EFFECT ON FLEXURAL S TRENGTH OF REINFORCE D … · granules, and as prepared solutions at different concentrations. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries, mostly as a strong

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2017, pp.

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ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN

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EFFECT ON FLEXURAL S

REINFORCE

BEAMS BY USING GGB

AL

M. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering K L University, Andhr

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering K L University, Andhra Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the experimental studies on Flexural behaviour reinforced

Geopolymer concrete beams (GPC)

causes pollution to environment by releasing CO

Granulated Blast Furnace slag (GGBS) and Metakaolin is used to convey

Geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer bond is set up by using dissolv

action of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. This settled extent is 2.5 and the

convergence of sodium hydroxide is 8M. The concrete beams of size 150 mm X 150

mm X 700 mm with varying percentage of GGBS and Metakaolin are tested in presen

study. The paper focuses on investigating characteristics of M40 concrete with

various proportions of Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) and

Metakaolin. The behavior of studied with reference to ultimate load and mid span

deflection was calculated.

Key words: Geopolymer concrete, Metakaolin, Ground Granulated blast furnace slag,

alkali activators, flexural beams.

Cite this Article: G. Adisekhar and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar Effect on Flexural

Strength of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS, Metakaolin

and Alkaline Solution. International Jour

8(5), 2017, pp. 175–188.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Utilization of the industrial by products in construction sector could become an important

route for large scale safe disposal of the industrial wastes and reduction of construction cost

[1]. Several studies conducted on Geopolymer concrete, showed that it is potentially

substitute to Portland cement concrete [2]. The utilization of GPC is gradually picking up

IJCIET/index.asp 175 [email protected]

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 2017, pp.175–188, Article ID: IJCIET_08_05_021


6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

Scopus Indexed

EFFECT ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF

REINFORCED GEOPOLYMER CONCRET

BEAMS BY USING GGBS, METAKAOLIN AND

ALKALINE SOLUTION

G. Adisekhar

M. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering K L University, Andhr

B. Sarath Chandra Kumar



Geopolymer concrete beams (GPC). In the production of ordinary Portland cement

causes pollution to environment by releasing CO2. In present study ground


Geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer bond is set up by using dissolv



mm X 700 mm with varying percentage of GGBS and Metakaolin are tested in presen

aper focuses on investigating characteristics of M40 concrete with



Geopolymer concrete, Metakaolin, Ground Granulated blast furnace slag,

alkali activators, flexural beams.

G. Adisekhar and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar Effect on Flexural

Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS, Metakaolin

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology



scale safe disposal of the industrial wastes and reduction of construction cost

Several studies conducted on Geopolymer concrete, showed that it is potentially


[email protected]

asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=5

TRENGTH OF

D GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

S, METAKAOLIN AND

M. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering K L University, Andhra Pradesh, India.



. In the production of ordinary Portland cement

. In present study ground


Geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer bond is set up by using dissolvable course of



mm X 700 mm with varying percentage of GGBS and Metakaolin are tested in present

aper focuses on investigating characteristics of M40 concrete with



Geopolymer concrete, Metakaolin, Ground Granulated blast furnace slag,

G. Adisekhar and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar Effect on Flexural

Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS, Metakaolin

nal of Civil Engineering and Technology,



scale safe disposal of the industrial wastes and reduction of construction cost

Several studies conducted on Geopolymer concrete, showed that it is potentially


Effect on Flexural Strength of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams by Using GGBS,

Metakaolin and Alkaline Solution

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 176 [email protected]

acknowledgment, particularly for synthetic safe structures and research here has increased

some force to broaden the scope of use. The large scale production of cement is posing

environmental problems on one hand and unrestricted depletion of natural resources on the

other hand [3]. It is expanding or contract in nature it is high resistance in acid, alkalis. These

could be natural minerals such as kaolinite, clays, etc. A total of 5 different mix propositions

100%, 70%, 50%, 30% and 0% of GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag) and

Metakaolin respectively for steel reinforcement were tested ambient temperature. The

research in this area has gained some momentum to extend the range of application [4]. As in

conventional reinforced concrete, the GPC also needs to be reinforced with steel bars for its

large scale utility in civil engineering structural applications. The main constituents of

geopolymer are the source materials and the alkaline liquid. The source materials for

geopolymer based alumino-silicate rich in silicon and aluminium. It has the same main

chemical constituents as ordinary Portland cement but in different proportions and the

addition of GGBS in Geopolymer Concrete increases the strength of the concrete and also

curing of Geopolymer concrete at room temperature is possible. The global warming is

caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, to the atmosphere by human

activities. Among the greenhouse gases, CO2 contributes about 65% of global warming. Use

of such materials as cement replacement will simultaneously reduce the cost of concrete and

helps to reduce the rate of cement consumption. The paper focuses on investigating

characteristics of M40 concrete with various proportional of replacement of cement with

Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) and adding Metakaolin. This paper considers

reinforced GPC beams with different binder compositions and produced by ambient

temperature curing. The paper compares the performance of GPC beams and Reinforced

Portland cement Concrete beams.

2. METHODOLOGY

The fundamental refinement between Geo-polymer bond and others is the clasp. To outline

Geo-polymer activator plan used to react with silicon and aluminium oxides which are

accessible in Metakaolin and GGBS. This fundamental activator course of action ties coarse

aggregate and fine aggregate to outline Geo-polymer mix. The fine and coarse aggregate

include around 75% mass of Geo-polymer concrete. The fine aggregate was taken as 36% of

total. The thickness of Geopolymer bond is taken 2426 kg/m3.The workability and nature of

concrete are affected by properties of materials that make Geopolymer concrete. The mixing

is done with 1:2.5 ratio.

MATERIALS USED: 1. GGBS, 2. Metakaolin, 3. Reinforcement, 4. Fine Aggregate, 5.

Coarse Aggregate 6. Sodium Silicate, 7. NaOH.

2.1. GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag)

GGBS is a by-product of blast furnaces used to make iron. It is a granular, non-metallic

material; it was consisting of silicates and aluminates of calcium and other bases. The specific

gravity of GGBS is 2.9. It is undefined in nature and consequence of slag from heater.

Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a

by-product of iron and steel-making) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce

a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. GGBS is very

useful in the design and development of high-quality cement paste/mortar and concrete [5].

G. Adisekhar and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar


Figure 1 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Table 1 Physical properties of GGBS

Table 2 Chemical composition of GGBS

2.2. Metakaolin

Metakaolin is refined kaolin clay that is fired under carefully controlled conditions to create

an amorphous alumino silicate that is reactive in concrete. Like other pozzolans (fly ash and

silica fume are two common pozzolans), metakaolin reacts with the calcium hydroxide (lime)

byproducts produced during cement hydration. The Concrete Countertop Institute

recommends using metakaolin as a cement replacement in concrete countertop mixes, instead

of other pozzolans such as silica fume. [6]

Specific gravity 2.9

Color White5

Surface moisture Nil

Average particle size, shape 4.75 mm down, round

S.No Characteristics GGBS (%Wt)

1 Aluminum Oxide 14.42

2 Calcium Oxide 37.35

3 Sulphur 0.39

4 Magnesium Oxide 0.02

5 Silica 37.74

6 Manganese Oxide 8.71

7 Iron Oxide 1.11




Figure 2 Metakaolin

Table 3 Physical properties of Metakaolin

Specific gravity 2.40 to 2.60

Color Off white, Gray to buff

Physical form Powder

Average plastic size <2.5 µm

Brightness 80-82 Hunter L

BET 15 m2/g

Specific surface 8-15 m2/g

Table 4 Chemical Composition of Metakaolin

Chemical composition Wt. %

SiO2+AlO3+TiO2+FE2O3 >97

Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) <0.50

Alkalies (Na2O, K2O) <0.50

Loss of ignition <1.00

Moisture content <1.00

Table 5 Metakaolin properties

Property Metakaolin


Mean grain size 2.54

Specific area (cm2/g) 150000-180000

Colour Ivory to cream

Chemical Composition

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 60-65

Aluminum oxide(Al2o3) 30-34

Iron oxide (Fe203) 1.00



2.3. Fine Aggregates

Fine aggregate are basically sands won from the land or the marine environment. Fine

aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles passing

through a 4.75mm sieve. As with coarse aggregates these can be from Primary, Secondary or

Recycled sources. The sand was washed and screened at site to remove deleterious materials

and tested as per the procedure given in IS 2386:1968 (Part-3).River sand from Vijayawada is

used in this project for casting purpose. [7]

Figure 3 Fine aggregate

Table 6 Physical Properties Fine Aggregates

S.no Property Values

1 Specific gravity 2.63

2 Fineness modulus 2.51

3 Bulk density(Kg/m3) 1564

2.4. Coarse aggregate

Hard crushed granite stone, coarse aggregates confirming to graded aggregate of size, 10 mm

as per IS:383-1970 was used in the study[8]

Figure 4 Coarse Aggregate




Table 7 Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregate

Sieve Size (mm)

10mm

Requirement as

per IS: 383-1970 Percentage

passing

12.50 100% 100%

10 85% 94.62%

4.75 0 to 20% 15.40%

2.39 0 to 5% 2.89%


Bulk Density

(kg/m3)

1513

Fineness

modulus

7.32

Water absorption 0.41

2.5. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known caustic soda is an inorganic compound. It is a white

solid and highly caustic metallic base and alkali of sodium which is available in flakes,

granules, and as prepared solutions at different concentrations. Sodium hydroxide is used in

many industries, mostly as a strong chemical base in the manufacture of pulp

and paper, drinking water [9]

Table 8 Specifications of Sodium Hydroxide Flakes

Minimum Assay (Acidimetric)

Maximum limits of impurities 96%

Carbonate 2%

Chloride 0.1%

Phosphate 0.001%

Silicate 0.02%

Sulphate 0.01%

Arsenic 0.0001%

Iron 0.005%

Lead 0.001%

Zinc 0.02%



Figure 5 NaOH Flakes

Figure 6 NaOH solution

2.6. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3)

• It is stable in neutral and alkaline. In acidic solutions, the silicate ion reacts

with hydrogen ions to form silicic acid, which when heated and roasted forms

silica gel, a hard, glassy substance.

• Sodium silicate products are manufactured as solids or thick liquids, depending on

proposed use.[10]

Figure 7 Sodium Silicate Solution




Table 9 Properties of Sodium Silicate

Table 10 Mix Proportions for Geopolymer concrete

Ingredients in

(kg/m3)

Different mixes

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Nomenclature G -100 G 70 – M 30 G 50 - M 50 G 30 -M 70 M - 100

P.M = Metakaolin + GGBS 414 414 414 414 414

Coarse Aggregate 10mm 1166 1166 1166 1166 1166

Fine Aggregate 660 660 660 660 660

Sodium Hydroxide Solution 53 53 53 53 53

Sodium Silicate Solution 133 133 133 133 133

Table 11 Test results and M40 Concrete Mix

Cement 463.5 Kgs

Fine aggregate 530.27Kgs

Coarse aggregate 1153.13Kgs

Water 185.4 Liters

W/C ratio 0.40

2.7. Preparation of Alkali Solution

The preparation of NaOH solution is done by dissolving the following ingredients in water. A

concentration of 8M NaOH is calculated as molecular weight of NaOH is 40 and for 8M we

need to calculate NaOH by 8 X 40 = 320 grams and dissolve by adding distilled water to

NaOH flakes use the solution of after 24 hours.

% Na2O 12

% SiO2 25

% H2O -

PH 12.49

Density 1490 kg/m3

Nature Transparent Viscous Liquid



3. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

3.1. Mixing

The soluble activator arrangement is set up before 24 hours of throwing. At first, all dry

materials were blended appropriately for three minutes. Soluble activator arrangement is

added gradually to the blend. Blending is accomplished for 5 minutes to get uniform blend.

3.2. Casting

The sizes of the moulds used are beam (700 mm X 150 mm X150 mm) and cubes (150 mm X

150 mm X 150mm) were casted.

Figure 9 GPC Mix

3.3. Test Beam Details

The beams reinforced with steel bars were designed as per IS 456:2000 based on the

dimensions to fit the laboratory and testing facility. Twenty four numbers of reinforced

concrete beams with and without GGBS were cast and tested in the loading frame.

Experiments were carried out on control beams and beams with 100%, 70%, 50%, 30% and

0% GGBS and metakaolin. The size of the beam moulds is 700 mm X 150 mm X 150 mm.

Geometry of the beam specimen and reinforcement details are shown in Figure 10. The

specimens were designed as per IS: 456 -2000 provisions. The clear cover of the beam was

20 mm. Three bars of 12 mm diameter bars were provided at compressive side. Two legged

vertical stirrups of 8 mm diameter at spacing of 150 mm centre to centre were provided as

shear reinforcement.

Figure 10 Reinforcement details




3.4. Reinforcement Details

The reinforcement adopted for casting is having rods of 12 mm, 10 mm and 8 mm diameter

Fe 550D grade steel. The cover provided for reinforcement is 20 mm.

3.5. Test set up

The test set up for the flexural test is shown in Fig- 11. The test specimen was mounted in

UTM of 1000 kN capacity. Dial gauges of 0.01 mm count were used for measuring deflection

under the load points mid span for measuring deflection .The dial gauge readings were

recorded at different loads. The load was applied at intervals of 50 kg until the first was

observed. Subsequently, the load was applied in increments of 250 kg. The behaviour of the

beam was observed carefully and the first crack was identified. The deflections values were

recorded for respective load increments until failure. The failure mode of the beams was also

recoded.

Figure-11 Test set up using Dial Gauge at centre

4. CURING

4.1. Ambient Curing

The Moulds were then demoulded after 24 hours and were left in room temperature until

testing. Conventional Cement concrete specimen are demoulded after 24 hours and allowed

to water curing. Development of Geopolymer concrete suitable for curing at ambient

temperature will widen its application to concrete structures. Generally GGBS and

Metakaoline bend has improved the early age mechanical properties of Geopolymer concrete

cured at ambient curing. [11, 15]

Figure 12 100% MK Figure 13 70% GGBS - 30% MK



Figure 14 50% GGBS-50% MK Figure 15 30% GGBS-70% MK

Figure 16 100% GGBS

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Percentage

Replacements

First Crack

Load (Kg)

First Crack

Load (kN)

Deflection

at First

Crack

Load

Ultimate

load (Kg)

Ultimate

load (kN)

Deflection at

Ultimate

load

100% GGBS 8000 80.00 78.48 19250 188.84 192.50

70% GGBS 30%MK 7750 77.50 76.02 9800 96.13 98.00

30% GGBS 70%

MK 5750 57.50 56.40 9250 90.74 92.50

50% MK 50%

GGBS 6500 65.00 63.76 7500 73.76 75.00

100% Mk 2000 20.00 19.62 2850 27.95 28.50

M40 - OPC 5000 50.00 49.05 8750 85.83 87.50

5.1. Deflection behaviour

From fig (17) it is shown that 100% Metakolin beam gives more deflection compared to

other specimen’s beams.100% GGBS beam from below graph it gives more load compared to

other specimens beams.

The graphs shows the results of load versus mid span deflection and Pu/fckbd (103) versus

mid span Deflection for all graphs and Mu/fckbd2 (10

3) versus mid span Deflection for all

graphs and theoretical pi versus moment curvature for all graphs.


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Figure

Figure 18

Figure

0

0.0001

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

0.0006

0.0007

0.0008

0.0009

0 1

pu

/fck

bd

(10^

3)

0

0.000001

0.000002

0.000003

0.000004

0.000005

0.000006

0.000007

0.000008

0.000009

0

mu

/fck

bd

^2



IJCIET/index.asp 186 [email protected]

17 Applied load versus Mid Span Deflection

18 pu/fckbd (103) versus Mid Span Deflection

Figure 19 mu/fckbd2 versus Mid Span Deflection

2 3 4Mid Span Deflection

1 2 3 4Mid Span Deflection


[email protected]

5 6

100 ggbs

100 mk

70 ggbs-30mk

50 ggbs-50 mk

70 mk - 30 ggbs

M40 control Mix

5 6

100%ggbs

100%mk

70%ggbs-30%mk

50%ggbs-50%mk

70%MK-30%GGBS

M40 Control Mix



Figure 20 moment versus theoretical pi

6. CONCLUSIONS

Based on the experimental and analytical investigations carried out on the reinforced

Geopolymer cement concrete beams and conventional Portland cement concrete beams, it can

be concluded that

• The load deflection characteristics of the RCC beams and GPC beams are almost

similar. The cracking moment was marginally lower for GPC beams compared to

OPC beams.

• The crack patterns and failure modes observed for GPC beams were found to be

similar to the OPC beams.

• From the test results it is observed that the ultimate load for GPC with more than

70% GGBS and 30% MK gives similar results with OPC.

REFERENCES

[1] Dattatreya J K , Raja mane NP, Sabitha D, Ambily P S , Nataraja MC “Flexural

Behaviour of reinforced Geopolymer concrete beams” ISSN 0976 – 4399 International

journal of civil and structural engineering volume 2 No 1 2011 page no 138

[2] Suresh R, Experimental Investigations on Geopolymer Bricks/Paver Blocks, Indian

Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(16), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i16/92209,

April 2016.

[3] R B Khadiranaikar, Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Beams,

International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques

(ICEEOT) – 2016.

[4] D. S. Ramachandra Murthy, Flexural Behaviour Of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete

Beams Partially Replaced With Recycled Coarse Aggregates, International Journal of

Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 6, Issue 7, Jul 2015, pp. 13-23,

ArticleID: IJCIET_06_07_00Availableonlineathttp://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/

issues.asp?JTypeIJCIET&VType=6&IType=7 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online:

0976-6316 © IAEME Publication.

[5] http://www.jsw.in/sites/default/files/assets/GGBS-Brochure.pdf\Date:01/10/2016.

0

0.0001

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

0.0006

0.0007

0.0008

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

mom

ent

theoretical pi

100%GGBS

70%GGBS-30%MK

50%GGBS-50%MK

70%MK-30%GGBS

100%MK

M 40 Control Mix




[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metakaolin \date :24/09/2016.

[7] http://www.sustainableconcrete.org.uk/top_nav/what_is_concrete/aggregates.aspx /Date

01/08/2016.

[8] http://sodiumhydroxide.weebly.com/uses.html/ Date: 25/08/2106.

[9] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_silicate/ Date: 01/07/2016.

[10] [email protected],flexural behaviour of reinforced Geopolymer concrete

beams. International Journal Of Civil And Structural Engineering, Volume 2, No 1, 2011

[11] D. Suresh And K. Nagaraju “Ground Granulated Blast Slag (GGBS) In Concrete – A

Review” Iosr Journal Of Mechanical And Civil Engineering (Iosr-Jmce) e-issn: 2278-

1684,P-Issn: 2320-334x, Volume 12, Issue 4 Ver. Vi (Jul. - Aug. 2015).

[12] Dr R B Khadiranaikar1 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BEC, Bagalkot ,

India. [email protected], Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Geopolymer

Concrete Beams, International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization

Techniques (ICEEOT) – 2016.

[13] Dr.D.S.Ramachandra Murthy, Flexural Behaviour Of Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete

Beams Using Fly Ash Partially Replaced With GGBS, International Research Journal of

Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 03 Issue: 08 | Aug -

2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072.

[14] S. Kumaravel, Flexural Behaviour Of Geopolymer Concrete Beams, Kumaravel, et al,

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN2249–8974.

[15] Krishna raja A R, Satish Kumar N P, Satish Kumar T, Dinesh Kumar P. Mechanical

Behavior of Geopolymer Concrete under Ambient Curing. International Journal of

Scientific Engineering and Technology. 2014 February; 3(2), 130-132.

[16] https://assets.master-builders solutions.basf.com /Date: 01/08/2016.

[17] M. Adams Joe, A. Maria Rajesh “An Experimental Investigation On The Effect Of

GGBS& Steel Fibern High Performance Concrete” International Journal of

Computational Engineering Research Vol, 04Issue, 4 Issn 2250-3005 Page No 56

[18] Dr. H. M. Somasekharaiah, Adana Gouda, Veena. S “Experimental Investigation on

Strength Characteristics of Metakaolin Based High Performance Concrete with Steel and

Polypropylene Fibers” International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,

Engineering and Technology Vol. 4, Issue 9ISSN: 2319-8753.

[19] Sonali K. Gadpalliwar, R. S. Deotale, Abhijeet R. Narde “To Study The Partial

Replacement Of Cement By GGBS& Rha And Natural Sand By Quarry Sand In

Concrete” Iosr Journal Of Mechanical And Civil Engineering Www.Iosrjournals.Org E-

Issn: 2278-1684,P-Issn: 2320-334x, Volume 11, Issue 2 Ver. Ii 69 | Page 69.

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EFFECT ON FLEXURAL S TRENGTH OF REINFORCE D … · granules, and as prepared solutions at different concentrations. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries, mostly as a strong