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In The Name of ALLAH, The Most Merciful, The Mast GraciousPresentation Text for Seminar in BiochemistryEnvironmental Studies MSc.- Aut. 2013

Effect of Plant Pollution on NeurotransmittersSupervised By:Dr. Fatma El DemerdashPresented By:Dalia ElsayedPresentation Objectives:Link between plant pollution and its effect on neurotransmittersRecognize the importance to keep neurotransmitters free from negative effects Link between natural mechanisms and life

Presentation Main Topics:Environment Pollution Plant pollutionNeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters and plant pollution Introduction : " " 41Pre-known fact from ALLAH, glorified and exalted be He, is clearly shown by the verse. ALLAH tells us about what will happen in all ages that is gradually occurred.

We'll show the relation between the surrounding environment and the human health and behavior in the next figure.

Environment DefinitionThe surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates:survival in an often hostile environment, i.e. the setting or conditions in which a particular activity is carried on: a good learning environment.The natural world, as a whole or in a particular geographical area, especially as affected by human activity: i.e. the impact of pesticides on the environment.Pollution Pollution is the addition to the ecosystem of something which has a detrimental effect on it. One of the most important causes of pollution is the high rate of energy usage by modern, growing populations.Environmental pollution is any discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes or may cause acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) detriment to the Earth's ecological balance or that lowers the quality of life.

Classification of environmental pollution is:Water Pollution Thermal PollutionLand Pollution Pesticide PollutionRadiation Pollution Noise Pollution Air Pollution

Environmental Pollution HistoryHuman beings have always caused some environmental pollution. Since prehistoric times, people have created waste. Like garbage today, this waste was either burned, tossed into waterways, buried, or dumped aboveground. Increasing human populations have opened the door to more bacteria and disease. By the 1800s, people began to understand that unsanitary living conditions and water contamination contributed to disease epidemics. Why we study Environmental pollution?

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We study environmental pollution to distinguish between the normal and abnormal states. When we observe the deviation from the normal state, we can search for solutions to solve this deviation. From scientific methods of searching and problem solving, human can discover a new thing from surroundings .. This is what is done by west people.From the facts that we live, in the west, problems are usually firstly appeared with a high sharpness due to behavior and environmental corruption, i.e. industrial wastes, that is if we apply the Qura'nic verse which help us to make better understanding of things around us.West people is used to be hard workers in observing and studying their problems then searching for solutions to solve them from different directions, either socially, economically, politically or scientifically They are usually careful to take all directions of solutions for the one problem to make a complete solution system for it .. This is a mimic of natural life systems in all elements .. Simply this is the reason of why they are preceded and we are stopped! As we concentrate to solve our problems according to our specific conditions and culture, not due to west or others vision- with our own vision- and work hard to study and search for solutions, as we can be the first In Shaa' ALLAH.

All Of WiseThere is of course a very big wise of all of these from ALLAH, glorified and exalted be He, the main thing is:" " 53 This is for the west to see and believe in ALLAH- of course also to work and do their rule in life partially, and for us to make a stimulation pulse to not to leave science and of course also for benefits gained if we forgot . The end result is all of us is learning from ALLAH's Knowledge as He allow us (west and east and all people) to learn from his Knowledge from the about 0.1 of His Great Knowledge, glorified and exalted be He. This also leads us to the environmental equilibrium of the creation, morally and physically: Negatives make learning for positives to differentiate study and solve.From Disease, we found the treatment. Negatives, sometimes, protects positives through either resistance, or to extract useful resources.Plant Pollution:This expression is not recorded, but it means the pollution type that affects plant.

Pollution Effects On Plants and TreesAir PollutionAir pollution is the accumulation in the atmosphere of substances that, in sufficient concentrations, endanger human health or produce other measured effects on living matter and other materials. Among the major sources of pollution are power and heat generation, the burning of solid wastes, industrial processes, and, especially, transportation. The six major types of pollutants are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulates, sulfur dioxide, and photochemical oxidants.

Pesticides

Pesticides, sometimes, are classified as type of:Air Pollution, due to spray in air- Water Pollution, due to mixing with water- Soil Pollution, due to absorption by soil- Or separate pollution type, due to its large effect and deep study.

Pesticides are created and used to kill weeds or pests. Unfortunately, their harmful health effects do not always end with the pests or weeds they eliminate. A number of the pesticides currently on the market are known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to the nervous system, development or reproduction. Health effects of a variety of pesticides range from irritation of skin and eyes, to nervous system damage, to cancer.

PPPHow Pesticides Pollute the Environment and Affect Human health?Pesticides enter and pollute the environment primarily through:their direct application in agricultural fields, These chemicals also enter the human body through:inhalation when one breathes in dust or chemical spray. through drinking ground water that has been polluted from runoff from fields or leachate from production and storage facilities. through contact with and ingestion of food items sprayed or contaminated with pesticides . This is our target!

Plant and PesticidesChemical and physical properties of a pesticide and interacting environmental factors determine the behavior of pesticides. Behavior in turn dictates the ultimate fate of the pesticide.

All aerial portions of the plant are covered by cuticle. The cuticle inside the stomatal chamber is more polar than the cuticle on the leaf surface, and the under leaf surface cuticle is more polar than the upper surface cuticle. The polarity of the cuticle increases from the waxy leaf surface toward pectins in cell walls and to the aqueous environment of the cell.

The outer portion of the cuticle favors the entry of relatively nonpolar pesticides like 1,1, l-trichloro- 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) or the long-chain alkyl esters of 2,4-dichloro- phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The inner portion of the cuticle favors passage of more polar compounds like 2,4-D acid but restricts the passage of lipophyllic compounds like DDT. Thus, DDT residues in plants are usually surface residues which can be removed with solvents which remove the outer cuticle. Absorption, Surface adsorption, Volatilization (it adds to the total load of atmospheric pollutants), Washoff (not absorbed, adsorbed, degraded, or lost through volatilization, make water or soil contamination), or Degradation (photochemical, chemical, or biological).

Behavior of Pesticides on Roots: Translocation, Storage, Metabolism .Pesticides and Neurotransmitters What are Neurotransmitters?Neurotransmitters are chemicals (Small Molecules or Hormones), stored in small Synaptic Vesicles clustered at the tip of the Axon (terminal buttons). They are released into the Synapse when a Nerve Impulse arrives for transmission to the next Neuron. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between a neuron and another cell. Neurotransmitters- carry messages across a synapse.Mechanism of Neurotransmitters Action and Function

Extracted Important Points from This Part:

1- Recycling Process is primarily a natural process that is occurred, all the time, in our body system and in all of natural systems around us. This is a call for the optimal use of resources and a rationalization of consumption patterns. Real science nowadays makes simulation for the natural life to mimic it, because he believes that the natural life is created at a very accurate and right level- from ALLAH, glorified and exalted be He. Of course current science don't believe right in ALLAH, glorified and exalted be He .. This is the contradiction of west real life. So we can benefit this idea through gradual steps to study the natural systems in details, connect and make relations, determine functions in each step for further problem solving, and then mimic the nature at our very small level .. Computer was from brain, detergents were from digestion juice, and cars were from animals then try to use the nature that is created for you for better life to build in earth!2- Gradual Steps in Biosystems learn us that there is nothing can be built by sudden, so everything has to take certain scientific steps to grow. Then you have to Concentrate, work hard, analyze elements of each thing you are interested in or want to explore, compose your own model, and believe that everything has a wise, mean, and value to keep it. You are like to be up the stairs one by one and you have to take it respectively and with awareness ..

Don't step out the nature and the straightway that are created from ALLAH, glorified and exalted be He.

Types of NeurotransmittersI- Acetylcholine (ACh)- The enzyme choline acetlytransferase makes ACh by combining Acetyl CoA + Choline. ACh is involved in muscle contractions, heart rate, and other behaviors.II- Monoaminesa) Serotonin (5-HT)- 5-HT appears to be involved in regulating mood. b) Dopamine (DA)- DA appears to be involved in reward and initiating movement.c) Norepinephrine (NE )- NE appears to contribute to many behaviors (heart rate, mood, etc.). III- Amino Acids a) Glutamate- Glutamate probably contributes to all behavior.b) GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid)- The loss of GABAergic neurons will result in seizures because neurons are not inhibited. IV- Peptides Example: Enkephalin (5 amino acids)-involved in blocking pain.How Pesticides affect the neurotransmitters?Organophosphorus compounds or organophosphates (OPs) form a large group of chemicals used over the past 60 years for protecting crops, livestock, human health and as warfare agents. OPs are the most widely used pesticides worldwide and their metabolites are widespread across different populations.

The primary mechanism of OPs toxicity is well studied they function as inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AcHE). Human exposure to OPs is most frequently assessed by measurement of decrease in AcHE activity. This method is relevant for professional exposure, where OP concentrations entering to body are relatively high. However, low OP concentrations, which are present continuously, do not cause significantly decreased AcHE activity. Exposure of wider populations must lean on assessment of OP metabolites, such as alkylphosphate in urine (Gupta, 2006).

Neurotoxicity of OPs The primary mechanism of OPs toxicity involves inhibition of the enzyme AcHE. AcHE is found in synaptic membranes, where it degrades, through its hydrolytic activity, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, producing choline and acetate, a reaction important for the regulation of synaptic activity in the central and peripheral neural system. OP cholinesterase inhibitors block the function of acetylcholinesterase, causing the accumulation of excessive acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. This causes neurotoxic effects such as neuromuscular paralysis (i.e. continuous muscle contraction) throughout the entire body (Gupta, 2006). OPs inhibits AcHE by forming covalent bond between OP and the active site of AcHE. Spontaneous hydrolysis of OP from the active site is very slow, sometimes irreversible, resulting in long-term toxic effects. Novel OPs are altered in such a way that spontaneous hydrolysis of the OP-AcHE complex is accelerated (Gupta, 2006).

Symptoms of acute OP poisoning can be divided according to the site of acetylcholine accumulation in the organism (The next Figure).

In addition to acute symptoms, some OPs can cause other symptoms that arise a few days after exposure or poisoning with OP. Weakness in muscles and breathing difficulties usually appear 1 4 days after poisoning while, after 7- 21 days, weakness in peripheral muscles also occurs. The cause of these delayed symptoms is inhibition of the neuropathy target esterase (NTE) located in the neural system, rather than AcHE inhibition.

Health effects from chronic exposure to organophosphate pesticides include memory and attention deficits, as well as increased depression, anxiety and irritability. 69 Recent studies in U.S. populations with no obvious symptoms of acute pesticide exposures have linked higher levels of chronic exposure to organophosphate insecticides in utero with reduced birth weight, head circumference, and gestational length in infants. Pesticides Are Lowering Your IQ and Giving You Neurological DisordersSince the late 1990s, three U.S. universities have been investigating the impact of common chemicals in the environment on brain development. Studies recruited hundreds of pregnant women and measured the amount of pesticides to which their unborn children were exposed. Children with the highest level of pesticide exposure showed abnormal reflexes as infants, slowed mental development at age 2, ADHD-like behaviors by age 5 and significantly lower IQ scores by age 7.Researchers at Columbia also performed an MRI study which revealed that the children with high prenatal pesticide exposure had altered brain regions corresponding to emotion, social cognition, and inhibition.

AAAAReducing Your Exposure to PesticidesBuy local, organic, or sustainably produced. Wash your produce prior to eating. Grow your own fruits and vegetables. Avoid using pesticides in your home and garden. Advocate for pesticide reduction in your school, childcare center, and parks. Choose clothing made from organic or materials. May ALLAH Reward You

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