Eee Manuals (1)

7/28/2019 Eee Manuals (1)

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Marwadi Education Foundations Group of Institutions

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

B.E. Semester-I / II

ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY MANUAL

Name:- _______________________________________

Roll No:-______________________________________

Exam No:-______________________________________

Elements of Electrical EngineeringDepartment of Electrical Engineering



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This is to certify that

Shri / Kum.

Roll No. of B.E. 1st / 2nd Semester

branch has satisfactorily completedthe laboratory work in Elements of Electrical Engineering.

Date of Submission: .

_________________ ________________________Lab-in-Charge Head of department




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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Sub: ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INDEX

Sr.

No.Experiment

Page

NumberDates Sign.

Grades/

Remarks

Start End Start End

1 To Study the standard symbols generally usedin Electrical Engineering.

2Measurement of various quantities using

multimeter.

3 To verify Kirchhoffs laws.

4To measure various parameters of sinusoidalwave.

5 To study star delta transformation analysis.

6 To Verify Capacitors in Series and Parallel

7Determinations of power factor by 1wattmeter method in 1 phase Ac Circuit

8To measure light intensity by using LUX

Meter.

9

Measurement of Inductance and power factor

in an R-L series circuit.

10Measurement of power factor in an R-L-C

series circuit.




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EXPERIMENT NO.1

AIM:To study the standard symbols generally used in ElectricalEngineering.

OBJECTIVES: After studying this experiment one should be able to:

Represent the electrical components, equipments and accessories in thecircuit.

THEORY:

Drawing is the language of engineer. The standard graphical symbols are used to represent thevarious electrical connections, components, equipment and accessories. These symbols should convey

the same general meaning to everyone. Following is the list of symbols generally applied in basic

electrical engineering field.

SR.NO.

PARTICULAR SYMBOL

1 POSITIVE

2 NEGATIVE

3 A.C.SUPPLY

4 D.C.SUPPLY

5 SINGLE PHASE

6 THREE PHASE

7 PHASE SEQUENCE




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8 CROSSED WIRE

9 CONNECTED WIRE

10 NEUTRAL

11 EARTH

12 FUSE

13LAMP

14

LAMPS IN SERIES

LAMPS IN PARALLEL

15

RESISTANCE ( FIXED)

RESISTANCE (VARIABLE)

16

INDUCTOR ( FIXED)

INDUCTOR (VARIABLE)

17 CHOKE COIL

18

CAPACITOR ( FIXED)




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CAPACITOR (VARIABLE)

19 CELL

20 BATTERY

21

AMMETER (D.C.)

AMMETER (A.C.)

22

VOLTMETER (D.C.)

VOLTMETER (A.C.)

23 GALVANOMETER

24 WATT METER

25 SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

26 POWER FACTOR METER

27 MOTOR

28 GENERATOR

29 TRANSFORMER




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30 AUTO TRANSFORMER

31 SINGLE PHASE VARIAC

32 DELTA CONNECTED LOAD

33

STAR CONNECTED LOAD

(WITH NEUTRAL)

STAR CONNECTED LOAD

(WITHOUT NEUTRAL)

34 MECHANICAL COUPLING

35SINGLE POLE DOUBLE THROW

SWITCH ( SPST SWITCH)

36DOUBLE POLE DOUBLE THROW

SWITCH ( DPDT SWITCH)

37 TWO PIN SOCKET

38 THREE PIN SOCKET

39 DIODE

40 ZENER DIODE

41 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

42 PHOTO DIODE




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43

TRANSISTOR ( PNP)

TRANSISTOR (NPN)

44SCR

45 TRIAC

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

1. What is difference between a.c. and d.c supply?2. What is the difference between neutral and earth?

3. What is function of generator and motor?4. What is a fuse?

5. What is a diode?




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DATE OF COMPLETION:

SIGNATURE OF FACULTY:

GRADE:




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EXPERIMENT NO.2

AIM:Measurement of various quantities using Multimeter.


Measure resistance, A.C./D.C voltage, A.C./D.C. current.

Test continuity, diode.

APPARATUS:

1. Digital Multimeter

2. Probes

3. Decade resistance box

4. D.C and A.C supply

5. Diode

THEORY:

A multimeter is used to make various electrical measurements, such as resistance, A.C. /D.C

voltage, A.C. /D.C. current, etc. The device is called a multimeter because it can be used to measuremultiple quantities.

Safety Information:

Be sure the test leads and rotary switch are in the correct position for the desired measurement.

Never use the meter if the meter or the test leads look damaged.

Never measure resistance in a circuit when power is applied.

Never touch the probes to a voltage source when a test lead is plugged into the 10A or 300mA

input jack.

To avoid damage or injury, never use the meter on circuits that exceed 4800 watts.

Never apply more than the rated voltage between any input jack and earth ground.

Be careful when working with voltages above 60V dc or 30V ac rms.

Keep your fingers behind the finger guards on the test probes when making measurements.

To avoid false readings, which would could lead to possible electric shock or personal injury,

replace the battery as soon as the battery indicator appears.




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PROCEDURE:

1. Continuity test: This mode is used to check if two points are electrically connected or not. It isused to verify connectors. If continuity exists, a beep sound is heard continuously. Otherwise nobeep sound heard. See figure below for connections.

2. Resistance measurement: This mode is used to measure resistance. Resistance in the specifiedrange can be measured. Disconnect all external sources as they may give invalid readings. Makeuse of decade resistance box to measure various resistances. See figure below. You may also

make use of carbon resistors.




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3. A.C. voltage measurement: This mode is used to measure the magnitude of ac voltage. Setsuitable range for ac voltage measurement. Insert connectors in a three pin plug. Drop the switch,

and note the value of ac voltage. See figure below.

4. D.C. voltage measurement: This mode is used to measure the magnitude of dc voltage. Set asuitable range for measurement. Connect the probes to +ve and ve supply terminals of the dc

source. Observe the measured value. See figure for connection.




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5. Current measurement: Make connections as shown in figure below. Take some suitable valueof resistance from decade box. Apply dc voltage of say 10 volts. Adjust the meter in a suitable

range. Measure the value of current. Note down in observation table. Verify the same using ohms

law.

6. Diode test: See figure below for connections. Connect a diode with the terminals specified.Check whether diode is good or bad.




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OBSERVATION:

1. Continuity test:

Beep sound heard? (yes/no)

2. Resistance measurement:

3. A.C. voltage measurement:

A.C. supply voltage (1phase)

4. D.C. voltage measurement:

5. Current measurement

6. Diode test:



Sr.no. Resistance Value in ohm

1. Decade resistance

2. Carbon resistor

Sr.no. D.C. voltage Value in volts

1. Battery

2. D.C. supply

Sr.no.D.C voltage

(V)Resistance

( )Calculated current (A)

I = V/ RMeasured current

(A)

1.

2.


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CONCLUSION:


1. What is a multimeter used for?

2. What is difference between analog and digital multimeter?

3. Can we check transistor terminals using a multimeter?

4. If you make a mistake in polarity when measuring dc voltage what will happen?5. What is the cost of the multimeter used by you?



Diode Meter display Diode condition ( good/ bad)

Diode 1

Diode 2


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DATE OF COMPLETION:


GRADE:

EXPERIMENT NO.3

AIM:To verify Kirchhoffs laws.


Estimate the current in different branches of the circuit.

Apply the Kirchhoffs laws.

APPARATUS:

1. D.C. supply

2. Resistors3. Multimeter4. Probes

THEORY:

Kirchhoffs laws are used for circuit simplification and determining unknown voltage and

currents in a circuit. They are applicable both to a.c and d.c. circuits. There are two laws:

First Law:

This is Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) or point law.

It states that Algebraic sum of currents meeting at a junction is zero.

I = 0



I1

I2

I3

I4


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For the arrangement shown above the arrows indicate the direction of flow of currents. Currents I 1 and I3are coming towards the junction and I2, I4 moving away from the junction. Assume +ve sign for

incoming currents and ve sign for outgoing currents.

Using Kirchhoffs current law for the arrangement.

I1 + I3 I2 I4 = 0

Second Law:

This is Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) or mesh law.

It states that In a closed circuit, algebraic sum of potential rises and potential drops is zero.

E + V = 0

From A to B, E is ve

From B to A , E is +ve

From A to B , V is ve

From B to A, V is +ve



A B

+ _

A BV=IR


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Using Kirchoffs voltage law for the arrangement shown above, we may write

100 + 50 = I (200+170+130) Therefore I = 0.3A

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

KCL




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KVL

PROCEDURE:

For Kirchhoffs current law

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

2. Set suitable values of resistances.

3. Switch on the d.c. supply and apply suitable voltage to the circuit.4. Note down readings of currents and tabulate them.

5. Make necessary calculations to verify KCL.

6. Repeat the same for different values of resistances and applied voltage.

For Kirchhoffs voltage law

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.

2. Set suitable values of resistances.

3. Switch on the d.c. supply and apply suitable voltage to the circuit.4. Note down readings of voltages and tabulate them.

5. Make necessary calculations to verify KVL.

6. Repeat the same for different values of resistances and applied voltage.




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OBSERVATION TABLE:

For Kirchhoffs current law

R1= _____________ R 2= _____________ R 3= _____________

Sr.No.

Supplyvoltage

(V) volts

TotalCurrent(I) amp

Ammeter readingsamp

I1 + I2 +I3amp

I1 I2 I3

1.

2.

3.

4.

For Kirchhoffs voltage law

R1= _____________ R 2= _____________ R 3= _____________

Sr.No.

Supply voltage(V) volts

Voltmeter readingsvolts

V1 + V2 +V3volts

1. V1 V2 V3

2.

3.

4.

5.

CONCLUSION:




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1. Explain Kirchhoffs laws.

2. Explain current divider and voltage divider rule.3. Kirchhoffs laws are basic laws related to energy conservation. T/F. Explain.

4. Are Kirchhoffs laws applicable to both ac and dc circuits?

5. Find current through 18V battery.

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DATE OF COMPLETION:


GRADE:

EXPERIMENT NO:4

AIM: To measure various parameters of sinusoidal wave.


Understand various parameter of sinusoidal wave.

APPARATUS:

1) Function generator

2) C.R.O.

3) Probes

CIRCUIT DIAGRM:




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PROCEDURE:1. Connect as shown in fig.2. Set value of frequency & voltage from function generator & set to sinusoidal wave function.

3. Measure various parameters related to ac wave as shown in observation table.

4. Carry out necessary calculations.

5. Plot wave form on graph paper to the scale.6. Repeat observation by setting different values of frequency & voltage.

CALCUALTIONS & OBSERVATIONS:

1)Frequency set on function generator =_______________Hz.

2) Amplitude set on function generator =_______________V.

3) Time period (T) =_______________sec.

4) Frequency (f) = 1/T =_______________Hz.

5) Amplitude (Em) =_______________volts.

6) Instantaneous value (e) E = Emsin =_______________volts.

7) RMS value (Vrms) Vrms =0.707Em =_______________volts.

8) Average value (Vav) Vav =0.637 Em =_______________volts.

9) Peak Factor = Em/Vrms =_______________




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10) Form Factor = Vrms/Vav =_______________

CONCLUSION:


1. Define RMS value & Average value.2. Define Form factor & Peak factor.3. Find K P & KF for Pure sinusoidal wave.

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DATE OF COMPLETION:


GRADE:

EXPERIMENT NO:5

AIM: To Study Star Delta Transformation Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: After studying this experiment on should be able to:


Apply the Star delta transformation

APPARATUS:

1. Star Delta Transformation kit.2. Three phase power connection

3. Probes.

4. Multimeter.




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THEORY:

There are certain circuit configurations that cannot be simplified by series-parallel combination alone. Asimple transformation based on mathematical technique is readily simplifies the electrical configuration.

The name derives from the shape or configuration of the circuit diagrams, which look respectively likethe letter Y and the Greek capital letter

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Delta to star Conversion




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RC = RBCRCA------------------RBA+ RBC+RCA

RA = RABRCA-------------------RBA+ RBC+RCA

RB = RABRBC----------------------RBA+ RBC+RCA

Star to Delta Conversion

RAB = RA+RB + RARB-------RC




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RBC = RB+RC+ RBRC--------

RA

RCA = RA+RC +RARC-------

RB

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect delta circuit consists of RA,RB,RC to supply and measure current passing through line.2) Now connect equal star circuit consists of RA,RB,RC to the same supply and measure current

passing through line.

3) Compare current in both cases.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Current in star amp (A) Current in delta amp (A)

CONCLUSION:




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1. Explain importance of star-delta conversion.2. Derive relationship for delta to star conversion.

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DATE OF COMPLETION:


GRADE:

EXPERIMENT NO:6

AIM: To Verify Capacitors in Series and Parallel

OBJECTIVES: After studying this experiment on should be able to:


APPARATUS:

1. Fixed Condenser box

2. Multimeter3. A.C.Supply.

4. Function Generator

5. Probes

THEORY:




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Capacitors may be connected in series or in parallel to obtain a resultant value which may beeither the sum of the individuals values ( in parallel) or v value less than that of the smallest capacitors

(in series).

CAPACITORS IN SERIES:

The overall effect of connecting capacitors in series is to move the plates of the capacitors furtherapart. This is shown in figure notice that the junction between C1 and C2 and C3 has both a negative

and appositive charge. This causes the junction to be essentially neutral. The total capacitance of the

circuit is developed between the left plate of C1 and the right plate of C2. Because these plated arefurther apart the total value of the capacitance in the circuit is decreases. Solving for the total

capacitance (CT) of capacitors connected in series is similar to solving for the total resistance (Rt) of

resistors connected in parallel.

Note the similarity between the formulas for Rt and Ct.

Rt= 1--------------------1/R1 + 1/R2 + ..1/Rn

Ct= 1---------------------1/C1+ 1/C2 +.1/Cn

If the circuit contains more than two capacitors, use the above formula. If the circuit contains only two

capacitors, use the below formula:

Ct = C1 x C2---------------

C1 + C2

Note: All values for Ct, C1,C2 ,C3Cn should be in farads. It should be evident from the above

formulas that the total capacitance of capacitors in series is less than the capacitance of any of the

individual capacitors.

CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL: When capacitors are connected in parallel, one plate of each capacitor is connected directly to oneterminal of the source while the other plate of each capacitor is connected to the other terminal of the

source Figure shows all the negative plates of the capacitors connected together. C T, therefore, appears

as a capacitor with a plate area equal to the sum of all the individual plate areas. As previouslymentioned, capacitance is a direct function of plate area. Connectiong capacitors in parallel effectively

increase plate area and thereby increase total capacitance

For capacitors connected in parallel the total capacitance is the sum of capacitance is the sum of all the

individual capacitances. The total capacitance of the circuit may be calculated using the formula:




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Ct= C1+ C2 + C3+CnWhere all capacitance are in the same units.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:Capacitor connected in series:




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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:Capacitor connected in parallel:

PROCEDURE :( SERIES CAPACITOR)1. Connect circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Select suitable values of c1, c2, and c33. Switch on A.C. supply.4. Note down readings from multimeters of l1, l2, l3 and l.

5. Make necessary calculations and verify the practical value & theoretical value.

PROCEDURE :( PARALLEL CAPACITOR)6. Connect circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

7. Select suitable values of c1, c2, and c38. Switch on A.C. supply.

9. Note down readings from multimeters of l1, l2, l3 and l.10. Make necessary calculations and verify the practical value & theoretical value.

OBSERVATION TABLE :( SERIES CAPACITORS)




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OBSERVATION TABLE :( PARALLEL CAPACITORS)

CONCLUSION:



Sr.no. Supplyvoltage(V)

SupplyFrequency(Hz)

Current(I)

Xc=V/I= (1/ 2fc)

Ceq =(1/2fXc)

Practical value(F)Ceq.=1/C1+1/C2+1/C3

1

2

3

4

Sr.no. Supplyvoltage(V)

SupplyFrequency(Hz)

Current(I)

Xc=V/I= (1/ 2fc)

Ceq =(1/2fXc)

Practical value(F)Ceq.= C1+C2+C3

1

2

3

4


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1. Derive the equivalent capacitance for the capacitors connected in series.2. Derive the equivalent capacitance for the capacitors connected in parallel.

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DATE OF COMPLETION:


GRADE:

EXPERIMENT NO:7

AIM: Determination of Power Factor by 1 Wattmeter Method in 1 Phase Ac Circuit.

OBJECTIVES: By performing this experiment we can calculate power factor.

-

APPARATUS:1) Power supply:

2) Single phase, 230 V ac power supply3)0-750W 250V 6A wattmeter,

4) 0-5A MI ammeter, 0-300V MI voltmeter

5) Power factor Meter6) Rheostate




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THEORY:

Basic information: In a single phase ac circuit, power consumed by the load is given by the equation

W = V I cos where,

W = power in the given circuit in watts

V = voltage across the load in volts

A = load current in amperes

Cos = power factor of the given circuit

The load used for this experiment is lamp load, which is a resistive load; hence the power factor of the

circuit is unity. Therefore,

cos = 1

Hence, W = V x I

=tan-1XL/R

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:



N

P

2 3 0 V

a c

0 - 7 5 0 W

0 - 3 0 0 V

0 - 5 / 1 0 A

M L

C V

V 0-300V

I0-5A

1ph.variac

R


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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.1.2. Switch on the main supply

3. Take the reading of the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter, power factor meter and record them in

the observation table.4. Make necessary calculations.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Voltage(V) Current(I) W= Vx I watts Powermeasured bywattmeter,P

Difference(P-W)

CONCLUSION:




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1. Give advantages & disadvantages of One wattmeter method.2. The power measured measured by wattmeter is real or reactive or apperent?

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DATE OF COMPLETION:


GRADE:

EXPERIMENT NO:8

AIM:To measure light intensity by using LUX METER (FX-101).

APPARATUS:1) Digital lux meter.

General specifications:

a) Power supply: 006P DC 9V battery, consumption current approx. 2mA.

b) Display : 13mm LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)c) Ranges : 0-50,000 LUX (divided in 3 ranges)




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Ranges Resolution Accuracy

0-2,000 1 lux +/- (5%+2d)

2,000-19,990 10 lux +/- (5%+2d)20,000-50,000 100 lux +/- (5%+2d)

d) Operating temperature : 0 degree to 50 degree Celsius

THEORY:Lux meter is basically a semiconductor sensor or a semiconductor photo electric transducer.

When radiation falls on a semiconductor photo electric transducer, radiation is absorbed. This

process of energy absorption produces movable charge careers in the semiconductor thereby producing

one of the following effects.1) change in resistance,

2) change in current output ,

3) change in voltage output

And employing this effect different types of transducers are designed which are discussed inbrief as under

1) PHOTOCONDUCTIVE CELL:

Electric conduction in semiconductor materials occurs when free chargecareers e.g. electrons are available in the material. When an electric field is applied, in certain

semiconductors, when light energy falls on them results in release of charge careers which inturn

increases the flow of current produced by an applied voltage. This increase in the current is due to thedecrease I n the resistance of semiconductor because of the light falling on it. Thus as the resistance of

the semiconductor decrease with increase in light intensity, such devices are commonly called

photoconductive cells or photo resistive cell or sometimes light dependent resistor (LDR).

The commonly used semiconduct6or materials are cadmium sulphide (CdS) and cadmium

solenoid.

2) PHOTO DIODES :

In photo diode radiation are directed on the P-N junction of the diode which

causes the flow of the current. The circuit of photo diode is as shown in fig 2.

The photo diode is reverse biased. The reverse bias saturation current depends upon theintensity of the incident light. Thus higher the light intensity more is the reverse saturation current.

The main advantages of photo diode are its better spectral response, linearity and lower

noise. And the main disadvantage is its small active region and temperature sensitivity.

3) PHOTO TRANSISTORS :




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A photo transistor is a normal transistor in which the envelope

enclosing the junction is transparent to allow the light to fall on the base-emitter junction. When light

falls halls, electron pair are generated which produces current. This current is amplified by transistoraction, which makes device very sensitive.

Photo transistor gives fast switching operation and hence is widely used for digitalapplications.

4) PHOTO VOLATIC CELL :A photo voltaic cell generates voltage which is proportional to the

radiation intensity. Because of this property they are called photo voltaic cell. They are passive

transducers i.e. they do not require external source for providing power to them

The cell is normally a giant diode with P-N junction between appropriately doped with

semiconductor materials. Photons (light) striking the cell passes through thin p-doped upper layer and

are absorbed by electrons to the lower n-layer. This causes conduction of electrons and holes. Thedepletion region potential of P-N junction hinders this conduction and causes a difference of potential to

develop across the junction.

This potential difference would result into the current when externally connected to load

resistance.

They are also called solar cells because they are used to convert the solar energy intoelectrical energy.

PROCEDURE:1) Turn ON the power supply.

2) Hold the light sensor opposite to the light source whose intensity is to be measured.

3) Note the reading after selecting the appropriate range.

4) Repeat the experiment to measure the intensity of :-

- Light in open air.

- Light in room- Bulb as light source etc.

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ASSIGNMENT:1) Enlist the uses of different photo electric transducers.

2) Compare and contrast different photo electric transducers.

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