EDWARD WILLIAM LANE AND HISARABIC ENGLISH 'THESAURUS'

PETER STOCKS

A M O N G interesting material that came to light when Oriental Collections (then OrientalManuscripts and Printed Books) moved from the British Museum building to StoreStreet in 1981 was a large brown paper parcel containing some notebooks. This wasimmediately identified as part of the work of the Arabic scholar Edward William Lane(1801-76) for his great Arabic-English Lexicon.^

The manuscript (Or. MS. 14300) consists of thirteen foolscap notebooks with covers ofmarbled paper, quarter bound in leather, each volume of which originally contained 240fohos written in ink in Lane's neat and very legible hand.^ Each folio, written only on therecto has a wide pencil ruled outer margin to accommodate notes, but Lane only foliatedthe first volume which ends with f. 239. Index words are written on the spine of eachvolume. Although part of Lane's work on the Lexicon, more importantly it has proved tobe the initial draft of the translation of his linguistic researches. Fortunately one of thevolumes is dated and provides a further insight into Lane's prodigious methodology whencompiling one of the monuments of British nineteenth century Oriental scholarship.Some of the notebooks are massively mutilated with pages or whole sections removed,increasingly so throughout the text until in the later volumes only a few pages remain. Thesignificance of this will become apparent.

How it came into the possession of the British Museum it has not been possible toestablish absolutely, but it may have been included with the Arabic manuscripts sold tothe Museum by Lane's widow, Anastasia, in 1891 (which included many of Lane'soriginal sources)^ or among further material purchased from his heirs in 1893,'^though notrecorded in the archives or the files. Alternatively it could have been left by Lane'sgreat-nephew Stanley Lane-Poole (1854-1931) who completed work on-the printedLexicon after Lane's death in 1871 and later edited Lane's notebooks. The likelihood ofthis is enhanced by the fact that in the 1870s his first post was at the British Museum in theDepartment of Coins and Medals working under his uncle Reginald Stuart Poole(1832-95) the then Keeper.^ This close relationship with the British Museum wasmaintained by the family for a considerable period; in fact, his grandmother Sophie Poole,sister of Edward Lane, died in one of the Keepers' Residences at the Museum in 1891.

Details of Lane's career are well known being prefixed to Volume 6 of the Lexicon byLane-Poole^ and the subject of a biography by Leila Ahmed,"^ but a brief review will

23

perhaps be of interest. Son of a Hereford cleric. Lane rejected reading mathematics atCambridge (he completed some previous honours papers in a day) and chose instead tostudy engraving with his brother Richard in London. Despite being raised in an intenselypious Anglican family, by 1822 he had already shown an interest in Arabic and in 1825after a particularly bad attack of bronchitis made his first visit to Egypt. Here he becameacquamted with the leading European travellers of the day and more unusually with manyof the Egyptian scholars among whom he lived under the assumed name of Mansur.Returning to Britain in 1832 he had a Greek slave known as Nafeesah, bought for him byRobert Hay, and the text and illustrations of a proposed book 'Description of Egypt'.^Although the book was never published Lord Brougham was sufficiently impressed topersuade him to prepare part of the work on contemporary Egypt for publication. This ledto Lane's second visit to Egypt, 1833-5, to complete the text, on his return from whichThe Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians was published in 1836—it has rarelybeen out of print since. Publications continued with his version of the Thousand and OneNights issued as a part-work 1838-40, with copious notes from his unpublishedmanuscript. Upon completion of this latter he married his Greek slave (under her realname Anastasia) for whom despite his original opinion he had developed a deep affection.

While working on Selections from the Kur-an (published 1843) Lane discussed hisintention to compile an Arabic-English dictionary with Lord Prudhoe (later Duke ofNorthumberland) who enthusiastically offered to subsidize the work with £150 per year.Two important attempts had been made previously in Europe to produce Arabic lexicons,both into Latin—first by Jacob Golius in 1653^ and later by Georg Wilhelm Freytag(who relied heavily on Golius) in 1830-7.^^ But both of them were really little morethan extended vocabularies and much less comprehensive than the work Lane intended.Knowing of certain essential texts in Cairo Lane embarked early in 1842 for Egypt withhis wife, his sister Sophie Poole and her two sons Edward, aged twelve, and Reginald,aged ten, both of whom under their uncle's guidance were to become talented Orientalscholars. After an initial period of mayhem well described in Sophie Poole's own book, ^including residence in a 'haunted' house, ^ the group settled in the district of SayyidahZaynab. Beside his old Egyptian friend Sayyid Ahmad ^ the bookseller. Lane renewed hisacquaintance with Fulgence Fresnel, a French arabist, diplomat and archaeologist.

Lane knew exactly what he wanted to do. On his earlier visits he had seen in Cairo twoimportant sources, both composed in Egypt. One, al-Muzhir fi 'l-lughah of Jalal al-DTnal-Suyuti,^'^ included a review of Arabic lexicographical works known to the author up tothe time of his death in 1505: the other was the Taj al-Arus of Shaykh Muhammadal-Murtada (d. 1791),^^ a vast multi-volume compilation of previous dictionaries, uponwhich he intended to base his own work. Lane seems to have made arrangements for acopy oial-Muzhir to be transcribed for him prior to his arrival in Egypt, since the startingdate of this manuscript is 1841.^^ He used it as the basis for his notes to the Lexicon whereit appears in the introduction.

Lane set about acquiring many of the works mentioned in the manuscript, but most ofall he needed the Taj al-Arus. However, this massive work was kept in only a few mosque

24

libraries and so he decided that the only solution was to have the whole text transcribed.Fresnel introduced him to a young Egyptian scholar Shaykh Ibrahim 'Abd al-Ghafaral-Dasuql (i8i 1-83) whose interest in philology and science closely matched that of Lane.Descended from the family of an eponymous twelfth century Sufi shaykh, who foundedan important brotherhood (his tomb is still highly venerated), Shaykh al-Dasuqi had beeneducated at Al-Azhar and was at that time teaching and translating at the EngineeringSchool estabhshed by Muhammad All Pasha. " They became close friends, agreementwas reached, and in 1844 Shaykh al-Dasuql using copies of the Taj al-Arus kept in thelibraries of the Muhammad Bay Abu '1-Dhahab and al-Azhar mosques began the greatwork of transcription (a total of 13,063 folios) which was to occupy him, or occasionallyothers under his direction, for the next ten years and long after Lane returned to Britain in1849.

Although he had a text to work from Lane was not content merely to translate the Tajal-Arus but also wished to check the original sources, interpolate and if necessary expandthe explanations he presented, particularly after he discovered that Shaykh Murtada hadextensively used an earlier fourteenth century lexicon, Ltsdn al-'Arab, by Ibn Mukarram.

Arabic words in the tradition of Semitic languages in general are based on roots of twoto five radical letters, the words being modified with added letters according togrammatical needs in a very precise way (for a table of transcription of Arabic letters seeAppendix B). Dictionaries were an early by-product of the intense interest of the earlyMuslims in Arabic linguistic sciences stimulated by the paragon of the Qur'an, thedirectly recorded Word of God, and a pre-Islamic oral poetic tradition considered to beonly slightly less ideal. Study of phonetics had reached a high degree of sophistication andit was this science which was to influence the compilation of the late eighth centurydictionary al-'Ayn of al-KhalllT where the letters of the roots are arranged as they arearticulated, starting with the larynx and the letter 'ayn (from which it receives its name)and moving forward through the mouth to the lips ba' and fa' and ending with alifandya\Lane had access to this work through the tenth century writer al-Azharl in the Tahdhibal-lughah.^^

This seems to have been the pattern until al-Muhit of Ibn al-Abbad in the mid-tenthcentury in which the letters appear in their familiar alphabetical order. For several reasonsthis proved inadequate for the needs of scholars and at about the same time al-Jawhari inal-Sihdh^^ introduced yet another system under poetic influence that was to dominateArabic lexicography for the next nine hundred years. This dealt with the roots inalphabetical order of their last radical, where the modifications remain more constant,thereafter taking the first and subsequent radicals in normal alphabetical order. Thusunder (?///appear all the roots which end with it, e.g. a.b.a\ a.th.d' a.h.a' to a.y.a' thenb.d\ b.th.d' to b.y.d' and then t.d' etc. It was the system used by Ibn Mukarram in Lisdnal~Arab (late thirteenth century), in the compilation al-Qdmus al-Muhtt^^ of FayruzabadT(late fourteenth century) and finally by Shaykh Murtada (mentioned above) who based hisTdj al-Arus on the latter dictionary while vastly expanding the text with a commentarycompiled from the works of earlier lexicographers.

25

Most of the sources used by Shaykh Murtada were still available to Lane in Cairo,indeed sometimes the very same manuscripts, but not only did he have to translate the textand check the earlier references he also at some point had to reassemble the text into theusual alphabetical order. Thus, to take the simplest example, the root b.a" would no longerbe contained in the section alif {its last letter) as it was in Arabic dictionaries but would beincluded under the letter ba* while a.b would not appear under bd' but be transferred toalif But first he had to produce his translation, work on which he must have started assoon as Shaykh al-Dasuqi finished the first sections of his transcription (see below). Hehad planned his programme meticulously. The first folio of the first notebook is inscribedwith his intended title 'An Arabic and English Thesaurus chiefly derived from the Lisanel-'Arab and Taj el-'Aroos . . . ' on which at a subsequent date he has overwritten the word'Thesaurus' with 'Lexicon' (fig. i). There is, however, no mention at this time of the twovolumes (one for general words and one for rare occurrences) into which he later stated hewished to divide the text.

That Lane was aware of the immensity of the task is apparent in a letter he wrote toHay regarding the translation in February 1844: 'I am become like a piece ofclockwork',^^ and Shaykh al-Dasuqi himself noted Lane's incredible dedication;^^ butthere were many more years of hard toil ahead of him. A rough calculation can be made asto Lane's programme since two of the notebooks contain dates. Volume 9 (Lane's Volume13) is inscribed 7uly9 1851-January 20 1852' and Volume 12 (Lane's Volume 17)'MarchI -August 26'. Thus each volume took slightly over six months to complete. If this patternhad been followed since Lane began his work, by projecting back six and a half years fromVolume 13 it would seem that he began the translation in Cairo sometime during 1845,shortly after Shaykh al-Dasuqi started the transcription of the Taj al-Arus.

Lane often made pencil notes on the inside back covers of his notebooks and two are ofinterest regarding his work programme. In Volume i he observes 'Two pages of my copyof the T.A. are just equal to one page of the C.K. (calculated in several places). Thus ahundred karrases of the former are equal to half of the Kamoos'. The C.K. is the Calcuttaprinted edition of the Qamils,^^ while a karrds is a ten-page gathering. The note in Volume4 (Lane's Volume 6) is a little more specific; here he states '200 karrases each year—4 eachwxek' (that is two thousand pages and forty pages respectively), presumably of his copy ofTdj al-Arus. This comes at the end of a complex calculation of pages, but whether it is ofwork completed or still to be done is not stated; whichever the number is daunting.

At a certain point Lane changed his approach for the first time. Two pages have beendetached from the notebooks in which he explains that he intends to divide the work intotwo books. Book I to deal with the more common words and Book II, about half the size,to contain rare occurrences; words to be included in Book I are to be marked x, those forBook II with o. He states that he intends to do this from the article s,.t.r, so it can besurmised that the pages came from the volume containing that section, probably Volume12 which, however, is not among the present notebooks. In fact, this scheme materiahzedonly in part since Lane's death meant that although his great-nephew Stanley Lane-Poolecompleted the text of Book I of the Lexicon, he lacked the capacity to complete Book II

26

an

aU/-fic Jrad'i

Fig. I. The first page of Lane's notebook. Or. MS. 14300, vol. i, f i

(see below). It is interesting to note that in 1969 Miroslav Krek of Brandeis UniversityLibrary reported that he had acquired an interleaved copy of Freytag's LexiconArabico-Latinum in which Lane had entered many articles not found in the Lexicon andprobably intended for Book IL^* In his Editor's Preface to Volume 7 of the Lexicon,Lane-Poole comments that this particular copy of Freytag's Lexicon Arabico-Latinumcontamed the only material left by Lane of notes dealing with words ending in letters laterthan zd\ Further investigation of the present notebooks may well prove that a proportionof the early entries were not included in Book I.

The first notebook begins with an article on the description and significance of the letteralif(^ pattern that was to be followed throughout the Lexicon where however the sectionsdescribing the letters are vastly expanded). The first root is a.b.d' under which the firstword (from the Taj al-Arus) is aba'tuhu (I shot him with an arrow); this. Lane believes, is amistaken transcription of atha'tuhu. The next word abd'atun (a reed) is taken directlyfrom the Tdj al-Arus complete with an Arabic poetic example in neat naskht script withtranslation—this entry does not appear in the Lexicon. His next root is a.th.d' and theword athd^tuhu (see above) but Lane notes that it is a development from the root thuwd^under which it appears in the Lexicon. All his entries are accompanied by abbreviations inbrackets indicating his sources.

He continues with a.j.d\ a.z.d\ a.sh.d\ a.k.d\ a.l.d^ until he reaches b.d'' and the wordbd^bd^hu (father) a derivation of the root a.b.u, which of course would not be reachedagain in the Tdj al-Arus until the letter wdw. In the Lexicon this long section is reduced toa mere reference in the article a.b.u. The next article from the notebooks is on the rootb.d.d\ (concerned with beginning or creating) and it appears in the Lexicon in an expandedform. Each entry has additional notes written in ink or pencil in the margin or on the rectoof the preceding page. A full list of the letters covered in each of the notebooks can befound in Appendix A. In figs. 2-5 a comparison can be made between the composition ofthe same article, in this case hadd'tun (a kite), in the following sources: i. the Lexicon (fig.3); 2. Lane's notebook (fig. 2); 3. the transcription of Tdj al-Arus by Shaykh Ibrahimal-Dasuqi (fig. 4) and 4. the autograph draft by Shaykh Murtada of the Tdj al-'Arus, thatLane obtained in Egypt (fig. 5).

Had Lane continued at this rate his translation of the complete Tdj al-Arus would havelasted well into the 1870s but the first fascicule of the Lexicon was published in 1863. Hehad, therefore, again changed his method of working. Stanley Lane-Poole explains that ofnecessity Lane abandoned translating in the same order as the Tdj al-'Arus at the letter zd'and started to select his articles in the order in which they appear in the Lexicon. Althoughquicker, in some ways this must have been more complicated involving simultaneouscomparison of his many different sources while actually composing the article. It shouldbe noted that the present notebooks seem to have continued beyond zd' to the letter

ghayn.Working continuously Lane was able to produce the fascicules at regular intervals. The

second appeared in 1865 and the third in 1867. However, the following years were a periodof great disappointment for Lane. In 1869 the first five volumes of an Arabic edition of Tdj

28

^

M

^.^'t.—

of the jj». is to be imposed upon the thief]; or,as Bomc say, the meaning here is, the heeper ofthe prison, because, in general, he has the chargeof the amputation; hul the foiiner meaning isthe more prohable, and more ohviouB. (Mgh.)^^ A seller of wine ; a vintner: because he with-holds his wine until he obtains for it a price thatcontents him: BO in tbe following verse of El-

-•-CLJ

,- i - - » - 0 ' -

l^And we arose, when our cock had not yet crowed,to a wine-jar S7neared with pitch, in the possessionof its seller]. (S, L.) — ^ hlachsitiith; a workerin iron. (Mgh, L, K.) A maker of coats ofviail. (TA.)

see

, in two places.

Short (L, K) and thich: an epithetapplied to a man. (L.)

^W. J fem. with o : sees = See also 1, voce

\_More, and most, sharp: &;c.]-_Yousay,JU-'/Jl J"*-' O^ ^ XSe is of the most sharp, orhasty, in temper, or of the most irascible, pas-sionate, or angry, of men. (A, TA.)

, (S,Msb,K,) or '(-to., [but Bce whatfollows,] sometimes pronounced * \j^, (Mgli,)[The kite; vulgarly called ijljt^j] a certainbird, (S, Mgh, K.,) well known; (S, K j) a cer-tain noxious bird;and c

sumamed \J\JLLi\ ^\(TA;) that preys upon lanje

field-rats (o ' i j ^ ) ' Q^^h TA :) J and Sgh say-that the word should not he pronouncetl 15|J[^.but AHei mentions this pronunciation on theauthority of [some of] tlie Arabs; and accord, to

IAar and lAmb, the i^ii [see above] and thisbird were sometimes called alike • Stjk». and

• tjk»-: the more approved pronunciation of thename of the bird, however, is with kesr Pi, e

SIj^]: the pi. is * lj«- (S, MBb, K) and 2lj^,(K,) both extr., (TA,) [or rather the foraier is acoll. gen. n.,] and O jw*-: (Mab, K :) and ibefollowing are variations of the name of tliis bird:

, and \iJ£f, (TA,) the latter said by AHatto be an erroneous form of tlie word, used by tl]epeople of El-Hijaz, (Mgh, TA,) and L£

app. a dim., for

(TS, TA,) and, also pronounced CUOM.,

, occnrring in a trad, in con-i ^ i fit

junction with ^ I [for ,^^1], (Mgh, TA,) of diedial, of the people of Mekkeh. (TA in art.

Eig. J. Entry for 'Kite' from Lane's Lexicon, p. 526

al-Arus were published at the Bulaq press in Cairo. Nobody was in a better position tosupervise the publication than his old friend Shaykh al-Dasuqi who was working there atthe National Press. To a certain extent this negated Lane's efforts since the original textwas now available to interested European scholars; nevertheless Lane persevered. Thissetback was followed in 1870 by the total destruction by fire of the printed edition of thefourth fascicule as it was returning from the printers. It had to be totally reset beforefinally being published in 1872. While preparing the fifth fascicule of the Lexicon Lanedied in Worthing in August of the same year having spent a total of twenty-eight years onthe project. He had reached the root q.d.

Long before he died Lane's great-nephew Stanley Lane-Poole, as part of his household(into which he had been accepted after the death of his father Edward Poole in 1867), hadbeen assisting him in his task and had been charged with the completion of the Lexicon inthe event of Lane's death. But talented though he was (he became Professor of Arabic atTrinity College, Dublin, in 1898 and wrote many scholarly works on Islamic subjects) atseventeen years old he did not possess the experience or perseverance of his great-uncle(as he freely admits). He began the still formidable task of preparing the rest of the text forpublication. Although Lane used to rewrite and often recompose all his articles for the

30

i r t

•^"r5 nl

^ 3

1

I—I ^-^

O TTH, 1 - N

E . I

convenience of the compositor\ it appears that Lane-Poole took a short cut. He had toconstruct the articles beyond q.d and it is precisely these that have been removed from thepresent notebooks. In other words he just extracted Lane's entries from the notebooksand after amendment submitted them to the printer. The articles composed by himself(i.e. those not covered by Lane before his death) are somewhat deficient in paradigms andsources.

In the first volume of the notebooks all the entries beyond q.T.a' have been extracted(the next would have been k.d') and start again at a.b. In the second (Lane's Volume 4) thesame has happened beyond q.u.b (next root qJ.b) and so on throughout the rest of thevolumes. Dr Krek notes that in Lane's interleaved copy of Freytag's Lexicon Arabico-Lattnum all manuscript articles beyond the letter qdfhzwe been removed. Although hesuggests this was done by Lane it seems more probable, in the light of the above, that theperpetrator was Lane-Poole, albeit for the best of reasons.

Thus was the Lexicon completed in a further four fascicules over the next twenty-twoyears, during which period Lane-Poole completed his education at Corpus ChristiCollege, Oxford, and Trinity College, Dublin, and began his career working with hisuncle Reginald Poole at the British Museum. But Lane's vision of a second large volumecontaining all the very rare words was never realized and although Lane-Poole did appenda supplement to the eighth and final part of the Lexicon (1893) it is a rather meagre affair.The drafts prepared for the printers were placed in the Duke of Northumberland'scollection and are still kept at AInwick Castle.

APPENDIX A

THE PRESENT ARRANGEMENT OF L A N E ' S NOTEBOOKS (OR. MS. I 4 3 0 0 )

I. BL Vol. No. 2. Lane's Vol. No.* 3. No. of extant folios 4. Roots listed on spinesf

I

2

3

4

5

6

* The numbersprobable order.

I

4

[5]

6

[7]

8

in square

147

98

141

2 2 2

188

brackets are not actually

a-th.q.biy.d^-l.a)' .h.b-dh.i.t(y.t.b-l.b)r.b.t-y.n.b.th(y.th-l.t)

s.b.h-m.l.h[m.'l.kh-l.b.kh)t.b.kh-s.kh.diy.f.kh-l.b.kh)

in the notebooks but calculation shows the most

t The letters in brackets appear on the spines under the indicator roots. However, I have been unable todiscover their significance.

32

APPENDIX A (cont.)

THE PRESENT ARRANGEMENT OF L A N E ' S NOTEBOOKS (OR. MS. 1430° )

I. BL Vol. No. 2. Lane's Vol. No.* 3. No. of extant folios 4. Roots listed on spinesf

[9] 136

10 132

9 [i3] I

10 [14] 2

11 16 5

12 [17] 4

13 19 I

In addition there are the two pages mentioned above (p. 26) which were probably extracted fromVol. 12.

id-n.d.d(n.a.d-l.b.dh)n.kh.d-b.z.riy.d-n.kh.d){h.u.dh-l.kh.dh)f.h.r-wf.r{m.j.r-l.khJh)wf.r-d.n.s.(h.n.z-jp.q.r)

d.n.s-??sh(y.b.?-?b.s)fr.sh-??d(jp.q.h-l.ii.sh)

APPENDIX BNAME AND TRANSLITERATION OF ARABIC LETTERS

I .

2 .

3-4-S-6.7-

ahfbd'td"

thd*jTmhd'

khd'

abt

th

ihkh

8. ddl9. dhdl

10. rd'

11. zd^

12. stn

13. .j^m

14. sdd

ddhrzsshs

15. dad16. (a'17. 2;J'

18. 'zyn

19. ghayn20. /fl'

21. d'^

dt

z'

f

q

2 2 .

23-24.

25-26.

27 .

28.

kdflammmnun

hd'mdw

yd'

k1mnhw(u)y(])

I would like to extend my gratitude to Roderic Vassieof Oriental Collections for valuable suggestionsregarding the text and to Julian Conway of Manu-script Collections for assistance in locating certainimportant works.

I An Arabic-English Lexicon derived from lhe bestand most copious eastern sources: comprising a verylarge collection of words and significations omittedfrom the Kdmoos . . ., Book i, Parts 1-8 (London,1863-93). P^rts 6-8 were edited by StanleyLane-Poole.

2 Kathy van de Vate, a curator in the ArabicSection, first established it as the work of Lanebut was unable to examine it further beforetaking up an appointment as an Arabic Librarianat Princeton University Library.

3 BL, Or. MSS. 4177-4219. All are inscribed'Bought of the widow of Ed. W. Lane. 14 Feb.1891'.

4 BL, Or. MSS. 4618-4657. All are inscribed'Bought of N. J. Tisand. Representative of theheirs of Mr. E. W. Lane. March 14 1893'.

33

5 D. M. Mansoor, Tke Story of Irish Orientalism(Dublin, 1944), pp. 44-8.

6 Lexicon, Book i, Part 6, pp. v-xxxiv. One ofLane-Poole's problems in compiling his great-uncle's biography was the lack of personalcorrespondence, which Lane had destroyed. 'MrLane had a deeply rooted objection to thepublication of letters meant only for privatefriends . . .' Lane's attitude may well have beenreinforced by a touching but ill-consideredpublication planned by his brother Richard. Thiswas a compilation of the last letters of their elderbrother Theophilus. He, who had served as aCanon Minor at St Paul's Cathedral, had becomeaddicted to a patent medicine taken 'to combatthe morning chill', progressed to brandy andfinally fallen victim to delirium tremens. After aspell in a mental hospital he recovered but wasobviously tnuch weakened and finally died in1844. His letters are full of regret, but charming,and include a few sent to Edward and Sophie inCairo. Richard intended to publish them underthe title E.xtracts from the Letters of a belovedbrother which., although printed., was never pub-lished, for reasons that can only be surmised.The British Library's copy (010905.e.22) was apersonal present from Richard to a Mrs M.Hollier and is signed and dated '20.8.1850'. It isbound in purple leather with gilt embosseddecoration and the dedication 'R. L L. toM. B H.'.

7 Leila Ahmed, Edward W. Lane, a study of his lifeand works and of British ideas of the Middle East inthe nineteenth century (London, 1978).

8 Bodleian Library, MS. Eng. misc. d. 234 is thedraft of the 'Description of Egypt'. There is afurther collection of notebooks in the GriffithsInstitute, Oxford. BL, Add. MSS. 34080-34088consist of'Notes and Views in Egypt and Nubia,made during the years 1825, -26, -27, and 28 . . .the views, with few exceptions, made with thecamera-Iucida'.

9 Jacob Golius, Lexicon Arabicum Latinum, con-textum ex probationibus orientis lexicographis(Leyden, 1653).

10 Georg Wilhelm Freytag, Lexicon Arabico-Latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiiqueet aliorum Arabum operibus., 4 vols. (Halle,1830-7).

11 Sophia Poole, The Englishwoman in Egypt: lettersfrom Cairo written during a residence there in 1842,3 (^ 4 with E. W. Lane, 2 vols. (London, 1844),and Letters during . . . 1845-46 (London, 1846).

12 It is perhaps significant that this particular'spiritual visitation' by an afrit contained theessential ingredient of all similar recentlyinvestigated phenomena, namely highly intelli-gent, inventive and active children who arealways 'sound asleep' during the manifestations.The fact that in every case the agents turned outto be those very children is offered only as asuggestion.

13 Cf. Manners and customs of the modern Egyptians.^pp. xxii-xxiv.

14 BL, Or. MS. 4199; see Charles Rieu, Supplementto the Catalogue of the Arabic Manuscripts in theBritish Museum (London, 1894), p. 590, no. 879.

15 BL, Or. MSS. 4154-4177; see Rieu, op. cit., pp.592-4, nos. 842-905.

16 BL, Or. MS. 4199 (see n. 14 above).17 Ahmad Amln, 'Shaykh al-Dasuqi wa Mistir

{(Layn)} Lane' in Faydal-Khdtjr, part iii (Cairo,1965), PP- 39-50-

18 BL, Or. MS. 4180; see Rieu, op. cit., p. 571, no.839-

19 BL, Or. MSS. 4181-4183; see Rieu, op. cit., pp.577-8, nos. 846-8.

20 BL, Or. MS. 4192; see Rieu, op. cit., p. 589, no.876.

21 Bodleian Library, MS. Eng. lett. d. 165, no. 77.22 Amln, op. cit., p. 47.23 The Kamoos or the Ocean; an Arabic dictionary by

Mujd-ood-Deen-oobno Yakoob of Feerozabad . . .corrected . . . by Shaykh Ahmudo-oobno Muhatn-midin il Ansareyool-oobna Yumnee Yosh Shirwa-nee [With preface in English by M. Lumsden], 2vols., 1,978 pages (Calcutta, 1817).

24 Miroslav Krek, 'E. W. Lane's working copy ofhis Lexicon', Journal of the American OrientalSociety., lxxxix, no. ii (1969), pp. 419-20.

34