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Effective Oral Presentations
Terry A. Ring
Chemical Engineering
Ethos, Pathos, and Logos
Ethos—credibility Pathos—emotional appeal Logos—logical appeal (reasoning &
evidence)
Technical Presentations
Much more Logos (logic) than Pathos (emotion)
Strive for Ethos (credibility)
Course Learning Objective
To produce a professional-quality oral presentation that presents, analyzes, and interprets experimental results logically and which are well organized and delivered.
Planning the Technical Presentation
Identify the purpose and the presentational objectives
Define the audience Select a format and outline the presentation Organize data and information Draft the presentational script Design and integrate effective visuals Practice the presentation
Phase 1: Purpose and Objectives
Purpose– to inform, to teach/train, to persuade, or to sell
Objectives should be Clear and briefly stated Concrete Action oriented (when appropriate) Audience-focused
Phase 2: Audience Analysis
Listeners will differ according to: Informational needs Intended uses of data (of data, information,
recommendations) Knowledge of the topic Range of experience in the topic field Preconceptions of the speaker and presentation Demographics Size
Phase 2: Audience Analysis Cont.
Modify the topic, content, organization, format, and delivery
Anticipate and prepare for potential obstacles
Adjust, adapt, or alter the message during the presentation (This is hard to do!)
Design and include the most appropriate visual aids
Phase 3: Organization
Opening/Introduction Attention-getting component (less important than
Identification) Establish interest
Identification component Establish the topic significance, necessary
background, and main argument Forecasting component
Preview the order of topics
Phase 3: Organization Cont.
Middle/Body Determine and limit the main points Distinguish between main points and supporting
evidence Logically order the main points Decide on the kind and amount of evidence
needed Keep depth and breadth symmetrical Maintain unity and coherence of ideas
Phase 3: Organization Cont.
Examples of organizational strategies: Chronological or sequential Comparison or contrast Cause-to-effect Effect-to-cause Familiar to unfamiliar Geographical location Importance Problem - cause of problem - Solution
Phase 3: Organization Cont.
Conclusion Reiterate the presentation objective Review the main ideas Remind audience of the “so what?” behind your
research
Phase 4: Visual Aids
Advantages of visual aids: Increase the message impact Increase listener retention Save time Attract listeners’ attention Add credibility Strengthen organization, effectiveness, and
efficiency Assist the speaker
Phase 4: Visual Aids Cont.
Prepare appropriately Prepare with specific audience in mind Label drawings, figures, tables Label important features of drawings Show dimensions, measurements of drawings,
figures Use units consistently Cite all outside contributions
gives speaker credibility
Phase 4: Visual Aids— A Special Note on Power Point
Present one major idea per slide Use phrases rather than full sentences Limit words to no more than 8 per line Limit lines on the slide to no more than 8 Use parallel sentence structure
Phase 4: Visual Aids— A Special Note on Power Point
Design consistent slides Use the same colors, fonts, upper- and
lowercase letters, and styling (boldface, underlining, italics) throughout each aid
Phase 4: Visual Aids— A Special Note on Power Point
Utilize appropriate type Sans serif typeface for titles and major
headings, or when only a few lines of text appear
36-point type for major headings, 24-point type for subheadings, and 18-point type for the body of text
Use upper-and lower case type rather than all capitals
Phase 4: Visual Aids— A Special Note on Power Point
Serif Sans Serif
small flourishes or strokes at the tops and bottoms of all letters
Times New Roman Courier New GaramondBook Antiqua
more block-like and linear; they are designed without these tiny strokes
Arial Narrow
Haettenschweiler
Verdana
Century Gothic
Phase 4: Visual Aids— A Special Note on Power Point
Use color wisely Apply color consistently across each aid Use warm colors to highlight Use blues, greens, and neutral colors
backgrounds Use contrasting colors for typeface and graphics Keep the number of colors you use to a
minimum Stay within the same family of hues
Phase 4: Visual Aid Problems
Figure not labeled
Important features of figure not labeled
Dimensions of figure not given
Citation lacking
Phase 4: Visual Aids— A Special Note on Power Point
www.bhi.co.uk/ hints/lathadj.htm
Figure 1: LatheFigure labeled
Important features labeled
Citation presented
Dimensions lacking
Phase 4: Visual Aids Cont.
Use effectively Reveal when appropriate Refer attention when appropriate Maintain audience focus
Phase 5: Rehearsal and Delivery
Rehearse to maximize effective delivery Practice aloud with notes Practice in a room similar to presentation
venue Practice with equipment to be used Practice in front of an audience and/or
record the rehearsal
Phase 5: Rehearsal and Delivery Cont.
Vocal Delivery Rate and pause Pronunciation Enunciation Conversational
tone
Physical Delivery Gestures and
movement Facial expressions Posture Appearance
Phase 6: Question and Answer Sessions
Anticipate questions your audience may ask Bring additional materials to share with
audience if necessary Do not interrupt audience members Keep your answers brief (if possible) Thank your audience for their time and
attention
A Summary of Technical Presentations
Technical presentations must be planned and prepared
Technical presentations must be organized with the audience in mind
Technical presentations should include well-prepared visuals
Technical presentations must be delivered effectively
References
Alley, M. (2003). The craft of scientific presentations: Critical steps to succeed and critical errors to avoid. New York: Springer.
Hager, P. J. & Scheiber, H. J. (1997). Designing and delivering scientific, technical, and managerial presentations. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Kenny, P. (1982). A handbook of public speaking for scientists and engineers. Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing.
O’Hair, D., Steward, R., & Rubenstein, H. (2004). A speaker’s guidebook: Text and reference, 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s.
www.bhi.co.uk/ hints/lathadj.htm
Scoring Rubric
Presenter's Name: Score (0 to 5)
12%
Introduction: Title, attention getter, credibility, clearly stated central idea, established interest and credibility, identifies motivation citations given for introductory material.
12%
Structure and Organization: Well developed main points, persuasive supporting material, the ideas were ordered logically, kept within the time constraints.
25%
Technical Content: Theory introduced is sound and correctly applied to data. The detail in the theory is sufficient to lead an audience familiar with basic chemical engineering concepts to understand the more specialized concepts presented. The relevance of the data presented to the central idea is evident. Data are displayed properly and clearly, with indications of confidence intervals where appropriate.
12%
Conclusion: Described the possible the future of this topic. Restated primary findings and central idea. Left audience with a residual message
12%
Visual Aids: Appropriate text size, font, and color, general visual appeal, presentation of visual aids, citations given for images. Proper spelling and grammar.
12%
Delivery: Appropriate eye contact, movement, rate of speech, volume, enthusiasm, confidence, lack of verbal fillers.
15%Overall Quality: Includes impressions of persuasiveness of findings and audience adaptation.
For More Information
Stacey Overholt, Communication Consultant– Center for Engineering Leadership
Email: [email protected]
Office Hours: by appointment.
Terry A. Ring,
Email: [email protected]
Office: MEB 2290