EFFECT OF GLASS FIBER ON PROPERTIES OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE · 2018-05-01 · Keywords: pervious concrete, porous concrete, pervious concrete with glass fibre. Cite this Article: B

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2018, pp. 1344–1355, Article ID: IJCIET_09_04_151

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=4

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

EFFECT OF GLASS FIBER ON PROPERTIES OF

PERVIOUS CONCRETE

B. Radha Kiranmaye

Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department,

Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India

D. Tarangini

Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department,


K.V. Ramana Reddy

Professor and Head of the Department, Civil Engineering Department,


ABSTRACT

Conventional Portland cement Concrete is commonly used for pavement

construction. The impervious nature of the concrete pavements contributes to the

increased water runoff into the drainage system, over-burdening the infrastructure

and causing excessive flooding in built-up areas. Pervious concrete is a special type of

concrete with a high porosity used for concrete pavement applications that allows

water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing

the runoff from a site and allowing ground water recharge.

The glass fiber can be the effective material to improve the properties of the

pervious concrete. It will explore the use of glass fiber which is environmentally

detrimental. The presence of glass fiber with cement content strengthens the concrete

in greater extent. In this paper, glass fiber is used as partial replacement of cement in

volume fraction of 1.5%. Pervious concrete with little or no fine aggregate in various

proportions is used. The study evaluates the effect of fine aggregate in varying

fraction of 0%, 10% and 20% with coarse aggregate. The tests to be carried out to

analyze the properties of pervious concrete are void ratio, compressive strength,

flexural strength, split tensile strength and permeability test with varying fraction of

fine aggregate.

Keywords: pervious concrete, porous concrete, pervious concrete with glass fibre.

Cite this Article: B. Radha Kiranmaye, D. Tarangini and K.V. Ramana Reddy, Effect

of Glass Fiber on Properties of Pervious Concrete, International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 2018, pp. 1344–1355.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=4

B. Radha Kiranmaye, D. Tarangini and K.V. Ramana Reddy


1. INTRODUCTION

Pervious concrete which is also known as no fines, porous, gap graded and permeable

concrete and enhance porosity concrete has been found to be a reliable storm water

management tool. By definition, pervious concrete is a mixture of gravel or granite stone,

cement, water, little to no sand (fine aggregate). When pervious concrete is used for paving,

the open cell structures allow storm water to filter through the pavement and into the

underlying soils. In other words, pervious concrete helps in protecting the surface of the

pavement and its environment.

Pervious concrete has the same basic constituents as conventional concrete that is 15% -

30% of its volume consists of interconnected void network, which allows water to pass

through the concrete. High range water reducer and thickening agent are introduced in the

concrete to improve its strength and workability. It can allow the passage of 0.014-0.023 m3

of water per minute through its open cells for each square foot 0.0929 m2

of surface area

which is far greater than most rain occurrences.

Pervious concrete is rough textured and has a honey-combed surface. Carefully prepared

pervious concrete with controlled amount of water and cementitious materials creates a paste.

The paste then forms a thick coating around aggregate particles maintains a system of

interconnected voids which allow water and air to pass through. The lack of sand in pervious

concrete results in a very harsh mix that negatively affects mixing, delivery and placement.

Also, due to high void content pervious concrete is light in weight (about 1600 to 1900

kg/m3). Pervious concrete void structure provides pollutant captures which also add

significant structural strength as well. It also results in very high permeable concrete that

drains quickly.

Pervious concrete can be used in a wide range of applications, although its primary use in

pavements which are in: residual roads, alleys and driveways, low volume pavements, low

water crossings, sidewalks and pathways, parking areas, tennis courts, slope stabilization, sub-

base for conventional concrete pavements etc.

Pervious concrete pavements have become popular as an effective storm water

management tool to reduce the volume of storm water runoff and concentration of pollutants.

It is used at parking areas, low traffic areas, pedestrian pathway etc., because of its attractive

storm water mitigation capabilities, and also in other applications. Apart from this, pervious

concrete may be used as a wall concrete in structural applications for light weight or better

thermal insulation, surface course for parking lots, tennis courts, zoo areas, stalls etc., and for

greenhouse floors to keep the floor free of standing water.

Pervious concrete has been increasingly used due to several sustainability-related benefits

offered by this material. Pervious concrete includes other environmental benefits such as

reduced noise generated by tire-pavement interaction, reduced urban heat-island effect,

minimized road splash, improved skid resistance, recharge of ground water table, reduced

storm water runoff, limited pollutant penetration into the ground water and preservation of

native eco systems. Despite these benefits, the potential for lower compressive strength,

clogging, raveling and susceptibility to freezing and thawing damage, have limited the use of

pervious pavements in cold climate conditions. When compared to conventional concrete,

pervious concrete exhibits sustainability, because of its properties. Some notable

characteristics of pervious concrete are lower unit weight and drying shrinkage, higher

permeability, higher thermal insulation, lower compressive, tensile and bond strength, lower

pressure on framework during construction, and longer curing time required prior to form

removal, elimination of capillary attraction and economy in materials.

Effect of Glass Fiber on Properties of Pervious Concrete


2. MATERIALS

Pervious concrete is considered a special type of highly porous concrete. Such porous

concrete can be classified into two types: where porosity is present in aggregate component of

the mixture and one where porosity is introduced in non-aggregate component of the mixture.

The strength of pervious concrete is dependent on the cement content, water to cement ratio,

compaction level and aggregate gradations.

Aggregates:

Aggregate forms about 75% of the concrete volume. Aggregates can be sand or crushed rock

or recycled concrete materials or other materials. Aggregate grading used in pervious concrete

are typically either single sized coarse aggregate or grading between 20 mm and 12.5 mm.

Rounded and crushed aggregates, both normal and light weight, have been used to make

pervious concrete.

In this paper, Locally available crushed granite stones confirming to graded aggregate of

nominal size 12.5 mm as per IS: 383-1970 is used. Several investigations concluded that

maximum size of coarse aggregate should be restricted in strength of the composite. In

addition to cement paste aggregate ratio, aggregate type has a great influence on concrete

dimensional stability.

Fine aggregate content is limited in pervious concrete mixtures because it tends to

compromise the connectedness of the pore system. Aggregate quality in pervious concrete is

equally important as in conventional concrete. Flaky or elongated particles should be avoided.

Cementitious material:

Cement comprises about 7-14% of concrete. Portland cement conforming to ASTM

C150/C150M is used as the main binder. Supplementary cementitious materials such as fly

ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag and silica fume can also be used in addition of

Portland cement and should meet the requirements of ASTM C168, C989 and C1240. In this

project, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 53 grade cement which surpasses the requirements

of IS 12269 – 1987 is used.

It is recognized for its high early strength and excellent ultimate strength because of its

optimum particle size distribution, superior crystalline structure and balanced phase

composition and hence widely used and suitable for speedy construction, durable concrete and

economic concrete mix designs.

Different types of cement have different water requirements to produce pastes of standard

consistence. Different types of cement also will produce concrete have a different rates of

strength development. The choice of brand and type of cement is the most important to

produce a good quality of concrete. The type of cement affects the rate of hydration, so that

the strengths at early ages can be considerably influenced by the particular cement used. It is

also important to ensure compatibility of the chemical and mineral admixtures with cement.

Water

Water quality for pervious concrete is governed by the same requirements as those for

conventional concrete. The higher the content of water in concrete, the higher the concrete

workability, as water makes the concrete thinner. When water is added to concrete, it results

in concrete hydration reaction and hardening subsequently. Water should have a pH value in

the range of 6-8.Pervious concrete should be proportioned with a relatively low water

cementitious material ratio (w/cm) (typically 0.26 to 0.40) because an excess amount of water



will lead to drainage of the paste and subsequent clogging of the pore system. The addition of

water, therefore, has to be monitored closely in the field.

Supplementary Cement Materials

Glass fibers

Glass fiber also called as fiber glass. It is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass.

Fiber glass is a light weight, extremely strong and robust material. Although strength

properties are somewhat lower than carbon fiber and it is less stiff, the material is typically are

less brittle, and the raw materials are much less expensive. Its bulk strength and weight

properties are also very favorable when compared to metals, and it can be easily formed using

molding processes. Glass is the oldest and most familiar performance fiber. Fibers have been

manufactured from glass since the 1930s.Glass fibers are useful because of their high ratio of

surface area to weight. Moisture is easily adsorbed and can worsen microscopic cracks and

surface defects, and lessen tenacity.

Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is a type of fiber reinforced concrete. Glass fiber

concrete is mainly used exterior building façade panels and as architectural precast concrete.

This material is very good in making shapes on the front of any building and it is less dense

than steel. Glass fiber material is also used in filling cracks and increasing strength of

concrete

Figure 1 Glass fiber

The specifications of the glass fiber used in this paper are as follows:

Length of the glass fiber used is 12mm

Filament diameter: 14 µm/ 0.00055º

Specific gravity of glass fiber is 2.68g/cm3

Moisture (%): 0.50max.

Material: Alkali resistant glass

Softening point: 860°C (1580ºF)

Modulus of elasticity: 72 Gpa

Table 1 Properties of Glass fiber

Properties Glass fiber

Tensile strength 1200 – 1700 Mpa

Compression strength 1080 Mpa

Specific gravity 2.7 g/cm3

Shape Irregular pieces

Nature It does not absorb water

Source Industries



3. MIX PROPORTION

The aim of proportioning mixtures is establishment of excellent balance between paste

content, porosity, workability and strength. For producing initial trial batches, ACI 522 – R 10

is used.

Table 2 Mix proportion for various mixes

MIX PROPORTION

(cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate)

0% fine aggregate (F0) 1: 0: 3

10% fine aggregate (F10) 1: 0.3:2.7

20% fine aggregate (F 20) 1: 0.6: 2.4

4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The strength development for different percentages of fine aggregate is studied. The strength

related properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength are

studied. Three mix specimens were tested for each test. The entire tests were conducted as per

specifications required. For the purpose of testing specimens, various pervious concrete

specimens were prepared for different mixes. After thorough mixing, water was added and the

mixing was continued until a uniform mix was obtained. The concrete was then placed in to

the moulds which were properly oiled. For cube compression tests on concrete, cube of size

150mm were employed. All the cubes were tested in saturated condition after wiping out the

surface moisture from the specimen. For the present investigation, cubes were tested by

compression testing machine as per IS: 516 – 1959 at an age of 7days, 14 days and 28 days.

For splitting tensile strength test, cylinders of size 150mm diameter and 300mm height were

cast. Specimens thus prepared were de moulded after 24 hours of casting and were kept in a

curing tank for curing.

5. RESULTS

Test Results on Properties of Pervious Concrete are given below:

3 types of mixes were used to find the properties of pervious concrete

F0 = mix with 0% fine aggregate



Each mix consists of glass fiber with 1.5% replacement of cement by volume.

VOID CONTENT

Total void content test was conducted in accordance with ASTM C138. In this procedure,

hardened density is calculated by dividing the dry mass by the volume of the specimen. Cube

specimens of size 150mm*150mm*150mm were prepared for each mix. After 24 hours the

specimens were demoulded and cured in water for 28days until testing. The void content was

reported as the average of the samples.

The dry weight of the specimen is first recorded (Md) and then the dimensions of the

specimens are measured are recorded to obtain the volume (V).Hardened density is calculated

as the ratio of the dry mass to the volume of the specimen (Md/V). To characterize porosity,

each specimen is submerged in water for at least 30 minutes, after which the submerged mass

of each specimen is recorded (Mw).The volume of the solids is obtained by dividing the



difference between the dry and submerged weights by the density of water (ρw).Subsequently

void content (φ) is calculated using the equation given below

Figure 2 Void content test

φ = [

]

M1= buoyant mass of the saturated specimens in water

Md=dry mass in the air for 24 hours

V = total volume of specimens

ρ=density of water

Table 3 Test results of void content

S.no Mix W2 (gms) W1(gms) Void content Average void

content

1 F0 6300 3680 22.37

2 F0 6450 3770 20.59 21.8

3 F0 6530 3830 20.00

4 F10 6550 4160 18.02

5 F10 6740 4215 19.20 18.2

6 F10 6810 4320 17.5

7 F20 7120 5235 16.6

8 F20 7240 5320 15.94 15.6

9 F20 7310 5390 16.20

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Compressive is defined as the ability of the material to resist compressive stress without

failure. The specimen was tested in accordance with IS 516:1969. The testing was done on a

compressive testing machine. The machine has the facility to control the rate of loading with a

control valve. After the required period of curing, the cube specimen are removed from the

curing tank and cleaned to wipe off the surface water. It is placed on the machine such that the

load is applied centrally. The smooth surfaces off the specimen are placed as the bearing

surfaces. The top plates are brought in contact with the specimen by rotating the handle and

the machine is switched on. The maximum load at failure at which the specimen breaks is

recorded. The test is repeated for the three specimens and the average value is taken as the

mean strength. The compressive strength is taken as the load applied on the specimen divided

by the area of the bearing surface of the specimen. The results of the tests are tabulated.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH = LOAD / AREA OF THE SPECIMEN



Table 4 Test results on compressive strength

S.No Type of mix 7 days

(Mpa)

14 days

(Mpa)

28 days

(Mpa)

1 F0 15.8 20.6 25.9

2 F10 17.6 22.3 27.2

3 F20 20.4 26.4 30.1

FLEXURAL STRENGTH

To determine the flexural strength, beams of size 150mm*150mm*700mm are casted. These

specimens are left for curing in water and tested at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days. The

specimens are dried under the sun for atleast one hour and then placed on the testing machine.

The bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers shall be wiped clean, and any loose

sand or other material removed from the surfaces of the specimen where they are to make

contact with the rollers. The specimen shall then is placed in the machine and the load shall be

applied to the uppermost surfaces as cast in the mould, a long two lines spread 20 or 13.3cm

apart. The axis of the specimen shall be applied in increased manner until the specimen fails,

and the maximum load applied to the specimen during the test shall be recorded. The

appearance of the fractured faces of concrete and any unusual features in the type of failure

shall be noted.

The flexural strength is expressed as fb=p*1/(b*d*d)

Where b = measured width

d = measured depth

l = measured length of specimen

p = maximum load applied on the specimen

Figure 3 Flexural strength test

Table 5 Test results on flexural strength

S.No Type of mix 7 Days

(Mpa)

14 Days

(Mpa)

28 days

(Mpa)

1 F0 0.32 0.38 0.46

2 F10 0.35 0.43 0.52

3 F20 0.42 0.45 0.58



SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

Take the wet specimen from water after 7days of curing. Wipe out water from the surface of

specimen.

Draw diametrical lines on the two ends of the specimen to ensure that they are on the

same axial place.

Note the weight and dimension of the specimen. Set the compression testing machine for

the required range

Keep plywood strip on the lower plate and place the specimen. Align the specimen so that

the lines marked on the ends are vertical and centered over the bottom plate. Place the other

plywood strip above the specimen. Bring down the upper plate to touch the plywood strip.

Apply the load continuously without shock. Note down the breaking load (P).

Figure 4 Split tensile strength test

Table 6 Test results on split tensile strength

S.No Type of mix 7 days

(Mpa)

14 days

(Mpa)

28 days

(Mpa)

1 F0 1.45 1.73 1.94

2 F10 1.63 2.13 2.37

3 F20 1.84 2.31 2.64

PERMEABILITY TEST

This test method covers the determination of the field water infiltration rate of in place

pervious concrete.

Infiltration rate of pervious concrete cube specimens is determined in the laboratory based

on the modified version of ASTM C1701. After the hardened porosity and density tests are

completed on the specimens, specimens are wrapped on the sides with shrink-wrap which

enables the vertical flow of water without any loss from the sides. Similar to ASTM C1701

procedure, the test is based on the measurement of the time required for the known volume of

water to flow through the specimen. Infiltration rate is calculated based on the equation

I = 4V/D2πt

Where, V is the volume of the infiltrated water

D is the diameter of the specimen and

t is the time required for the designated volume of water to infiltrate through PC



Figure 5 Permeability test

Table 7 Test results on permeability

S.No Type of mix Time in secs Infiltration rate

(mm/sec)

1 F0 25.39 6.3

2 F10 33.33 4.8

3 F20 41.02 3.9

GRAPHS:

Graph 1 void content and % of fine aggregate

Graph 2 Compressive Strength and % of fine aggregate

21

.8

18

.2

15

.6

0

5

10

15

20

25

F0 F10 F20

Vo

id c

on

ten

t in

%

Mix

void…

15

.6

17

.6

20

.4

20

.6

22

.3 26

.4

25

.9

27

.8 32

.2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

F0 F10 F20

Co

mp

ress

ive

stre

ng

th i

n

Mp

a

Mix

7DAYS



Graph 3 Split Tensile Strength and % of fine aggregate

Graph 4 Flexural Strength and % of fine aggregate

Graph 5 Permeabity and % of fine aggregate

1.5

6

1.7

5

1.8

9

1.7

1

1.9

5 2.2

7

1.9

3 2.2

2 2.5

6

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

F0 F10 F20

Fle

xu

ral

stre

ngth

in

MP

a

Mix

7 days

1.4

5 1.7

3

1.9

4

1.6

3

2.1

3 2.3

7

1.8

4

2.3

1 2

.64

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

F0 F10 F20

Sp

lit

ten

sile

str

ength

in

MP

a

Mix

7 days

14 days

28 days

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

F0 F10 F20

Per

mea

bil

ity

Mix

Permeability



Graph 6 Permeability vs Compressive Strength

4. CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions are made from the study on properties of pervious concrete with

the replacement of cement by 1.5% of glass fiber and addition of little amount of fine

aggregate:

1. The void content is observed to be in the range of 15% to 22% with average void

content.

2. The void content of 10% fine aggregate is decreased by 16.5% and 20% fine aggregate

is decreased by 28.4% compared to 0% fine aggregate.

3. The compressive strength of 10% fine aggregate is increased by 7.3% and 20% fine

aggregate is increased by 14% compared to 0% fine aggregate and ranges between

25Mpa to 32Mpa for 28 days of curing.

4. The compressive strength of 20% fine aggregate increased by 15% compared to

conventional concrete without glass fiber.

5. The compressive strength of concrete with 0% glass fiber is increased by 28%

compared to 1.5% of glass fiber.

6. The Split tensile strength increased by 18% for 10% fines and by 26% for 20% fines

compared to 0% fines and ranges between 1.9Mpa to 3Mpa for 28 days.

7. The flexural strength increased by 13% for 10% fines and by 21% for 20% fines

compared to 0% fines and ranges between 1.8Mpa to 2.6Mpa for 28 days.

8. The permeability of 10% fine aggregate is decreased by 29% for 10% fine aggregate

and decreased by 38% for 20% fine aggregate compared to 0% fine aggregate and

ranges between 6.3mm/sec to 3.9 mm/sec.

REFERENCES

[1] American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Concrete Committee (C09) 2006,

Concrete committee to consider Pervious Activity.

[2] A Report on Pervious concrete, American concrete Institute (ACI 522 R10)

[3] Analysis of Pervious Concrete Properties by Rama Mahalingam and Assoc. Prof. Shanthi

Vaithiyalingam Mahalingam, Government college of Technology, Faculty of civil

Engineering, Tamil Nadu, India, Gradevinar 6/2016, Date of Issue 10.14256/

JCE.1434.2015

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

6.3 4.5 3.9

Com

pre

ssie

str

ength

in

MP

a

Permeability in mm/sec

28days



[4] An experimental study on performance of Pervious Concrete using Partial replacement of

Recycled Concrete Aggregate by N.H.Agilandeshwari, J.Haja Ashif, Mohamed Sharafath,

B.Vadivel, R.Renukadevy, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science

Engineering and Technology

[5] Design of Eco-friendly Pervious concrete by M.Harshavardhana Balaji, M.R.Amarnath,

R.A.Kavin, S.Jaya Pradeep Assistant Professor, Knowledge Institute of Technology,

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Volume 6, Issue 2,

Febraury(2015)

[6] Effect of paste to voids volume ratio on the performance of the concrete mixtures by Ezgi

Yudakul, Peter C.Taylor, Halil Ceyan, IOWA State University, Civil, Construction and

Environmental Engineering published in 2013

[7] Experimental study on Properties of No-fines concrete By Md. Abid Alam, Shagufta Naz,

International Journal of Informative & futuristic Research, Volume 2 Issue 10, June 2015,

published on 25/06/2015

[8] Mix proportion of Cementitious Material in Pervious Concrete by Pankaj R Teware and

Shrikant. M. Harle, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Prof of Ram

Meghe College of engineering and Management, Badnera, Maharashtra from Journal of

Recent Activities in Architectural Sciences, Volume 1. Issue 3

[9] Optimal mix designs for Pervious concrete for an Urban area by Stephen A. Arbin,

Rezene Madhi Department of civil engineering, Howard University, Washington d.C.,

United States, IJERT, ISSN: 2278-0181, Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2014

[10] Pervious concrete: New Era for Rural Road Pavement” by Darshan s. Shah, Prof.

Jayeshkumar Pitroda

[11] Preliminary Sudy to Develop Standard Acceptance Tests for Pervious Concrete” by

Somayeh Nassiri, Milena Rangelov, Zhao Chen, Department of Civil and Environmental

Engineering, Washington State University, published on May 2017

[12] Size effect on flexural strength of Porous concrete by M. Kunieda, T. Yoshida, T.

Kannada & K.Rakugo

[13] Studies on the Characterization of Pervious Concrete for Pavement Applications by Uma

Maguesvari and V.L.Narasimha, 2nd Conference of Transportation Research Group of

India (2nd CTRG)

[14] Strength Properties of Pervious concrete compared with Conventional concrete by

K.Rajashekhar and K.Spandana, Assistant Professor, Krishna Chaitanya Institute of

Technology, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil engineering (IOSR-JMCE), Volume

13, Issue 4 ver. III

[15] Study of Pervious concrete by Sourabh Rahangdale, Shobhit Maran, Sumit Lakshmanil,

Mayuraesh Gidde, Department of civil engineering, Baharathi vidyapeeth, Maharashtra,

International Research Journal of Engineering and technology (IRJET), Volume 4, Issue

06 June 2017.

[16] T. Divya Bhavana, S. Koushik, K. Uday Mani Kumar and R. Srinath, Pervious Concrete

Pavement, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp.

413–421.

[17] Bolem Priyanka and Sunil Raiyani. Incorporation of Nano Particles in Pervious Concrete

for Water Purification and Strength Improvement. International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 629-637

Documents

EFFECT OF GLASS FIBER ON PROPERTIES OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE · 2018-05-01 · Keywords: pervious concrete, porous concrete, pervious concrete with glass fibre. Cite this Article: B