EFFECT OF WATER REDUCING CONCRETE ADMIXTURES ON THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

Saeed Ahmad University of Engineering amp Technology Taxila Pakistan

Attaullah Shah Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad Pakistan Karamet Ali University of Engineering amp Technology Taxila Pakistan

29th Conference on OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE amp STRUCTURES 25 - 26 August 2004 Singapore

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29th Conference on OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE amp STRUCTURES 25 - 26 August 2004 Singapore

EFFECT OF WATER REDUCING CONCRETE ADMIXTURES ON THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

Saeed Ahmad University of Engineering amp Technology Taxila Pakistan

Attaullah Shah Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad Pakistan Karamet Ali University of Engineering amp Technology Taxila Pakistan

Abstract

Water reducing Concrete admixtures and Superplasticiser are widely used to improve the mechanical and structural properties of fresh and hardened concrete These admixtures are more frequently used in pre-stressed concrete slender components with congested a nd densely packed reinforcement beams and slabs pre-cast elements and long slender columns

In this research two types of water reducing agents of Polymer and Modified Lignosulphonate base conforming to ASTM C-494 type C and ASTM C 494-81 type A respectively have been used Four nominal ratios of 11 2 11 2525 1 153 and 1 24 were used for mix proportioning of concrete constituents by weight The water cement ratios were maintained as 050 055 and 060 to study the effect of these admixtures on various properties of concrete The dosage of admixtures has been adopted as constant 080 by weight of cement The effect of the addition of admixtures on the workability water reduction compressive strength tensile strength and modulus of rapture has been mainly observed in the research

The results have shown substantial improvement in the properties of concrete after use of the admixtures The Polymer based high range water reducer Superplasticiser has given more promising results as compared to the Modified Lignosulphonate base water reducers

Key words Concrete admixtures superplasticiser reinforcement pre-cast slab beam slender mix proportioning workability compressive strength tensile strength modulus of rapture

1 Introduction

The history of the use of concrete admixtures is not well documented however the first admixture of air entraining agent was used in 1930 to resist the freezing of pavements Today concrete admixtures are widely used to improve the chemical and physical properties of concrete which include increased workability reduction in water requirements control setting accelerated hardening high strength better durability to the external conditions decreased permeability

117

The superplastisizers ( SP) are referred to as high range water reducing admixture by ASTMshyC494 which mainly disperses t he water inc oncrete matrix This property iss ometimes c ailed as dispersion- f luidification property 0 f concrete admixtures The superplastisizers are classified in the following four major groups

bull Sulfonated Nephthalene Formaldehyde Condense (SNF) bull Sulfonated Melamine Formaldehyde Condense (SMF) bull Modified Lignosulfonates (MLS) bull Others including polyarcylates polysterene Sulfontes Polymers etc

Today superplastisizers are in all important projects across the world in high rise buildings pre-stressed concrete slender components with congested and densely packed reinforcement beams and slabs pre-cast elements and long slender columns

The superplastisizers affect the various properties of concrete both in fresh and hardened forms mainly due to the following facts as commented by M C ollperdi [ 1] in Concrete Admixtures Hand Book

bull Reduction in interfacial tension bull Multilayered adsorption of Organic molecules bull Protective Adherent Sheath layer of water molecule bull Release of water trapped amongst the cement particles bull Retarding effect of cement of cement hydration bull Change in morphology of hydrated cement

It is likely that many of these phenomena contribute to the fluidifying effect of concrete Many of the flow properties of concrete depend on the cement paste component of concrete

The workability of concrete of concrete is mainly governed by the max size shape texture and grading of the aggregates For a given value of water cement ratio there is one value of coarsefine ratio for given material that gives the highest workability [2] Parenchio [3] developed a miniature slump test for the cement paste which requires small amount of paste and less testing time The high workability of SP concrete is however lost in the early 30 minutes due to formation of hydrates [4]

The compressive strengths of SP concretes are usually higher than the corresponding strengths of cylinders cast from the reference mixture When SP is used a water reduction up to 32-33 can be achieved [5] This fact leads to the increase in the compressive strength of SP concrete Most recently new generations of superplasticisers have been developed to give ultra high

strength concrete producing concretes with compressive strengths of 15000 psi and more [6] and very high early strength at 2 to 4 hours

In water reduced SP concrete no undue segregation and bleeding of concrete occurs due to decrease in water cement ratio If there are sufficient fine aggregates in the concrete the segregation in high workability SP concrete can also be controlled [7]

The use of SP in fly ash added concrete may reduce its effectiveness as the unburnt carbon may absorb the surface water[8] Malhotra and others initiated studies with high volume fly ash with the content of low calcium fly ash gt50 and the Portland cement contents varying from 100 to 180 Kgm3

it was shown that adequate early age strength workability low temperature rise can be achieved for fly ash added concretes using higher than the normal SP dosage[9]

The adsorption of SP on C~ of Portland cement occurs even with in few seconds whereas adsorption on the of C3S occurs by a small amount in the first hour [10] and further adsorption occurs in next five hours

The setting time of concrete generally increases with the addition of SP however the extent of this retardation depends on the type of cement temperature and the dosage of SP [6] The setting time may be accelerated when SP are used in combination with other admixtures

In this research the effect of two types of High Range water Reducers of Polymer base and modified lignosulfonate base respectively conforming to ASTM C-484 Type-D have been used for five concrete mixes and three values of water cement ratios to study their effects on various properties of Concrete such as workability compressive strength tensile strength modulus of rapture

2 Experimental Details

21 Material Cement Ordinary Portland Type- I cement was used

Fine Aggregates Fine aggregates conforming to the gradation of ASTM-136 were used Coarse aggregates Lime Stone Crushed stones of Sizes -y in and below were used

118

High Range Water Reducers two types of superpastisizers (HRWR) conforming to ASTMC 484 type D with polymer base ( PB) and Modified Lignosulfate base (MLS) respectively were used as 2 of cement by weight ( hereafter referred to as PB-SP and MLS-SP respectively) Water Cement ratio Three value of water cement ratios were used for experimental study ie 055060 and 065

22 Mix proportioning of material Five mix designs of concrete major constituents ( Cement Fine aggregates Coarse aggregates) were used in nominal ratios by weight as 112 112525 11525 1153 124 for all the three water cement values of water cement ratios The admixture was used in constant dosage of 080 by weight of cement

23 Testing of Samples To study the effect of addition of the superplasticizers on the workability compressive strength tensile strength and modulus of rapture the following tests procedures used

231 Workability tests To study the workability of different concrete mixes standard slump tests were used

232 Tests for the Compressive Strength of ConcreteshyFor each mix design nine cylinders of 6in x 12 in were prepared and tested at 3 7 and 28 days of age after pouring

233 Tests for the tensile Strength of Concrete Split cylinders tests were used to check the tensile strength of concrete mixes at 28 days of age and the sizes of cylinders were kept as 6in x 12 in

234 Tests for Modulus of Rapture of Concrete Plain cement concrete beams of size 4 in x 4in and 12 in long were tested under third point loading to determine modulus of rapture of the concrete

3 Observations and discussions

To study the effect of the addition of both types of superplasticizers on the different properties of concrete control mixes without the addition of SP were also prepared

31 Effect of Superplsticisers on the workability and Compressive strength The effect addition of SP on the workability and compressive strength has been shown in table No1

119

29th Conference on OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE amp STRUCTURES 25 - 26 August 2004 Singapore

EFFECT OF WATER REDUCING CONCRETE ADMIXTURES ON THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

Saeed Ahmad University of Engineering amp Technology Taxila Pakistan

Attaullah Shah Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad Pakistan Karamet Ali University of Engineering amp Technology Taxila Pakistan

Abstract

Water reducing Concrete admixtures and Superplasticiser are widely used to improve the mechanical and structural properties of fresh and hardened concrete These admixtures are more frequently used in pre-stressed concrete slender components with congested a nd densely packed reinforcement beams and slabs pre-cast elements and long slender columns

In this research two types of water reducing agents of Polymer and Modified Lignosulphonate base conforming to ASTM C-494 type C and ASTM C 494-81 type A respectively have been used Four nominal ratios of 11 2 11 2525 1 153 and 1 24 were used for mix proportioning of concrete constituents by weight The water cement ratios were maintained as 050 055 and 060 to study the effect of these admixtures on various properties of concrete The dosage of admixtures has been adopted as constant 080 by weight of cement The effect of the addition of admixtures on the workability water reduction compressive strength tensile strength and modulus of rapture has been mainly observed in the research

The results have shown substantial improvement in the properties of concrete after use of the admixtures The Polymer based high range water reducer Superplasticiser has given more promising results as compared to the Modified Lignosulphonate base water reducers

Key words Concrete admixtures superplasticiser reinforcement pre-cast slab beam slender mix proportioning workability compressive strength tensile strength modulus of rapture

1 Introduction

The history of the use of concrete admixtures is not well documented however the first admixture of air entraining agent was used in 1930 to resist the freezing of pavements Today concrete admixtures are widely used to improve the chemical and physical properties of concrete which include increased workability reduction in water requirements control setting accelerated hardening high strength better durability to the external conditions decreased permeability

117

The superplastisizers ( SP) are referred to as high range water reducing admixture by ASTMshyC494 which mainly disperses t he water inc oncrete matrix This property iss ometimes c ailed as dispersion- f luidification property 0 f concrete admixtures The superplastisizers are classified in the following four major groups

bull Sulfonated Nephthalene Formaldehyde Condense (SNF) bull Sulfonated Melamine Formaldehyde Condense (SMF) bull Modified Lignosulfonates (MLS) bull Others including polyarcylates polysterene Sulfontes Polymers etc

Today superplastisizers are in all important projects across the world in high rise buildings pre-stressed concrete slender components with congested and densely packed reinforcement beams and slabs pre-cast elements and long slender columns

The superplastisizers affect the various properties of concrete both in fresh and hardened forms mainly due to the following facts as commented by M C ollperdi [ 1] in Concrete Admixtures Hand Book

bull Reduction in interfacial tension bull Multilayered adsorption of Organic molecules bull Protective Adherent Sheath layer of water molecule bull Release of water trapped amongst the cement particles bull Retarding effect of cement of cement hydration bull Change in morphology of hydrated cement

It is likely that many of these phenomena contribute to the fluidifying effect of concrete Many of the flow properties of concrete depend on the cement paste component of concrete

The workability of concrete of concrete is mainly governed by the max size shape texture and grading of the aggregates For a given value of water cement ratio there is one value of coarsefine ratio for given material that gives the highest workability [2] Parenchio [3] developed a miniature slump test for the cement paste which requires small amount of paste and less testing time The high workability of SP concrete is however lost in the early 30 minutes due to formation of hydrates [4]

The compressive strengths of SP concretes are usually higher than the corresponding strengths of cylinders cast from the reference mixture When SP is used a water reduction up to 32-33 can be achieved [5] This fact leads to the increase in the compressive strength of SP concrete Most recently new generations of superplasticisers have been developed to give ultra high

strength concrete producing concretes with compressive strengths of 15000 psi and more [6] and very high early strength at 2 to 4 hours

In water reduced SP concrete no undue segregation and bleeding of concrete occurs due to decrease in water cement ratio If there are sufficient fine aggregates in the concrete the segregation in high workability SP concrete can also be controlled [7]

The use of SP in fly ash added concrete may reduce its effectiveness as the unburnt carbon may absorb the surface water[8] Malhotra and others initiated studies with high volume fly ash with the content of low calcium fly ash gt50 and the Portland cement contents varying from 100 to 180 Kgm3

it was shown that adequate early age strength workability low temperature rise can be achieved for fly ash added concretes using higher than the normal SP dosage[9]

The adsorption of SP on C~ of Portland cement occurs even with in few seconds whereas adsorption on the of C3S occurs by a small amount in the first hour [10] and further adsorption occurs in next five hours

The setting time of concrete generally increases with the addition of SP however the extent of this retardation depends on the type of cement temperature and the dosage of SP [6] The setting time may be accelerated when SP are used in combination with other admixtures

In this research the effect of two types of High Range water Reducers of Polymer base and modified lignosulfonate base respectively conforming to ASTM C-484 Type-D have been used for five concrete mixes and three values of water cement ratios to study their effects on various properties of Concrete such as workability compressive strength tensile strength modulus of rapture

2 Experimental Details

21 Material Cement Ordinary Portland Type- I cement was used

Fine Aggregates Fine aggregates conforming to the gradation of ASTM-136 were used Coarse aggregates Lime Stone Crushed stones of Sizes -y in and below were used

118

High Range Water Reducers two types of superpastisizers (HRWR) conforming to ASTMC 484 type D with polymer base ( PB) and Modified Lignosulfate base (MLS) respectively were used as 2 of cement by weight ( hereafter referred to as PB-SP and MLS-SP respectively) Water Cement ratio Three value of water cement ratios were used for experimental study ie 055060 and 065

22 Mix proportioning of material Five mix designs of concrete major constituents ( Cement Fine aggregates Coarse aggregates) were used in nominal ratios by weight as 112 112525 11525 1153 124 for all the three water cement values of water cement ratios The admixture was used in constant dosage of 080 by weight of cement

23 Testing of Samples To study the effect of addition of the superplasticizers on the workability compressive strength tensile strength and modulus of rapture the following tests procedures used

231 Workability tests To study the workability of different concrete mixes standard slump tests were used

232 Tests for the Compressive Strength of ConcreteshyFor each mix design nine cylinders of 6in x 12 in were prepared and tested at 3 7 and 28 days of age after pouring

233 Tests for the tensile Strength of Concrete Split cylinders tests were used to check the tensile strength of concrete mixes at 28 days of age and the sizes of cylinders were kept as 6in x 12 in

234 Tests for Modulus of Rapture of Concrete Plain cement concrete beams of size 4 in x 4in and 12 in long were tested under third point loading to determine modulus of rapture of the concrete

3 Observations and discussions

To study the effect of the addition of both types of superplasticizers on the different properties of concrete control mixes without the addition of SP were also prepared

31 Effect of Superplsticisers on the workability and Compressive strength The effect addition of SP on the workability and compressive strength has been shown in table No1

119

The superplastisizers ( SP) are referred to as high range water reducing admixture by ASTMshyC494 which mainly disperses t he water inc oncrete matrix This property iss ometimes c ailed as dispersion- f luidification property 0 f concrete admixtures The superplastisizers are classified in the following four major groups

bull Sulfonated Nephthalene Formaldehyde Condense (SNF) bull Sulfonated Melamine Formaldehyde Condense (SMF) bull Modified Lignosulfonates (MLS) bull Others including polyarcylates polysterene Sulfontes Polymers etc

Today superplastisizers are in all important projects across the world in high rise buildings pre-stressed concrete slender components with congested and densely packed reinforcement beams and slabs pre-cast elements and long slender columns

The superplastisizers affect the various properties of concrete both in fresh and hardened forms mainly due to the following facts as commented by M C ollperdi [ 1] in Concrete Admixtures Hand Book

bull Reduction in interfacial tension bull Multilayered adsorption of Organic molecules bull Protective Adherent Sheath layer of water molecule bull Release of water trapped amongst the cement particles bull Retarding effect of cement of cement hydration bull Change in morphology of hydrated cement

It is likely that many of these phenomena contribute to the fluidifying effect of concrete Many of the flow properties of concrete depend on the cement paste component of concrete

The workability of concrete of concrete is mainly governed by the max size shape texture and grading of the aggregates For a given value of water cement ratio there is one value of coarsefine ratio for given material that gives the highest workability [2] Parenchio [3] developed a miniature slump test for the cement paste which requires small amount of paste and less testing time The high workability of SP concrete is however lost in the early 30 minutes due to formation of hydrates [4]

The compressive strengths of SP concretes are usually higher than the corresponding strengths of cylinders cast from the reference mixture When SP is used a water reduction up to 32-33 can be achieved [5] This fact leads to the increase in the compressive strength of SP concrete Most recently new generations of superplasticisers have been developed to give ultra high

strength concrete producing concretes with compressive strengths of 15000 psi and more [6] and very high early strength at 2 to 4 hours

In water reduced SP concrete no undue segregation and bleeding of concrete occurs due to decrease in water cement ratio If there are sufficient fine aggregates in the concrete the segregation in high workability SP concrete can also be controlled [7]

The use of SP in fly ash added concrete may reduce its effectiveness as the unburnt carbon may absorb the surface water[8] Malhotra and others initiated studies with high volume fly ash with the content of low calcium fly ash gt50 and the Portland cement contents varying from 100 to 180 Kgm3

it was shown that adequate early age strength workability low temperature rise can be achieved for fly ash added concretes using higher than the normal SP dosage[9]

The adsorption of SP on C~ of Portland cement occurs even with in few seconds whereas adsorption on the of C3S occurs by a small amount in the first hour [10] and further adsorption occurs in next five hours

The setting time of concrete generally increases with the addition of SP however the extent of this retardation depends on the type of cement temperature and the dosage of SP [6] The setting time may be accelerated when SP are used in combination with other admixtures

In this research the effect of two types of High Range water Reducers of Polymer base and modified lignosulfonate base respectively conforming to ASTM C-484 Type-D have been used for five concrete mixes and three values of water cement ratios to study their effects on various properties of Concrete such as workability compressive strength tensile strength modulus of rapture

2 Experimental Details

21 Material Cement Ordinary Portland Type- I cement was used

Fine Aggregates Fine aggregates conforming to the gradation of ASTM-136 were used Coarse aggregates Lime Stone Crushed stones of Sizes -y in and below were used

118

High Range Water Reducers two types of superpastisizers (HRWR) conforming to ASTMC 484 type D with polymer base ( PB) and Modified Lignosulfate base (MLS) respectively were used as 2 of cement by weight ( hereafter referred to as PB-SP and MLS-SP respectively) Water Cement ratio Three value of water cement ratios were used for experimental study ie 055060 and 065

22 Mix proportioning of material Five mix designs of concrete major constituents ( Cement Fine aggregates Coarse aggregates) were used in nominal ratios by weight as 112 112525 11525 1153 124 for all the three water cement values of water cement ratios The admixture was used in constant dosage of 080 by weight of cement

23 Testing of Samples To study the effect of addition of the superplasticizers on the workability compressive strength tensile strength and modulus of rapture the following tests procedures used

231 Workability tests To study the workability of different concrete mixes standard slump tests were used

232 Tests for the Compressive Strength of ConcreteshyFor each mix design nine cylinders of 6in x 12 in were prepared and tested at 3 7 and 28 days of age after pouring

233 Tests for the tensile Strength of Concrete Split cylinders tests were used to check the tensile strength of concrete mixes at 28 days of age and the sizes of cylinders were kept as 6in x 12 in

234 Tests for Modulus of Rapture of Concrete Plain cement concrete beams of size 4 in x 4in and 12 in long were tested under third point loading to determine modulus of rapture of the concrete

3 Observations and discussions

To study the effect of the addition of both types of superplasticizers on the different properties of concrete control mixes without the addition of SP were also prepared

31 Effect of Superplsticisers on the workability and Compressive strength The effect addition of SP on the workability and compressive strength has been shown in table No1

119

High Range Water Reducers two types of superpastisizers (HRWR) conforming to ASTMC 484 type D with polymer base ( PB) and Modified Lignosulfate base (MLS) respectively were used as 2 of cement by weight ( hereafter referred to as PB-SP and MLS-SP respectively) Water Cement ratio Three value of water cement ratios were used for experimental study ie 055060 and 065

22 Mix proportioning of material Five mix designs of concrete major constituents ( Cement Fine aggregates Coarse aggregates) were used in nominal ratios by weight as 112 112525 11525 1153 124 for all the three water cement values of water cement ratios The admixture was used in constant dosage of 080 by weight of cement

23 Testing of Samples To study the effect of addition of the superplasticizers on the workability compressive strength tensile strength and modulus of rapture the following tests procedures used

231 Workability tests To study the workability of different concrete mixes standard slump tests were used

232 Tests for the Compressive Strength of ConcreteshyFor each mix design nine cylinders of 6in x 12 in were prepared and tested at 3 7 and 28 days of age after pouring

233 Tests for the tensile Strength of Concrete Split cylinders tests were used to check the tensile strength of concrete mixes at 28 days of age and the sizes of cylinders were kept as 6in x 12 in

234 Tests for Modulus of Rapture of Concrete Plain cement concrete beams of size 4 in x 4in and 12 in long were tested under third point loading to determine modulus of rapture of the concrete

3 Observations and discussions

To study the effect of the addition of both types of superplasticizers on the different properties of concrete control mixes without the addition of SP were also prepared

31 Effect of Superplsticisers on the workability and Compressive strength The effect addition of SP on the workability and compressive strength has been shown in table No1

119

-------------- -----

WIC ratio

Superplasticers (Type)

Slump(mm) Compressive Strength (psi)

7 days 14 days 28 days Concrete Mix (11 2)

055 Nil 2 4200 4600 5200

MLS 10 4500 5000 5800 PM 15 4600 5500 6200

060 Nil 5 4100 4300 4900

MLS 16 4200 4800 5200 PM 21 4500 5100 5600

065 Nil 7 3900 4000 4200

MLS 16 4300 4500 4600 PM 24 4500 4700 4800

Concrete Mix (1 153)

055 Nil 8 4150 5200 5700

MLS 17 4300 5400 6000 PM 28 4400 5900 6500

060 Nil 25 3950 5000 5900

MLS 50 4200 5100 6200 PM 80 4300 5200 6400

065 Nil 55 3900 4400 5900

MLS 75 4200 4700 6100 PM 100 4400 4800 6400

Concrete Mix (1 24)

055 Nil 10 3200 3500 4300

MLS 50 3400 3900 4500 PM 65 3600 4000 4600

060 Nil 12 3000 3800 4200

MLS 65 3200 3800 4500 PM 75 3400 4100 4600

065 Nil 20 2900 3600 4200

MLS 80 3200 3900 4500 PM 90 3300 4100 4600

Table No1 Effect of Superplasticisers on the compressive strength and slump on different concrete mixes

6500

~ 6000 Q)

sect 5500 u c8 5000

~ 4500 c ~ 4000 iii ~ 3500

~ 3000 c

a 2500 ()

2000

~-------l-----

7days 14 days

L-- _____

28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO1 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 112 at wlc ratio 045

120

6000

~ 5500 ~

2 5000 ~ u c 8 4500

~ g 4000 ~ iii Q) 3500 gtiii III

~ 3000 c E o () 2500

2000

-shy~ -shy

~-shy-----shy~

~ shy ----shy- --shy----===

7days 14 days 28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO2 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 112 at wc ratio 050

7000

6500

iii ~ 6000 Q)

Q) u 5 5500 u

~ g 5000 ~ iii ~ 4500 iii III

~

E4000 o ()

3500

3000

W

--shy~~ r---~ --shyV

7days 14 days 28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO3 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 112 at wc ratio 055

121

7000

6500

~ 6000 ()

~ 5500 u

8 lt

50000 lt g 4500 ~

~ 4000 gt

iii gj 3500 Ii ~ 3000 o

2500

2000

7000

6500 iii 8

6000 aQ)

ti lt

u 0 5500 0

lt -C 5000 lt ~ iii Q) 4500 gt iii Q) Ii 4000 E 0 0

3500

3000

--shy-----shy ---shy

V~ ----shy~ ~V ~

shy

7days 14 days 28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO4 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 1 153 at wc ratio 045

~ ~~

~

~

7days

-P ~

14 days 28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO5 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 1 153 at wc ratio 050

122

7000

in ~ 6500 Q)

~ tl 6000 lt o ~ 5500 o t

0 5000 lt ~ in 4500 Q) gt ~ 4000

~ c E 3500 o

()

3000

~

~V

- --shy~ ~ ~ shy -

7days 14 days 28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO6 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 1 153 at wc ratio 055

From the results and corresponding graphs it is evident that workability and compressive strength of concrete has been increased with the addition of the both types of SP however the polymer based S P have given good results The graphs for nominal mix 1 24 are not shown as they also the same trend as given by other mixes

32 Effect of Superplasticisers addition on the tensile strength of concrete The effect of SP addition on the 28 days tensile strength of concrete was studied for the WC ratio of 045 only to study it contribution The results are shown in Table NO2

WC ratio

Superplasticers (Type)

Slump(mm) 28 days Tensile Strength

Concrete Mix ( 112)

045 Nil 6 675 psi

MLS 12 725 psi PM 25 875 psi

Concrete Mix (1153)

045 Nil 8 525 psi

MLS 21 635 psi PM 35 725 psi

Concrete Mix (1 24)

045 Nil 12 475 psi

MLS 45 525 psi PM 75 625 psi

Table NO2 Effect of Superplasticisers addition on the tensile strength of various Concrete mixes at wc ratio of 045

The effect of addition of both types of SP on the 28 days tensile strength of concrete as shown in table No2 revels that the tensile strength of concrete has increased remarkably with the addition of the SP addition for all mixes of concrete

123

33 Effect of SP addition on the Modulus of rapture of Concrete To check the modulus of rapture of SP added concrete the standard plan concrete

beam was tested at third p oint load after 28 days 0 f pouring The water cement ratio was adopted as 045 for all the three mixes and the results are shown in table NO3

WIC ratio

Superplasticers (Type)

Slump(mm) 28 days Tensile Strength ( Modulus of Rapture)

Concrete Mix (11 2)

045 Nil 10 1150 psi

MLS 20 1325 psi PM 35 1450 psi

Concrete Mix (1153L

045 Nil 15

MLS 25 PM 45

Concrete Mix (1 24)

045 Nil 22 475 psi

MLS 45 525 psi PM 75 575 psi

Table NO3 Effect of Superplashclsers addition on the modulus of rapture of vanous Concrete mixes

at wc ratio of 045

The modulus of rapture of concrete has been observed as increased with the addition of SP in all the case However the increase is more prominent in case of Polymer based SP

4 Conclusions

The observations and test results have reveled that the properties of Concrete in fresh and hardened stages have been improved with the addition of both types of Superplaticisers for all nominal mixes of concretes The contribution of Polymer based SP are however more pronounced in terms of increase in the compressive strength workability and reduction in the water requirements of concretes Furthermore new generations of Superplasticisers are being explored and more experimental research is required to study the effects of these new SP on the properties both in short term and long term

5 References [1] ColiepradiM Concrete Admixtures Hand Book 2nd edition Noyes Publications 1995 pp 359 [2] HewlettPC Superplasticizing admixtures in concrete Cement and Concrete Association

Publication Vo145 NO 301976 [3] Basile et al Influence of different Sulfonated Polymers on the fluidity of cement paste

Proceedings of Third International Conference CANMETACI Ottawa 1989 pp209-220 [4] Glanville WH Collins AR and Mathews The grading of Aggregates and workability of concrete Road Research Technology paper London [5] AignesbergerAand KernA Use of melamine based superplasticisers as water reducers ACI Special Publication 1981 pp 61-80 [6] KinoshitaM etal Application of new Superplasticisers fro Ultra high strength Concrete Proceedings of Japan Cement Association Japan 1990 [7] RiveraR Davila and Duran A High performance Concrete using fly ash and superplsticisers Proceedings of International Symposium on High Performance and reactive Powders Concretes Sherbrook 1998 [8] HoratyJT Improved air entraining agents for use in concretes containing pulverized fuel ashes Proceedings of RILEM International Symposium Barcelona Spain 1992 [9] Feldman R F Carrette Malhotra VM Mechanism of development of physical and Mechanical properties of high volume fly ash in cement pastes Journal of Cement and Concrete Composites NO121981 [10] Ramachndran VS Influence of Superplasticisers on hydration of Cement Third International Conference on Polymers in Concrete Japan 1981

124

6000

~ 5500 ~

2 5000 ~ u c 8 4500

~ g 4000 ~ iii Q) 3500 gtiii III

~ 3000 c E o () 2500

2000

-shy~ -shy

~-shy-----shy~

~ shy ----shy- --shy----===

7days 14 days 28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO2 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 112 at wc ratio 050

7000

6500

iii ~ 6000 Q)

Q) u 5 5500 u

~ g 5000 ~ iii ~ 4500 iii III

~

E4000 o ()

3500

3000

W

--shy~~ r---~ --shyV

7days 14 days 28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO3 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 112 at wc ratio 055

121

7000

6500

~ 6000 ()

~ 5500 u

8 lt

50000 lt g 4500 ~

~ 4000 gt

iii gj 3500 Ii ~ 3000 o

2500

2000

7000

6500 iii 8

6000 aQ)

ti lt

u 0 5500 0

lt -C 5000 lt ~ iii Q) 4500 gt iii Q) Ii 4000 E 0 0

3500

3000

--shy-----shy ---shy

V~ ----shy~ ~V ~

shy

7days 14 days 28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO4 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 1 153 at wc ratio 045

~ ~~

~

~

7days

-P ~

14 days 28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO5 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 1 153 at wc ratio 050

122

7000

in ~ 6500 Q)

~ tl 6000 lt o ~ 5500 o t

0 5000 lt ~ in 4500 Q) gt ~ 4000

~ c E 3500 o

()

3000

~

~V

- --shy~ ~ ~ shy -

7days 14 days 28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO6 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 1 153 at wc ratio 055

From the results and corresponding graphs it is evident that workability and compressive strength of concrete has been increased with the addition of the both types of SP however the polymer based S P have given good results The graphs for nominal mix 1 24 are not shown as they also the same trend as given by other mixes

32 Effect of Superplasticisers addition on the tensile strength of concrete The effect of SP addition on the 28 days tensile strength of concrete was studied for the WC ratio of 045 only to study it contribution The results are shown in Table NO2

WC ratio

Superplasticers (Type)

Slump(mm) 28 days Tensile Strength

Concrete Mix ( 112)

045 Nil 6 675 psi

MLS 12 725 psi PM 25 875 psi

Concrete Mix (1153)

045 Nil 8 525 psi

MLS 21 635 psi PM 35 725 psi

Concrete Mix (1 24)

045 Nil 12 475 psi

MLS 45 525 psi PM 75 625 psi

Table NO2 Effect of Superplasticisers addition on the tensile strength of various Concrete mixes at wc ratio of 045

The effect of addition of both types of SP on the 28 days tensile strength of concrete as shown in table No2 revels that the tensile strength of concrete has increased remarkably with the addition of the SP addition for all mixes of concrete

123

33 Effect of SP addition on the Modulus of rapture of Concrete To check the modulus of rapture of SP added concrete the standard plan concrete

beam was tested at third p oint load after 28 days 0 f pouring The water cement ratio was adopted as 045 for all the three mixes and the results are shown in table NO3

WIC ratio

Superplasticers (Type)

Slump(mm) 28 days Tensile Strength ( Modulus of Rapture)

Concrete Mix (11 2)

045 Nil 10 1150 psi

MLS 20 1325 psi PM 35 1450 psi

Concrete Mix (1153L

045 Nil 15

MLS 25 PM 45

Concrete Mix (1 24)

045 Nil 22 475 psi

MLS 45 525 psi PM 75 575 psi

Table NO3 Effect of Superplashclsers addition on the modulus of rapture of vanous Concrete mixes

at wc ratio of 045

The modulus of rapture of concrete has been observed as increased with the addition of SP in all the case However the increase is more prominent in case of Polymer based SP

4 Conclusions

The observations and test results have reveled that the properties of Concrete in fresh and hardened stages have been improved with the addition of both types of Superplaticisers for all nominal mixes of concretes The contribution of Polymer based SP are however more pronounced in terms of increase in the compressive strength workability and reduction in the water requirements of concretes Furthermore new generations of Superplasticisers are being explored and more experimental research is required to study the effects of these new SP on the properties both in short term and long term

5 References [1] ColiepradiM Concrete Admixtures Hand Book 2nd edition Noyes Publications 1995 pp 359 [2] HewlettPC Superplasticizing admixtures in concrete Cement and Concrete Association

Publication Vo145 NO 301976 [3] Basile et al Influence of different Sulfonated Polymers on the fluidity of cement paste

Proceedings of Third International Conference CANMETACI Ottawa 1989 pp209-220 [4] Glanville WH Collins AR and Mathews The grading of Aggregates and workability of concrete Road Research Technology paper London [5] AignesbergerAand KernA Use of melamine based superplasticisers as water reducers ACI Special Publication 1981 pp 61-80 [6] KinoshitaM etal Application of new Superplasticisers fro Ultra high strength Concrete Proceedings of Japan Cement Association Japan 1990 [7] RiveraR Davila and Duran A High performance Concrete using fly ash and superplsticisers Proceedings of International Symposium on High Performance and reactive Powders Concretes Sherbrook 1998 [8] HoratyJT Improved air entraining agents for use in concretes containing pulverized fuel ashes Proceedings of RILEM International Symposium Barcelona Spain 1992 [9] Feldman R F Carrette Malhotra VM Mechanism of development of physical and Mechanical properties of high volume fly ash in cement pastes Journal of Cement and Concrete Composites NO121981 [10] Ramachndran VS Influence of Superplasticisers on hydration of Cement Third International Conference on Polymers in Concrete Japan 1981

124

7000

6500

~ 6000 ()

~ 5500 u

8 lt

50000 lt g 4500 ~

~ 4000 gt

iii gj 3500 Ii ~ 3000 o

2500

2000

7000

6500 iii 8

6000 aQ)

ti lt

u 0 5500 0

lt -C 5000 lt ~ iii Q) 4500 gt iii Q) Ii 4000 E 0 0

3500

3000

--shy-----shy ---shy

V~ ----shy~ ~V ~

shy

7days 14 days 28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO4 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 1 153 at wc ratio 045

~ ~~

~

~

7days

-P ~

14 days 28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO5 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 1 153 at wc ratio 050

122

7000

in ~ 6500 Q)

~ tl 6000 lt o ~ 5500 o t

0 5000 lt ~ in 4500 Q) gt ~ 4000

~ c E 3500 o

()

3000

~

~V

- --shy~ ~ ~ shy -

7days 14 days 28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO6 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 1 153 at wc ratio 055

From the results and corresponding graphs it is evident that workability and compressive strength of concrete has been increased with the addition of the both types of SP however the polymer based S P have given good results The graphs for nominal mix 1 24 are not shown as they also the same trend as given by other mixes

32 Effect of Superplasticisers addition on the tensile strength of concrete The effect of SP addition on the 28 days tensile strength of concrete was studied for the WC ratio of 045 only to study it contribution The results are shown in Table NO2

WC ratio

Superplasticers (Type)

Slump(mm) 28 days Tensile Strength

Concrete Mix ( 112)

045 Nil 6 675 psi

MLS 12 725 psi PM 25 875 psi

Concrete Mix (1153)

045 Nil 8 525 psi

MLS 21 635 psi PM 35 725 psi

Concrete Mix (1 24)

045 Nil 12 475 psi

MLS 45 525 psi PM 75 625 psi

Table NO2 Effect of Superplasticisers addition on the tensile strength of various Concrete mixes at wc ratio of 045

The effect of addition of both types of SP on the 28 days tensile strength of concrete as shown in table No2 revels that the tensile strength of concrete has increased remarkably with the addition of the SP addition for all mixes of concrete

123

33 Effect of SP addition on the Modulus of rapture of Concrete To check the modulus of rapture of SP added concrete the standard plan concrete

beam was tested at third p oint load after 28 days 0 f pouring The water cement ratio was adopted as 045 for all the three mixes and the results are shown in table NO3

WIC ratio

Superplasticers (Type)

Slump(mm) 28 days Tensile Strength ( Modulus of Rapture)

Concrete Mix (11 2)

045 Nil 10 1150 psi

MLS 20 1325 psi PM 35 1450 psi

Concrete Mix (1153L

045 Nil 15

MLS 25 PM 45

Concrete Mix (1 24)

045 Nil 22 475 psi

MLS 45 525 psi PM 75 575 psi

Table NO3 Effect of Superplashclsers addition on the modulus of rapture of vanous Concrete mixes

at wc ratio of 045

The modulus of rapture of concrete has been observed as increased with the addition of SP in all the case However the increase is more prominent in case of Polymer based SP

4 Conclusions

The observations and test results have reveled that the properties of Concrete in fresh and hardened stages have been improved with the addition of both types of Superplaticisers for all nominal mixes of concretes The contribution of Polymer based SP are however more pronounced in terms of increase in the compressive strength workability and reduction in the water requirements of concretes Furthermore new generations of Superplasticisers are being explored and more experimental research is required to study the effects of these new SP on the properties both in short term and long term

5 References [1] ColiepradiM Concrete Admixtures Hand Book 2nd edition Noyes Publications 1995 pp 359 [2] HewlettPC Superplasticizing admixtures in concrete Cement and Concrete Association

Publication Vo145 NO 301976 [3] Basile et al Influence of different Sulfonated Polymers on the fluidity of cement paste

Proceedings of Third International Conference CANMETACI Ottawa 1989 pp209-220 [4] Glanville WH Collins AR and Mathews The grading of Aggregates and workability of concrete Road Research Technology paper London [5] AignesbergerAand KernA Use of melamine based superplasticisers as water reducers ACI Special Publication 1981 pp 61-80 [6] KinoshitaM etal Application of new Superplasticisers fro Ultra high strength Concrete Proceedings of Japan Cement Association Japan 1990 [7] RiveraR Davila and Duran A High performance Concrete using fly ash and superplsticisers Proceedings of International Symposium on High Performance and reactive Powders Concretes Sherbrook 1998 [8] HoratyJT Improved air entraining agents for use in concretes containing pulverized fuel ashes Proceedings of RILEM International Symposium Barcelona Spain 1992 [9] Feldman R F Carrette Malhotra VM Mechanism of development of physical and Mechanical properties of high volume fly ash in cement pastes Journal of Cement and Concrete Composites NO121981 [10] Ramachndran VS Influence of Superplasticisers on hydration of Cement Third International Conference on Polymers in Concrete Japan 1981

124

7000

in ~ 6500 Q)

~ tl 6000 lt o ~ 5500 o t

0 5000 lt ~ in 4500 Q) gt ~ 4000

~ c E 3500 o

()

3000

~

~V

- --shy~ ~ ~ shy -

7days 14 days 28 days

Age of Concrete ( Days)

Fig NO6 comparison of compressive strength of SP added concret with plain concrete for nominal mix 1 153 at wc ratio 055

From the results and corresponding graphs it is evident that workability and compressive strength of concrete has been increased with the addition of the both types of SP however the polymer based S P have given good results The graphs for nominal mix 1 24 are not shown as they also the same trend as given by other mixes

32 Effect of Superplasticisers addition on the tensile strength of concrete The effect of SP addition on the 28 days tensile strength of concrete was studied for the WC ratio of 045 only to study it contribution The results are shown in Table NO2

WC ratio

Superplasticers (Type)

Slump(mm) 28 days Tensile Strength

Concrete Mix ( 112)

045 Nil 6 675 psi

MLS 12 725 psi PM 25 875 psi

Concrete Mix (1153)

045 Nil 8 525 psi

MLS 21 635 psi PM 35 725 psi

Concrete Mix (1 24)

045 Nil 12 475 psi

MLS 45 525 psi PM 75 625 psi

Table NO2 Effect of Superplasticisers addition on the tensile strength of various Concrete mixes at wc ratio of 045

The effect of addition of both types of SP on the 28 days tensile strength of concrete as shown in table No2 revels that the tensile strength of concrete has increased remarkably with the addition of the SP addition for all mixes of concrete

123

33 Effect of SP addition on the Modulus of rapture of Concrete To check the modulus of rapture of SP added concrete the standard plan concrete

beam was tested at third p oint load after 28 days 0 f pouring The water cement ratio was adopted as 045 for all the three mixes and the results are shown in table NO3

WIC ratio

Superplasticers (Type)

Slump(mm) 28 days Tensile Strength ( Modulus of Rapture)

Concrete Mix (11 2)

045 Nil 10 1150 psi

MLS 20 1325 psi PM 35 1450 psi

Concrete Mix (1153L

045 Nil 15

MLS 25 PM 45

Concrete Mix (1 24)

045 Nil 22 475 psi

MLS 45 525 psi PM 75 575 psi

Table NO3 Effect of Superplashclsers addition on the modulus of rapture of vanous Concrete mixes

at wc ratio of 045

The modulus of rapture of concrete has been observed as increased with the addition of SP in all the case However the increase is more prominent in case of Polymer based SP

4 Conclusions

The observations and test results have reveled that the properties of Concrete in fresh and hardened stages have been improved with the addition of both types of Superplaticisers for all nominal mixes of concretes The contribution of Polymer based SP are however more pronounced in terms of increase in the compressive strength workability and reduction in the water requirements of concretes Furthermore new generations of Superplasticisers are being explored and more experimental research is required to study the effects of these new SP on the properties both in short term and long term

5 References [1] ColiepradiM Concrete Admixtures Hand Book 2nd edition Noyes Publications 1995 pp 359 [2] HewlettPC Superplasticizing admixtures in concrete Cement and Concrete Association

Publication Vo145 NO 301976 [3] Basile et al Influence of different Sulfonated Polymers on the fluidity of cement paste

Proceedings of Third International Conference CANMETACI Ottawa 1989 pp209-220 [4] Glanville WH Collins AR and Mathews The grading of Aggregates and workability of concrete Road Research Technology paper London [5] AignesbergerAand KernA Use of melamine based superplasticisers as water reducers ACI Special Publication 1981 pp 61-80 [6] KinoshitaM etal Application of new Superplasticisers fro Ultra high strength Concrete Proceedings of Japan Cement Association Japan 1990 [7] RiveraR Davila and Duran A High performance Concrete using fly ash and superplsticisers Proceedings of International Symposium on High Performance and reactive Powders Concretes Sherbrook 1998 [8] HoratyJT Improved air entraining agents for use in concretes containing pulverized fuel ashes Proceedings of RILEM International Symposium Barcelona Spain 1992 [9] Feldman R F Carrette Malhotra VM Mechanism of development of physical and Mechanical properties of high volume fly ash in cement pastes Journal of Cement and Concrete Composites NO121981 [10] Ramachndran VS Influence of Superplasticisers on hydration of Cement Third International Conference on Polymers in Concrete Japan 1981

124

33 Effect of SP addition on the Modulus of rapture of Concrete To check the modulus of rapture of SP added concrete the standard plan concrete

beam was tested at third p oint load after 28 days 0 f pouring The water cement ratio was adopted as 045 for all the three mixes and the results are shown in table NO3

WIC ratio

Superplasticers (Type)

Slump(mm) 28 days Tensile Strength ( Modulus of Rapture)

Concrete Mix (11 2)

045 Nil 10 1150 psi

MLS 20 1325 psi PM 35 1450 psi

Concrete Mix (1153L

045 Nil 15

MLS 25 PM 45

Concrete Mix (1 24)

045 Nil 22 475 psi

MLS 45 525 psi PM 75 575 psi

Table NO3 Effect of Superplashclsers addition on the modulus of rapture of vanous Concrete mixes

at wc ratio of 045

The modulus of rapture of concrete has been observed as increased with the addition of SP in all the case However the increase is more prominent in case of Polymer based SP

4 Conclusions

The observations and test results have reveled that the properties of Concrete in fresh and hardened stages have been improved with the addition of both types of Superplaticisers for all nominal mixes of concretes The contribution of Polymer based SP are however more pronounced in terms of increase in the compressive strength workability and reduction in the water requirements of concretes Furthermore new generations of Superplasticisers are being explored and more experimental research is required to study the effects of these new SP on the properties both in short term and long term

5 References [1] ColiepradiM Concrete Admixtures Hand Book 2nd edition Noyes Publications 1995 pp 359 [2] HewlettPC Superplasticizing admixtures in concrete Cement and Concrete Association

Publication Vo145 NO 301976 [3] Basile et al Influence of different Sulfonated Polymers on the fluidity of cement paste

Proceedings of Third International Conference CANMETACI Ottawa 1989 pp209-220 [4] Glanville WH Collins AR and Mathews The grading of Aggregates and workability of concrete Road Research Technology paper London [5] AignesbergerAand KernA Use of melamine based superplasticisers as water reducers ACI Special Publication 1981 pp 61-80 [6] KinoshitaM etal Application of new Superplasticisers fro Ultra high strength Concrete Proceedings of Japan Cement Association Japan 1990 [7] RiveraR Davila and Duran A High performance Concrete using fly ash and superplsticisers Proceedings of International Symposium on High Performance and reactive Powders Concretes Sherbrook 1998 [8] HoratyJT Improved air entraining agents for use in concretes containing pulverized fuel ashes Proceedings of RILEM International Symposium Barcelona Spain 1992 [9] Feldman R F Carrette Malhotra VM Mechanism of development of physical and Mechanical properties of high volume fly ash in cement pastes Journal of Cement and Concrete Composites NO121981 [10] Ramachndran VS Influence of Superplasticisers on hydration of Cement Third International Conference on Polymers in Concrete Japan 1981

124