EE302 Lab Manual Fall 2015

TheUniversityofTexasatAustinDepartmentofElectrical&ComputerEngineering

EE302LabManual

Fall

2015LabManualfortheIntroductiontoElectricalEngineering

UTEID:Name:

2

TableofContents

1.0Introduction.........................................................................................................................................32.0EE302LabSchedule..............................................................................................................................43.0Grading.................................................................................................................................................54.0EngineeringNotebookGuidelines........................................................................................................5Lab1:IntroductiontoLabView1&myDAQ..........................................................................................7Assignment:BuildVItoCalculateAreaofaTriangle.......................................................................10

Lab2:IntroductiontoLabView2.........................................................................................................13Assignment:BuildaVItoconverttemperature..............................................................................13

Lab3:DigitalMultimeterandVoltageGenerator...............................................................................16Assignment:BuildaDigitalMultimeter...........................................................................................16Assignment:Buildingavoltagegenerator.......................................................................................20

Lab4:MultisimSimulationofCircuits.................................................................................................24Assignment1:GettingorientedtoMultiSim...................................................................................28Assignment2:Simulatingthesecondcircuit...................................................................................31Assignment3:SimulatingtheThirdcircuit......................................................................................32

Lab5:AudioEqualizer..........................................................................................................................40Assignment1:Designtheaudioequalizer.......................................................................................40

Lab6:BreadboardandMeasurements...............................................................................................44Assignment1:Buildthecircuit........................................................................................................49Assignment2:Measurementsonthesecondcircuit.......................................................................50

Lab7:SolderingandKitAssembly.......................................................................................................60Assignment1:Practicesoldering.....................................................................................................60Assignement2:Soldercomponentstotheboard...........................................................................60

Lab8:SolarPowerDataLogging.......................................................................................................63Assignment1:ExperimentalProcedures.........................................................................................66

Lab9:IntroductionofFinalProject(RobotCar)..................................................................................70Introduction.....................................................................................................................................70GradeBreakdown............................................................................................................................70SubSystemOverview......................................................................................................................71TrainingModule...............................................................................................................................71ObstacleCourse...............................................................................................................................72

3

TrainingModule1:Rock,Paper,Scissors.............................................................................................73Assignment1:BuildingtheCircuit...................................................................................................70

Subsystem:LineFollower.....................................................................................................................77Lab10:ProficiencyExam......................................................................................................................80Lab11:TheveninEquivalentCircuits...................................................................................................85Assignment1:Constructthefirstcircuit..........................................................................................86Assignment2:Constructthesecondcircuit....................................................................................87

Lab12:FinalProject(MotorControl,CollisionDetection)..................................................................96Subsystem:MotorControl...................................................................................................................96Subsystem:CollisionDetection............................................................................................................97Lab13:FinalProject...........................................................................................................................101Assignment1:BuildingtheCircuit.................................................................................................101

Subsystem:PathLogic........................................................................................................................1045.0Appendices.......................................................................................................................................108AppendixA:MultimeterBasics..........................................................................................................108AppendixB:KeepinganEngineeringNotebook................................................................................112AppendixC:ContributionChartforFinalProject..............................................................................112

4

1.0IntroductionThismanualisdesignedtoaccompanytheEE302,IntroductiontoElectricalandComputerEngineering,

labsection.YouwillfindcompletedescriptionsofthelabsforEE302andagreatdealofinformationaboutyourprojects.Youareencouragedtoreadthismanualanduseitasaresourcetoenhanceyourlabexperienceinthiscourse.

2.0EE302LabScheduleThefollowingsectionsdescribeeachofthecircuitlaboratorysessionsforthesemester.

LABACTIVITYDAYYOURLABMEETS

Mon.

Tues.

Wed.

Thurs. Fri.

Lab1:IntrotoLabVIEW1andmyDAQ 8/31

9/1 9/2 9/3 9/4Lab2:IntrotoLabVIEW2

9/149/8 9/9 9/10 9/11

Lab3:DigitalMultimeterandVoltageGenerator

9/21

9/15 9/16 9/17 9/18Lab4:MultisimSimulationofCircuits

9/289/22 9/23 9/24 9/25

Lab5:AudioEqualizer 10/5

9/29 9/30 10/1 10/2Lab6:BreadboardandMeasurements

10/1210/6 10/7 10/8 10/9

Lab7:SolderingandKitAssembly 10/19

10/13 10/14 10/15 10/16Lab8:SolarPowerDataLogging

10/2610/20 10/21 10/22 10/23

Lab9:FinalProjectRobotCarI 11/2

10/27 10/28 10/29 10/30Lab10:ProficiencyExam

11/9

11/3 11/4 11/5 11/6Lab11:TheveninEquivalentCircuits

11/1611/10 11/11 11/12 11/13

Lab12:FinalProjectRobotCarII 11/23

11/17 11/18 11/19 11/20Lab13:FinalProjectRobotCarIII* 11/30 12/1 12/2 12/3 12/4

*Mondaylabsectionswillhavetheirfinallabprojectsdueattheendofthelastweekofclass(12/4).Allothersectionswillhavetheirfinallabprojectsdueatthelastscheduledlabmeeting.

5

3.0GradingThelaboratoryforEE302countsas20%ofyourfinalclassgrade.Yourgradeforthelaboratorywillbe

determinedasfollows:

Category %ofLabGradeAttendance 20%Participation 5%Prelabs 10%LabReport 20%LabNotes 10%ProficiencyExam 15%FinalProject(Demonstration+Finalreport) 20%(15%+5%)Total 100%

4.0EngineeringNotebookGuidelinesFortheconvenience,labmanualincludeslabnotesession;therefore,youDONOTNEEDtobringa

separatenotebook;however,thefollowingguidelinehowtousethenotebookwouldbestillveryhelpful.Inourlab,TAsmainlychecktheimportantdata,findings,andthoughtsinthenotesessionduringthelab.

GuidelineforEngineeringNotebookLearningtokeepanengineeringnotebookisanessentialskillthatyouwillusethroughoutyour

educationalexperienceatUT.Fortheteamproject,eachstudentisencouragedtokeepanengineeringnotebook,whichchronicleshisorherworkinthelabs.Allinformation,whichmaybepertinenttotheprojectorlabs,shouldbewrittenhere.YouwilluseyournotebooktorecordyourmeasurementsandotherdatafortheEElabs.HerearesomeguidelinestakenlargelyfromworkdonebyClifKussmaulwhenhewasanassistantprofessoratMoravianCollege.HeiscurrentlyanassistantProfessorofComputerScienceatMuhlenbergCollege.

Engineeringnotebooksareusedinindustrytorecordwhatworkwasdone(incasetheauthorleaves

theprojectorcompany)andwhenworkwasdone(forpatentandcopyrightmatters).Ultimately,yourengineeringnotebookshouldallowanotherknowledgeablestudenttobeabletoexactlyrepeattheworkyouhaveperformed.Herearesomebasicguidelinesyouneedtofollow:

Thenotebookmustbepermanentlybound(gluedorsewn).Thebookstorehasseveralstyles

fromwhichtochoose.Spiralboundorlooseleafnotebooksarenotacceptable. Thenotebookmustbeclearlylabeledwithyournameandthesemester. Everythingmustbewritteninpermanentink(itmaybeusefultohaveseveralcolorpens). Everypagemustbenumberedconsecutively,inparttoprovethatyouhavenotaddedor

removedpagesafterthefact.

6

Leaveseveralpagesatthebeginningforatableofcontentssoyoucanlocatekeyinformationquickly.

Startanewpageeachdayyouworkonthiscourse,andatthetopofthepageclearlyindicatethedateandhoursyouworked.

Whenyoufinishworkfortheday,drawalinethroughanyspaceleftonthepage. Donotleaveanyblankpages. Describeallworkyoudoforthecourse,includingreadings,research,design,coding,

documentation,test,teammeetings,classmeetings,etc.Includesketches,memos,relevantcodelistings,etc.Youshouldgluethemintothenotebook.

Thenotebookismeanttobeapermanentrecordofwhatyouhavedone.Itmustbeneatenoughforyouorsomeoneelsetounderstandwhatyouhavedoneayearormorelater.Donotworkonotherpaperandthentranscribeitintoyournotebook!

YournotebookshouldbekeptuptodateatalltimesandbroughttoEVERYlabsession.Anexampleofwhatwouldgointoanengineeringnotebookbaseduponthislabisasshownbelow:

Laboratorydatasuchasmeasuredcurrents,voltages,resistancesandtheproceduresyoumayhaveusedtomeasurethesequantities.

Studentsshouldensurethattheygothroughtheappropriatelabnoteanddothenecessaryprelabs

beforecomingforthelabs.Alsoinfillinginthelabnotes,makesuregraphsandtablesarewellinterpretedintheThoughtsor

Datasectionofthenotes.Andthemainconceptsshouldbewellhighlighted.

7

Lab1:IntroductiontoLabView1&myDAQ

BackgroundKnowledge:InstallingNILabViewSoftwareandDrivers

Step3

Step4

LabGoals:

LearnthebasicsofLabViewprogrammingandtodesignasimpleVI(VirtualInstrument).

o Computetheareaofatriangle,HowtouseMathScript LearntheLabViewEnvironmentandGraphicalProgramming

RequiredLabMaterial:

NImyDAQkit

DueattheendofLab:

AcopyofthesimpleVIyoudesigned

8

Step5 Step6

Step7

Step8

Step9

Step10

9

Step11

Step12

Step13 Step14

AfterinstallingtheSWanddrivers,gototheUTEngineeringwebpageandfromtheInformation

TechnologyGroup(ITG)therearedirectionsonhowtoobtainastudentlicensetoLabview2010andMultisim.http://www.engr.utexas.edu/itg/products/435labview

Youdonotneedtodownloadthesoftwarefromthewebsiteagain.Justobtainthelicenseandgo

toNILicenseManagerunderNationalInstrumentsinAllprograms.ClickactiveonthetoplefthandcornerandapplythelicenseinformationyouobtainedfromITG

UTSchoolofEngineeringWebpage NILicenseManager

10

BackgroundKnowledge:NImyDAQRefertohttp://decibel.ni.com/content/groups/mydaqtogainmoreideasonhowtoutilizetheNI

myDAQoutsideofthelab.Reference:

LabVIEWIntroduction3HourCourseware https://lumen.ni.com/nicif/us/academiclv3hr/content.xhtml http://www.ni.com/mydaq/ http://decibel.ni.com/content/groups/mydaq

Assignment:BuildVItoCalculateAreaofaTriangle

Ifyouareusingaschool/labcomputerskiptostep3.

1. Google"utexasLabVIEW"andinstallLabVIEWinyoursystem.OrusethislinktodownloadLabVIEWhttp://www.engr.utexas.edu/itg/products/435labview.

**Note:youneedtoinstallLabVIEWonawindowssystem,asNIMyDAQworksonlywithWindowssystem.

2. Inthesamepageyou'llfind"StudentLicenseInstructionsforWindows",usethattoget

LabVIEWlicenseonyoursystem.Ifyoudon'tdothisyourLabVIEWlicensewillexpirein30days.

3. Openthislink:www.ni.com/lv101.4. GotoLabVIEWBasicConcepts.5. Gothrough:1.LabVIEWEnvironment,2.GraphicalProgramming.Gothroughdetailed

explanationandModelQuizforbothsections.6. DevelopyourownVIfor"areaoftriangle"program.Thefrontpanelshouldlooklike

Figure1(YoucanadddecorationsandcolorsnotherthingstoyourVI).BesuretoputyournameandUTEID.

11

7. SavetheVI.Ex:your_name_lab1.vi.8. CallyourTAovertoverifythefunctionalityofyourVI.

Figure1:Areaoftriangle,Frontpanel

Figure2:Areaoftriangle,Blockdiagram

(Left:UsingArithmeticfunctions,Right:UsingMathScript)

TASignature:______________________________________________________________________________________

12

LabNote Date . . 2015

Important concepts / Key ideas

Procedure / DATA

Try and error / Thoughts

13

Lab2:IntroductiontoLabView2

Assignment:BuildaVItoconverttemperature

1. Gotohttp://www.ni.com/lv101andreadthesectionsonProgrammingTools,DebuggingandHandlingErrors,DataTypesandStructures,adExecutionStructures.

2. Dotheendofthemodulequizforeachoftheabovesections.3. DesignaVIthatutilizesanEnum,CaseStructure,andWhileLooptodothefollowing

conversions:

CelsiustoFahrenheit FahrenheittoCelsius CelsiustoKelvin Fahrenheittokelvin

**Note:Lookuptheappropriatetemperatureconversions(viaGoogle,Bing,etc.)**

4. SavetheVI.Ex:your_name_lab2.vi5. CallyourTAovertoverifythefunctionalityofyourVI

LabGoals:

LearnaboutLabViewProgrammingTools,DebuggingandHandlingErrors,DataTypesandStructures,andExecutionStructures.

DesignaTemperatureConvertorusingtheCaseStructure,Enum,andWhileLoopdatastructures.

DueattheendofLab:


14

Figure1:TemperatureConverter,Frontpanel

Figure2:TemperatureConverter,Blockdiagram

TASignature:___________________________________________________________________

15



Procedure / DATA


16

Lab3:DigitalMultimeterandVoltageGenerator

Assignment:BuildaDigitalMultimeter

Createavoltmeter

1. Onblockdiagram,UseQuickDrop(CtrlSpace)tofindMultimeterSelectNIELVISmxDigitalMultimeter.ItscalledanExpressVIbecauseithasitsownconfigurationscreenwhichcomesupautomatically.

2. ConfigureforDCVoltagemeasurement,Autoscale3. ExpandtheExpressVIdowntoseealltheinput/outputterminals

4. RightclickonDeviceNameinputandCreateControl(thisplacescontrolonfrontpanel)5. Onfrontpanel,useQuickDroptofindWaveformChartandNumericIndicator6. Onblockdiagram,wiretogetherasshown.

LabGoals:

LearnhowtouseyourmyDAQasaDigitalMultimeter(DMM) LearnhowtooutputasignaltoaspecifiedoutputportonthemyDAQ

andverifyitsfunctionality. DesignaDigitalMultimeterandVoltageGeneratortobeusedonlater

labs.RequiredLabMaterial:

NImyDAQkit

DueattheendofLab:


17

7. Onblockdiagram,useQuickDroptofindWhileLoop.Draglooparoundyourcode8. RightclickonConditionalterminalandCreateControl(thisplacesstopbuttononfront

panel)

Figure3.1:Multimeter,FrontPanel

Figure3.2:Multimeter,BlockDiagram

9. Testbymeasuringabattery,or5V/DGNDpinsonmyDAQusingDMMprobes.10. SaveyourVIasyour_name_myDMM.vi

AddCurrentandResistancemeasurementstoyourDMM11. Onblockdiagram,dragaCaseStructurearoundtheDAQAssistant.12. Onfrontpanel,useQuickDroptocreateanEnum(anenumeratedlist).Labelas

MeasurementType(Figure3.3,3.4)13. Onfrontpanel,rightclickonEnumandselectEditItems(Figure3.5)

18

14. AddVoltage,Current,andResistanceasthethreeitemsonthelist15. Onblockdiagram,wiretheEnumtotheCaseSelector(denotedby)16. .RightclickonborderofCaseandselectAddCaseforEveryValue(Thiswillcreateall

threecasesyouneed,neatlylabeledtomatchtheMeasurementTypelist.)

Figure3.3:FrontPanel

Figure3.4:BlockDiagram

19

Figure3.5:EnumPropertiesMenu

17. AddNIELVISmxDigitalMultimeter.vitotheCurrentcase(Figure3.6),andsetupthemeasurementasshown.TheNImyDAQhasaninternalshuntresistortomeasurecurrentthroughtheanalogtodigitalconverter.

Figure3.6:MultimeterVIPropertiesMenu

18. AddNIELVISmxDigitalMultimeter.vitotheResistancecase(Figure3.7),andsetupthe

measurementasshown.NotethatinordertomeasureResistanceusinganAnalogto

20

Digitalconverter,yousupplyanexcitationcurrent(Iex)throughaShuntResistor.myDAQhasanInternalcurrentsource,allowingthemeasurementofResistance.

Figure3.7:MultimeterVIPropertiesMenu

19. BesuretowiretheDataoutputofeachDAQAssistanttothewhitetunnelontheCaseStructure.WhenallCasesareproperlywired,thetunnelwillturnsolidandyourVIshouldrun.

20. NowyouarereadytotestyourDMMforallthreemeasurements:Voltage,Current,andResistance.

21. Congratulations!YouhavejustcreatedyourownDigitalMultimeterusingLabVIEWandmyDAQ!

22. RemembertoswitchtheDMMprobestothecorrectwhenyouwanttomeasurecurrent.23. TestResistancebytouchi8ngprobestogether.Resistanceshouldgotozero.Orgeta

resistorandtouchtheprobestoeithersideoftheresistor.24. SaveyourVI.

Assignment:Buildingavoltagegenerator

WecaneithercreateanewVItogeneratevoltagefrommyDAQ,oraddthisfunctiontoyourDMM.vi.ThestepsbelowshowhowtoaddtheVoltageGeneratortoyourDMM.vi

1. UseQuickDrop(CtrlSpace)tofindthenewfunctions:DAQAssistant,andSelect.2. SettheDAQAssistanttoGenerateSignalAnalogVoltageonAO0(analogoutputchannel

0).AlsosetTimingSettingsto1Sample(OnDemand).ThistellsmyDAQtogenerateanewoutputvoltageeachtimetheloopexecutes.

21

3. SelectOKtoacceptallDAQAssistantsettings

4. RightclickontheappropriateterminalsoftheSelectfunctionandCreateControlfortheDialandEnableOutput(Booleanswitch)

5. RightclickontheFalseinputofBooleanswitchtotheSelectandCreateConstanttoenter0(setstheVoltageGeneratoroutputtozero)

6. RightclickontheoutputoftheSelectfunctionandCreateIndicatorfortheMeter(DisplaysthevoltageoutputfrommyDAQ)

Figure3.8:BlockDiagramforVoltageGenerator

**TheSelectfunctionallowsyoutoshutofftheVoltagegeneratorwhiletheVIisstillrunning.

Figure3.9:FinalFrontPanel

22

Figure3.10:FinalBlockDiagram

7. TestyourVIbygeneratingavoltageonAO0(AnalogOutputchannel0),andtestingitwith

theDMM.8. CallyourTAovertocheckyouoffforcompletionofthelab.TASignature:__________________________________________________________________________________________

Acknowledgement:ASpecialthankstoEricDean(AcademicFieldEngineerofNI)fortheexampleDMMandvoltagegenerator.

23



Procedure / DATA


24

Lab4:MultisimSimulationofCircuits

BackgroundKnowledge:BriefintroductiontoMultiSimMultisim,aproductofNationalInstruments,(formoreinformation,visittheMultiSimWWWpageat

http://www.ni.com/academic/multisim.htm)isadraganddropschematiccaptureandsimulationprogramthatallowsyoutoquicklycreatecompletecircuitsandanalyzethem.WithMultisim,circuitscontainingindependentanddependentsources,resistors,andothercircuitelementscanbeinstantlysimulatedattheclickofasinglebutton.

ThesimulationengineofMultisimisBSPICE/XSPICEcompliantwhichisthedefactostandardincircuit

simulation.OtherimportantfeaturesofMultisiminclude:1. TheabilitytointeractwithcircuitsusingVirtualInstrumentsthatlookandfunctionliketheir

realworldcounterparts.Someoftheinstrumentsincludedare: AmmeterForfast,simplereadoutsofcurrent. FunctionGeneratorProducessquare,triangular,orsinusoidalvoltages. MultimeterMeasureACandDCcurrentandvoltage,resistanceanddecibelloss(auto

ranging). VoltmeterForfast,simpleindicationsofvoltage.

Duebeginningoflab: Completedprelabquestions.Onecopyistobeturnedinandonecopy

shouldbeplacedinyourlabmanual.LabGoals:

LearnhowtobuildresistivecircuitsinMultisim,acircuitsimulationprogram.

LearnhowtouseMultisimtoobtaincurrentsandvoltagesfromelementsincircuits

Observehowthevaluesobtainedwithsimulationdifferfromthosemeasuredfromrealcomponents.

GainanintuitiveunderstandingofhowthetoleranceofaresistoraffectsthecharacteristicsofaDCcircuit.

UnderstandhowtoobtainandgraphtheIVplotforacircuitelement.DueattheendofLab:


25

2. Multiplewaystoanalyzecircuitssothatyoucanexploreandunderstandthemindepth.Someof

theanalysismethodsinclude: DCSensitivityDisplayssensitivitytoaparticularparameterandpredictshowvariancesin

manufacturingcanaffectcircuitperformance. DCSweepComputestheDCoperatingpointofnodesinthecircuitforvariousvaluesof

voltageorcurrentsources. WorstCaseDeterminesthemostextremevaluestobeexpectedinyourcircuit,giventhe

specifiedtoleranceforeachcomponent.3. Multisimcontainsapartsdatabasethatincludes16,000differentcomponentsincludingallthe

standardcomponentsplusseveralcategoriesofuniquepartsthatenhanceeachdesign.ItisnotthegoalofthislabtointroduceyoutoallaspectsofMultisim.Insteadwewillfocusonsome

basicanalysistechniques.YouarefreetocontinuetoexplorethefeaturesofMultisimonyourownsinceitisavailableonallLearningResourceCentercomputers.WewillalsouseMultiSimintheprelabsfortheremainingcircuitslabs.

BackgroundKnowledge:BriefdiscussionofdiodesandZenerDiodesDuringthislab,youwilllearnhowasemiconductordevicecalledazenerdiodecanbeusedasa

reasonablealternativetoavoltagesource.Asabriefintroductiontothesedevices,letsstartbydiscussingasilicondiode.Adiodeisasemiconductordevicethatconductscurrentinonlyonedirection.ThesymbolforadiodeisshownatthetopofFigure1.Ifweplaceavoltageofslightlymorethan0.7Vacrossthediodewiththereferenceshowninthefigure,significantcurrentwillflow.Thisiscalledtheforwardbiasregionandcurrentflowsinthedirectionshown.Thetwoterminalsofthediodearecalledtheanodeandthecathode.Ifweapplyanegativevoltageacrossthediode,nocurrentflowsandweenterthereversebiasregion.ThediodecharacteristicofconductingcurrentinonlyonedirectionmakesitusefulinmanydevicesincludingconvertingACvoltagestoDC.

26

Figure1:DiodeSymbolandCharacteristic

Letsnowexaminewhathappensifwecontinuetoincreasethenegativevoltageacrossthediode.As

showninFigure2,thediodeeventuallyenterstheavalanchebreakdownorZenerRegion.Notethatthis

drawingisnottoscale.Thisregionischaracterizedbyanearconstantvoltageregardlessofthecurrentflow.Whilealldiodesexhibitthischaracteristic,somediodesarepreciselydesignedtoexploitthisbehavior.Thesedevicesarecalledzenerdiodesandaredesignedtodeliverawidearrayofprecisevoltagereferences,muchlikeavoltagesource.

Voltage V in Volts(Silicon Diode)

Forward BiasRegion

Reverse BiasRegion

Current+ -

Diode Symbol

Curre

nt in A

mpere

s

Anode Cathode

~0.7 V

27

Figure2:ZenerDiodeSymbolandCharacteristic

Voltage V in Volts(Silicon Diode)~0.7 V

Forward BiasRegion

Reverse BiasRegion

Current+ -

Zener Diode Symbol

Curre

nt in A

mpere

s

Anode Cathode

Zener BreakdownRegion

28

Assignment1:GettingorientedtoMultiSim

1. StartMultisimbygoingtoPrograms>Multisim.2. PressControlW.

ThiswillopenupthePartsmenu.Wewillneedthefollowingcomponentsforthislab:resistors,voltagesources,andameansofmeasuringcurrent(multimeterorammeter)andvoltage(voltmeter).Wecangettoeachoftheseasfollows:

Thevoltagesourceshouldbeonthecurrentscreen.ItiscalledDC_POWER. UnderGroups,selectBasic.Underthebasicgroupwearegoingtouseresistors.These

resistorscanbesettoanyvaluewewantwithanytolerancewewant.Theydonotdirectlyrelatetoresistorsthatyouwoulduseinahandsonlab.

UnderGroups,selectindicatorstogettothevoltmeterandammeter. InstrumentsareunderthemenuSimulate>Instruments.Wecanalsogettothesebyselectingtheappropriateimagesatthebottomofthemenubarortherightmostsideoftheworkspace.Youcanmovethecursorovertheseimagesandthetextexplainingwhichgrouptheybelongtowillbeshown.Fromthispointon,youarelefttoyourselftomakethecircuitsandtakethemeasurements.Someimagesareshownforthefirstcircuit.Keepthefollowingthingsinmindwhenbuildingcircuitsandtakingmeasurements: Whenanitemisselected,itcanberotatedwithControlR Whenthecursorisabovethewireofacomponent,itwillturnintoacircle.Leftclickingon

themousewillstartthewiringprocess.Movethecursortowhereyouwantthewiretogoandleftclickthemouseagaintoendthewiring.Tocompleteaspecificpathforthewire,youcanleftclickthewireateachpointwhereyouwantastraightpathtogo.

Fornodesthatcontainmorethantwocomponents,youneedtocreateajunctionbygoingtoPlace>Junction.

Allcircuitsneedagroundwiredtothembeforesimulationcanbegin. FunctionkeyF5beginsandendsasimulation

Theschematicforthefirstcircuitisshownbelow.Inthissimulation,wewillbemeasuringcurrenteitherusingammetersoramultimetersettothecurrentsetting.Youmaychooseeithermethodyouwish.

Figure3:ExampleCircuitforSimulation

29

3. PlacetheappropriatecomponentsfromFigure3,includingaground,ontotheworkspaceinMultisim.YoucanuseControlWtoopenthePartsWindoworgotoappropriateiconsaroundtheworkspace.Whenyouusevirtualresistors,allofthemwilldefaulttoavalueof1k.

4. Doubleclickonaresistor.Thisopensawindowwhichallowsyoutochangesomepropertiesoftheresistor.Weare

interestedinchangingthevalueofeachresistortotheonesshowninFigure3.ThisisdoneundertheValuetaboftheopenwindow.

5. Doubleclickoneachresistorandchangetheirvaluestotheonesneededforthecircuit

shown.6. Rotate(usingControlR)the10kresistorandoneofthe20kresistorssothattheyare

vertical.7. Doubleclickonthevoltagesourceandchangeitsvalueto3.2volts8. Figure4showswhatyourscreenmightlooklikeatthispoint.

Figure4:TypicaldisplayinMultiSimforExampleCircuitWenowneedtodecidewhetherwewanttouseammetersormultimeterstomeasurethe

current.Unlikethemeasurementsyoudidpreviously,youcanplacemultipleammetersormultimeterssothatallcurrentscanbemeasuredatonce.

9. Placetheappropriatenumberofammetersormultimetersontheworkspace.Again,

ammeterscanbefoundbyhittingControlWandthenselectingindicatorsundergroups.MultimeterscanbefoundundertheSimulatemenu(selecttheInstrumentssubmenu).

10. Wirethecircuitupsothattheammeters/multimetersareinserieswiththepathforwhichyouwanttomeasurethecurrent.Wheneachcomponentisconnectedtoawire,thewirewillturntoredandanumbermayappear.

11. Figure5andFigure6showwhatthecircuitmaylooklikeusingeitherammetersor

multimeters.

30

Figure5:SimulationofExampleCircuitusingammeters

Figure6:SimulationofExampleCircuitusingmultimeters

Ifyouchosetousemultimeters,youneedtodothefollowingstepstosetituptomeasurecurrent.Ifyouchosetouseammeters,gotoStep15.

31

12. Doubleclickoneachmultimeter.Thiswillopenupanewwindow.13. SelectAtosetthistomeasurecurrent.Leavethesewindowsopensothatyoucanobserve

thecurrentvalue.Onceweareatthispoint,wearereadytosimulatethecircuittoobtaintheappropriatecurrentmeasurements.

14. SelectUseTolerancesfromtheSimulateMenu.15. Thisopensupawindowwherewecancontrolthevariationincertainparameters.Sincewe

haveabatteryandresistorsinourcircuit,wecanchangethetolerancesoftheseelements16. Setthetoleranceforbatteriesto0%andtheoneforallresistorsto0%.

Togettheresultsofthesimulation,dothefollowingsteps.

17. PressFunctionKeyF5tostartthesimulation18. PressFunctionKeyF5tostopthesimulationafterthevaluesfortheammetersor

multimeterschange.Notethevaluesthateachammeter/multimeterhasisretainedafterthesimulationiscompleted.

19. WritedownthecurrentvaluesobtainedforeachresistorintheappropriatecolumnofTable1andinyourlabnotesection.

20. Changeoneofthe20kresistorstoa40kresistor.Youcandothisbydoubleclickingontheresistorandchangethevalueunderthevaluetab.

21. Runthesimulationagain(FunctionKeyF5)andwritedownthesimulationvaluesintheappropriatecolumnsofTable1andinyourlabnotesection.

22. ShowyourTAtheresultsofyoursimulationandgethisorhersignaturebeforecontinuing.Assignment2:Simulatingthesecondcircuit

Wewillnowcreateadifferentcircuitwhichisshownbelow.

Figure7:SecondCircuittoSimulate

23. BuildandwirethecircuitshowninFigure7usingvirtualresistors.24. Useeitherammetersorvoltmeterstomeasurethefollowingquantitiesinthecircuit:

currentflowingthroughthetop10kresistor,thevoltageacrossthe1kresistor,andthecurrentflowingthroughthe5kresistor.Forclarity,assumethatthepositivereferencesforvoltagesareontheleftandpositivecurrentsflowlefttorightthroughtheresistors

25. Changetheresistorstolerancesto0%bydoubleclickingonthecomponentandfindingthetoleranceoptionunderthevaluetab.

32

26. RunthesimulationfivetimesandwritedownvaluesforeachquantityintheappropriateplaceofTables2a,2b,or2c.

27. RepeatStep2526withresistorstolerancesof1%and5%.28. ShowyourTAtheresultsofyoursimulationandgethisorhersignaturebeforecontinuing.

Note:Changethetolerancesofalltheresistorsinthecircuitforobservableeffects.

Assignment3:SimulatingtheThirdcircuitThelastcircuityouwillsimulateisshownbelowinFigure8.Asdiscussedintheintroduction,wewillbrieflyintroduceazenerdiodewhichcanactsimilartoavoltagesourceundertherightconditions.Thezenerdiodeisanonlineardevicewhichmeansitscurrentvoltagecharacteristiccurvecannotbemodeledasastraightlineasdemonstratedin.TheZenerdiodewhichwewilluseinthissimulationproducesapproximately4.3Vundertherightconditions.

Figure8:ThirdSimulationCircuit

Figure9:ThirdCircuitUsingaZenerDiode

29. BuildandwirethecircuitshowninFigure9.Includeavoltmetertomeasurethevoltage

acrossthe4.3Vsourcewiththereferenceshownandanammetertomeasurethecurrent

510

1 k

2 k 20016V

4.3V

Current - Voltage +

510

1 k

2 k 200Vsupply

1N749ACurrent

- Voltage +

33

flowingrighttoleftthroughthe4.3Vsource.(Note:foreasywiring,youcanrightclickonthemetersinyourcircuit,andflipthemhorizontally.)

30. Changetheresistortoleranceto0%.31. Runthesimulation.EnterthevoltageandcurrentintotheappropriateplaceofTable3of

theLabReport.32. Replacethe4.3Vsourcewiththezenerdiode(modelnumber1N749A)asshowninFigure

8.RepeatStep31withsupplyvoltages(Vsupply)ofbetween20Vinstepsof4V(i.e.,20V,16V,12V,etc.)andplaceyourresultsinTable4inthelabreportandinyourlabnotesection.

33. PlottheIVcharacteristicsofthediodeusingthedatafromTable4oftheLabReport.Youshouldeitherdoa**CLEAR**plotbyhandoruseaprogramlikeEXCELandpastetheresultsinthespaceprovided.

34. TurninyourcompletedlabreporttoyourTA.FAQsQ: WhenIsimulatemyvalues,whyareallthevaluesthesameallthetimeevenwhenIhave

tolerances?A: YoumusthaveUseTolerancesoptioncheckedundertheSimulatemenu.Q: Whyaresomeofmyvaluesreading0?A: Checkyourconnectionsonyourcircuit.Chancesaresomething'snotconnected.Move

aroundsomeofyourcomponentstomakesurethecorrectpartsareconnected.Q: WhyamInotgettingmycalculatedvalues?A: Chancesareyouprobablywiredacomponentormultimeterwrong.Inaddition,check

you'remeasuringtheappropriatevalue.Ifyou'remeasuringcurrentthroughsomething,makesureyourmeterisconnectedinserieswithit.Ifyou'remeasuringvoltage,besureyourmeterisconnectedparallelwiththevoltageyou'remeasuring.

Q: Whycan'tIfindtoleranceinmyresistors?A: DonotuseRESISTOR_RATED.GotoBASIC=>RESISTOR,andpickouttheappropriate

valuefromthere.Q: WhichvoltagesourceshouldIuse?Whereisground?A: UseDC_POWERunderSOURCES(ithastwoparallellines).Forground,it'sunder

SOURCESaswell.

34



Procedure / DATA


35

Description of Diode Operation

Name: EID:

By placing by name and EID above, I am certifying that I determined the answer to the questions posed below and did not copy my answers from a fellow student.

*** Due at the beginning of your lab session ***

Youwillneed2completedcopiesofthisprelab.OneistobeturnedintoyourTAatthe

beginningofthelabsession.Theotheroneistobedoneinyourlabmanual.

1. Find a description on the operation of a diode on the internet (Places to check: How Stuff Works, Encyclopedia.com, etc. ). You need to refer to at least 3 different sources. Provide a summary of the information that you find. At the end of your description, provide the URLs for the sources that you read to write your description

Description of Zener Diode Operation

URLs Referenced http:// http:// http:// http:// http://

Pre-lab: Multisim Simulation of Circuits 1

36

Multisim Simulation of Circuit Lab Report

Submitted by (Print name)

Lab Report : Multisim Simulation of Circuits 1

37

Table 1: Simulated current values in the circuit in Figure 3 of the Lab. Assume that positive currents flow left or right or up to down as appropriate. Make sure you use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.

Simulated Value

(Step 19) Simulated Value

(Step 21) Current through 8.2 k resistor Current through 10 k resistor Current through 20 k resistor

TA Signature (Step 22):

Table 2a: Simulated values for the current flowing through the top 10 k resistor in Figure 7 of the Lab.

Make sure you use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.

0% tolerance 1% tolerance 5% tolerance

Run #1 Run #2 Run #3 Run #4 Run #5

Table 2b: Simulated values for the voltage across the 1 k resistor circuit in Figure 7 of the Lab. Make sure you use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.

0% tolerance 1% tolerance 5% tolerance Run #1 Run #2 Run #3 Run #4 Run #5


38

Table 2c: Simulated values for the current flowing through the 5 k resistor in Figure 7 of the Lab. Make sure you use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.

0% tolerance 1% tolerance 5% tolerance

Run #1 Run #2 Run #3 Run #4 Run #5


Table 3: Simulated values for Figure 8 of the lab

4.3 V Source Voltage 4.3 V Source Current

Table 4: Voltage and Current Values for the Diode in Figure 9 of the lab.

Supply VoltageValue (V)

Diode Voltage (V)

Diode Current (mA)


39

Plot the I-V characteristics of the diode using the data from Table 4. You should either do a **CLEAR** plot by hand or use a program like EXCEL and paste the results in the space provided below.

Can you use a Zener Diode to replace a voltage source in a circuit? If so, how well does it

match the operation of an ideal voltage source?

Lab Report: Multisim Simulation of Circuits 4

40

Lab5:AudioEqualizer

BackgroundKnowledge:BasicconceptsoffilterandequalizerLowpassFilter:Alowpassfilterisafilterthatpasseslowfrequencysignalsbutattenuates

(reducestheamplitudeof)signalswithfrequencieshigherthanthecutofffrequency.Theactualamountofattenuationforeachfrequencyvariesfromfiltertofilter.

HighpassFilter:AHighpassfilterisafilterthatpasseshighfrequencieswellbutattenuates

(reducestheamplitudeof)signalwithfrequencieslowerthanthefilter'scutofffrequency.Theactualamountofattenuationforeachfrequencyisadesignparameterofthefilter.

BandpassFilter:Abandpassfilterisafilterthatpassesfrequencieswithinacertainrangeand

rejects(attenuates)frequenciesoutsidethatrange.AudioFrequency:Anaudiofrequency(abbreviation:AF),oraudiblefrequencyischaracterizedas

aperiodicvibrationwhosefrequencyisaudibletotheaveragehuman.Whiletherangeoffrequenciesthatanyindividualcanhearislargelyrelatedtoenvironmentalfactors,thegenerallyacceptedstandardrangeofaudiblefrequenciesis20to20,000hertz.Frequenciesbelow20Hzcanusuallybefeltratherthanheard,assumingtheamplitudeofthevibrationishighenough.Frequenciesabove20,000Hzcansometimesbesensedbyyoungpeople,buthighfrequenciesarethefirsttobeaffectedbyhearinglossduetoageand/orprolongedexposuretoveryloudnoises

Assignment1:DesigntheaudioequalizerDesignanaudioequalizerasshownbelowtoadjusttheoutputaudiosignaltothespeaker.Usethefilterexpressviundersignalanalysisfromthefunctionspalette.AlsousetheSpectral

Measurementexpressvitodisplayyoursignal.

LabGoals:

LearnhowtouseLabviewtoprogramanaudioequalizer Understandhowfiltersareusedinsignalprocessing.

RequiredLabMaterial:

NImyDAQkit ASoundSource(Please,bringyouranysoundsourcesuchasiPod)

DueattheendofLab:

Demonstrationofaworkingaudioequalizer

41

Figure1showsthetemplatefortheFrontPanelofyourAudioEqualizer.ThisVIwillbeprovidedbyTA.AlthoughthegiventemplateprovidesgeneralconceptstoimplementanAudioEqualizer,youneedtofollowtheinstructions,modify,andfinishbuildingthecorrespondingblockdiagraminFigure2.

Figure1:AudioEqualizerVItemplate,FrontPanel

Figure2:AudioEqualizerVItemplate,BlockDiagram

42

Refertothefrequencyrangegivenbelow.

TASignature:___________________________________________________________________________

Acknowledgement:ThankstoEricDean(AcademicFieldEngineerofNI)fortheexampleaudioequalizervi.

43



Procedure / DATA


44

Lab6:BreadboardandMeasurements

BackgroundKnowledge:PrototypingwithabreadboardAbreadboard(orprototypingboard)isusedtoquicklyconstructcircuitsfortestingandevaluation.You

willbeusingdifferenttypesofprotoboardsduringyourvariouslabsatUT.Thissectionprovidessomegeneralcommentsandsuggestionsforthesebreadboards.

Thebreadboardhasmanystripsofmetal(copperusually)whichrununderneaththeboard.Themetal

stripsareconnectedasoutlinedinorangebelow.Thesestripsconnecttheholesontheboard.Thismakesiteasytoconnectcomponentstogetherandbuildcircuits.Tousethebreadboard,thelegsofcomponentsareplacedintheholes(thesockets).Eachholeisconnectedtooneofthemetalstripsrunningunderneaththeboard.Anodeisapointinacircuitwheretwocomponentsareconnected.Connectionsbetween

Duebeginningoflab:

Completedprelabquestions.Onecopyistobeturnedinandonecopyshouldbeplacedinyourengineeringnotebook.

BlankcopyoftheLabReport.Onecopyofthelabreportwillbeturnedin.

Youcaneitherplaceanothercopyofthelabreportintoyournotebook,orcopydownthedatacollected.

LabGoals:

Learnhowtobuildacircuitonabreadboardfromacircuitschematic. Learnhowtomeasurevoltageandcurrentaccuratelyfromacircuit

onaprotoboard. Observehowthevaluesobtainedfromrealcomponentsdifferfrom

thosecalculatedfromidealcomponents. Gainanintuitiveunderstandingonhowchangesinresistanceaffect

characteristicsofaDCcircuit.

Equipmentneeded: Tworesistors,with5%precision,witheachofthefollowingvalues:

2k,3k,5.1k,10k,and20k. One(1)breadboard Yourlabnotebook MyDAQwithconnectionprobes(BlackandRed) AcopyoftheResistorOrganizationSheet(Searchtheinternet)

Dueattheendoflab:

TurninyourcompletedlabreporttoyourTA.

45

differentcomponentsareformedbyputtingtheirlegsinacommonnode.Onthebreadboard,anodeistherowofholesthatareconnectedbythestripofmetalunderneath.Thelongread&bluerowofholesareusuallyusedforpowersupplyconnections.

Figure1:TypicalBreadboard

Herearetwoexamplecircuitsconnectingresistorsinseriesandparallel.

Figure2:ResistorsinParallel

46

Figure3:ResistorsinSeries

TheConceptWhenbuildinga"permanentcircuit"thecomponentsaretogether(asinanintegratedcircuit),solderedtogether(asonaprintedcircuitboard),orheldtogetherbyscrewsandclamps(asinhousewiring).Inlab,wewantsomethingthatiseasytoassembleandeasytochange.Wealsowantsomethingthatcanbeusedwiththesamecomponentsthat"real"circuitsuse.Mostofthesecomponentshavepiecesofwireormetaltabsstickingoutofthemtoformtheirterminals.HowitWorksTheheartofthesolderlessbreadboardisasmallmetalclipthatlookslikethis:

Figure4:MetalClip

Theclipismadeofnickelsilveramaterialwhichisreasonablyconductive,reasonablyspringy,and

reasonablycorrosionresistant.Becauseeachofthepairsoffingersisindependent,wecaninserttheendofawirebetweenanypairwithoutreducingthetensioninanyoftheotherfingers.Henceeachpaircanholdawirewithmaximumtension.Tomakeabreadboard,anarrayoftheseclipsisembeddedinaplasticblockwhichholdstheminplaceandinsulatesthemfromeachother,likethis:

47

Figure5:BreadboardHoleswithclips

Theholeintheblockaboveeachpairoffingersholdsthewireaccuratelycenteredintheclip.

Dependingonthesizeandarrangementoftheclips,wegeteitherasocketstriporabusstrip.Thesocketstripisusedforconnectingcomponentstogether.Ithastworowsofshort(5contact)clipsarrangedoneaboveanother(Figure6).

Figure6:BusStrip

Thebusstripisusedtodistributepowerandgroundvoltagesthroughthecircuit.Ithasfourlong(25

contact)clipsarrangedlengthwise(Figure7).

Figure7:BusStrip

Notethatthemanufacturerelectednottojointheadjacent25contactstripsintoasingle,fulllength,

50contactstrips.Ifthisiswhatyouwant,youwillhavetobridgethecentralgapyourself.Whenwecombinetwosocketstrips,threebusstrips,andthreebindingpostsonaplasticbase,weget

thebreadboard:

48

Figure8:Breadboard

Thebreadboardletsusconnectcomponentstogetherandbywiringthebusstripstothebindingposts

andthebindingpoststothepowersupply,toconnectthepowersupplytothecircuit.Nowwhatweneedisawaytobringconnectionsfromtherestoftheinstrumentsintothebreadboard.

ABCDEFGHIJ

ABCDEFGHIJ

ABCDEFGHIJ

ABCDEFGHIJ

ABCDEFGHIJ

ABCDEFGHIJ

49

Assignment1:BuildthecircuitOneofthegoalsofthislabistogiveyouexperiencebuildingacircuitonaprotoboard.Youstudied

someaspectsofthisprocessaspartoftheprelabassignment.Ifyoustillhavequestionsaboutthis,reviewtheinformationinyourlabmanualordiscusstheprocesswithyourpartners.TheschematicforthefirstcircuitisshownbelowinFigure4.

Figure9:BreadboardandMeasurementsFirstCircuit

4. Buildthiscircuitonthebreadboard.GetTAsignature.5. AportforthepowersupplywillbetheAnalogOutputportofyourNImyDAQ.Theconnectionswill

beAGNDandAO0.6. ConnectawirefromtheAGNDtothepointDinFigure9.Youmayneedtousemultiplewiresto

makethisconnection.Forclarity,youshouldusewiresofthesamecolor.7. Connectanotherwire(ofadifferentcolor)fromtheAO0topointAofFigure9.Youmayneedto

usemultiplewirestomakethisconnection.Forclarity,youshouldusewiresofthesamecolor.8. GetyourTAtoverifythatyourcircuitiscorrect.Ifitis,yourTAwillsigntheappropriateplaceinthe

labreport.9. WewillnowmeasurevoltagesbetweenpointsA,B,C,andD.Thesevoltagescanbeusedto

calculatethecurrentthroughtheresistors.Youcalculatedtheexpectedvaluesforthesevoltagesaspartofyourprelabassignment.Wewillcomparethoseresultstothoseyouwillmeasure.

10. DrawthecircuitshowninFigure9aboveintheboxprovidedintheLabReport.Includewhereyou

willplacevoltmeters(denotedbyaVinsideacircle;includethepositiveandnegativeterminals)tomeasureVAB,VBC,andVCD.Youwillhavemorethanonevoltmeterinyourcircuit.

11. EnterthevaluesyoucalculatedfromtheprelabintotheappropriatelocationinTable1oftheLabReport.

12. Runyourvifromlab3togenerateaDCvoltagetoyourcircuit.

50

13. SettheDCvoltagevalueto5volts.Youcaneitherusetheknobonthefrontpanelofyourviortypethevalue5V.

14. MeasureVAB,VBC,andVCDusingyourmyDAQandtheDigitalMultimeter(DMM).(MakesureyourprobesareconnectedtotheVoltageslotandnotthecurrentslot).EnterthevoltagemeasuredintoyournotebookandintheappropriateplaceofTable1oftheLabReport.Makesureyouuseanappropriatenumberofsignificantfiguresandtheunits.ConfirmthatKVLissatisfiedbysummingyourmeasuredvaluesinthetabletofindVAD.

15. Disassemblethecircuityouhavebuilt.Assignment2:MeasurementsonthesecondcircuitWewillnowcreateadifferentcircuitwhichisshowninFigure5.

Figure10:SecondCircuitforCircuitsILab

1. Buildthiscircuitonthebreadboard.2. ConnecttheAGNDandAO0wirestotheappropriateplacesinthecircuit.3. GetyourTAtoverifythatyourcircuitiscorrect.Ifitis,yourTAwillsigntheappropriateplacein

thelabreport.4. Thistime,wewillmeasurethecurrentsI1,I2,I3,andI4flowingthroughitsresistorbymeasuring

thevoltageacrossitandthencalculatingthecurrentfromthismeasurement.5. DrawthecircuitshowninFigure10aboveintheboxprovidedintheLabReport.Includewhere

youwillplaceammeters(denotedbyanAinsideacircle;includethepositiveandnegativeterminals)tomeasureI1,I2,I3,andI4.Youwillhavemorethanoneammeterinyourcircuit.

6. EnterthevaluesyoucalculatedfromtheprelabintotheappropriatelocationinTable2oftheLabReport.

7. SettheDCvoltagevalueto5volts.Youcaneitherusetheknobonyourviortypethevalue5Vintothespaceprovided.

8. Measurethecurrentvalueflowingthrougheachresistor.UsethecurrentsettingonmyDAQtodothis.EnterthecurrentmeasuredintobothyournotebookandintheappropriateplaceofTable2oftheLabReport.Assumethatpositivecurrentsflowfromlefttorightoruptodownasappropriate.Makesureyouuseanappropriatenumberofsignificantfiguresandtheunits.RememberthatKCLmustbesatisfied.

5V

5k

10k20k20k

AI1

I4I3I2

51

**Ifyouarehavingtroublegettinganonzerocurrentmeasurement,gotothepropertiesmenuforyourmultimeterandselectSpecifyRangeto20mAinsteadofAuto**

9. Disassemblethecircuityouhavebuilt.10. TurninyourcompletedlabreporttoyourTA.

FAQs Q: Whywontmycircuitwork?A: Checkyourconnections.Onlythe5holesinarowareconnected;thecolumnsarenot

connected,androwsacrossthemiddlecrevassearenotconnected!Q: WhyamInotmeasuringcurrentcorrectly?A: IntheblockdiagramVI,edittherangeoptionforcurrentto20mA.

Q: HowdoImeasurecurrentanyway?

A: Breaktheconnection,andconnectyourmyDAQprobesinseriestocompletetheconnection,asyouwouldwitharesistor.Also,besuretochangeyourmyDAQredprobeintothecorrectplug.

Q: WhydomyvaluesfluctuatesomuchandwhyamInotgettinganygoodreading?A: Youneedtomakeagoodcontactwithyourprobestothemetalleadsoftheresistorsin

ordertominimizecontactresistanceandgiveagoodreading.Youmayneedtopressthemeterleadstotheresistorterminalsordosomeotherinterventiontomakeitwork.

52



Procedure / DATA


53

1

2

Name: EID:

By placing by name and EID above, I am certifying that I determined the answer to the questions posed below and did not copy my answers from a fellow student.


Youwillneed2completedcopiesofthisprelab.OneistobeturnedintoyourTAatthebeginningofthelabsession.Theotheroneistobedoneinyourlabmanual.Required Readings:

APPENDIX A: MULTIMETER BASICS of the lab manual APPENDIX B: KEEPING AN ENGINEERING NOTEBOOK of the lab manual

1. Determine what the appropriate color bands are for the resistors to be used in this lab. Place your

answers in the table below.

Resistor First Color Second Color Multiplier Color 1 k

2 k 3 k 5 k

10 k 20 k

2. Draw the appropriate schematic diagram in the box provided for each of the following protoboard

circuits.

+10 volts 1

2

Ground

(a)

Pre-lab: Breadboard and Measurement 1

54

CB

E D A

R

C Ground B

E D A

+5 volts

(b)

3. Indicate where you'd place a ammeter to measure the current through the voltage source and where you'd place a voltmeter to measure the voltage of resistor R2 in the diagram below. Place you re- drawn circuit in the box provided.

R R2 5V R1


55

4. Use the three circuits below to calculate the quantities requested. Assume that positive current flows either left to right or up to down as appropriate. Make sure you include units and an appropriate number of significant figures.

Paramet Val

Voltage between points A(+) & B(-) VAB

Voltage between points B(+) & C(-) VBC

Voltage between points C(+) & D(-) VCD

(a)

Re-do part (a) assuming that the 5 k resistor is 5.1 k.

Paramet Val

Voltage between points A(+) & B(-) VAB

Voltage between points B(+) & C(-) VBC

Voltage between points C(+) & D(-) VCD

(b)


56

Parameter Value

I1

I2

I3

I4

(c) Re-do part (c) assuming that the 5 k resistor is 5.1 k.

Parameter Value I1

I2

I3

I4

(d)


57

Circuits II - Breadboarding and Measurements Lab Report

Submitted by (Print names)

Lab Report: Breadboard and Measurement 1

58

Assignment1:Buildthecircuit

TA Signature (Step 4): Place the drawing asked for in Step 5 in the box below. Also, put your Voltmeters with

appropriate polarity for the measurement.

Table 1: Measured and Calculated voltage values in the circuit in Figure 9 of the Lab. Make sure you use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.

Calculated Voltage Measured Voltage VAB

VBC

VCD

VAD=VAB+ VBC+ VCD



59

Assignment2:Buildthecircuit

TA Signature (Step 3): Place the drawing asked for in Step 2 in the box below. Also, put your Ammeters with appropriate

polarity for the measurement.

Table 2: Measured and Calculated current values in the circuit in Figure 10 of the Lab. Make sure you use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.

Calculated Current Measured Current

I1

I2

I3

I4


60

Lab7:SolderingandKitAssembly

Assignment1:PracticesolderingUsingtheinstructionsstartingonpage4ofthekitinstructions,practicesolderingusingthepractice

padsontheedgeofthecircuitboardasshowninFigure2intheinstructions.Beforeproceeding,haveyourTAinspectyoursolderingtechnique.

Assignement2:SoldercomponentstotheboardUsingtheinstructionsstartingonpage6ofyourkitdocumentation,solderthecomponentstothe

board.Payspecialattentiontotheorientationofthefollowingcomponents,astheymustbeinstalledinthecorrectorientation:

C6100Felectrolyticcapacitor IC1555or1455timerintegratedcircuit C1,C2,C310Felectrolyticcapacitor Q1,Q22N3904transistors LEDs

DemonstrateyourworkingboardtoyourTA.Ifyouhaveproblems,askhimorherforassistancein

diagnosingthecause.

Duebeginningoflab: Beforecomingtolab,reviewtheseonlineresourcesforlearningtosolderor

findyourownusingawebsearch: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldering http://www.instructables.com/id/E30LR180T4EWP872BS/?ALLSTEPS

(Thissitecontainsvideoswhichyoumayfindhelpful.)LabGoals:Bytheendofthislab,studentswill: Learnhowtosolderelectroniccomponentstoaprintedcircuitboard. LearnhowtousetoolstobuildthesirenandflashingLEDcircuit.RequiredLabMaterial: Akittoassemblealongwiththefollowingtoolsandinstrument: Solderingiron,stand,solder,andsolderwick Screwdrivers,wirecutters,andpliersAtthecompletionofthislabpleasereturntheequipmentDueattheendoflab: Demonstrationofyourassembledandworkingkit.

61

FAQs

Q: Whichpartshavepolarity?A: Theelectrolyticcapacitorshaveanegativeendmarkedbyawhitestripe.TheLED'shaveaflat

endthatisthenegativeend;youmayhavetoholduptothelighttosee.Also,thenegativeterminalsofboththesedeviceshaveshorterleads.Ceramiccapacitors(orange),resistors,andspeakershavenopolarity.

Q: HowdoIremovesolder?Isolderedapartonincorrectly!A: Usethecoppersolderingwickbysandwichingitbetweenthesolderingironandthesolder

lump.Useplierstoremovetheaffectedpartonceyouremoveenoughsolder(youwillknow).Q: Mysolderingironwon'theatthesoldertomeltit!WhatshouldIdo?A: Chancesareyourtipisbadlyoxidized,soeithercleanthetiporgetanewiron.

62



Procedure / DATA


63

Lab8:SolarPowerDataLogging

BackgroundKnowledge:SolarPanelsIncidentsunlightcanbeconvertedintoelectricitybyphotovoltaicconversionusingasolarpanel,which

consistsofindividualcellsthatarelargeareasemiconductordiodes.Lightisabsorbedinthesilicon,generatingbothexcessholesandelectrons.TheseexcesschargescanflowthroughanexternalcircuittoproducepowerandtheequivalentcircuitofasinglecellamountstoacurrentsourceasshowninFigure5.

Inelectricalengineering,itisoftenofinterestwhencharacterizingadevicetolookatitscurrentand

voltagerelationship,knownastheIVcharacteristicsofthedevicebecauseofthecurrentversusvoltagegraphsthatarecommonlyusedtorepresentthisrelationship.Similarly,anotherrelationshipthatisofinterestforadeviceisthepowervoltageorPVcharacteristics.

TheIVcharacteristicsofasolarpanelarenonlinearandfollowthegeneralshapeandequationshown

inFigure6.Thecurrentismaximumfortheshortcircuitcondition(i.e.,V=0),andthevoltageismaximumfortheopencircuitcondition(i.e.,I=0).Maximumpower,Pmax,correspondstoVmandIm.

SolarPowerandTypicalPanelFacts:

Cleardayincidentsolarenergy(i.e.solarinsolation):1kW/m2

Dueatthebeginningoflab: Readthebackgroundinformationtothislab.LabGoals: DeterminetheIVandPVcharacteristicsofasolarpanel Learnaboutarenewableenergysourceapplication Determinethemaximumpowerdeliveredbyasolarpanel LearntouseMicrosoftEXCELtodisplaydatagraphically.RequiredLabMaterial: SolarPanel myDAQ ComputerwithMicrosoftExcel

64

Solarpanelpoweroutputfacingabrightsun:140W/m2 For24/7poweravailability,deepdischargebatteriesstoreenergyfornighttimeorovercast

daytimeuse.Solarpanelefficiency:14% Efficiencydecreaseswithhightemperatures. AneverydayapplicationofsolarpowerissomeoftheLEDflashingsignsfromtheTxDOTin

schoolzones,forinstance. Vocpercell(refertofigure6):0.50.6V A12Vbatterychargingpanelhas(refertofigure6):36cells,atotalVoc19V,aVm14V Eachseriescellinasolarpanelmaycontainmultipleindividualcellsinparalleltoincreasethe

totalsurfaceareaandpowergeneratingcapability. Solarpowercost:$45/Wperpanel+$45/Wforbatteriesandelectronics Vm,Im,andtheThveninequivalentresistancevarywithlightlevel,makingoperationat

maximumpowerdifficult. DCDCconvertersoftenusedtomatchtheloadresistancetotheThveninequivalent

resistanceformaximumpoweroutputandchargestoragebatteriesinawaythatmaximizesbatterylife.

Ideally,asolarpanelshouldbeperpendiculartheincidentraysofthesunandtrackitlikeasunflowertomaximizeenergycapture.SunpositionsforAustinareshowninFigure7.

Typically,panelsarefixedinpositionfacingtruesouthduetohighwindsurvivabilityandadjustedonlyseasonallyforaltitude(winterangle=latitude+20,summerangle=latitude10).ForAustinssuggestedseasonalpanelangles,seeFigure8.

YourSolarPanelSystem:

LookslikeFigure1. TranslatestoanequivalentcircuitasinFigure2 ShouldhavecharacteristicsonovercastandsunnydaysasinFigure3 ShouldhaveaVoc=19V(opencircuitvoltage),Isc=0.1A(shortcircuitcurrent),andPmax=1.2W

(maximumpower) Usesacurrentsampling/sensingresistorof10 Hasapotentiometer(orvariableresistor)asaloadwitharangefrom01k Canbeusedfortricklechargingautomobileandboatbatteriestoreplenishleakagelossesand

powerdrawnbydashboardelectronics,theftdetectors,etc. Isidenticaltocommercialgrade(40100W)panelsusedforpoweringremotecommunication

sites,schoolzoneflashers,andotherloadswhereconventionalpowerisnotreadilyavailableorisexpensive,exceptforthecurrentscalefactor.

66

Assignment1:ExperimentalProcedures1. Ifpossible,performtheexperimentsoutsideinfullsunlight.Analternativetothesunistousethe

lampsprovidedinENS212(thepowerlab).2. Ifyouareperformingtheexperimentinsunlight,orientthepanelsothatitisperpendiculartothe

sun.Shadowsprojectedbythesidesofthepanelwillhelpyoualignit.Holdingapencilalongsideandperpendiculartothepanelisalsohelpful.Theshadowofthepencilwillbeaminimumwhenthepencilpointsdirectlytowardsthesun.

3. Ifyouareusingalamp,visuallyorientthepanelsothatitisperpendiculartothelamprays.Keepthepanelatleast12inchesfromthelightbulbtoavoidoverheatingthepanel.Ifyouareusingafocusedbeam,donotconcentratethelightonasmallpartofthepanel,butinstead,spreadthebeamovertheentirepanelface.

4. Oncetheexperimentsbegin,donotmovethepanel.5. Addavoltagedividercircuitacrossthepanelvoltage,whichconsistsoftwohighvalueresisters

connectedinseries.TheTAwillprovidethis.6. RunwiresfromAI0tooneofthevoltagedividerresisterandalsorunwiresfromAI1tothesensing

resister(10)7. YouwillusetheVIyoucreatedforprelabtoacquiredata.8. EnsurethatthefileyouarewritingtoisanExcelfile.Todothis,doubleclickthewritetofilenode

intheblockdiagramandadialogboxwillpopup.SelectMicrosoftExcelundertheFileformatcategoryandcreateafileinaconvenientfolderlocationundertheFilenamecategory.

9. Turnthepotentiometercounterclockwiseuntilitcannotbeturned.10. StarttheVIandslowlyturnthepotentiometerinaclockwisedirectionuntilyoureachtheend.11. StoptheVI.12. YouwillusetheloggeddatatocreateanIVcharacteristicplotandPVcharacteristicplotofthe

SolarpanelonMSExcel.13. BasedonthedataacquiredyouwillalsousetheequationinFigure3togenerateatheoreticalIV

andPVplot.14. Haveboththemeasuredplotandthetheoreticalplotonthesamegraphforcomparison.15. CompletetheSolarPowerLabReportusingthehardcopyyoubroughttolabandturnacopyinto

yourTAattheendoflab.

Acknowledgments: ThesolarpanelsandassociatedhardwareusedinthislabweredonatedbyTXUElectric. TheintroductorymaterialwastakenfromDr.EwaldFuchslecturenotesforECEN3170,

EnergyConversionI,UniversityofColoradoatBoulder.ForMoreInformation:ThreeexcellentwebsitesforinformationonsolarpowerareJadeMountain,www.jademountain.com,theTexasSolarEnergySociety,www.txses.org,andSouthwestPVSystems,www.southwestpv.com.

ThislabwascreatedbyDr.Gradyon11/16/01andmodifiedbySeunghyunChunon12/18/2010.FAQs

Q: WhatamIsupposedtomeasure?A: Removethecurrentsensingresistorandmeasurethevoltageacrosstheterminalswherethe

resistorusedtobe.Thisisyouropencircuitvoltage.Replacetheresistor.Whilesweepingthevariableloadresistor,measurethevoltageacrosstheloadresistor,VL,thenmeasurethevoltageacrossthecurrentsensingresistorVR.DivideVRby10(thevalueofthecurrentsensingresistor,andthisvaluewillbeyourmeasuredcurrentIR.Takeseveraldatapointsof(VR,IR).

67



Procedure / DATA


68

Solar Power Data Logging Lab Report


Lab Report: Solar Power and Data Logging 1

69

Please, state the Weather Condition (Cloudy, Sunny, or Using a light source in the lab) Solar Power: I-V plot (Both Theoretical and Measured values in the same plot)

Solar Power: P-V plot (Both Theoretical and Measured values in the same plot)

Explain why there is a difference between the theoretical values and measured values. Lab Report: Solar Power and Data Logging 2

70

Lab9:IntroductionofFinalProject(RobotCar)Trainingmodule1(Rock,Paper,Scissors),Subsystem(LineFollower)

IntroductionThefinalprojectwillbedoneingroupsof34people.Eachmemberofthegroupwillberesponsible

foroneofthesubsystems.Theoverallgoaloftheprojectistodesignandbuildarobotcarthatwillautomaticallytraverseanobstaclecourse.Asameobstaclecoursecanbefoundacouplepageslater.Theobstaclecoursewillbesplitupintosixphases.Thegradethatyouandyourgroupwillgetdependsonbothhowmanyphasesoftheobstaclecourseyourrobotsuccessfullyclears.Therewillbearobotcarcompetitioninthefinaldemonstration;moreover,theawardandprizewillbeendowedtothebestperformedgroup.

GradeBreakdown

Phase Your grade can be up to 1 70 2 80 3 90 4 100 5 (Bonus) 105 6 (Bonus) 110

Dueatthebeginningoflab: Readthelabmanual.LabGoals: Learnhowtoworkinagrouptocompletealargeproject Learnhowtobreakdownalargeprojectintosmallerparts LearnhowtobrainstormandconstructsolutionstoperformataskRequiredLabMaterial: 3xmyDAQ(numberofmyDAQcanbevariedbytheRobotCarfunctions) Computerwithatleast3USBports

71

SubSystemOverviewSteeringLogic

Description:Willworkoncontrollingtheindividualmotorsthatdrivethecar.Needstoacceptandperformsimplefunctionssuchasturningleft/right90degrees,etc.TrainingModule1:Rock/Paper/Scissor

LineFollower

Description:WillworkonthecircuitandLabViewtogetthecartofollowadarklineonawhitesurface.InterfacesstronglywiththeSteeringLogicsystem.Needstofigureouthowtogetthecartostayontheline,followsharpturns,andgetbacktothelineifitgetsoff.TrainingModule2:OPAmplogicLab

ProximitySensorLogic

Description:theIRdistancesensorswillbeusedtonavigatethecarthroughthepartofthemazethathaswalls.Therewillbenolinestofollow.

GeneralPathAlgorithm

Description:Mainlyasystemsintegrationandprogrammingheavysystem.Willhavetointerfacestronglywitheveryonetomakesurethatthecarfinishesthemaze.

TrainingModule

Thefinalprojectisdifferentfromyourpreviouslabsinthatyouwillnotgetasetofinstructionsto

followandimplement.Instead,youwillneedtobrainstormwithyourteamtodeterminethebestdesignforyourrobottocompletetheobstaclecourse.Inordertohelpyouaccomplishthisgoal,wehavedesignedspecialtrainingmodulesthateachstudentmustcompletebeforestartingtoworkonyourfinalproject.Eachsubsystemwillhaveitsownassociatedtrainingmodulethatismeanttoexposethestudentstosomeoftheconceptsandskillsnecessarytocompletetheirsubsystem.Keepinmind,however,thatmuchofthefinalprojectwillrequireeachstudenttoperformmanysearchesintheliteratureandonlineinordertocomeupwiththebestsolution.

72

ObstacleCourseYourcarwillneedtofollowthesolidblacklineasitmakesitswaythroughthecourse.Thenumberof

phasesthatyourcarsuccessfullyclearsdeterminesyourgrade.

Phase1:Straightline.Thecarmustbeabletofollowastraightlineforadistance.

Phase2:Slowturn.Thecarmustbeabletotakeseverallargeanglet

Phase3:Sharpturn.Thecarmustbeabletoa90degreeturn.

Phase4:Atacertainsectionofthecourse,theTAwillintroduceanobstacleinthepathofyourcar(suchasabook).Thecarmustbeabletosensethisandstopmovingwhiletheobstacleisthere.TheTAwillthenremovetheobstacleandthecarshouldresumeitspath.

Phase5:Thecarwillnavigatethroughasectionofthemazewithnolinesontheground,onlywalls.Theproximitysensorshouldpreventthecarfromhittingawall.

Phase6:Attheendofthecourse,theguidelinewillturnred.Thecarshouldstophere.

73

TrainingModule1:Rock,Paper,Scissors

BackgroundKnowledge:UnderstandingaFlexSensorAflexsensorhastheuniquepropertythatitchangesitsinternalresistancebasedonhowmuchitis

bent.Atypicalflexsensorwillhavearesistanceof20kOhmswhenitisflat.Thisresistancegraduallyincreasesandthesensorisbentfurther.Typicalrangesofbentresistancesarebetween40kand60kOhms.Figure1showstheSpectraSymbolFlexSensor.Noticethatthereisagridononesideofthesensor.Thegridshouldbefacingoutwardwhenthesensorisbent,astheresistancewillnotchangeifbenttheotherway.

Flexsensorscanbeusedinavarietyofapplications,fromroboticbumperstoplayingtheairguitar,andonceyouunderstandthebasics,withalittlecreativitythepossibilitiesareendless!

Dueatthebeginningoflab: Completedprelabquestions.Onecopyistobeturnedinandonecopy

shouldbeplacedinyourengineeringnotebook BlankcopyoftheLabReport.Onecopyofthelabreportwillbeturned

in. Youcaneitherplaceanothercopyofthelabreportintoyournotebook,or

copydownthedatacollected.LabGoals: Learnaboutbasicgesturerecognitionusingflexsensors Understandhowtovaryvoltageusingaflexsensor Implementavoltagedividerinacircuit

RequiredLabMaterial: 2xSpectrasymbolFlexSensor(SEN10264) 2x22kOhmresistors Yourlabnotebook NImyDAQkit

Dueattheendoflab: TurninyourcompletedlabreporttoyourTA

74

Figure1:SpectraSymbolFlexSensor

TheFlexsensorhastwoleads,andsinceitactsmuchlikearesistor,theorientationoftheleadsdoes

notmatter.Anadditionalresistorisrequiredinordertoturnthesensorintoasimplevoltagedivider.TheoutputvoltageissenttoanAnalogInputpin.

Assignment1:BuildingtheCircuit1. FillinChart1inyourlabreport.Makesuretomeasureresistancewhentheflexsensorisnot

poweredbyasource.2. AnexamplecircuitisshowninFigure2.Buildtwocopiesofthiscircuitonyourbreadboard.Make

suretoattachtheoutputofoneofthemtoAI_0asindicatedinFigure2andtheothertoAI_1.

Figure2:FlexSensorschematicmadeinMultisim

3. FillinChart2ofyourlabreport.4. CallaTAovertosignyourlabreporttoverifythefunctionalityofyourcircuit.5. DownloadtheVIforthislabfromblackboard.Itshouldresemblethefollowing.

75

Figure3:FrontPanel

Figure4:BlockDiagram

6. Attachoneflexsensortoyourmiddlefingerandtheothertoyourringfinger.Refertothechart

belowandtheVItodeterminewhichsensorshouldgoonwhichfinger.ThevaluesofthesetwosensorswilldeterminethepositionaccordingtoTable1.A1representsabentfinger.Forexample,ifthemoveisPaper,thenneithersensorwillbebent,andifthemoveisScissors,thenonlytheringfingershouldbebent.

7. Connectthe0pinstoground.8. **Ensurethatthegridsideofthesensorisfacingupwards.Youcanattachthesensorstoyour

fingerswithtapeorrubberbands.Experimentwithwhatpositioningofthesensoronthefingerworksbest.

76

Table1

Ring Finger Bit 1

Middle Finger Bit 0

Decimal Number Game Move 0 0 0 Paper 0 1 1 Invalid 1 0 2 Scissors 1 1 3 Rock

9. Writeinyourlabnotesectiontoindicatewhichfingergoestowhichinputport(AI_0,AI_1).10. ThesetupscreenfortheDAQAssistantisshowninfigure5.

Figure5:DAQAssistantsetup

11. AstatemachinewasusedtoprogramtheRockPaperScissorsgame.Atthestartofeachgame,

thevalueoftheflexsensorsisreadinontheAnalogInlinesusingtheDAQAssistant.Thevoltagesfromtheflexsensorsarethencomparedtoathresholdvoltagethatdetermineswhetherthesensorisbentornot.Thismayvarydependingontherestingandbentresistanceoftheparticularflexsensor.Inourcase,agoodthresholdwas3V.Oncethemoveoftheuserisdetermined,thesoftwaredetermineswhowinstheroundanddisplaysapopuptotheuser.Iftheplayerpressesstop,thenthestatemachinewillgotoaQuitstate,andtheprogramwilldeterminewhowonthemostRockPaperScissorsbattles.ThefrontpanelandblockdiagramareshowninFigure4and5.Taketimetolookthroughthevariousstatesinthisvi.Whenyouunderstandhowitworks,playthegame!

12. Playwiththeprogramandthenwhenyouaresatisfiedwithitsperformance,callaTAovertoverifythefunctionalityofyourgame.

13. Measureresistanceorvoltageforothersensors.(Photoresistor:resistancemeasurement,IRsensor:directVoltagemeasurementwithwhiteline)

77

Acknowledgement:AspecialthankstoJackieLeverett(SummerELPInternofNI)fortheexampleRockPaperScissorsgame.

Subsystem:LineFollowerDescriptionUsetheAPIcreatedbytheSteeringsubsystemandaphotoresistorcircuittodetectawhitelineona

blacksurfaceandfollowtheline.Mustdeveloptheoptimalphotoresistor/IRsensorsetuptoaccomplishthistask.

Thelinewillnotbejustastraightlinebutwillalsohavesharp(90degree)turns.Thispartofthecarmustenablethecartostayontheline.Ifthecarlosestrackoftheline,thereshouldbeawayforthecartofindthelineagainandcontinueinthecorrectdirection.

SuggestedReading

Photoresistoro http://www.societyofrobots.com/schematics_photoresistor.shtml

Photocelldatasheeto http://www.advancedphotonix.com/ap_products/pdfs/PDVP8103.pdf

DeliverablesBuildthephotoresistorarraytokeeptrackofthewhitelineduringoperation.Couldpotentiallyuse

anarrayofphotoresistorstobettertheperformanceofthissubsystem.Thealgorithmwillvaryaccordingly.

FollowLine(Boolean) Follows the line as long as the Boolean is set

to true. FindLine() Searches for the line

LabGoals: Learnhowaphotoresistorworks HandsonexperiencebuildingavoltagedividerRequiredLabMaterial: Photoresistor,IRsensor 5x20kOhmresistors

78



Procedure / DATA


79

Name: EID: ByplacingbynameandEIDabove,IamcertifyingthatIdeterminedtheanswertothe

questionsposedbelowanddidnotcopymyanswersfromafellowstudent.***Dueatthebeginningofyourlabsession***

Youwillneed2completedcopiesofthisprelab.OneistobeturnedintoyourTAatthebeginningofthelabsession.Theotheroneistobedoneinyourlabmanual.1. ReadthebackgroundknowledgesectionofLabX.2. WritedowntheequationforthevoltageatAI_0forthecircuitinFigure1.LetRflexbethe

resistanceoftheFlexSensor.

Vai_0=

Figure1

3. Drawacircuitdiagramforthefollowing.OmittheAI_0wire.Instead,drawwhereyouwould

placeyourvoltagemetertoobtainthevoltageatAI_0 Pre-lab: Final Project, Training Module 1 1

80

4. MakethiscircuitinMultisim.5. Filloutchart1bysimulatingthiscircuitusingmultisim.ReplacetheFlex_Sensorwitha

normalresistor.Assumetolerance0%forallresistors.

Rflex(kOhms) Vai_0(calculatedfrom Q2) Vai_0(Multisim)204060

6. DothesimulatedvaluesinMultisimmatchthecalculatedvaluesfromyourequationinQ2?Whyorwhynot?

Pre-lab: Final Project, Training Module 1 2

81

FinalProject:TrainingModule1Rock,Paper,ScissorsandSensorlevelmeasurements

Submittedby(Printnames)

Lab Report: Final Project, Training Module 1 1

82

Chart1:ResistanceMeasurementsofFlexSensorHowmuchtobendtheFlex Sensor ResistanceoftheSensor(ohms)

UnbentHalfwaybentFullybent

Chart2:VoltageMeasurementsattheOutputHowmuchtobendtheFlex Sensor VoltageatOutput(v)

Unbent Halfwaybent Fullybent

TASignature(Step4):

TASignature(Step12):

Question:Dothevaluescalculatedintheprelabfromananalyticalapproach,simulatedinMultisimandmeasuredonthebreadboardmatch?Whyorwhynot?


83

Chart3:ResistanceMeasurementsofPhotoresistorColorLinebelowthephotoresistor ResistanceoftheSensor(ohms)

BlackWhiteRed

Chart4:VoltageMeasurementsofIRsensors(Directmeasurementofwhiteline)

Distancefromthesensor Voltageat Output(v)10cm

20cm

30cm

TASignature:

Question:Howdoyouapplyabovemeasuredvaluesofyoursensorsforthesensorsystemfor

yourrobotcar?Please,describeyourthoughtsconcisely.


84

r

Circuit Correct 1st Time? Circuit Correct 2nd Time? Circuit Correct 3rd Time? Circuit Correct 4th Time? Circuit Correct 5th Time?

Lab10:ProficiencyExam EE 302 Lab Proficiency Exam - Example

(Time for Exam: 20 minutes) Name: EID: Professor:

The goal of this exam is to measure your abilities to build a circuit on a breadboard based on a

circuit schematic and accurately measure currents and voltages from this circuit. The circuit you are to build is shown below:

Your MUST have a TA check your circuit BEFORE moving onto the measurements.

Build this circuit using the breadboard and resistors provided. Use the multimeter provided to

fill in the table below. The value of DC will be provided to you by your TA.

Quantity

Value (include units)

Verification By TA

Req seen by the voltage source

V

I

Notes

1. All resistors have a tolerance of 5% 2. You may write any information that you want on this sheet.

You CANNOT use MultiSim, the circuit simulation package 3. All values placed in the table above MUST BE CONFIRMED by TAs.

NO EXCEPTIONS! 4. If you blow a fuse in the multimeter when taking a measurement, you will not receive any

credit for that measurement or any measurements that would still need to be taken. 5. All resistors must be returned to the packet provided at the end of the exam.

85

Lab11:TheveninEquivalentCircuits

Dueatthebeginningoflab: YourcompletedPrelab.OnecopyistobeturnedintoyourTA.Asecond

copyshouldbeplacedintoyourengineeringnotebook.LabGoals: YouwillconstructandverifyThveninequivalentcircuitsusing

experimentalmeasurements. YouwillpracticemeasuringcurrentandvoltageusingamyDAQ. Youwillcalculateloadresistanceandderivethemaximumpowerfroma

circuit.RequiredLabMaterial: Yourlabnotebook Wiresforbuildingcircuits(availableinlab) MyDAQsettingforDigitalMultimeter(DMM)withconnectionprobes Thefollowingresistors:

Quantity Value1 1001 330 1 4701 1k5 1.5k1 3.9k1 5.1 k1 10k

Dueattheendofthelab: Acompletedcopyofyourlabreport.Onecopyistobeturnedinandonecopyis

tobeplacedintoyournotebook.

86

Assignment1:Constructthefirstcircuit

Figure1:FirstCircuitforCircuitsVLab

1. ConstructthecircuitshowninFigure1onabreadboard.Providethewiringneededtousethe

positivevariablepowersupply.2. ConfirmwithyourTAthatyourcircuitiscorrectandhaveyourTAsignyourlabreport.3. Setthepowersupplyvoltageto6volts.UsetheviyoucreatedfromLab2.4. MeasuretheoutputvoltageacrosstheloadresistorRL=470andrecordyourreadinginyour

notebookandinTable1inyourlabreport.5. ChangetheloadresistorRLto100andmeasurethenewoutputvoltage.Recordyourreading

inyournotebookandinTable1.RememberthatyouneedtoturnoffthepowersupplyappliedusingthevifromLab2eachtimeyouremovearesistor.

6. RepeatStep5forloadresistancevaluesof1k,3.9kand10k.7. Turnoffthepowerandremovethe10kloadresistorfromthecircuit.8. Turnonthepowerandmeasuretheopencircuitvoltage(VOC)andshortcircuitcurrent(ISC).

UsingthesevaluescalculateThveninvoltage(VTH)andThveninresistance(RTH).RecordtheresultsinTable1ofyourlabreport.(Hint:tomeasureshortcircuitcurrentrememberthattheinternalresistanceofanidealammeteriszeroohms.Tomeasuretheshortcircuitcurrent,youcansimplyplacetheidealammeteracrosstheloadterminals.)

9. Drawtheequivalentcircuitinthespaceprovidedinyourlabreport.Disassembleyourcircuit.10. UsingtheVTHandRTHvaluesconstructaThveninequivalentcircuitusingthebreadboard.

Providethewiringneededtousethepositivevariablepowersupply.11. AddtheloadresistanceRL=470toyourcircuit.12. SetthepositivepowersupplytothevalueofVTHcalculatedinStep9.Measurethevoltage

acrosstheloadresistor.RecordyourreadinginyournotebookandinTable2.13. UsingtheThveninequivalentcircuitwhatyoufoundinstep8,changetheloadresistorRLto

100andmeasurethenewoutputvoltage.RecordyourreadinginyournotebookandinTable2.Rememberthatyouneedtoturnoffthepowereachtimeyouremovearesistor.

14. RepeatStep12forloadresistancevaluesof1k,3.9kand10k.15. Disassembleyourcircuit.

9 V

1k 1k 330RL=4701k

1.5k 1.5k1.5k6V

87

Assignment2:Constructthesecondcircuit

Figure2:SecondCircuitofCircuitVLab

1. ConstructthecircuitshowninFigure2usingthebreadboard.Forthisstep,usethestandard

+15VandAOchannelonyourmyDAQ.(Connectthegroundonlytotheloadresister!)2. ConfirmwithyourTAthatyourcircuitiscorrect.3. Turnonthepower.4. MeasuretheoutputvoltageacrosstheloadresistorRL=1.0k.Recordyourreadinginyour

notebookandinTable3inyourlabreport.5. RepeatStep4forloadresistancevaluesof100,470,3.9k,and10k.Recordyourreading

inyourlabnotesectionandinTable3inyourlabreport6. Turnofftheprotoboardpowerandremovethe10kloadresistorfromthecircuit.7. Turnontheprotoboardpowerandmeasuretheopencircuitvoltage(VOC)andshortcircuit

current(ISC).UsingthesevaluescalculateThveninvoltage(VTH)andThveninresistance(RTH).RecordyourreadingsandcalculationsinyournotebookandinTable3.

8. DrawtheThveninequivalentcircuitinyourlabreportinthespaceprovided.9. Usingthemeasuredoutputvoltagesrecordedinthistask,computethepowerintheload

resistorandrecordthesevaluesinTable4.Plotthepowerversusloadresistanceontheprovidedgraph.

10. Atwhatvalueofloadresistanceisthemaximumoutputpowerrealized?Markthisvalueonyourplot.

11. FindtheThveninequivalentforanunknowncircuit12. Youhavebeenprovidedwithablackboxthatcontainsanunknowncircuit.Determineits

Thveninequivalentcircuit.RecordthevaluesyoumeasureinTable5ofthelabreportandinyournotebook.

13. Drawthiscircuitinthespaceprovidedinyourlabreport.14. CompletethequestionsinyourlabreportandturninacopytoyourTA.

15V

1.5 k 1.5 k 2.2 k

RL=1.0 k

1.5 k1.5 k

1.5 k

5V

5.1k

88

FAQsQ: WhyamIgettinganoticesayingImdrawingtoomuchcurrent?A: Forcircuit2,youactuallyhave3powersupplyterminals:+15,+5,andGND.Sincethe

railsonthesidecanonlyaccommodateonly2supplyvoltages,youneedtodesignateanothernodesomewhereonyourbreadboardasthe+5Vsource.

Q: WhyarentmyvaluesclosetowhatIcalculated?A: Tryadjustingtherangesettingsonyourmultimeterto20Vand20mAorso.

89



Procedure / DATA


90

Name: EID:

By placing my name and EID above, I am certifying that I determined the answer to the questions posed below and did not copy my answers from a fellow student.


Youwillneed2completedcopiesofthisprelab.OneistobeturnedintoyourTAat

thebeginningofthelabsession.Theotheroneistobedoneinyourlabmanual.Questions 1. Select the correct choice to complete the following two sentences: a. To find the Thvenin equivalent voltage of a circuit, one must measure the

open circuit (i.e. no load) output (voltage / current). b. To calculate the Thvenin equivalent resistance of a circuit, all voltage

source are replaced by a/an sources are replaced by a/an (open / short) circuit and all current (open / short) circuit.

2. Derive and draw the Thvenin equivalent circuit (i.e. find Thvenin voltage and

Thvenin resistance) for the circuit in Figure 1 of your lab manual, that has a load resistance of 470 . (The 470 resistor is the load resistor and should NOT be included in your Thvenin equivalent circuit calculations.)

Show your work in order to get full credit. 3. Using Multisim, derive and draw the Thvenin equivalent circuit (i.e. find Thvenin

voltage and Thvenin resistance) for the circuit of Figure 2. To use Multisim, you will need to enter the circuit of Figure 2 and use a virtual voltmeter to measure the

open-circuit voltage. The diagram below shows what your simulation should look like. Double click on the virtual voltmeter and change the resistance to 10 M. Print your simulated results showing your voltage measurement and attach this print to the Prelab. To complete the derivation of the Thvenin equivalent circuit, you will need to measure the short-circuit current using a virtual ammeter, measured at the output terminals. Print your simulated circuit showing the current measurement and attach it to the Pre-lab.

Hints:

To measure short-circuit current remember that the internal resistance of an ideal ammeter is zero ohms. To measure the short-circuit current, you can simply place the ideal ammeter across the load terminals.)

In Multisim, you can select the circuit you have entered, copy it, and paste to create an exact copy. You can then use the original circuit and the copy to simulate VOC and ISC simultaneously.

Pre-lb: Thvenin Equivalent Circuits 1

91

Remember that VTH = Voc, the open-circuit voltage and RTH = Voc/ISC, the short- circuit current.

4. Enter your Thvenin equivalent circuit into Multisim. Your circuit will look like the

one below with your derived values for VTH and RTH substituted in the circuit. Using a virtual voltmeter and virtual ammeter, measure the open-circuit voltage and short- circuit current. Confirm that these measurements are identical to those measured in step 3. Print out your simulated results and attach them to the pre-lab.

Pre-lab: Thvenin Equivalent Circuits 2

92

Circuits VI - Thvenin Equivalent Circuits Lab Report


Lab Report: Thvenin Equivalent Circuit 1

93

Assignment1:Constructthefirstcircuit1. TA Signature (Step 2):

Table 1: Quantities asked for in the assignment 1

Quantity Value (include units)Open Circuit Voltage VOC Short Circuit Current ISC Thvenin Equivalent Voltage Thvenin Equivalent Resistance Output voltage across RL = 100 Output voltage across RL = 470 Output voltage across RL = 1 k Output voltage across RL = 3.9 k Output voltage across RL = 10 k

2. TA Signature (Step 8):

3. Draw the Thvenin Equivalent circuit you derived in the assignment 1 (Step 9).


RL Output Voltage (V)

100 470 1 k

3.9 k 10 k



94

Assignment2:Constructthesecondcircuit 1. TA Signature (Step 2):


Quantity Value (include units)

Open Circuit Voltage VOC Short Circuit Current ISC Thvenin Equivalent Voltage Thvenin Equivalent Resistance Output voltage across RL = 100 Output voltage across RL = 470 Output voltage across RL = 1 k Output voltage across RL = 3.9 k Output voltage across RL = 10 k


3. Draw the Thvenin Equivalent circuit you derived in Task 2 (Step 8).

Table 4 Measured Voltages and Computed Power (Step 9)

A

ssign

ment

2 RL Output Voltage (V) Power (mW) 100 470 1 k

3.9 k 10 k


95

Powe

r

Output Power (mW) Vs. Load Resistance ( ) (Step 9)

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Load Resistance in Ohm( )s

4. Record your measured values for Step 11 in the following table. Be certain to record the quantities measured and their units.

Table 5. Measurements for Unknown Circuit

5. Draw the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit in the table 5. (Step 13)


96

Lab12:FinalProject(MotorControl,CollisionDetection)

Subsystem:MotorControlDescriptionResponsibleforthereliableimplementationofsteeringfunctionsaswellasbuildingthecircuitto

controlthemotors.Thissubsystemcontributesgreatlytothesuccessoftheproject.Withoutreliablesteeringthecarwillnotbeabletocompletethecourse.

SuggestedReadingThefollowingdocumentsmayhelpyoucompleteyourtask:

HBridgeo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_bridge

L293DHBridgedatasheeto http://www.parallax.com/Portals/0/Downloads/docs/prod/compshop/60300019

L293DDatasheet.pdf DCMotor

o http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_motorDeliverablesMustcreateanAPIforturningfunctionsthattheothersubsystemscancall.Canpotentiallyutilize

theWheelEncodertoensurereliabilityofthesteering.Needtoalsobuildthecircuittocontrolthemotors.

TurnCounterClockwise() When called, the car should turn counter

clockwise

Dueatthebeginningoflab(1foreachgroup): BuildtheGearBox(lowestspeedoptionisrecommend) Completedprelabquestions.Onecopyistobeturnedinandonecopy

shouldbeplacedinyourengineeringnotebookLabGoals: LearnhowtocontrolaDCmotor LearnaboutHBridgeControllerRequiredLabMaterial: MyDAQ,L293DHBridge,6Vbattery

97

*Could also choose to take TIME as the input.

In which case the car will turn for the specified amount of time (seconds, milliseconds, etc).

TurnClockwise() When called, the car should turn clockwise *Could also choose to take TIME as the input.

In which case the car will turn for the specified amount of time (seconds, milliseconds, etc).

Stop() Acts as an interrupt. Stops the motion of both wheels.

Forward() Moves both wheels at the same speed so that the car will move forward in a straight line.

Moves at a certain speed setting. *Maybe have to implement a control structure

to make sure that the car moves in a straight line forward.

Backward() Moves both wheels at the same speed so that the car will move forward in a straight line.

Moves at a certain speed setting. *Maybe have to implement a control structure

to make sure that the car moves in a straight line forward.

Pause() Similar to Stop() except the last state of the car will be saved.

Resume() Continues the movement of the car after a Pause()

**Thesearejusttheminimumintermsofsteeringfunctions.Dependingonyourspecific

implementationyoumightwanttoimplementmorecomplicatedfunctionsthatcombinethecorefunctions.

Subsystem:CollisionDetection

DescriptionProgramandbuildthecircuittoutilizetheIRsensorsandavoidobstaclesinthepath.Therewillbea

sectionofthemazethatwillincludeasectionwithnolineandthecarwillhavetomovethroughthatareawithouthittingthewalls.Also,wewillrandomlyputdownaroadblockintheroadatsomepointinthemazeandthecarwillhavetostopandwaitfortheobstacletoclear.

**NeedstocallfunctionsfromtheSteeringAPI

98

SuggestedReading

SharpIRRangeFinderDatasheeto http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Infrared/gp2y0a02yk_e.pdf

FormulaNodeo http://zone.ni.com/reference/enXX/help/371361D01/glang/formula_node/

Threshold1DArrayo http://zone.ni.com/reference/enXX/help/371361D01/glang/threshold_1d_array/

InRangeandCoerceo http://zone.ni.com/reference/enXX/help/371361E01/glang/in_range_and_coerce/

Comparisono http://zone.ni.com/reference/enXX/help/371361E01/lvexpress/comparison/

DeliverablesAPIoffunctionsthatutilizeyourIRRangeFindercircuit

Navigate() The car should be able to navigate between two walls without crashing. There will be no line to follow.

ObstacleFound() An interrupt that stops the motion of the car when an obstacle is in front of the car.

Need to resume operation of the car when

obstacle is removed.

99



Procedure / DATA


100

Name: EID: ByplacingbynameandEIDabove,IamcertifyingthatIdeterminedtheanswertothequestions

posedbelowanddidnotcopymyanswersfromafellowstudent.

***Dueatthebeginningofyourlabsession***

Youwillneed2completedcopiesofthisprelab.OneistobeturnedintoyourTAatthebeginningofthelabsession.Theotheroneistobedoneinyourlabmanual.

1.ReviewtheHBridge:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_bridge2.ReviewtheL293DHBridgedatasheet:http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/l293d.pdf

3.LabelpinsfunctionsoftheHbridgebelowinawaythatmakessensewiththeHbridge:

4.DrawabreadboardconnectionoftheHbridgeincludingmyDAQports:

Pre-lab: Final Project (Motor Control, Collision Detection) 1

101

Lab13:FinalProject(TrainingModule2(OpticalTheremin),PathLogic)

BackgroundKnowledge:PhotodiodesAphotodiodeconvertslightintoeithercurrentorvoltage,dependingonthemodeofoperation.

Whenaphotonofsufficientenergystrikesthediode,itexcitesanelectron(photoelectriceffect).Belowisacircuitdiagramforaph

Documents

EE302 Lab Manual Fall 2015