherence to the rules, and the basic joy of play.

WAYS TO THROW THE DISC There are many different ways to throw a frisbee, all wielding their own unique

characteristics. It is up to the thrower to choose from an arsenal of different throwing techniques to get the frisbee into the opposing end zone as efficiently as possible. Below is a glossary of various Ultimate Frisbee throws ranging from the most basic to advanced throwing.

Backhand: The easiest and probably most commonly used throw. It is the most generic and natural way to throw a disc. You will put four fingers in the cup of the disc with your thumb on top.

Forehand (Flick) A flick is easy, but takes some practice and commitment. This is the most efficient

throw in Ultimate because it uses the least amount of energy and can be thrown in milliseconds. Put 2 fingers (Pointer & middle) under the disc and your thumb on top.

Throw as if you were trying to skip a flat rock on water. Keeping the disc parallel with the ground is really important. The key element to the flick throw is the spin you put on the disc.

Hammer Throw Very useful when the time is right. The

hammer throw can be lofted over the defense and landed directly onto the intended teammate. It is also good when someone is marking you hard and

nearing the end of the stall count. You can easily throw is over the marker if need be. To throw a hammer (rightly) simply pretend like you are throwing an axe. First, hold the disc with your pointer and middle finger on the inner side of the disc, your thumb on the other side. (It is typically held the same way as a Flick. The top of the disc should be facing your left side. Tilt the top of the disc slightly to the left side to give it an angle. Pull back and release the disc when it gets even with your forehead, keep your elbow bent at all times.

DID YOU KNOW…? Why Ultimate Frisbee is called ultimate? When Joel Silver returned home to Maplewood, he continued to throw with fellow

students, adapted the rules of Frisbee Football, and 'invented' the team sport of Ultimate. The name itself is said to have arisen due to Silver referring to the game as the Ultimate sports experience.

EXERCISES

Answer the following questions (use the information you have in this book or look for it in internet).

1. How do you name to the player with the disc?

2. What kind of defense is most commonly used in Ultimate?

3. Is Ultimate an Olympic Sport?

4. How do you win in a Ultimate match?

5. How many steps can you take when you have the

frisbee?

6. What happens if you drop the frisbee on the ground?

7. Write three basic rules of the ultimate frisbee.

8. Which are the three most important principles in ultimate?

9. What happens after you score in ultimate frisbee?

10. Which are the three most common ways to throw the frisbee in ultimate?

2. POPULAR AND TRADITIONAL GAMES AND SPORTS Children's traditional games (also called folk games) are those that are passed

from child to child, generation to generation, informally by word of mouth, and most children's games include at least physical skills, strategy, chance and repetition of patterns.

BALL GAMES HISTORY Throughout the history of the world, numerous civilizations have practiced

different ball games. They used to compete individually, developing the game in meadows conveniently delimited; the game allowed distraction and personal challenge. The ball is therefore a universal game; the most codified forms of the game were in South America, the Middle East or Western Europe. The Jeu de Paume, the game of the drum, that of the sieve, are living manifestations of the old ball games and the Basque ball and tennis are direct legacies of those games.

In the XII century, documents that support the expansion of the ball game increase gradually. In the Middle Ages it is evident that the nobility and the kings had their so-called ratchets. France is the pioneer in the game of the ball, regarding the possible similarity with the current times, including two modalities: "the longue paume" and the "courte paume".

In the seventeenth century the ballgame was preferably the "long game" with glove or laxoa. It is in the nineteenth century, in its last decade, when the most representative modalities of the ball are settled: hand, shovel, ski lift and basket-tip, exporting these modalities to much of the world. The basket-tip will be the most universal modality. America becomes the welcoming continent of the ball game that the Basques carry within their culture.5

In the twentieth century, professionalism emerges. In the amateur field, competitions begin in 1925. All kinds of tournaments germinate everywhere under the impulse of the federation or business bodies, reaching pediments in Cuba, Egypt and China, among other places. The pediment of Shanghai was especially important.6 The fans extend in this century, although the cyclical curvatures show times of splendor and decline.

In the "amateur" field, the World Championships, established in 1952 in San Sebastián, are the most important ballistic event. It is a reunion, every four years, of those countries that worship with the greatest fervor to the sport of the ball.

1. PILOTA VALENCIANA The Valencian ball (in Valencian language, ‘pilota valenciana’) is a traditional sport,

which can be practiced in several modalities, in which two or more opponents form two competing teams throwing a ball, hitting it with the bare hand or with light protections

The name of ‘pilota valenciana’ is used to distinguish it from other variants such as the Basque, normally played against a wall.

Modalities a) Escala i corda: without a doubt the queen mode, so it has the

largest number of professional players. It is played in a ratchet to which a rope is added in the middle of the court at an approximate height of two meters. They face two teams of one, two or three players. It is a game in the air, allowing only one boat of the ball before returning it to the rival field, although the boats on the stairs are not counted. The game consists of returning the ball to the opponent above the rope, being committed when the ball does not reach the other field, does so below or hits a part of the body other than the hand. To get a game, a notation similar to tennis is followed

b) Galotxa: It is a game similar to the one of ‘escala I corda’ differentiating itself in that it is played in a natural street, or an artificial street, adapting the rules to the court, but maintaining the same spirit.

c) Llargues: In this mode on the air played on the street only one boat is allowed. It is played between teams of three, four or five players. To get a bit, you have to make the ball bounce beyond a line known as the foul (located around thirty or forty meters from the serve) or exceed a subsequent line known as the 'quinze' (fifteen) located at a distance of approximately 70 m.

d) Raspall: It is the other modality that has professional players. It is played in a ratchet or on the street and owes its name to the fact that the player can scrape the ground with his hand to return the ball, since it includes two specific strokes: "scrape" (hit the ball flush with the ground so that it rolls) and "hook" (hit the ball at ground level so that it rises). In this mode the ball is often rolling on the ground. To get a point you have to get the ball to exceed the line of the opponent behind him or touch the bottom of the ratchet. It is the hardest modality physically.

HOW TO PROTECT YOUR HAND

YOU NEED: - Plaster - Cardboard - Spanish or French cards - Scissors STEP ONE Wash your hands STEP TWO You have to put a plaster strip on your

palm. Then, you will put a piece of cardboard on that plaster and another plaster strip to stick it.

STEP THREE Put thin strips between the fingers from

the front to the back of your hand. STEP FOUR If you are going to play ‘raspall’, you can

also protect your fingers. You need four thin strips for each finger. First, put a piece of plaster between each joint of the finger and on the top. After that, put the pieces of cardboard on them and stick them as in the first step.

STEP FIVE Put on the top of the fingers a ‘didal’

(thimble). You can put o glove on this protection. Now, you can play to ‘pilota’ and not to hurt yourself. 2. PELOTA VASCA The origin of the game is located in the thirteenth century in some parts of France,

where a fairly similar game known as ‘jeu de paume’ or palm game was practiced. This game is believed to derive various ball games, such as the Basque ball, the Valencian ball or tennis.

The type of court where the game is played is considered modality, and what is practiced in it.4 The official modalities and specialties are:

In a ‘trinquete’, a rubber ball paddle (men and women), a leather ball

paddle, a hand (individual and in pairs) and a ‘xare’ (or share) are played.

In 36-meter ‘frontón’ (also called short pediment or left wall), a short shovel, leather and hand ball paddle (individual and in pairs) and solid rubber paddle are played.

In ‘frontón’ of 30 meters frontenis (men and women) and paddle with rubber ball are played.

In the 54-meter ‘frontón’ (also called the long pediment or Jai Alai), a tip basket is played.

3. PELOTA CANARIA The traditional Canarian

Games and sports encompass the different sports modalities practiced in the Canary Islands (Spain), mostly of rural origin, which have been transformed into recreational

activities, in some cases to prevent their disappearance and in others, by simple competition between different people.

Although some of these sports were already practiced to a greater or lesser extent by the ancient inhabitants of the islands, most of them were brought by Europeans who colonized them from the fifteenth century and are practiced in one way or another parts of the world.

The game arrived in the Canary Islands with the first colonizers. The first island he arrived at was Lanzarote, which is why they are also called ‘bolas conejeras’, from there they spread to the

other islands. Similar to the Occitan petanque game, the Canarian ball has had a boom in recent

years thanks to the increase of federative chips of this game, being together with football and the Canarian fight, the sport with more federative chips that currently

there are in the Canary Islands. The game consists of throwing a ball from the ray, or starting mark, with the objective of approaching as much as possible a ball, or bowling alley, with the greatest number of balls available from the team itself. The players act in turn, deciding which component of the team to throw.

DID YOU KNOW…? The origins of folk games are connected with rural activities, religious rituals and training warriors in times of peace. Folk games become traditional games when they are handed down from parents to children over time.

EXERCISES

1. You must find in the box below the following words (they are in English): partido, dedo, esparadrapo, pelota, articulación, pluma, tira, árbitro, marcador and juego.

2. Write five English words that you have learnt during your PE lessons, and try to

explain their meanings.

3. Try to find 5 differences between the last three types of ball games we have

been read before.

DEEPENING ACTIVITIES Read the following article and try to write a list of benefits for your health when

your are doing sport activities or playing a match or a game.

Physical Benefits of Sports Playing sports can make you stronger and healthier, contributing to lower obesity

rates, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Athletes tend to have lower body mass indexes, but non-athlete participants will still benefit from developing muscles and burning calories.

Active people tend to have lower rates of diabetes and high blood pressure. Exercising regularly through sports programs could contribute to better heart and lung function. Learning to play sports as a child might carry over into being a more active adult, according to Sports and Development.org. Psych Central states that some sports tend to have a more lasting impact from childhood into adulthood: soccer, baseball and hockey, for example. In sports such as gymnastics or diving, athletes tend to peak while still young and not participate as adults.

Importance of Healthy Socializing The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reports children who play

sports are less likely to use drugs and smoke. Female athletes might also be less likely to become pregnant in high school. For children, playing sports can help develop friendships centered on healthy, safe and enjoyable activities. Adults who play sports also have the opportunity to develop friendships centered around an active lifestyle. Team practice and competitions provide socializing options that are healthier and more active compared with regular sessions of other more sedentary activities. Sports can particularly benefit low-income individuals, who might not have the money or resources to socialize outside of playing sports, according to Child Fund International.

Contributing to Academic Success Jupiterimages/Goodshoot/Getty Images People who play sports tend to perform better at school, the U.S. Department of

Health and Human Services reports. Student athletes earn higher grades and earn higher test scores on standardized tests. They also have lower dropout rates and a better chance of getting into college.

Building Character Values Barry Austin/Photodisc/Getty Images Sports also play the important role of imparting character values, according to

Sport and Development.org. Playing sports can help you to teach honesty, teamwork and fair play. Learning to follow rules and respecting teammates and opponents can also be useful. Experiencing the role of a graceful winner and loser teaches people about being humble, and competition in general can teach people about self-respect, confidence and managing stress. Taking on leading roles within your team can also teach leadership, according to the Palo Alto Medical Foundation. (https://www.sportsrec.com/8127260/what-is-the-importance-of-sports-in-our-lives)

POPULAR AND TRADITIONAL GAMES IN… (Only one example)

England, Ireland, Scotland and USA. Pin the tail on the donkey: It is played at birthday parties. There is a poster of

a donkey that has no tail. There is a numbered tail for each children. The children line up. Each child gets a turn. For his turn, he puts on a blindfold. All the children make sure he cannot see! He is turned around one time. Then he tries to find the poster and pin his tail in the right place. Everyone laughs! It is funny to see a donkey with tails on its nose, back, and ears. Some tails are not even on the poster! The tail closest to the right spot wins!

Simon Says: Simon says is a game for three or more players. One of the people is Simon. The others must do what Simon tells them to do. The magic phrase is "Simon says". If Simon says "Simon says jump.", you jump (if you dont jump, youre out). However, if Simon says simply "jump", without first saying "Simon says", you dont jump (if you do jump, youre out). It is Simons task to try to get everyone out as quickly as possible, and it is every one elses job to stay "in" for as long as possible. The last of Simons followers to stay in wins (although the game is not always played all the way through).

What’s the time, Mr. Wolf?: One child is chosen to be Mr (or Mrs) Wolf. He stands a good distance (3+ metres) away from the other players with his back to them. The other players stand side by side in a line, facing Mr Wolf’s back. All together they call, “What’s the time, Mr Wolf?”

Mr Wolf responds by selecting and calling out an o’clock time (between 1 and 12). The other players take the required number of steps towards Mr Wolf. For example, “3 o’clock,” would mean the players take three steps towards Mr Wolf.

These two actions are repeated resulting in the other players moving closer and closer to Mr Wolf.

When Mr Wolf is ready (usually when the other players are getting close), he changes his response to the question, “What’s the time, Mr Wolf?” to “Dinnertime!”

At this cue, all of the players must turn around and race back to the starting position with Mr Wolf chasing after them to try and catch his dinner. The player who is caught becomes the next Mr Wolf and the game continues.

Hopscotch: This game requires balance, dexterity, fitness and timing. It is not an easy game.

Players mark out a grid and number the squares. The first

person has to throw a stone onto the first square. He or she then has to jump through the whole course set out, without touching the square with the stone in it.

They the have to return down the course and pick up the stone before finishing up. Then the same person has to throw it on to the second square and do the same again.

You win when you have done this with every square. That’s the easy part. What makes this game so tough is that your turn is over if the stone you

throw touches the edge of the lines of the box, or if your foot does the same while you hopscotch.

Depending on the number of players, it can take a whole lunch time to complete the game, so often the winner was just the person who was furthest ahead when the bell rang.

Four square: a ball game played among four players on a square court divided into quadrants. The objective of four square is to eliminate other players to achieve the highest rank on the court, and this is done by bouncing the ball back and forth between quadrants. A player is eliminated when a ball is bounced in a player's quadrant and the player is unable to touch the ball into another player's quadrant. It is a popular game at elementary schools with little required equipment, almost no setup, and short rounds of play that can be ended at any time.

DON’T FORGET

1. Ultimate is a team sport which mixes elements of football, basketball and rugby, substituting the ball with a flying disc (frisbee) and the referee with spirit of the game.

2. Traditional games and sports also contribute to creating a better coexistence among people from different towns, regions or countries.

3. The origin of the ball games is located in the thirteenth century in some parts of France, where a fairly similar game known as ‘jeu de paume’ or palm game was practiced. This game is believed to derive various ball games, such as the Basque ball, the Valencian ball or tennis.

4. Active people tend to have lower rates of diabetes and high blood pressure. 5. For children, playing sports can help to develop friendships centered on healthy, safe

and enjoyable activities. 6. Playing sports can help you to teach honesty, teamwork and fair play.

ACTIVITY (at home). Could you explain one traditional game that your grandparents played at

school or the street when they were younger? You can use graphic descriptions or pictures. Follow this script:

NAME OF THE GAME: DESCRIPTION: BASIC RULES MATERIAL AND PICTURES