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Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia
2016 NETL CO2 Capture Technology Project Review Meeting
CSIRO ENERGY
Paul Feron | Senior Principal Research Scientist
8 August 2016
stirred reaction flaskhotplate and stirring
control
syn-flue gas in
gas distribution valves
reactor cooling
disk
off gas to impingers
CCS drivers in Australia• Export of fossil fuel products
• Electricity generation dominated by fossil fuels
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron2 |
Australia’s approach to CCS
Policy position Understanding the CCS resource Demonstrating domestic LET capacities &
capabilities Strategic partnering Building Australian skills and capacity Innovation
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron3 |
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron4 |
The Story So Far in Australia Key CCS Projects & Key Research Initiatives
Gorgon
LNG
Project
Callide
Oxyfuel Project
South West
Hub Project CarbonNet
Project
• ANLEC R&D - accelerating deployment of CCS• NGL - R&D facility established to advance carbon storage technologies• Geoscience Australia - precompetitive exploration• CCS RD&D - $25 million for research, development and demonstration activities
Projects
Research & Exploration
CO2CRC Otway Project
Slide provided by Commonwealth DoIIS
Australian coal fired power stationsBlack coal Brown coal
Average efficiency[% HHV]
35.6 25.7
CO2 emission [tonne/MWh]
0.9 1.3
SO2 concentration[g/m3]
0.5 – 1.7 0.2 – 0.7
NOx concentration[g/m3]
0.4 – 1.5 0.2 – 0.4
Particulate matter [mg/m3]
10 – 100 10 – 60
Flue gas temperature[oC]
120 180
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron
Data derived from CCSD – technology assessment report 62
5 |
27%
16%
14%
10%
12%
13%
8%
FGD + SCR
Pre-treatment
Blower
Absorber
Heat exchangers
Stripper/Reboiler
Compressor
PCC Investment costs
Energy Efficient• Towards zero energy penalty
Affordable• Costs lower than other LET’s
Environmentally benign• Zero harm to the environment
PCC technology requirements
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron6 |
CSIRO’s PCC program
PCC
Pilot plants Research & Development
Delta Electricity
AGL Loy Yang Power (2)
China Huaneng(Beijing)
Stanwell
Amines Novel processes &equipment
Adsorbents
Environmental impacts
Learning by doing Learning by searching
Membranes
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron
China Huaneng(Changchun)
7 |
Desk-top studies
Establishment of capability and infrastructure
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
SolidSorbents
Tarong
DeltaElectricityMunmorah
Loy Yang
Piloting PCC Technologies in Australia
2015 2016 2017 2018
-Preparing for deployment- Next-generation PCC
CCS demo’s
DeltaElectricityVales Point
SolarThermal
AGLLoy Yang
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron8 |
2019 2020
SPIVales Point
PICA ProjectProject aims:
40% lower cost of CO2 capture compared to the MEA base case
Advanced packing materials, liquid absorbent and process
to provide information on long-term performance and reliability of advanced liquid absorbents and equipment that have been developed in-house by both IHI Corporation and CSIRO independently in preparation of demonstration phase
Supporting large-scale CCS as an affordable, secure and environmentally benign option for power generation
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron9 |
PCCIHICSIROAGL
http://www.csiro.au/en/News/News-releases/2016/PICA-powers-up-to-improve-CO2-capture
Approaches for reduction capture energy Development of amine formulations/new amines
Process development Novel process design
Innovative equipment
Renewable energy integration Solar thermal
Light swing absorbents
Integration with Direct Carbon Injection Engine
Absorption enthalpy conversion
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron10 |
Development of amine formulations/new aminesFormulations base on primary amines Selection of a first amine that reacts rapidly with CO2
through the formation of a carbamate
Selection of a second amine: preferably with little or no carbamate formation and being a stronger
base than the first amine such that the enthalpy of protonation is large to maximise the
temperature dependent pH change to aid thermal desorption of CO2
Optimisation of the formulation composition to achieve acceptable physical properties
Assessment of CO2 absorption rates and reboiler duties
Designer amines and functionalised amines Focus on diamines with dual functionality Higher molecular efficiency
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron11 |
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
Ma
ss T
ran
sfe
r re
lati
ve t
o 4
.9 M
ME
A
Minimum Reboiler Energy Requirement relative to 4.9 M MEA
αrich at 5 kPa CO2 and 313 K, Reboiler temperature max. 150 oC
4.9 M MEA 3 M AMP
3.8 M DEA 3 M MDEA
1 M PZ Blend 1
Blend 2 Blend 3
Blend 4 Blend 5
Blend 6
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Specific reboiler duty [MJ/kg CO2]
Liquid/Gas ratio [kg/kg]
MEA Blend 5 MEA modelling
Solar thermal energy for absorbent regeneration
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron12 |
Avoiding interface with existing steam cycle More effective in terms of CO2-emission
reduction Introduction of flexibility into the capture
process
Pilot plant at Vales Point power station Integrated with existing PCC pilot plant 65 kWth solar array
http://arena.gov.au/files/2015/08/3-A006-Final-Report-and-Lessons-Learnt.pdf
Approaches for reduction capital costs Development of amine formulations/new amines
Aqueous ammonia process development
Packingless contactors: the rotating liquid sheet contactor
Integrated removal of SO2 and CO2: CS-CAP
Selective flue gas recirculation
Solid sorbents
Membrane assisted liquid absorbent regeneration
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron13 |
Rotating Liquid Sheet contactor
Advantages Higher gas velocities possible.
Liquid entrainment significantly reduced
Suitable for viscous solvents
Challenges Scale-up to commercial scale
Liquid residence time low
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron
Basic principles Surface area of stabilized liquid sheet greater than that of resulting droplets.
Rotating liquid surface proven experimentally to pump gas .
Centrifugal + liquid pumping force creates interfacial area.
14 |
A novel type of gas-liquid contactor for post-combustion capture cost reduction, Leigh T. Wardhaugh, Andrew Allport, Christopher B. Sornordal, Paul Feron, Greenhouse Gas Sci Technol. 5:198–209 (2015)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Gas
Vel
ocit
y [m
/s]
Tube Rotation Rate [rpm]
Sa2H @ 15 lpm
Sa2H @ 20 lpm
Sa2H @ 22.5 lpm
Sa2H @ 25 lpm
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron
Integrated Single Stream SO2 and CO2 Capture (CS-CAP)
15 |
An SO2 tolerant process for CO2 capture, Yaser Beyad, Graeme Puxty, Steven Wei, Nan Yang, Dongyao Xu, Marcel Maeder, Robert Burns, Erik Meuleman, Paul Feron, International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 31 (2014) 205–213
Aqueous ammonia for PCC in Australia
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron16 |
Indestructable liquid absorbent Chemical well-known to electricity industry Suited for “contaminated” feed gases Fertiliser by-product Product CO2 at elevated pressure Technical feasibility demonstrated in pilot plant but no cost
advantage Addressing challenges:
Mass transfer promotion, temperature increase Vapour suppressors Further integration of pretreatment and water wash Process design
Pump
Chiller
Heater
Pretreatment
Washing
HeatExchanger
Pump
CO2 absorber
Vent gas
SO2 Recovery
SO2 fertilizer
Water makeup
CO2 rich
CO2 lean
Flue gas
NH3 rich
NH3 lean
Coal-fired Power Station SO2 Removal and NH3 Recycling Process
Typical CO2 Capture Process
Li et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 10243−10252
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron
Solid sorbent CO2 Capture Unit at Vales Point power station Objective
to evaluate the stability of honeycomb CF composite monolithic adsorbents using the real flue gas at Vales Point Power Station
to understand the effect of real flue gas characteristics on the operation and performance of the CO2 capture unit
Flue gas IN
Caustic Scrubber System for Flue gas
Pre-treatment
Adsorption/ Gas capture
CO2 FlushingThermal & Vacuum Swing Regeneration
CO2 Recovered from Fluegas
Recovered CO2 for FlushingFlue gas without Pre-treatment
Results Excellent stability to real flue gas over 200 experiments CO2 adsorption efficiency consistently over 98% CO2 desorption efficiency between 90-95% Near complete removal of SO2 and NOx
Could be pretreatment unit for amine based PCC
17 |
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
00:00 03:57 07:53 11:50 15:47 19:44 23:40
Gas C
once
trat
ion,
ppm
CO2
Conc
entr
atio
n, %
Time, m:s
CO2 vol% SO2 ppmvNO ppmv NO2 ppmv
SO2
NO2NO
CO2
Thiruvenkatachari et al. IJGGC 42 (2015) 415–423
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron18 |
1. Formation of potentially harmful components
Absorbent degradation in absorber
Absorbent degradation in desorber
2. Emission analysis
Estimation of concentrations using process models
Actual measurements in pilot plants
3. Dispersion
Environmental chamber to investigate atmospheric degradation
Updating dispersion models with atmospheric chemistry
Emission issues addressed via integrated risk-based approach
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron19 |
Managing environmental impacts of amine based PCC processes
• Reclaimer
• Filtration
• Purification
• Pre-treatment
• Post-treatment
• CO2 purification
• Absorbent type
• Process conditions
• Amine-CO2
reactions
• Absorbent type
• Process conditions
• Flue gas compounds
Absorber Desorber
Liquid absorbent
quality
Gas quality
Qualification of new liquid absorbents towards deployment
Formulations and designer amines
Optimisation of process design
Development of SO2/CO2 process concepts
Focus on process & equipment innovation
Solar thermal integration demonstration
Continued efforts in next-gen & break-through technologies Adsorbents, membranes
Advanced liquid absorbent systems
Outlook for PCC in Australia – Next steps
20 | Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron
Acknowledgements
Zhejiang University
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron21 |
Energy
Paul Feron, Senior Principal Research Scientist
t +61 2 4960 6022
e [email protected] www.csiro.au/en/Research/EF/Areas/Coal-
mining/Carbon-capture-and-storage
CSIRO TV http://tv.csiro.au/#v=xbz189hynwj6
ENERGY
Thank you
Reference materials
• Assessing Post-Combustion Capture for Coal-fired Power Stations in Asia-Pacific Partnership Countries - CSIRO Report EP116217, April 2012 (DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4547.6966)
• Research Opportunities in Post Combustion CO2 Capture, Paul H.M. Feron et al., October 2009, available from www.anlecrd.com
• Assessing Atmospheric Emissions from Amine-based CO2 Post-combustion Capture Processes and their Impacts on the Environment – A Case Study: Volume 1 - Measurement of emissions from a monoethanolamine-based post-combustion CO2 capture pilot plant, Merched Azzi et al., report to Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute, May 2014
• Assessing Atmospheric Emissions from Amine-based CO2 Post-combustion Capture Processes and their Impacts on the Environment – A Case Study: Volume 2 - Atmospheric chemistry of monoethanolamine and 3D air quality modelling of emissions from the Loy Yang post-combustion capture plant, Merched Azzi et al, report to Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute, May 2014
• Gaseous emissions from amine based post-combustion processes and their deep removal, Merched Azzi et al., IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG), Report 2012/07, May 2012
• Amine based post-combustion capture technology advancement for application in Chinese coal fired power stations, Paul Feron et al., Energy Procedia 63 ( 2014 ) 1399 – 1406
• Designer Amines for Post Combustion CO2 Capture Processes, Will Conway et al., Energy Procedia 63 ( 2014 ) 1827 – 1834
Effective CO2-capture technology development in Australia | Paul Feron23 |