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Q1. When was the frst PC sold?A1. 1981

Q2. What was its name?A2. IBM PC

Q3. What is the central comonent o! a PC?

A3. CP"#Processor#Microrocessor

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Q$. What is the di%erence &etween PChardware and so!tware?

A$. Broadl'( the comonents that 'o) canto)ch h'sicall'( are hardware while all

ro*rams#ro*rammin* +which 'o) cannotto)ch, that are r)n on the PC or that r)nsome de-ices on the PC are collecti-el' calledsoftware.

Q. What is a PC oeratin* s'stem ?A. It is the so!tware#ro*ram that /oerates0

the PC and is )sed !or &asic ho)seeein*tass.

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Q. Who made the frst PC oeratin* s'stem?

A. Microso!t Cororation.

Q. What is the di%erence &etween PCmemor' and stora*e?

A. 4enerall'( the electronic area wherero*rams are loaded !or r)nnin*( and wherecom)tations and calc)lations are done !oreach acti-it' is PC memory while the m)chlar*er electronic area( where )ser

fles#doc)ments#ima*es etc. are stored( iscalled storage.

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Q8. What are the two t'es o! memor' in aPC?A8. 5ead6Write Memor' +5AM, and 5ead67nl'

Memor' +57M,.

Q9. ame !o)r common stora*e de-ices?A9. ard6dis :ri-e( ;lo'6:is( C:657M(

:

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Q11. ame !o)r t'ical com)ter

eriherals.A11. Monitor( e'&oard( mo)se( rinter.

Q12. he old st'le monitors are o!ten called

C5 monitors@ what does C5 stand !or?A12. Cathode 5a' )&e.

Q13. he new st'le thin6at monitors arecalled C: monitors@ what does C: stand!or?

A13. i)id Cr'stal :isla'.

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Q1$. What does "=B stand !or?

A1$. "ni-ersal =erial B)s.Q1. ow man' &its are in a B'te?A1. Di*ht.

Q1. ow man' &'tes are in a EB'te?

A1. 1>2$.

Q1. ow man' B'tes are in an MB'te?

A1. 1>2$F1>2$ G 1>$8

Q18. ow man' MB'tes are in a 4B'te?A18. 1>2$.

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Q19. What is a &it( an'wa'?

A19. /&it0 ori*inated !rom /binar' di*it0. It isthe smallest )nit o! in!ormation )sed incom)ters( t'icall' a />0 or a /10.

Q2>. ame f-e Windows -ersions?

A2>. Windows9( Windows98( WindowsMD(Windows2>>>( WindowsHP.

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Q21. ame an' ten hi*h le-el ro*rammin*lan*)a*es. A21. ;755A( I=P( C( Pascal( BA=IC#

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Q23. What is an /interr)t0 !or acom)ter ro*ram?

A23. An interr)t is the occ)rrence o! acondition K an e-ent K that ca)ses atemorar' s)sension o! a com)terro*ram while the condition is ser-iced &'

another ro*ram.

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Q2$. What does 7=I stand !or and what isthe 7=I Model?

A2$. 7en ='stems Interconnection. he7=I Model is an a&stract descrition !orla'ered comm)nications and com)ternetwor rotocol desi*n.

Q2. What does each core do in a m)lti6core rocessor?

A2. Dach core eFec)tes a searate tas ina ro*ram which increases the o-erallseed o! eFec)tion i! the ro*ram is writtento tae ad-anta*e o! the m)ltile cores.

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Q2. What does := stand !or and what does

this si*ni!'? A2. :omain ame ='stem. It is a

hierarchical namin* s'stem !or com)ters(ser-ices( or an' reso)rce connected to the

Internet or a ri-ate networ. It associates-ario)s in!ormation with domain namesassi*ned to each o! the articiants.

Q2. Brie' descri&e what is a we& ser-er?

A2. A we& ser-er is a com)ter ro*ramthat deli-ers +ser-es, content( s)ch as we&a*es( )sin* the 'erteFt rans!er Protocol. he term can also re!er to the com)ter or

-irt)al machine r)nnin* the ro*ram. 11

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Q28. ow wo)ld 'o) defne a /we&&rowser0?

A28. A we& &rowser is a so!twarealication !or retrie-in*( resentin*( and

tra-ersin* in!ormation reso)rces on theWorld Wide We&.

Q29. What are ro*rammin* lan*)a*es

that are not o&Lect oriented( called? A29. P r o c e d ) r a l +ro*rammin*,

lan*)a*es.

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Q3>. ist three !eat)res o! 7&Lect 7riented

Pro*rammin* techni)es A3>. 77 Pro*rammin* techni)es ma'

incl)de !eat)res s)ch as data a&straction(encas)lation( mod)larit'( ol'morhism(

and inheritance. Q31. What is Client6=er-er com)tin*? A31. Client6ser-er com)tin* or networin* is

a distri&)ted alication architect)re thatartitions tass or wor loads &etweenser-ice ro-iders +ser-ers, and ser-icere)esters( called clients. 7!ten clients andser-ers oerate o-er a com)ter networ onsearate hardware.

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Q32. What is a /comiler0?

A32. A comiler is a com)ter ro*ram +orset o! ro*rams, that trans!orms so)rcecode written in a com)ter lan*)a*e +theso)rce lan*)a*e, into another com)terlan*)a*e +the tar*et lan*)a*e( o!tenha-in* a &inar' !orm nown as o&Lectcode,. he most common reason !or

wantin* to trans!orm so)rce code is tocreate an eFec)ta&le ro*ram.

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◦ "ses o! Com)ter etwors

◦ etwor ardware

◦ etwor =o!tware

◦ 5e!erence Models

◦ DFamle etwors

◦ etwor =tandardiation

◦ Metric "nits

Revised: August 2011

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Com)ter networs are collections o!a)tonomo)s com)ters( e.*.( the Internet

 he' ha-e man' )sesN◦ B)siness Alications »

◦ ome Alications »◦ Mo&ile "sers »

 hese )ses raiseN◦ =ocial Iss)es »

 his teFt co-ers networs !or all o! these)ses

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request

response

Comanies )se networs and com)ters !orreso)rce sharin* with the client6ser-ermodelN

7ther o)lar )ses are comm)nication(e.*.( email(

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omes contain man' networed de-ices(e.*.( com)ters(

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 a&lets( latos( and smart hones areo)lar de-ices@ Wi;i hotsots and 34cell)lar ro-ide wireless connecti-it'.

Mo&ile )sers comm)nicate( e.*.( -oice and

teFts( cons)me content( e.*.( -ideo andWe&( and )se sensors( e.*.( 4P=. Wireless and mo&ile are related &)t

di%erentN

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◦ etwor ne)tralit' O no networ restrictions

◦ Content ownershi( e.*.( :MCA taedowns ?

◦ Anon'mit' ? and censorshi ?

◦ Pri-ac'( e.*.( We& tracin* ? and roflin* ?

◦  he!t( e.*.( &otnets ? and hishin* ?

◦ :MCA G :i*ital Millenni)m Co'ri*ht Act

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etwors can &e classifed &' their scaleN

Scale Type

Vicinity A! "erson#$ Are# !et%or&' »

(ui$ding )A! ")oc#$ Are# !et%or&' »*ity +A! "+etropo$it#n Are# !et%or&' »

*ountry ,A! ",ide Are# !et%or&' »

$#net -.e /nternet "net%or& o #$$ net%or&s'

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Connect de-ices o-er the ran*e o! aerson

DFamle o! a Bl)etooth +wireless, PAN

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Connect de-ices in a home or oce &)ildin* Called enterrise networ in a coman'

,ire$ess )A!

%it. 80211

,ired )A! %it.

s%itc.ed t.ernet

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Connect de-ices o-er a metroolitan area

DFamle MA &ased on ca&le

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Connect de-ices o-er a co)ntr' DFamle WA connectin* three &ranch

ocesN

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An I=P +Internet =er-ice Pro-ider, networ isalso a WA.

C)stomers &)' connecti-it' !rom the I=P to)se it.

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A

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◦ Protocol la'ers »

◦ :esi*n iss)es !or the la'ers »

◦ Connection6oriented -s. connectionless

ser-ice »◦ =er-ice rimiti-es »

◦ 5elationshi o! ser-ices to rotocols »

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Protocol la'erin* is the main str)ct)rin* method

)sed to di-ide ) networ !)nctionalit'.

 Dach rotocol

instance tals -irt)all'to its eer

 Dach la'ercomm)nicates onl' &')sin* the one &elow

 ower la'er ser-icesare accessed &' aninter!ace

 At &ottom( messa*esare carried &' themedi)m

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DFamleN the hilosoher6translator6

secretar' architect)re Dach rotocol at di%erent la'ers ser-es a

di%erent )rose

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Dach lower la'er adds its own header +with

control in!orm6ation, to the messa*e totransmit and remo-es it on recei-e

a'ers ma' also slit and Loin messa*es( etc.

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Dach la'er sol-es a artic)lar ro&lem &)tm)st incl)de mechanisms to address aset o! rec)rrin* desi*n iss)es

Issue Example mechanisms at different layers

Re$i#i$ity despite#i$ures

*odes or error detectioncorrection "32 33'Routing #round #i$ures "52'

!et%or& gro%t.#nd evo$ution

 Addressing "56' #nd n#ing "71'rotoco$ $#yering "13'

 A$$oc#tion o resources

$i&e #nd%idt.

+u$tip$e #ccess "42'

*ongestion contro$ "53 63'ecurity #g#instv#rious t.re#ts

*onidenti#$ity o ess#ges "82 86' Aut.entic#tion o counic#ting p#rties "87'

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=er-ice ro-ided &' a la'er ma' &e indso! eitherN◦ Connection6oriented( m)st &e set ) !or

on*oin* )se +and torn down a!ter )se,( e.*.(hone call

◦ Connectionless( messa*es are handledsearatel'( e.*.( ostal deli-er'

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A ser-ice is ro-ided to the la'er a&o-e as

rimiti-es 'othetical eFamle o! ser-ice rimiti-es

that ma' ro-ide a relia&le &'te stream+connection6oriented, ser-iceN

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'othetical eFamle o! how theserimiti-es ma' &e )sed !or a client6ser-erinteraction

*$ient erver 

)/-! "0'

 A**-R*/V

! "4'

/*;!!*- "6'

*;!!*- "1'

!

R*/V

/*;!!*- "5'

*onnect request

 Accept response

Request or d#t#

Rep$y

isconnect

isconnect

"2'

"3'

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5ecaN◦ A la'er ro-ides a ser-ice to the one a&o-e

-erticalR

◦ A la'er tals to its eer )sin* a rotocol

horiontalR

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5e!erence models descri&e the la'ers in anetwor architect)re

◦ 7=I re!erence model »

◦  CP#IP re!erence model »

◦ Model )sed !or this teFt »

◦ Criti)e o! 7=I and CP#IP »

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A rinciled( international standard( se-enla'er model to connect di%erent s'stems

 < rovides unctions needed y users < *onverts dierent represent#tions

 < +#n#ges t#s& di#$ogs

 < rovides end=to=end de$ivery

 < ends p#c&ets over u$tip$e $in&s

 < ends r#es o inor#tion

 < ends its #s sign#$s

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A !o)r la'er model deri-ed !romeFerimentation@ omits some 7=I la'ers and)ses the IP as the networ la'er.

/ is t.e

>n#rro% %#ist?

o t.e /nternet

rotoco$s #re s.o%n in t.eir respective $#yers

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7=IN@

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◦  he Internet »

◦ 34 mo&ile hone networs »

◦ Wireless As »

◦ 5;I: and sensor networs »

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Be!ore the Internet was the A5PAD( adecentralied( acet6switched networ&ased on Baran0s ideas.

 ARA!- topo$ogy in ept 1972

!odes #re /+s

or e#r$y routers

$in&ed to .osts

56 &ps $in&s

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 he earl' Internet )sed =;D +1986199, as its &ac&one@ )ni-ersitiesconnected to *et on the Internet

!!- topo$ogy in 1988

-1 $in&s

"15 +ps'

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 he modern Internet is more comleFN

◦ I=P networs ser-e as the Internet &ac&one◦ I=Ps connect or eer to eFchan*e trac at IXPs

◦ Within each networ ro)ters switch acets

◦ Between networs( trac eFchan*e is set &'

&)siness a*reements◦ C)stomers connect at the edge &' man' means Ca&le( :=( ;i&er6to6the6ome( 34#$4 wireless( dial)

◦ :ata centers concentrate man' ser-ers +Stheclo)dT,

◦ Most trac is content !rom data centers +es. -ideo,

◦  he architect)re contin)es to e-ol-e

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 Arc.itecture o t.e /nternet

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34 networ is &ased on satial cells@ eachcell ro-ides wireless ser-ice to mo&ileswithin it -ia a &ase station

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Base stations connect to the core networ

to fnd other mo&iles and send data to thehone networ and Internet

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As mo&iles mo-e( &ase stations hand themo% !rom one cell to the neFt( and thenetwor tracs their location

B#ndover 

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In 8>2.11( clients comm)nicate -ia an AP+Access Point, that is wired to the rest o!the networ.

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=i*nals in the 2.$4 I=M &and -ar' instren*th d)e to man' e%ects( s)ch asm)ltiath !adin* d)e to reections  re)ires comleF transmission schemes( e.*.(

7;:M

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5adio &roadcasts inter!ere with each other(and radio ran*es ma' incomletel'o-erla C=MA +Carrier =ense M)ltile Access, desi*ns are

)sed

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Passi-e "; 5;I: networs e-er'da'o&LectsN  a*s +sticers with not e-en a &atter', are laced

on o&Lects

5eaders send si*nals that the ta*s reect tocomm)nicate

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=ensor networs sread small de-ices o-eran areaN :e-ices send sensed data to collector -ia wireless

hos

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=tandards defne what is needed !orinteroera&ilit'

=ome o! the man' standards &odiesN

Body Area Examples

ITU -e$ecounic#tions C992 A)B264 +C4

IEEE *ounic#tions 8023 t.ernet80211 ,ii

IETF /nternet R* 2616 B--11R* 10341035 !

W3C ,e B-+)5 st#nd#rd* st#nd#rd

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Prefix Exp prefix exp

D"i$o' 103 "i$$i' 10=3

+"eg#' 106 E"icro' 10=6

C"ig#' 109 n"#no' 10=9