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UNIT II

CONSEVATION

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Economics of Generation

Connected load - sum of continuousratings of allsystems

Maximum demand - greatest demand ofload

Demand factor - Maximum demand

Connected load

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Load factor - Average load/Maximum

demand

Diversity factor - Sum of individual

Demand / Max.demand

Capacity factor - Average demand/ plant

capacity

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Load curve

Curve showing the load demand

Very useful in determining the annualrequirements for energy

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Load duration curve

Obtained from load curve

Load elements of load curve are arrangedin descending order

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Load on the power station:

Base load - unvarying load occurs

the whole day.

Peak load - various peak demands

of load over & above

base load

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Cost of Electrical Energy

Fixed cost

Running cost (or ) cost of energy

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Fixed cost:

Cost which is independent of

maximum demand &units generated

Capital cost of power plant

Interest on capital, taxes &

insurance

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Running cost :

Depends on only upon the no of

units generated

Cost of fuel

Maintenance cost

Operation cost.

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Tariff

Different methods ofcharging

consumers are known as tariff

It should be simple and

comprehensible to the public

It should be uniform

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Types of tariff:

Simple tariff

Flat rate tariff

Block rate tariff

Two part tariff

Maximum demand tariffPower factor tariff

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Need for Electrical EnergyConservation

In order to save the scarce and fast

depleting non renewable energy, sources

such as coal, gas etc. To protect the environment from the

pollution caused by them

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Effect on Energy Conservation

The energy conservation results in

Optimal utilization energy

Prolong the usage of energyavailable in the earth

Reduce green house gas emission

Minimize the global warming

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Energy Management

The judicious and effective use of energy

cost to minimize energy cost & to

maximize profits. Reduce avoidable losses

Use energy efficient technologies

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Energy management strategy

Appoint Energy Manager Conduct Energy Audit

Formalize an Energy Management Policy

Statement

Conduct Staff Awareness & Training

Programme

Annual report

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Energy Auditing

Key to a systematic approach for decisionmaking area of energy management.

Quantifies energy usage according to its

discrete function Verification, Monitoring & Analysis of use

of energy including submission of

technical report

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Energy Audit methodology

Macro level - methodology

Energyinput ( A)

Unavoidable losses(C)

Avoidable losses(D)

Theoreticalrequirement (B)

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Energyconservation

Capacity utilization

Fine tuning

Technology up -gradation

Energy conservation at Macro level

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Types of Energy Audit:

Preliminary Energy Audit

Detailed Energy Audit

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Preliminary Energy Audit

To establish energy consumption

To estimate the scope for energy

savings

Identify simple energy saving

proposals

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Detailed Energy Audit

Pre Audit phase

Detailed Audit phase

Post Audit phase

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Economics of power factorimprovement

The power factor can be improved by

Installing static power capacitors

Operating synchronous motor in over

excited

Installing static VAR compensators

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Method of Power factor improvement

Centralized / group compensation

Distributed / Individualcompensation

Mixed compensation

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POWER QUALITY

It means that supply of powerwithin the permitted variation of

voltage and frequency and withoutdistortion of sinusoidal wave form in

balance condition

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Parameters

Voltage Frequency

Harmonics

Power supply disturbances (sags,

swells, transients, flickers, interruptsoutages etc.)

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Harmonics :

Multiples of fundamental frequency.

Reduced equipment life time &energy efficiency.

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Voltage tags :

Decreased in rms voltage or current.

Caused by faults, energy heavy loads

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Voltage swells:

Increased in rms value of voltage or

current at the power frequency

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Voltage transients:

Very short duration over voltagesassociated with impulses

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Flickers:

Variation of input voltage

Caused by AC,DC arc furnaces