JOURNAL OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 6, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2010 607

Effects of Auxiliary Electrode Width in AC PlasmaDisplay Panels With Auxiliary Electrodes

Sung-Min Lee, Chung Sock Choi, and Kyung Cheol Choi, Member, IEEE

Abstract—We investigated the effects of changing the width ofthe auxiliary electrode in an ac plasma display panel including cen-trally located auxiliary electrodes between the sustain electrodes,based on analyses of the discharge mode. A panel with auxiliaryelectrodes was driven by pulse waveforms that included auxiliarypulses applied to the auxiliary electrode immediately after everysustain pulse. The discharge modes are changed consecutively frommode 1 to mode 3-2 when the sustain or auxiliary pulse voltages areincreased, which can be characterized as follows [16]: 1) only thesustain pulse discharges are generated in mode 1; 2) one of a pair ofthe auxiliary pulse discharges is additionally generated in mode 2;and 3) the other auxiliary pulse discharge is also generated in mode3-1 and mode 3-2. Distribution of the discharge mode changes inaccordance with the width of the auxiliary electrode (the focus ison modes 1 and 2 because these modes are effective modes); as theauxiliary electrode is narrowed, the range of mode 1 becomes wideand the range of mode 2 becomes narrow. The wide range of mode1 is attributed to the fact that the discharge of the auxiliary pulseis suppressed due to a longer gap between the sustain and auxil-iary electrodes. The narrow range of mode 2 is caused by the dis-charge of the auxiliary pulse less affecting the discharge of the sus-tain pulse. Since the auxiliary electrode provides less of a decreasein the number of wall charges on the sustain electrodes, the voltagemargin is improved for the case of the narrow auxiliary electrode.The luminous efficacy is mostly improved in mode 1 for the caseof the narrow auxiliary electrode due to the auxiliary pulse witha higher voltage generating a larger number of space charges, aswell as in mode 2 for the case of the wide auxiliary electrode dueto a short electrode gap rendering a great number of wall chargesdecreasing.

Index Terms—Auxiliary electrode, discharge mode, electrodewidth, plasma-display panel (PDP).

I. INTRODUCTION

A LTERNATING-CURRENT plasma-display panels (acPDPs) are the widely used information display devices

based on plasma discharge. A large number of studies haveexplored the efficiency and driving schemes of ac PDPs.Research intended to improve the discharge efficiency hasconcentrated on the following features: high xenon content[1], and [2], increased coplanar sustain electrode gaps [3], and[4], adequate barrier rib heights [5], and [6], narrow sustainelectrodes [7], and [8], and auxiliary electrodes [9], and [10].

Manuscript received February 09, 2010; revised June 10, 2010; accepted Au-gust 01, 2010. Date of current version November 12, 2010. This work was sup-ported in part by Basic Science Research Program through the National Re-search Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Scienceand Technology under CAFDC-20100009890 , and in part by Information Dis-play R&D Center under GF0004072-2010-33, one of the Knowledge EconomyFrontier R&D Programs funded by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy of Ko-rean government.

The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering,KAIST, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea (e-mail:smlee83@kaist.ac.kr; ciston@kaist.ac.kr; kyungcc@ee.kaist.ac.kr).

Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available onlineat http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JDT.2010.2064757

In spite of these studies, obtaining high discharge efficiencyremains a critical issue [11]; currently, an emphasis on “greentechnology” characterizes mainstream research.

In a previous study, we observed that an ac PDP with an aux-iliary electrode centrally located between the sustain electrodesshowed high luminous efficacy; this PDP was called a “FourthElectrode for Enhancing Excitation rate in a Long coplanar gap(FEEL)” PDP [9]. The FEEL PDP has a long sustain electrodegap of 200 m. The reasons for the high luminous efficacy inthe FEEL PDP are summarized as follows [12]–[15]: First, acoplanar-long-gap discharge is generated between the sustainelectrodes while the auxiliary electrode is centrally located be-tween them. Second, the auxiliary pulse applied immediatelyafter the sustain pulse increases the xenon excitation efficiencydue to a decrease in the accumulated wall charges and the simul-taneous generation of priming particles. The discharge charac-teristics of the FEEL PDP were further clarified in a previousstudy related to discharge mode that proposed four dischargemodes in the FEEL PDP [16]. On the other hand, other find-ings of previous studies indicate that the improvement of theluminous efficacy in the FEEL PDP is influenced by the drivingscheme and cell geometry [17]–[19]. In particular, a narrow aux-iliary electrode of 40 m showed a high luminous efficacy anda wide voltage margin as compared with a wide auxiliary elec-trode of 100 m [18]. Although this result indicates a method forimproving the luminous efficacy and the driving voltage margin,the effects of the auxiliary electrode width remains unclear.

In this paper, we investigate the effects of various auxiliaryelectrode widths in FEEL PDPs. Transitions of the dischargemodes, in accordance with the auxiliary electrode width, arestudied based on the infrared (IR) emission intensity. Changesin the discharge characteristics in each mode are also studied bythe measurements of the discharge current, luminance, powerconsumption, and luminous efficacy. Through these experi-mental results, the reasons for the high luminous efficacy in aFEEL PDP with narrow auxiliary electrode are more preciselyunderstood.

II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND DISCHARGE MODES

Fig. 1 shows a schematic of the test panel of a FEEL PDPwith various auxiliary electrode widths. Scan and common elec-trodes (sustain electrodes) are located on the front plate witha coplanar gap of 200 m. An auxiliary electrode is centrallylocated between the sustain electrodes, which are made of in-dium-tin-oxide (ITO) and silver paste. The width of the sustainelectrode is fixed at 200 m, whereas the width of the auxiliaryelectrode varies. We tested electrode widths from 100 to 40 min intervals of 20 m. Therefore, the gap between the sustainand auxiliary electrodes varies from 50 to 80 m. The electrodesare covered with a transparent dielectric layer of 32 m and a

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608 JOURNAL OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 6, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2010

Fig. 1. Schematic of the experimental test panel of the FEEL PDP with various auxiliary electrode widths: 100, 80, 60, and 40 �m.

Fig. 2. Pulse waveforms applied to the FEEL PDP during a sustain period.

magnesium oxide (MgO) layer of 0.5 m. Address electrodesare located on the rear plate and covered with an opaque dielec-tric layer of 20 m. The 80 m wide address electrodes consistonly of silver paste. Closed barrier ribs of 200 m in height areformed on this dielectric layer. Terbium-activated yttrium trib-orate (YBO :Tb ) green phosphor, which exhibits less satu-ration at high ultraviolet intensity [20], is located within thesebarrier ribs. This test panel was designed for 50 in. XGA reso-lution (the sub-pixel size is 0.27 0.81 mm ) and contains a gasmixture of Ne 20%Xe for high luminous efficacy under a totalgas pressure of 450 torr.

Fig. 2 shows the pulse waveforms applied to the FEEL PDPin the sustain period at a sustain pulse frequency of 100 kHz.The auxiliary pulses were applied to the auxiliary electrodes im-mediately after the sustain pulses; those applied in the afterglowregion showed better luminous efficacy than those applied in theglow region [9]. The auxiliary pulse applied after the scan pulseis defined as Aux pulse and the auxiliary pulse applied afterthe common pulse is defined as Aux pulse. The sustainpulse is 3 s wide and the auxiliary pulse is 1.5 s wide.

According to a previous study, there are four dischargemodes in the FEEL PDP [16], as the auxiliary pulse causes thedestruction of the symmetry of the sustain pulse discharges.The discharge modes are simply determined by the generateddischarges of sequentially applied pulses [16], as described

in Table I. When an auxiliary pulse with a low voltage isapplied, the discharges are generated by only the sustain pulses(mode 1). The auxiliary pulse does not generate an additionaldischarge; however, it can increase space charges, leading toa priming effect. As the auxiliary pulse voltage increases, anadditional weak discharge is generated by the Aux pulse(mode 2). This additional weak discharge decreases the wallcharges that accumulate on the scan and auxiliary electrodes andincreases the priming particles. If the auxiliary pulse voltagecontinues to increase, a weak discharge of Aux pulse isalso generated (mode 3-1). The discharges of the Aux andAux pulses greatly decrease the wall charges, resultingin a decrease in the discharge intensities of the sustain pulses.When an auxiliary pulse with a much higher voltage is applied,the discharges of the auxiliary pulses are intensified and thedischarges of the sustain pulses are rapidly weakened (mode3-2). In this case, all discharges are generated between thesustain and the auxiliary electrodes. Mode 1 and mode 2 areeffective modes [16]. The reasons to improving the luminousefficacy in these modes are as follows [16]. The high luminousefficacy in mode 1 is caused by a more homogeneous dischargedue to the temporally strong sheath on the auxiliary electrodeduring the discharge of the sustain pulse, as well as by thepriming effect due to the auxiliary pulse. The positive influenceof the priming effect on the luminous efficacy was reported

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TABLE IDISCHARGE INTENSITIES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE DISCHARGE MODE.

Fig. 3. Integrated intensities of IR emissions due to sequentially applied pulses with an increase in the auxiliary pulse voltage at a fixed sustain pulse voltage of260 V. The auxiliary electrode widths are: (a) 100 �m; (b) 80 �m; (c) 60 �m; and (d) 40 �m.

in a previous study [21]. Widely distributed priming particlesgenerated by the auxiliary pulse cause the uniform sustainpulse discharge that reduces the wall heating loss. In addition,these priming particles increase the electron density, whichappears to speed the growth of the sustain pulse discharge,thereby improving the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) efficiency.The improvement of the luminous efficacy in mode 2 is causedby a reduction in the power consumption due to a decrease ofthe wall charges and by the increased or sustained luminancedue to the priming effect. Given that the power consumption isproportional to the variation of the wall charges, a decrease ofthese wall charges reduces the power consumption. Althoughthe power consumption is reduced, the luminance is sustainedor increased as a result of the generation of the priming parti-cles. Mode 3-1 and mode 3-2 are ineffective modes [16]. Thereasons to reducing the luminous efficacy in these modes are asfollows [16]: Reduction of the luminous efficacy in mode 3-1

is caused by a decrease in the luminance due to a considerabledecrease of the wall charges and insufficient generation of thepriming particles. The decrease in the luminous efficacy inmode 3-2 is caused by the generation of a short-coplanar-gapdischarge of the sustain pulse, because a large amount of thenegative wall charges accumulate on the auxiliary electrodesafter the discharge of the auxiliary pulse. These modes arechanged consecutively from mode 1 to mode 3-2 when sustainor auxiliary pulse voltages increase [16].

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig. 3 shows the IR emissions caused by sequentially appliedpulses at a fixed sustain pulse voltage. The IR intensities weremeasured by a photosensor amplifier (HAMAMATSU C6386).The discharge modes were determined by the IR emissions, ac-cording to Table I. The focus became mode 1 and mode 2 since

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Fig. 4. Discharge current waveforms in mode 1 and mode 2 when the scan and common pulses are applied. The auxiliary electrode widths are: (a) 100 �m; (b)80 �m; (c) 60 �m; and (d) 40 �m.

the luminous efficacy increased in these modes. When the aux-iliary electrode is wide, mode 2 is dominant over mode 1. How-ever, mode 1 becomes dominant as the auxiliary electrode be-comes narrow. This can be explained as follows: The narrowerauxiliary electrode corresponds to a longer gap between thesustain and auxiliary electrodes. Therefore, since the dischargeneeds a higher pulse voltage when the electrode gap is longer,the discharge of the Aux pulse cannot be generated by alow auxiliary pulse voltage. Thus, the range of mode 1 becomeswider as the auxiliary electrode is narrowed.

Another interesting result is that the boundary auxiliaryvoltage between mode 2 and mode 3-1 decreases as the aux-iliary electrode is narrowed; this boundary corresponds to thegeneration of the discharge of the Aux pulse. This canbe attributed to the discharge of the common pulse being lessweakened, which can be explained by a corresponding mea-surement result as follows: Fig. 4 shows the discharge currentwaveforms at the fixed sustain pulse voltage corresponding toFig. 3. As shown in Fig. 4, for the case of the wide auxiliaryelectrode, the discharge current peak of the common pulse inmode 2 gradually decreases with an increase in the auxiliarypulse voltage. However, this same peak, slightly decreases forthe case with a narrow auxiliary electrode. This means that thedischarge of the common pulse in mode 2 becomes less weakas the auxiliary electrode is narrowed. This is a result of theAux pulse reducing the smaller number of wall charges dueto the longer gap between the sustain and auxiliary electrodes.Therefore, since a relatively larger number of the wall chargeswere formed on the electrodes prior to the application of theAux pulse, the discharge of the Aux pulse re-

Fig. 5. Discharge mode transition in accordance with the sustain and auxiliarypulse voltages. The auxiliary electrode widths are: (a) 100 �m; (b) 80 �m; (c)60 �m; and (d) 40 �m.

quires a lower auxiliary pulse voltage as the auxiliary electrodeis narrowed, although the gap between the sustain and auxiliaryelectrodes is longer.

Fig. 5 shows the discharge mode in accordance with the sus-tain and auxiliary pulse voltages. The discharge mode movesconsecutively form mode 1 to mode 3-2 if the sustain or aux-iliary pulse voltages are increased, regardless of the auxiliaryelectrode width. The voltage margin becomes wider as the aux-iliary electrode is narrowed. This is a result of the auxiliary elec-trode decreasing the smaller number of wall charges on the sus-tain electrodes. The operation of the FEEL PDP with a narrowedauxiliary electrode is therefore more stable than when the aux-

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Fig. 6. Luminance, power consumption, and luminous efficacy with an increase in the auxiliary pulse voltage at fixed sustain pulse voltages of 250 and 270 V.The auxiliary electrode widths are: (a) 100 �m; (b) 80 �m; (c) 60 �m; and (d) 40 �m.

iliary electrodes are wider. In addition, the area of mode 1 isexpanded and the area of mode 2 is reduced as the auxiliary elec-trode becomes narrowed. This means that mode 1, as comparedto mode 2, takes on a more significant role in the improvementof luminous efficacy for the case of a narrow auxiliary electrode.

Fig. 6 shows the luminance, power consumption, and lumi-nous efficacy as a function of the auxiliary pulse voltage. Ac-cording to the findings of a previous study, an improvement ofthe luminous efficacy appeared in mode 1 at a low sustain pulsevoltage due to an increased luminance and in mode 2 at midand high sustain pulse voltages due to a decreased power con-sumption with an increased or sustained luminance [16]. Thistendency is apparently shown in Fig. 6, regardless of the aux-iliary electrode width. However, at a low sustain pulse voltageof 250 V, the luminous efficacy in mode 1 greatly increased forthe case of the narrow auxiliary electrode, whereas it insignif-icantly increased for the case of the wide auxiliary electrode.Improvement of the luminous efficacy in mode 1 is caused byan increase in the space charges prior to the application of thesustain pulse, without erasing the wall charges on the sustainelectrodes [16]. Accordingly, in the case of the wide auxiliaryelectrode, the luminous efficacy in mode 1 is difficult to improvebecause a discharge of the Aux pulse tends to be generatedwhen compared to the case of the narrow auxiliary electrode. Onthe other hand, a larger improvement of the luminous efficacy in

mode 2 is shown for the wide auxiliary electrode case. Improve-ment of the luminous efficacy in mode 2 is caused by a decreasein the number of wall charges on the sustain electrodes and asufficiently generated amount of priming particles, prior to theapplication of the sustain pulse [16]. Therefore, since the dis-charge of the Aux pulse, which decreases the wall chargesand simultaneously generates the priming particles, is apt to begenerated in the case of the wide auxiliary electrode, the lumi-nous efficacy in mode 2 is more improved.

Fig. 7 shows the maximum luminous efficacy in accordancewith the discharge mode for the various cases of the auxiliaryelectrode widths. The maximum luminous efficacy in mode 1has a tendency to increase with a decrease of the sustain pulsevoltage, whereas the maximum luminous efficacy in mode 2has a tendency to obtain a peak value at a specific sustain pulsevoltage. Accordingly, the FEEL PDP can have the maximum lu-minous efficacy in mode 1 at a low sustain pulse voltage and inmode 2 at mid and high sustain pulse voltages, as described in aprevious study [16]. The maximum luminous efficacy in mode1 is increased as the auxiliary electrode is narrowed. A widervoltage margin assisted this maximum luminous efficacy to in-crease through the auxiliary pulse with the higher voltage gener-ating additional space charges. The luminous efficacy in mode 2does not improve greatly when the auxiliary electrode is narrow,because of the Aux pulse decreasing a smaller number of

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Fig. 7. Maximum luminous efficacy as a function of the sustain pulse voltage in accordance with the discharge mode. The auxiliary electrode widths are: (a) 100�m; (b) 80 �m; (c) 60 �m; and (d) 40 �m.

Fig. 8. Maximum luminous efficacy in accordance with the auxiliary electrodewidth. Black square indicates the maximum luminous efficacy under a conditionof floating auxiliary electrodes. The (red) circle and (green) up-triangle indicatemode 1 and mode 2, respectively. The (blue) down-triangle indicates a conven-tional 3-electrode ac PDP with an electrode gap of 80 �m.

wall charges. As shown in Fig. 8, due to the characteristics of theluminous efficacies in mode 1 and mode 2 in accordance withthe auxiliary electrode width, the maximum luminous efficacyis obtained in mode 2 for auxiliary electrode widths of 100 and80 m, and in mode 1 for auxiliary electrode widths of 60 and40 m. Interestingly, an auxiliary electrode width of 100 m ex-hibit lower maximum luminous efficacy in mode 2, as comparedwith an auxiliary electrode width of 80 m. Since improvementof the luminous efficacy in mode 2 appears after that in mode 1,this lower maximum in mode 2, for an auxiliary electrode widthof 100 m, is caused by a smaller improvement in mode 1 ascompared with an auxiliary electrode width of 80 m.

IV. CONCLUSION

In order to obtain clear understanding of improvement ofthe luminous efficacy and the voltage margin in an ac PDPwith narrow auxiliary electrodes centrally located betweenthe sustain electrodes (FEEL PDP with narrow auxiliary elec-trodes), we investigated the effects of the auxiliary electrodewidth. Based on analyses of the discharge mode, this effect waselucidated, especially focused on mode 1 and mode 2 becausethese modes are effective modes. These effective dischargemodes are summarized as follows [16]: There are only sustainpulse discharges in mode 1. The luminous efficacy in thismode 1 is improved as a result of the enhanced dischargehomogeneity due to the auxiliary electrode and the enhancedpriming effect due to the auxiliary pulse. There is one of apair of auxiliary pulse discharges in mode 2, as along withthe sustain pulse discharges. The additional discharge of theauxiliary pulse decreases the wall charges, which causes areduction of the power consumption. This addition dischargesimultaneously generates the priming particles that can sustainor increase the luminance. The luminous efficacy in mode 2is improved due to the reduced power consumption and thesustained or increased luminance. The mode 1 range becomeswider as the auxiliary electrode becomes narrowed, becausethe discharge of the Aux pulse cannot be generated by alow auxiliary pulse voltage, due to the longer gap between thesustain and auxiliary electrodes. The mode 2 range becomesnarrower as the auxiliary electrode becomes narrowed becausethe discharge strength of the common pulse is less affectedby the discharge of the Aux pulse than in the case of awide auxiliary electrode. The voltage margin is improved as

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the auxiliary electrode is narrowed due to less of a decreasein the number of wall charges on the sustain electrodes by theauxiliary electrode. The maximum luminous efficacy in mode1 is increased with a decrease in the auxiliary electrode width.This is a result of a larger number of space charges generated bythe auxiliary pulse with a higher voltage. The luminous efficacyin mode 2 is not greatly improved if the auxiliary electrodewidth is narrowed because the discharge of the Aux pulseprovides less of a decrease in the number of wall charges onthe sustain electrodes. Accordingly, the maximum luminousefficacy can be obtained in mode 1 with a narrow auxiliaryelectrode, and in mode 2 with a wide auxiliary electrode.

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Sung-Min Lee received the B.S. degree in electricalengineering from Seoul National University, Seoul,Korea, in 2006, and the M.S. degree in electrical engi-neering from KAIST, Daejeon, Korea, in 2008, wherehe is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree inelectric engineering.

His research interests include display devices andplasmonic devices.

Chung Sock Choi received the B.S. degree in elec-trical and electronics engineering from Chung-AngUniversity, Seoul, Korea, in 2007, and is currentlyworking toward the Ph. D. degree in electrical engi-neering from KAIST, Daejeon, Korea.

His research interests include display devices andplasmonic devices.

Kyung Cheol Choi (M’04) received the B.S. degreefrom the Department of Electrical Engineering,Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1986,and the M.S. degree and Ph.D. degree in plasmaengineering, also from Seoul National University, in1988 and 1993, respectively.

From 1993 to 1995, he was with the Institutefor Advanced Engineering, Seoul, where his workfocused on the design of display devices. From 1995to 1996, he was a Research Scientist with SpectronCorporation of America, Summit, NJ. From 1996

to 1998, he was a Senior Research Scientist with Hyundai Plasma Display,Hawthorne, NY. From 1998 to 1999, he was a Senior Research Scientistwith the Advanced Display R&D Center, Hyundai Electronics Industries,Gyounggi-do, Korea, where he was involved in the development of a 40-in acPDP. From 2000 to 2004, he was an Associate Professor with the Departmentof Electronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea. He was also incharge of the Information Display Research Center supported by the KoreanMinistry of Information and Communication. Since 2005, he has been with theDepartment of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea, where he wasfirst an Associate Professor and is currently a Professor. Since September 2007,he has been in charge of the Center for Advanced Flexible Display Convergencesupported by the Korean Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology.His research interests include flexible displays, plasma display panels, organiclight-emitting diodes, and surface plasmon applications for displays.

Dr. Choi is a member of the Society for Information Display and the Ko-rean Information Display Society. He is an Associate Editor of the IEEE/OSAJOURNAL OF DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY.