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EffectiveSolutionsforImprovingMotorcyclistSafety
SkilledMotorcyclistAssociation–Responsible,TrainedandEducatedRiders,Inc.
2019LifesaversConference
SMARTERatwww.smarter-usa.org
DanPetterson,Ed.D.President/CEO
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SMARTER• 501c3non-profiteducationassociation
• Theone-stopspotforaccessingmotorcyclistsafetyresearch
• SMARTERwantsmotorcycleriders,motorcyclistsafetyadvocatesandpolicydecisionmakerstomakeresponsibledecisionsbasedonfactualknowledgeandtheconclusionsofqualityresearch,therefore,ourmissionistogather,examine,catalogue,share,postanddistributemotorcyclistsafetyfactualinformationandresearchandtoadvocatefortheuseofsuchknowledgeasthebasisofdecisions.
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Dan
• AsCEOmyfocusforthepastdecadehasbeentoworktofulfillourmission–thereforeIhaveadecadeofexperiencesearchingfor,reading,examiningandcategorizingeverypieceofresearchrelatedtomotorcyclistsafetyissuesIcanfind.
• Iamaridersince1963,aneducator,apastMSFRiderCoachandRiderCoachTrainer,contributortoMSFcurriculumdevelopmentandrecipientofacouplenationalawardsforcontributionstomotorcyclistsafety.
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ResearchCategoriesonourWebsiteAlcohol(8)
Conspicuity(16)
CrashCausation(25)CrashInjuryOutcome(12)
Design(16)andEquipment(25)
Helmets&HelmetLaws(next)
LaneSplitting(9)
Licensing(4)MotoristAwareness(3)Overviews(10)ProtectiveGear(9)RoadsBarriers(18)Engineering/Infrastructure(7)Training(8)
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Researchcont.• HelmetsandHelmetLaws-#1-Theonlycountermeasureconsideredscientificallyproven
-Brainandheadinjury(22)-Economicimpact(24)-Helmeteffectiveness(15)-Helmetlaweffectiveness(19)(8)-Helmettypeandstyle(6)-Impactofrepeal(11)-Spineinjury(11)-Standardsandtesting(19)
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ExaminingtheWorkshopTitleEffectiveSolutionsforImprovingMotorcyclistSafety
• Effective–causingadesiredorintendedresult• Solutions-thedesiredorintendedresult
1.Reducethenumberofcrashes2.Reducetheriskofdeathorinjuryintheeventofacrash3.Reducetheseverityofinjuryintheeventofacrash
• Effectivesolutionsmustdooneormoreofthesethreethings.
• MotorcyclistSafety–excellent–oureffortsareforpeoplenotmachine–ourworkisnotaboutmotorcyclesafety–Icankeepmymotorcyclesafebykeepingitlockedinthegarage.
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Whywecare?Thereisasubstantialandgrowingcontributionofmotorcyclerelatedcrashestotheburdenofglobaltrauma.Thereisanimportantneedtofindeffectivewaystoimprovemotorcyclesafety.Inhighincomecountrysettingstherateofdeathandseriousinjuryformotorcyclistsis30–40timesthatofcaroccupants(Johnstonetal.,2008).InlowIncomesettingsroadinjuryisasignificantcontributortocatastrophichouseholdcosts(Nguyenetal.,2013)Motorcyclerelatedtraumaisarapidlygrowingpublichealthissue
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TraditionalCountermeasures
Ourtraditionalmethodsarenoteffective-i.e.reducecrashes,reducedeathorinjuryintheeventofacrash,reduceseverityofinjuries.
-Ridertraining-Motoristawareness-Licensingandendorsement
Let’slookatthese3inabitmoredetail
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RiderTraining
• Themainfocusofcurrentridertrainingprogramsisonthephysicalskillsoperationskills.Theresearchoncurrenttrainingisinconclusiveatbestandatworstindicatestrainedridershaveanelevatedriskofcrashingoranincreasedlikelihoodofexhibitingriskyridingbehavior.
• Trainingisveryeffectiveatteachingskillsthatmakeusmoreskillfulridersbutthereisnoindicationthatbetterskillsmakeussafer.
• Consistentwithliteratureregardingdrivertraining
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MotoristAwareness“LookTwicetoSaveaLife”
• Noresearchandnodatatoindicateanyeffectiveness
• Driversrememberthesignsbutthereisnoindicationrememberingthesignschangesbehavior
• Suchprogramswerelogicalin1981whenHHHurtidentifiedtheproblemofdriverslookingbutnotseeingbutthisapproachisantiquatedandlongoutdated–doesnotaccountforwhatwehaveknowformorethantwodecadesabouthowoureyesandmindworktogetherto“see”
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LicensingorEndorsement• Weknowthatunlicensedorunendorsedridersare
overrepresentedinthecrashandfatalitydata.However,thatdoesn’tmeanthatthelicensingprocessactuallypreventsreducescrashrisk.Thelicensingprocessisskillbased–requiringaridertodemonstrateridingskillsand/orhavingsuccessfullycompletedatrainingcourse
• Thecorrelation(betweenendorsementandcrash/fatalitymore
likelydemonstratesthatthelicensingprocessisnotundertakenbyriderswhomakelessthanresponsibledecisions
• Irresponsiblebehaviorssuchasspeeding,drinking,notwearinga
helmetandnotbeinglicensedareoverrepresentedinthecrashdata.Speedinganddrinkingarelikelyfactorsthatcontributetocrashing.Notwearingahelmetandnothavinganendorsementare“ridealong”irresponsiblebehaviors.
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PossibleFixes–RiderTrainingHowcouldtrainingbeimprovedtobecomeeffective?
Lessemphasisonskillandmoreon:HazardperceptionSituationalawarenessAttitudestorisk-takingJudgmentResponsibilityDecisionmaking
Progressiontoon-roadridinganddevelopingroadcraft(ridingintraffic)skillsthroughon-roadexperienceTrainingthroughextendedmentoring(RideSafeUS)vs.shorttermcourses
(Slide15–whatworks)
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PossibleFixes–MotoristAwareness●Teachdriversanewmethodoflooking–a
specificwaytosearchforvulnerableroadusersthataddressestheavailableresearchaboutLookedButFailedtoSee–RightofWayViolation(LBFTSROWV)crashesandwhatweknowabouthowoureyesandmindworktogetherto“perceive.”SMARTERhasdevelopedaproposedsystem.
● Extremely focus/targeted efforts at identified locations or populations
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PossibleFixesLicensingandEndorsements
Graduated,tieredorcombosystemsthatarefocusedonresponsibilityandexperiencevs.skill.
Graduatedlicensing:aredesignedtoprovidenewriderswithdrivingexperienceandskillsgraduallyovertimeinlow-riskenvironments.Therearetypicallythreestepsorstagesthroughwhichnewdriverspass.
Tieredlicensing:requiresbeginnerriderstoridemachineswithrestrictedhorsepower/cclevels.
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Basedontheresearchavailablewhatworks?
(1) Nosinglemeasure(2) Comprehensiveprograms–leavenostone
unturned(3) Welikelyshouldbetalkingaboutsystems
approaches–notsingleisolatedmeasures(4) Systemsapproachestoroadsafety.Shiftthe
focusawayfromafocusonroaduserbehaviortomodificationofthesystemfrommultipleperspectives,includingroadsandroadsides,vehicles,speedandroadusers.
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CountermeasuresthatWork• Astronggovernmentroleinsettinglegislationandpolicyenforcement
• Strongpoliceenforcement-alcohol,speeding,helmetuse
• Improvingpost-crashresponse
• Graduated/tieredlicensing
• Conspicuityenhancementforriderandmachine–uniquefrontallighting• Anti-lockbrakes&stabilitycontrolsystems• Alcoholinterlocks• Black(blind)spottreatments
• Protectivegearuse–armor&airbaggear• Helmetuse–all-riderhelmetlaws–the#1
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Wheretofindasummary• SMARTERatwww.smarter-usa.org
-Research-Overviews-2018–“CountermeasuresthatWork– WhattheResearchTellsUs”
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