American Journal of Sports Science 2018; 6(2): 65-73

http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajss

doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20180602.15

ISSN: 2330-8559 (Print); ISSN: 2330-8540 (Online)

Effectiveness of Cross Taping as a Therapy for Delayed Muscle Soreness

Alla Al Frisany

Department of Human Performance Studies, Wichita State University, Wichita, USA

Email address:

To cite this article: Alla Al Frisany. Effectiveness of Cross Taping as a Therapy for Delayed Muscle Soreness. American Journal of Sports Science.

Vol. 6, No. 2, 2018, pp. 65-73. doi: 10.11648/j.ajss.20180602.15

Received: April 1, 2018; Accepted: April 17, 2018; Published: May 3, 2018

Abstrcat: Background & purpose, Decrease muscle soreness by medical tape is supported by the literature. The purpose of this

study was to assess the efficacy of the cross tapes in muscle soreness. Twenty normal subjects ranging in age from 18 to 55 with

no history of previous skin allergy from any tape and do not have any upper body injuries participated. Subjects will perform the

lowering phase of a bicep curl exercise using a dumbbell consisting of 3 sets 25 repetition, followed 90 seconds rest between each

set. A grid shaped adhesive, a little larger than a stamp, called a cross tapes will be applied in the bicep of the dominant hand and

the other hand as control for one week. The range of motion and pain for both arms will be measured before and after applied the

tape. The study findings show that there were statically significant difference between the range of motion and the pain (pre, post)

when the procedure is carried out over a period of two consecutive weeks (1 day per week) with large effect size (0.2) and strong

power (0.96). However; there were no significant differences between the two groups (right, left arms) with medium effect size

(0.1) and weak power (0.33). Therefore, this study suggest that cross tapes may reduce delayed onset of muscle soreness,

however more research is needed. Future studies should include a larger number of subjects, more diverse cohort, an exercise that

applies a greater intensity, and expands the time of research. Cross tape is an advisable method to decrease delayed onset of

muscle soreness and improved functional performance.

Keywords: Muscle Soreness, Medical Tape, Improve Activity, Cross Tapes, Pain, Improve Athletic Performance,

Physical Fitness

1. Introduction

The ability of an individual to move smoothly depends on

his flexibility, an attribute that enhances both safety and

optimal physical activities (Van der Wees, 2016). This ability

to move freely and easily throughout full range of motion is

important in daily exercises. However, for some reason this

ability is hampered by muscle pain.

Muscle soreness is the big headache for the athletic or

anyone start a new exercise. Medical taping especially Cross

tapes claims to have positive effects on circulation, muscle

function, and pain. Muscle soreness can be reduced by simple

procedures like Cross tape. CT is kind of therapy which

medical practitioners on many occasions use to treat different

muscle pain on the thigh, lower part of the leg, the arms and

wrists (Wade & Bernstein, 2017). According to the K-Taping

academy, these tapes produce very good results in pain

reduction when practitioners use them in combination with

K-training.

Delayed onset muscle soreness is a kind of muscle pain that

occurs when unfamiliar movements such as violent and

sudden physical activities of high intensity are performed. The

most likely instances for DOMS to occur are when there is

eccentric contraction of the muscles for example when

unloading heavy objects and when going down the stairs (Fritz,

2013). The soreness takes place within 24 hours

disappears of exercise increasing within 48 to 72 hours and

afterwards within five to seven days.

Many practitioners are embracing the use CT as it brings

positive impact in balancing energy flow in the body. The fact

that they are non- medicated make them suitable option for

many people in treatment of muscular pain except in cases of

open woonds, skin complications and skin sensitivity.

American Journal of Sports Science 2018; 6(2): 65-73 66

2. Review of the Litreture

2.1. Need for Exercising

Exercises form an integral part of our life.. Human beings

should exercise daily during our daily activities, but the extent

of the exercises differ between individuals.

People who tend to exercise more live a more healthy life

and age slowly than those who exercise less

(GonzáLez-Iglesias, 2016). When people exercise after a

prolonged period without exercise, they tend to develop

muscle pains but this should not prevent us from exercising. It

is therefore wise to find a remedy to overcome this problem of

muscle pains, which the use of CT is set out to solve.

2.2. Living a Happy and Healthy Life

A happy and healthy life is what all strive to achieve. This

cannot come to pass if bodies are in any pain or discomfort

(GonzáLez-Iglesias, 2016). It is therefore of utmost

importance to keep the body free from the pain of any kind,

and CT are aimed at helping this come to reality by helping to

eliminate any kind of pain from the body.

2.3. Anatomical Composition of the Biceps Muscle

Figure 1. Biceps muscle.

This is a muscle on the front part of the upper arm. The

biceps comprises of a short head and a long head, working as a

single muscle. Tendons, which are tough connective tissues,

attach the biceps to the arm bones. Distal biceps tendon

attaches the biceps muscle to the forearm bones, radius and

ulna. The biceps contracts pulling the forearm up and rotating

it outwards. Biceps strain is caused by overstretching and

tearing of tendons with swelling and pain as the symptoms.

2.3.1. Origin

The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint made up of three

bones: humerus (upper arm bone), (shoulder blade) scapula,

and the collarbone (clavicle).

The head of the upper arm bone fits into a rounded socket in

the shoulder blade. This socket is referred to as glenoid. The

tissues are referred to as the rotator cuff. The tissues cover the

head of the upper arm bone therefore attaching it to your

shoulder blade (Quilty, 2016). The biceps muscle consists of

two tendons that attach it to the bones in the shoulder. The

long head is attached to the top of the shoulder socket, the

Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. The glenoid is lined with

soft cartilage known as the labrum. This tissue assists the head

of the upper arm fit into the shoulder socket. The short head of

the biceps tendon attaches to a bump on the shoulder blade

known as the coracoids process together with

coracobrachialis.

2.3.2. Insertion and Innervation

“Both heads, after their separate origin, distally unite to

form a common tendon inserting into the posterior rough part

of the radial tuberosity of the radial bone. At its site of

insertion, it gives off an extension called bicipital aponeurosis

(Lacertus fibrosus). Biceps brachii is innervated by

musculocutaneous nerve (MCN)” (Bagoji et al, 2014).

2.3.3. Movement

A combination of muscles and tendons keeps the arm

centered in the shoulder socket. The biceps muscle is in the

front side of the upper arm. It is used to bend the elbow

(flexion) and rotate the arm (strong supinator when the

forearm is flexed) as well as keeping the shoulder stable

(Williams et al, 2015).

2.4. Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness

Muscles experience soreness due to weight resistance, and

not when the weight is lifted (Quilty, 2016). For instance,

muscle soreness is not experienced when curling a dumbbell

upwards; however, lowering the dumbbell forces the dumbbell

to be to be stretched as it resists gravity and as such causes a

micro trauma and muscle soreness (Keil, 2012).

This is to say that if only the positive phase of lifting was

completed without any weight resistance on the way down, no

muscle soreness would be experienced.

2.4.1. Types of Contractions

The muscles perform three different types of contractions

being concentric, eccentric and isometric (Chen et al, 2013).

Concentric contractions occur for example when lifting a

weight up to the face, like above mentioned.

Eccentric contractions are experienced when bringing the

weight down and are characterized by a lengthening in the

muscle fibers and as such plays a role in muscle soreness

(Dawood, 2016). An isometric contraction on the other hand

occurs when one is holding an object in a fixed position.

Eccentric contractions cause a lot of tension and allow one to

lower much heavier weight that what one can lift. Additionally,

skeletal muscle is resistant to lengthening by nature. Eccentric

contractions when repeated as such induce muscle damage.

2.4.2. Mechanism and Recovery

Mechanism of delayed onset of muscle soreness is not

described completely. DOMS is considered as type I muscular

strain, which may result in debilitating pain that impedes

mobility.

Numerous theories have been postulated to define the

67 Alla Al Frisany: Effectiveness of Cross Taping as a Therapy for Delayed Muscle Soreness

mechanism of muscle soreness. However, all theories concede

that eccentric action is the key stimulator of DOMS.

a. Mechanism I: Structural Damage- An augmentation is

observed in the concentration of muscle enzymes in blood (2

to 10 folds increase depending on the degree of breakdown)

following intense exercise indicate structural damage of

muscle membrane. As a result the content of the ruptured

muscle cells freely float between the normal muscle fibers.

During muscle contraction, contractile proteins contact at

Z-disks and transmit force during contraction, however, in

eccentric exercise steaming of Z-disk occurs and thin and

thick filaments of sarcomeres may get disrupted causing

tenderness and debilitating pain or swelling. Probably, muscle

damage precipitates its hypertrophy (Kenny et al., n.d.).

b. Mechanism II: Inflammatory Reaction- White blood cells

respond to muscle damages as an acute inflammatory reaction,

cellular components, especially mononucleotide cells released

due to muscular tissue damage may act as attractants to

stimulate the inflammation.

Also, neutrophils enter the injury site and release

immunoregulatory cytokines. Probably, neutrophils release

free radicals of oxygen, damaging cell membranes and this

invasion is connected with pain. Macrophage clear the cellular

debris by phagocytosis leading to regeneration of muscles

(Kenny et al., n.d.).

c. Mechanism III: Other events- There are other postulated

theories to understand the mechanism of DOMS

encompassing- high tensions (due to eccentric exercise) cause

structural damage; damage of cell membrane causing

disruption of Ca++ homeostasis, consequently, necrosis

occurs; accumulation of- intracellular contents as well as

products of macrophage activity in the interstitium.

Subsequently, in muscles, free nerve endings of sensory

neurons (of Group IV) are stimulated causing responsiveness

of DOMS (Armstrong, et al. 2014). DOMS occurs when

weight is lowered, therefore lengthening of the muscle, micro

trauma to muscle fibers occur, the body removes dead muscle

fiber tissues and regenerates to allow resistance to further

stress.

After the muscles experience soreness, they adapt rapidly to

reduce the chances of further damage from the same exercise

of heavy weight lifting. This is known as repeated-bout effect.

This reduces soreness and swelling the next time heavy lifting

or the same exercise is done. There is also reduced strength as

well as reduced range of +33motion therefore much faster

recovery.

2.5. Therapeutic Tapes

Therapeutic taping has found increasing acceptance among

health care providers. TT was first introduced to Europe in

1999 and has roots in Japan (Esther, 2013). The TT has an

effect on deactivating of the pain system. The signals of

irritated noci-sensors passing throw the posterior horn to reach

the cortex then the pain appear. Taping stimulates the thicker

A-beta-skin nerves that makes the re-establishment of the

functions and quickens the healing process (Williams et.al,

2015).

2.6. Kinesio Tape

Kinesio tape is an elastic strip made of cotton, which is

applied in the human body with the help of adhesive. KT is

used in the field of healthcare that is specifically designed to

reduce muscular pain and inflammatory conditions associated

with musculoskeletal injuries. Notably, KT is widely used to

overcome physical disorders as well as in the treatment of

injuries and muscular pains often experienced by athletes

(Kinesio, 2013). The KT works on a specific mechanism

towards reducing the effects of athletic injuries and stress on

muscles.

Specifically mentioning, KT works on the mechanism of

‘gate control theory’ that is concerned with interrupting the

pain receptors towards ensuring that the pain message is

unable to reach the brain and the pain gets reduced. Another

mechanism that can be highlighted with respect to working of

KT is the concept of ‘light modality’ that is concerned with

reducing muscular pain without obstructing movement of

body parts. Notably, KT is designed in a manner that

facilitates easy movement of body parts, apart from enabling

natural healing owing to its lightweight application

(Kinesiology Tape Info Center, 2011).

The KT can impose a significant impact on reducing muscle

soreness among people suffering from muscular pain.

Considering its elastic nature, the KT facilitates blood flow

towards ensuring that muscle soreness is diminished. In order

to lessen soreness, the KT can be taken into consideration for

the creation of a low pressure area that enables movement of

pain, diminishes localized pressure, enhances circulation and

promotes lymphatic passage, thereby reducing muscular

swelling (Harry, 2017). KT is commonly used to alleviate pain

as well as preventing injuries and their recurrence in the

rehabilitation of sports area (Lee et.al, 2015).

2.7. Cross Tape

CT is a relatively new form of therapy available for

practitioners today. CT are tiny polyester tapes containing an

adhesive acrylic coating. The CT are water resistant, free of

medication and active ingredients. These tapes can be used for

local points of pain, trigger or acupuncture points, painful

joints and sore muscles (Halski et al, 2015). These tapes are

applied directly over the point of pain and can adhere to skin

for a period of several days. According to Sissel Therapy shop,

Japan widely utilize Cross taping therapy where they cure

muscle pains and enhance movement for people with mobility

challenges. Besides, it is possible to achieve myofascial

release in case of fibrosis. These results may be of serious

interest in athletic health care delivery since scientific

evidence suggests that pain may cause alterations to joint

neuromuscular control and joint kinematics.

Toomac solutions similarly argues that Cross taping is a

common practice among the Chinese and the Koreans

whereby, the Chinese therapists believe that the energy in the

body is free flow and such free flow of energy can experience

disruption due to injuries. Cross taping them can normalize

this disruption of the energy and bring it back to normal.

American Journal of Sports Science 2018; 6(2): 65-73 68

Lee et al. in their study on the effects of Spiral taping on

balance when they apply it on the neck and ankle supports that

the therapy has an impact on the body energy. In their study,

they involved university student on which they carried their

study at the intervals of one week. They found that Cross

taping has a positive influence on the body balance.

“There no definite explanation for the effect of the CT.

Possible factors could be:

1- The matirial of the cross tapes is not stretchible, that let

the upper skin can not longer be moved. The irritation in this

"area", therefore, either completely absent or only slightly

present (movement of the skin provokes an irritation beneath

the skin).

2- A present "adhesive force" would be possible (difference

of a potential value, which causes a piezo electric effect),

which is balanced by the reduction of movability under the CT

and the movability of the surroundings. This proposal is,

however, only very hypothetical.

3- In approximately 80% of all cases an acupuncture point is in

a part of a fascia that is cut through by a nerve's terminal branches.

This spot is going to be released because of the fixation of the

upper skin” (Fransen, 2017). However, there lacks enough

quality research done on the effectiveness of CT and much of the

information is available on manufacture’s websites.

2.8. Acupuncture Treatment

Even though DOMS cannot be prevented, needling at

classical acupuncture points and tender points is more

efficacious than sham acupuncture or no acupuncture in

reducing perceived muscle soreness. The needling is referred

to as acupuncture and is the stimulation of certain specific

acupuncture points on the body skin using thin needles. It is an

alternative form of medicine that is mostly used for pain relief.

It is usually linked with the application of pressure, laser light

or heat to those points.

Consultation is usually followed by taking both arms pulse

and inspection of the tongue in modern acupuncture. This first

evaluation may go up to sixty minutes and subsequent visits

usually last for about thirty minutes. Most practitioners do not

agree that only one session is sufficient, but the frequency and

number of acupuncture sessions vary.

According to traditional Chinese acupuncture, energy

usually flows through our body, 2mm lying underneath the

skin, in a railway like system known as meridians, and a

continuous cycle. Spinal problems, Scars or other illnesses

may lead to disturbances in the flow of energy and trigger

storage of energy. Patients who seek acupuncture do so for

musculoskeletal problems which include shoulder stiffness,

knee pain and low back pain. In most cases, acupuncture is

used in conjunction with other treatment modalities.

2.9. The Different Effect of CT, KT, and Acupuncture

Treatment on Pain and Muscle Soreness

A CT, a KT and (medical adhesive tape) a sham applications

of tapes found that none influenced the inactive bio-electrical

movement of upper trapezius muscle as the application of an

acupuncture treatment. Although all the treatments were

effective in reducing chronic pain in the area of application

and other related aches, the application of CT did not result in

a diminution in muscle tenor in the case of myofascial trigger

points (Halski et al., 2015). The bio-electrical movement of

the UT muscle that is measured before all the treatments are

applied helps in evaluating the relaxation achieved in the four

interventions. The CT applications incorporate skewed

evaluation of pain using visual analogue scale (VAS).

Therefore, the outcomes of CT application in terms of

bio-electrical movement of UT muscle are only assessed by

surface electromyography (sEMG). This allows comparison

between CT applications and acupuncture treatment on the

basis of pain relief. There are secondary significant

differences found in the three tapes applications that do not

feature in the acupuncture treatment. For instance, scientists

report that the KT application through its analgesic pressure

reduces the subjective pain sensation more than the CT and

sham application.

However, in the comparing the KT application individually

with acupuncture treatment reveals that since the two have a

huge disparity they would require continuous measurements

to determine the most effective treatment (Morrissey, 2016). It

is also suggested that to determine the overall therapeutic

effect of CT applications they should be compared with other

therapy methods of MTrPs.

To determine whether possible effects in the application of

the three tapes and acupuncture treatments are long-lasting,

continued evaluation is required even after the treatment

period has ended. This is due to the pressure applied on

bio-electrical motion of muscles with MTrPs, pain, and

cervical ROM. Scientists suggest further verification of the

possible effects of the CT application methods can be

determined more accurately by using a larger number of

participants of different pain variations. Also, more objective

measurement tools should be used and in some cases the

treatments should be applied severally, ten times at least, and

on supposed anti-pain trigger points (Bae et.al, 2014). On the

other hand, in acupuncture treatment pain threshold can be

measured before, during and after the treatments. This is done

randomly by a physician who uses algometry on the patient

pain threshold (PPT) regions. It is evident that with

acupuncture treatments the possible effects are long lasting,

with relief being realized even three years after the treatments

(Morrissey, 2016). However, it has also been noted that the

first six months after the beginning of the treatment, the PPT

of some muscles rarely decreases. Most treatments have

observed no change in the PPT of the muscle with a few cases

showing that the PPT of some muscles rose in the half year

after commencing the treatments. All in all, adequate

treatments using either CT applications and acupuncture have

been proven to reduce chronic pain in the trigger points with

the effect lasting for more that twelve months.

CT applications become effective as pain changes through

artificial induction over the time the treatment is carried out.

Through quantitative sensory testing (QST), the applications

are tested for DOMS on the non-dominant biceps brachii. For

69 Alla Al Frisany: Effectiveness of Cross Taping as a Therapy for Delayed Muscle Soreness

instance, if DOMS is stimulated through unconventional

exercise the subjective assessment of CT is applied. On the

other hand, acupuncture treatment on DOMS lowers pain

evaluation in reaction to calibrated stimuli.

However, it is important to note that acupuncture’s

pain-relieving results on tentative pain may be dependent on

both the individual and the mode of treatment used (Halski, et

al., 2015). The manual acupuncture mode of treatment has

recorded results of exceedingly noteworthy analgesia. On the

other hand, electro, placebo, and subjective modes of

acupuncture show relatively lesser pain-relieving results with

significant correlations. The consciousness provoked by these

acupuncture modes of treatment result in putative therapeutic

effects. The sensation provoked is complex since with the

variety of subjects used each mode of treatment display

different ratings in multiple descriptors. For instance, the

subjective mode of acupuncture displays different ratings in

treatments of numbness and soreness (Morrissey, 2016).

Conversely, the subjective mode does not have these results in

the ratings of aching, heaviness, and throbbing. This is an

indication that extensive and clear cut research should be

conducted on the attributes of the sensation provoked by CT

applications and acupuncture treatments to help in

determining valuable clinical indicators of effective treatment.

Though there is only very minimal research on the

effectiveness of muscle soreness, Cross taping is said to adjust

the balance of the human body as it can be applied to the

muscles, acupressure and trigger points. The manufacturers

posit that the therapy is effective for pain relieve in muscles

and joints.

A study conducted to determine the effectiveness of Kinesio

taping and Cross taping, a proper tape was applied on patient

upper body muscle for three days. However, there was failure

to identify significant effect of Kinesio taping and Cross

taping on muscle bioelectric activity. As such, the

effectiveness of Cross taping is still contentious as per the

study. More research needs to be done to determine the

effectiveness of the same on DOMS.

3. Methodology

In an attempt to come up with answers to the research

questions, experimental research will be carried out. The

nature of the research will be qualitative to come up with the

best possible solutions to the questions. With the use of an

experimental team, the ability to manipulate the factors being

tested will be fully exploited. Twenty normal subjects who

have no history of any previous skin allergy from any tape and

do not have any upper body injuries subjected to carrying out

the experiment.

3.1. Subjet Selection

Data will be gathered at Wichita State University, Wichita,

Kansas, USA in 2015. Subjects were a volunteers of 20 (15

males and 5 females), with age ranging from 18-55 with mean

age 25.25 years.

3.2. Instrumentation

Dumbbell, a gymnastic apparatus consisting of two wooden

or metal balls connected by a short bar serving as a handle,

used as a weight for exercising (figure 2). All rest time was

adjusted by using the timer (figure 3). Goniometer, An

instrument look like full-circle protractor made of transparent

plastic was used for angle measurements, to ensure

appropriate reliability; use it to measure the flexion of

shoulders and elbows (figure 4). Cross tape (figure 5). McGill,

Pain Questionnaire used to evaluate a person experiencing

significant pain (figure 6).

Figure 2. Dumbbell.

Figure 3. Timer.

American Journal of Sports Science 2018; 6(2): 65-73 70

Figure 4. Goniometer.

Figure 5. Cross tape.

Figure 6. McGill Questionnaire.

3.3. Procedure

3.3.1. Testing Procedures

The study will take place in the Human Performance Lab,

Heskett Center at WSU. Each subjects who met the criteria for

inclusion in the study were perform the lowering phase of a

biceps curl exercise using a dumbbell consisting of 3 sets 25

repetitions, followed 90 seconds of rest between each set.

Cross tapes will then be applied (figure-6) on the biceps of the

dominant hand and the other hand as control for one week.

The ROM of shoulders and elbows flexion for both arms will

be measured after exercise. Each subject positioned stand up

right during perform the exercise, measured the ROM and set

during rest, applied the tapes. In the next day, when the

71 Alla Al Frisany: Effectiveness of Cross Taping as a Therapy for Delayed Muscle Soreness

participants start get muscle soreness, they will fill up the pain

Questionnaire.

3.3.2. Tape Application

Apply Crosspatch with wooden spatula diagonally at an

angle of 45 on the appropriate area (figure 6), for stimulating

the drainage of the lymph (Esther, 2013).

Figure 7. Cross tapes applying.

3.3.3. The Follow up Session

After one week, the ROM of shoulders and elbows flexion

for both arms will be measured again in this session and fill up

the pain Questionnaire as post, if there is still pain.

4. Data Analysis

Prior to data collection, the comparison between groups of

the Measurements of range of motion and pain using the

procedures described was evaluated using a Repeated

Measures ANOVA design in SPSS program. Five female

subjects with a mean age of 30 years (SD=14.61), fifteen male

with mean age of 23.67 years (SD= 4.43). One week separated

the first and second measurements, Mean values were 321.66

degrees (SD=33.16) for the pretest measurements and 307.29

degrees (SD=20.36) for the posttest measurements. The

confidence interval as.95% for the measurements taken 1

week apart, Rt 101.699;105.734, Lt 103.91;107.94.

5. Results

The purpose of the study is to assess the efficacy of the

Cross tapes for one week in muscle soreness.

Table 1. ROM on both arms.

Arms Mean

Pre

Mean

Post SD Pre

SD

Post p-value

Rt Shoulder 151 165.8 8.52 9.16 0.00

Lt Shoulder 154 162.45 10.83 9.39 0.00

Rt Elbow 131.5 143.2 7.09 3.74 0.00

Lt Elbow 132.25 138.25 7.16 6.54 0.00

Figure 8. ROM on both arms.

In table 2 as shown below also there is an extremely

significant difference between pre and post applied CT on pain

Questionnaire in term of Biceps soreness.

It also shown in figure 8.

Table 2. Pain Questionnaire.

Biceps mean

Pre

mean

Post SD Pre SD Pre p-value

Right 29.3 1.5 14.61 14.61 0.00

Left 45.25 3.35 14.25 14.25 0.00

Figure 9. Pain Questionnaire on both Biceps.

A one-way within-subjects ANOVA was conducted with the

factor being applied the CT on the right and left arms. The

dependent variable being the Pain scores and ROM degrees.

The results for the ANOVA indicated a significant CT effect,

Greenhouse-Geisser = 2738.52, F (5, 19) = 7.28, p=.00,

multivariate n2=.16 and round up to.2 which is a large effect

size and the Power is.96 which is strong. Follow-up Pairwise

test comparisons indicated a significant effect for all factor

compares, with the means increasing over the ROM and

decreasing over the pain. However, tests of between- subjects

of the right and left arms indicated no significant, 292.60, F (1,

38) = 2.46, p=.13 with medium effect size.1 and weak

power.33. Furthermore, the 95% confidence interval for the

mean difference for right to left was -5.1to.65.

These findings indicate that the cross tape declines the risk

of an injury which is decrease the pain. Furthermore, the ROM

American Journal of Sports Science 2018; 6(2): 65-73 72

that have not have a big difference after one week.

6. Discussion

Muscle soreness is an important component of physical

fitness, and increase muscle soreness can cause inefficiency

in the workplace and is also a risk factor for injury. Cross

tape was reported to be an effective method for decreasing

muscle pain. The outcome of this study revealed that the

application of a CT was effective as a means of reducing the

DOMS. The findings of this study are consistent with other

literature that reported equal significant decreasing muscle

pain (Halski et al, 2015). However, within-subjects

ANOVA revealed significant changes in the ROM and Pain

when applied CT on the arms, while there was no

significant difference in the between- subjects ANOVA of

the right and left arms that because the sample small. These

results reject the Null hypothesis and suggest that CT

produce good effect on DOMS for athletes.

7. Conclusion

The study findings show that there were statically

significant difference between the ROM and the pain (pre,

post) when the procedure is carried out over a period of two

consecutive weeks (1 day per week) with large effect size

(0.2) and strong power (0.96). However; there were no

significant differences between the two groups (right, left

arms) with medium effect size (0.1) and weak power (0.33).

Therefore we conclude that in order to improve the

functional performance, this study suggest that CT may

reduce DOMS, however more research is needed. Future

studies should include a larger number of subjects, more

diverse cohort, an exercise that applies a greater intensity,

and expands the time of research.

Acknowledgements

At the First of all I would like to thank GOD for all the

blessings that we have. The completion of this thesis has been

enabled by the following people, all of them we thank sincerely.

Our supervisor Dr. Jeremy Patterson for his patience, and

politeness. All faculty of Education, Department of Human

Performance Studies in Wichita State University, speially Dr.

Heidi Bell for her kindess to accept any quation. Our volunteers,

without whom this study would not have been possible. Our

family and friends for their support and encourgment.

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