Efficacy of Flameless Catalytic Infrared Efficacy of Flameless Catalytic Infrared Radiation Energy Against Different Life Radiation Energy Against Different Life

Stages of InsectsStages of Insects

Khamis Moses, Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Dogan Khamis Moses, Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Dogan Hulya and Gwirtz JeffHulya and Gwirtz Jeff

Department of Grain Science and IndustryDepartment of Grain Science and Industry

Kansas State UniversityKansas State University

Manhattan, KS 66506Manhattan, KS 66506

IntroductionIntroduction

Hypothesis: How do different ages of stored Hypothesis: How do different ages of stored product insects respond to flameless catalytic product insects respond to flameless catalytic infrared radiation?infrared radiation?

Objective 1: Age Grading of internal insects using Objective 1: Age Grading of internal insects using Faxitron and X-ray microtomographyFaxitron and X-ray microtomography

Materials and methodMaterials and method ResultsResults

Objective 2: Infrared treatmentObjective 2: Infrared treatment Materials and methodMaterials and method

ResultsResults ConclusionConclusion

Infrared EnergyInfrared Energy Electromagnetic spectrum; radiation energy with Electromagnetic spectrum; radiation energy with

wavelength longer than visible light but shorter wavelength longer than visible light but shorter than microwave than microwave

Water molecules absorb highest mid-infrared (2.8 Water molecules absorb highest mid-infrared (2.8 μm and 7 μm) energyμm and 7 μm) energy

Differential heating: insects vs grainDifferential heating: insects vs grain

Current Pest Management Problems Ban on organophosphates pesticides (phosphine)

Development of insect resistance to some of the available pesticides

Pesticides residues in foods

Lack of international consensus on some pesticides use

Ineffectiveness of some pesticides against certain life stages of insects

Previous researchPrevious research

Old infrared heaters used natural gas or propane Old infrared heaters used natural gas or propane gas combusted over ceramic panels with gas combusted over ceramic panels with temperatures close to 926temperatures close to 926°°C C

Such high temperatures are unsafe for grain Such high temperatures are unsafe for grain handling facilitieshandling facilities

No sufficient research to determine how the No sufficient research to determine how the different insects ages were affected by infrared different insects ages were affected by infrared radiationradiation

Banjo thermometer was used to read grain Banjo thermometer was used to read grain temperature. temperature.

Wheat, wheat product qualities were not evaluatedWheat, wheat product qualities were not evaluated

Infrared for stored grain insect controlInfrared for stored grain insect control

Flameless infrared energy is a Flameless infrared energy is a ““greengreen”” technology, there are no regulated emissions, technology, there are no regulated emissions, only products are water, heat and carbon dioxideonly products are water, heat and carbon dioxide

Kills external and internal stored-grain insectsKills external and internal stored-grain insects

Kills microorganismsKills microorganisms

It is a rapid method (insects are killed in less than It is a rapid method (insects are killed in less than 60s)60s)

Flameless catalytic infrared heater is cheaperFlameless catalytic infrared heater is cheaper

Research objectivesResearch objectives Determine factors affecting efficacy of infrared Determine factors affecting efficacy of infrared

radiation against eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults radiation against eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of three stored-grain insect speciesof three stored-grain insect species

Evaluate effects of infrared radiation on wheat Evaluate effects of infrared radiation on wheat germinationgermination

Evaluate effects of infrared on mold countsEvaluate effects of infrared on mold counts

Evaluate effect of infrared radiation on quality of Evaluate effect of infrared radiation on quality of wheat and wheat flour and products made from wheat and wheat flour and products made from infrared-exposed graininfrared-exposed grain

Conduct an economic analysis of treatment Conduct an economic analysis of treatment effectivenesseffectiveness

FaxitronFaxitron

Age grading

Pupae of Lesser grain borer

Pupae of Rice weevil

Tunnel width (mm)Tunnel width (mm) Lesser grain borer Rice

weevil__________________________________

Age (Days)

7 0.24 ± 0.03* 0.26 ± 0.0114 0.34 ± 0.01 0.57 ± 0.0321 0.40 ± 0.02 0.72 ± 0.0124 0.53 ± 0.0 1.39 ± 0.0128 0.61 ± 0.02 Emerged

* Observed on the eighth and ninth day

X-ray microtomography Skyscan X-ray microtomography Skyscan

Source: www.microphotonic.com

XMT Principle

Source: www.microphotonics.com

Pupae of LGB with XMT

Pupae of RW with XMT

Development time for LGB and RW

Number of Days

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

Num

ber

of A

dul

ts E

mer

ged

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Rice weevilLesser grain borer

Factors evaluated where;-

Different insects ages (Eggs to adults) Different insects ages (Eggs to adults)

Distance of grain from surface heater, (8.0 and Distance of grain from surface heater, (8.0 and 12.7 cm)12.7 cm)

Quantities of grains (113.5 and 227.0 g)Quantities of grains (113.5 and 227.0 g)

Exposure time (45 and 60 seconds)Exposure time (45 and 60 seconds)

Infrared treatment and insects mortality

Bench top infrared heaterBench top infrared heater

Materials and methodsA Company based in Independence KS; www.catalticdrying.com designs commercial scale flameless catalytic heaters for specific uses

Typical Temperature ProfileTypical Temperature ProfileTemperature vs Time (45s)

Time (s)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Tem

pera

ture

(0C

)

40

60

80

100

120

140

T1D1W1T1D1W2T1D2W1T1D2W2

Temperature vs Time (60s)

Time (s)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Tem

pe

ratu

re (0 C

)

40

60

80

100

120

140T2D1W1T2D1W2T2D2W1T2D2W2

Mean no. adults that emerged from Mean no. adults that emerged from control control

Age (days) Grain qty (g) R. dominica T. castaneum S. oryzae

Mean ± SE Mean ± SE Mean ± SE

0 113.5 443 ± 32.6 43 ± 5.9 271 ± 18.0

0 227 582 ± 13.5 49 ± 3.4 340 ± 28.2

7 113.5 241 ± 22.5 100 ± 1.0 221 ± 15.8

7 227 541 ± 24.1 101 ± 1.0 347 ± 21.7

14 113.5 302 ± 22.4 100 ± 2.0 254 ± 13.8

14 227 502 ± 17.2 98 ± 4.0 336 ± 23.4

21 113.5 145 ± 52.2 100 ± 0.3 225 ± 22.6

21 113.5 240 ± 33.2 103 ± 1.0 381 ± 17.4

24 113.5 231 ± 62.1 99 ± 1.0 249 ± 46.7

24 227 451 ± 40.0 102 ± 2.0 374 ± 11.9

28 113.5 256 ± 51.2 360 ± 31.0

28 227 490 ± 11.9 412 ± 15.6

** n =3

Mortality for all agesMortality for all ages

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

7580

8590

95100

105110

115

0

10

2030

40

Pro

babi

lity

of D

eath

Temperature (0 C)

Age (Days)

Lesser Grain Borer

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Factors and their interactions

EffectEffect DFDF ChiSqChiSq Pr>ChiSqPr>ChiSq______________________________________________________________________________________________

AgeAge 66 642.6642.6 <0.0001<0.0001QuantityQuantity 11 323.1323.1 <0.0001<0.0001DistanceDistance 11 342.7342.7 <0.0001<0.0001TimeTime 11 223.8223.8 <0.0001<0.0001Age x QuantityAge x Quantity 66 154.7154.7 <0.0001<0.0001Age x DistanceAge x Distance 66 281.5281.5 <0.0001<0.0001Age x TimeAge x Time 66 565.6565.6 <0.0001<0.0001Distance x QuantityDistance x Quantity 11 82.882.8 <0.0001<0.0001

Quantity x TimeQuantity x Time 1 1 47.1 47.1 <0.0001<0.0001Distance x TimeDistance x Time 11 84.084.0 <0.0001<0.0001

Lesser grain Lesser grain borerborer

Odds of deathLesser grain borer

Age (Days)

0 10 20 30 40

Odd

s R

atio

s

0

1

2

3

4

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

7580

8590

95100

105110

115

05

1015

2025

Pro

babi

lity

of D

eath

Temperature (0 C)

Age (Days)

Red Flour Beetle

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Red flour beetle

EffectEffect DFDF ChiSqChiSq Pr>ChiSqPr>ChiSq________________________________________________________________________________________

AgeAge 55 26.726.7 <0.0001<0.0001QuantityQuantity 11 67.967.9 <0.0001<0.0001DistanceDistance 11 51.351.3 <0.0001<0.0001TimeTime 11 97.797.7 <0.0001<0.0001Age x QuantityAge x Quantity 55 34.834.8 <0.0001<0.0001Age x DistanceAge x Distance 66 18.118.1 <0.0001<0.0001Age x TimeAge x Time 66 44.344.3 <0.0001<0.0001Distance x QuantityDistance x Quantity 11 8.48.4 <0.0001<0.0001Distance x TimeDistance x Time 11 13.313.3

<0.0001<0.0001

Red flour beetle

Age (Days)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Odd

s R

atio

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

7580

8590

95100

105110

115

0

10

2030

40

Pro

babi

lity

of D

eath

Temperature ( 0 C)

Age (Days)

Rice Weevil

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Rice weevil

EffectEffect DFDF ChiSqChiSq Pr>ChiSqPr>ChiSq______________________________________________________________________________________________

AgeAge 66 1404.51404.5 <0.0001<0.0001QuantityQuantity 11 18.1018.10 <0.0001<0.0001DistanceDistance 11 111.6111.6 <0.0001<0.0001TimeTime 11 2.52.5 0.11110.1111

Age x QuantityAge x Quantity 66 89.6089.60 <0.0001<0.0001Age x DistanceAge x Distance 66 144.4144.4 <0.0001<0.0001Age x TimeAge x Time 66 182.2182.2 <0.0001<0.0001Distance x QuantityDistance x Quantity 11 12.0012.00 0.0005 0.0005

Quantity x TimeQuantity x Time 1 1 47.1047.10 <0.0001<0.0001

Rice weevil

Age (Days)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Odd

s R

atio

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Insects mortalityInsects mortality It is a function of temperatureIt is a function of temperature Longer treatment time, shorter distance and small Longer treatment time, shorter distance and small

quantity of grain all influenced the attained quantity of grain all influenced the attained temperature and mortalitytemperature and mortality

Overall (by species), lesser grain borerOverall (by species), lesser grain borer was the most was the most tolerant to infrared treatment, followed by, red flour tolerant to infrared treatment, followed by, red flour beetle then rice weevilbeetle then rice weevil

Eggs of rice weevil were the most tolerant to infrared Eggs of rice weevil were the most tolerant to infrared radiationradiation

Old larvae of all species more tolerant to infrared Old larvae of all species more tolerant to infrared energy than young ones energy than young ones

Pharate adults of lesser grain borer were more Pharate adults of lesser grain borer were more resistant than the adults resistant than the adults

Current workCurrent work

Quality evaluation of wheat grain, such as Quality evaluation of wheat grain, such as proximate analysis, rheological properties of flour proximate analysis, rheological properties of flour and bread qualityand bread quality

Effect of flameless catalytic infrared radiation on Effect of flameless catalytic infrared radiation on mold and wheat germinationmold and wheat germination

Economic analysis of data is yet to be doneEconomic analysis of data is yet to be done

AcknowledgemeAcknowledgementnt

Research was funded by USDA/CSREES-NC-IPM Research was funded by USDA/CSREES-NC-IPM grantgrant

Thank YouThank You