Eficiência Energética em Edifícios - Oportunidades e Desafios

EFICIÊNCIA ENERGÉTICA EM EDIFÍCIOS

DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO INTEGRADO EM ENGENHARIA ELECTROTÉCNICA E DE COMPUTADORES | FEUP | NOV 2011

PEDRO ANDRADE

OPORTUNIDADES E DESAFIOS

• Objectivos

• Estado de Arte

• Zero Energy Buildings

• Energias Renováveis

• Dimensionamento de um sistema fotovoltaico

ÍNDICE

• Objectivos

• Estado de Arte




ÍNDICE• Objectivos

1. Analisar as diferentes alternativas para melhorar a eficiência energética de edifícios, face ao custo crescente da energia.

2. Fazer o estudo dos vários planos e legislação existentes que estejam relacionados com a eficiência energética.

3. Analisar as várias tecnologias de energias renováveis que permitem aumentar a eficiência energética de um edifício.

4. Estruturação de uma proposta para um edifício para melhorar a eficiência energética.

Objectivos





Objectivos





Objectivos





Objectivos

• Objectivos

• Estado de Arte




ÍNDICE

• Estado de Arte

• Projetos desenvolvidos no âmbito da eficiência energética em edifícios em Portugal.

• Medidas que podem ser tomadas para aumentar a eficiência energética

• Programas associados à eficiência energética

Eficiência Energética

• Estratégia Nacional de Energia 2020 (ENE2020)

• Plano Nacional de Ação de Eficiência Energética (PNAEE)

• Plano de Promoção de Eficiência no Consumo de Energia Elétrica (PPEC)

• Programa de Eficiência na Administração Pública (Eco.AP)

Programas

FONTE: DIRECÇÃO GERAL DE ENERGIA E GEOLOGIA 2009

4%12%

18%

38%

28%

Indústria Transportes DomésticoServiços Outros

Consumo de Energia Final por Sector em Portugal

10

En

erg

y-e

ffic

ien

t B

uil

din

gs

PP

P

14. DoE Building Book 200815. CEC, “Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings (recast)”, 13.11.2008

Figure 1: Energy use in residential (upper) and commercial buildings (lower)14

Residential Sector

Commercial Sector

The demand for electricity is expected to rise, owing to the

increasing use of appliances, demand for cooling and number

of households. The demand for space heating is expected

to fall as a result of further demand-limiting measures and

increasing electricity consumption. This means that heat will

be supplied to homes mainly for hot water. All in all it becomes

a necessity to strengthen the power grid.

Commercial buildings are an electricity-demand-based en-

vironment (accounting for over 33% of primary energy use).

Heat is a minor factor here; what is required mainly is cooling.

Lighting is another major energy user. The electricity demand

is expected to continue to rise, in particular owing to increas-

ing use of appliances and demand for cooling. As regards

supply (of energy-related technologies), the main finding is

that the number and variety of energy generation systems

for use in the built environment is large and seems to be

constantly increasing. It should be noted, however, that it is

not the case that all these technologies are sold in equally

large quantities. Because of security of supply reasons, in the

coming years the mix of primary energy sources will change,

which in some aspects will also influence the type of energy

generation systems in the built environment, specifically to-

wards an increasing share of decentralised production.

Governmental trends

Governments are involved in the built environment in all sorts

of ways. Government policy on the built environment directly

affects energy demand to some extent. So far policy has fo-

cused on reducing building-related consumption in the new

building area (by means of Energy Performance Standards).

For domestic appliances there are energy labels to encour-

age consumers to buy energy-efficient appliances. We have

already recalled in Chapter 1 the main targets associated with

the recent European Council decisions, setting the scene up

to 2050. Targets are also set in the recast of the Energy Per-

formance of Buildings Directive15, in particular as far as Public

Buildings are concerned, as well as in the Eco-design and

Energy services directives. Government policies on e.g. com-

fort, air quality, local mobility and noise also indirectly affect

39%

12%8%

12%

7%1%

16%

5%

32%

25%7%

6%

4%4%

20%

2%

Heating & cooling

Lighting

Electronics

Water heating

Refrigeration

Computers

Cooking

Others & adj.

HVAC

Lighting

Electronics

Wayter heating

Refrigeration

Computers

Cooking

Others & adj.

T003646_CEE.pdf 12 25/03/10 15:41

Sector Residencial

Aquecimento e arrefecimento

Iluminação

Aparelhos Electrónicos

Aquecimento de águas

Refrigeração

Computadores

Cozinhar

Outros

FONTE: ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS PPP - EUROPEAN COMISSION 2010

10

En

erg

y-e

ffic

ien

t B

uil

din

gs

PP

P

14. DoE Building Book 200815. CEC, “Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance of Buildings (recast)”, 13.11.2008

Figure 1: Energy use in residential (upper) and commercial buildings (lower)14

Residential Sector

Commercial Sector

The demand for electricity is expected to rise, owing to the

increasing use of appliances, demand for cooling and number

of households. The demand for space heating is expected

to fall as a result of further demand-limiting measures and

increasing electricity consumption. This means that heat will

be supplied to homes mainly for hot water. All in all it becomes

a necessity to strengthen the power grid.

Commercial buildings are an electricity-demand-based en-

vironment (accounting for over 33% of primary energy use).

Heat is a minor factor here; what is required mainly is cooling.

Lighting is another major energy user. The electricity demand

is expected to continue to rise, in particular owing to increas-

ing use of appliances and demand for cooling. As regards

supply (of energy-related technologies), the main finding is

that the number and variety of energy generation systems

for use in the built environment is large and seems to be

constantly increasing. It should be noted, however, that it is

not the case that all these technologies are sold in equally

large quantities. Because of security of supply reasons, in the

coming years the mix of primary energy sources will change,

which in some aspects will also influence the type of energy

generation systems in the built environment, specifically to-

wards an increasing share of decentralised production.

Governmental trends

Governments are involved in the built environment in all sorts

of ways. Government policy on the built environment directly

affects energy demand to some extent. So far policy has fo-

cused on reducing building-related consumption in the new

building area (by means of Energy Performance Standards).

For domestic appliances there are energy labels to encour-

age consumers to buy energy-efficient appliances. We have

already recalled in Chapter 1 the main targets associated with

the recent European Council decisions, setting the scene up

to 2050. Targets are also set in the recast of the Energy Per-

formance of Buildings Directive15, in particular as far as Public

Buildings are concerned, as well as in the Eco-design and

Energy services directives. Government policies on e.g. com-

fort, air quality, local mobility and noise also indirectly affect

39%

12%8%

12%

7%1%

16%

5%

32%

25%7%

6%

4%4%

20%

2%

Heating & cooling

Lighting

Electronics

Water heating

Refrigeration

Computers

Cooking

Others & adj.

HVAC

Lighting

Electronics

Wayter heating

Refrigeration

Computers

Cooking

Others & adj.

T003646_CEE.pdf 12 25/03/10 15:41

Sector Comercial

HVAC

Iluminação

Aparelhos Electrónicos

Aquecimento de águas

Refrigeração

Computadores

Cozinhar

Outros

FONTE: ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS PPP - EUROPEAN COMISSION 2010

• Objectivos

• Estado de Arte




ÍNDICE


FONTE: TOWARDS NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS 2010

Towards Net-Zero Energy Solar Buildings

NZEB Definition

Energyconsumiption

Energy production

Input == Output

• Heating• Cooling• Lighting• Hot Water• Appliances

x Kwh

Energy Demand

Energy Supply

• Electricity(PV, wind, geothermal)

• Thermal(Solar, Geothermal )

y Kwh

Fonte de Energia

Consumo de Energia

(PV, eólica, geotérmica)

• Eletricidade

(Solar, geotérmica)

• Térmica

y Kwh

Produção de EnergiaConsumo de Energia

• Arrefecimento• Iluminação• Águas quentes• Outros

• Aquecimento

x Kwh

SaídaEntrada

Zero Energy Buildings

Zero Energy Houses (UK)

Plus Energy Houses (FR)

Zero Energy Buildings (US)

Edifícios de Balanço Zero (PT)

NATHERS 10-STAR (AUS)

NZE Housing (CA)

Zero Utility Cost Houses (JPN)

Nullenergiehaus (DE)

FONTE: ZERO CARBON COMPENDIUM - WHO'S DOING WHAT IN HOUSING WORLDWIDE 2010

ZERØCARBØNCØMPENDIUM – who's doing what in housing worldwide 9

In the case of the UK, our use of CO2 as a metric means, for example, that a comparison of the effectiveness of energy efficiency improvements in the UK with its predominantly gas- and coal-powered grid and France, with its nuclear power-dominated grid, is not as straightforward as one would think.

Defining Net Zero

When the other countries talk of net zero over a year or over the building's lifetime, they refer to regulated energy and sometimes also the embodied energy. Achieving overall lower emissions through behavioural change and domestic appliance

use is recognised as important, but it is left to other sectors and to the decarbonising of the energy grid itself.

Here in the UK the proposed definition for Zero Carbon Homes could potentially retain the meaning that 'Net Zero' will include not only regulated energy but also unregulated energy - energy consumption arising from appliances, as the current definition already stipulates. This inclusion of unregulated energy means that the role of behavioural change and consumer awareness will become more significant in the years to come.

Standards for Low-to-Zero Carbon

Save for the UK's Code for Sustainable Homes Levels 5 and 6, the German 'Passivhaus' standard is probably the most stringent currently-established building standard that exists. Sweden has made this standard mandatory for all buildings - in Germany there are over 2,000 Passivhaus buildings and a number of German cities have now adopted it as a mandatory standard for building on publicly-owned land. The number of completions of Passivhaus dwellings in Austria and Switzerland also number in the thousands.

The UK has only a handful of completed Code Level 4, 5 and 6 homes. This Compendium shows how prototypes have been encouraged through research programmes and special development projects on a larger scale over many years in the period leading up to market acceptance. The UK still lags behind in its support for exemplar development on a large scale.

Many of the Passivhauses and low energy schemes have been monitored, so there is therefore a substantial body of monitored data on mainland Europe made available, originally through the CEPHEUS Project and more recently, from many of the certifying agencies such as Minergie and Passivhaus. No such available data bank exists in the UK and not knowing how we are performing is a barrier to awareness and

improvement. Some standards incorporate post-occupancy evaluation for up to 3 years as part of the certification.

With respect to costs, some national standards, such as Minergie in Switzerland, have a requirement to show cost effectiveness. Buildings must lie within 10% of base costs to qualify for the Minergie certification. This has helped dispel the misconception that delivering enhanced standards is not economically feasible.

�UK Leadership

Through BREEAM, which has been the inspiration if not the basis for a number of international 'green' building standards, the UK has been a leader in the field of developing aspirational codes which have helped the building industry worldwide move forward beyond minimum targets set by building regulations.

The UK undoubtedly leads in terms of vision, with over 25 major policies and measures for energy efficiency in buildings and renewable energy technology established within the last five years.

In terms of the drive towards a zero-carbon future in housing, the UK is not alone in its aims for a net 'zero energy' house. France is actually aiming for a 'plus energy' house by 2020, and currently a lot of countries have established programmes that push

Figure 2

Carbon Emissions per unit of Energy, different countries (kgCO2/kWh)

Data sources: CarboNZero, Japan Times, earthfuture.com, UK BERR, US EIA, Tsinghua University, AGO and GHGprotocol.org

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

AustraliaChinaUSAIrelandUKGermanyNetherlandsCanadaJapanDenmarkAustriaNew ZealandFranceSwedenSwitzerland

kgCO2/kWh

Emissões de Carbono

FONTE: DIRETIVA 2010/31/UE DO PARLAMENTO EUROPEU E DO CONSELHO 2010

Legislação Europeia

Segundo o artigo 9º da diretiva 2010/31/UE sobre os zero energy buildings temos que:

• O mais tardar em 31 de Dezembro de 2020, todos os edifícios novos sejam edifícios com necessidades quase nulas de energia;

• Após 31 de Dezembro de 2018, os edifícios novos ocupados e detidos por autoridades públicas sejam edifícios com necessidades quase nulas de energia.

UK - Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED)

• Requisitos de aquecimento 88% menores• Consumo de água quente 57% menor.• Consumo de energia elétrica 25% menor.• Nível 6 de classificação de eficiência energética de edifícios.

FONTE: BEDZED WIKIPEDIA 2010

FONTE: ZERO CARBON COMPENDIUM - WHO'S DOING WHAT IN HOUSING WORLDWIDE 2010

2009Heat andEnergy SavingsStrategy

25 million existing homesin the UK

Housing is responsible foraround 28%of CO2 emissions

2013Building Regulations44% improvementin energy/carbonperformance

2010Building Regulations25% improvement inenergy/carbonperformance

21% reductionin total emissionsover 2005 levels

2016Zero CarbonPerformance,New Dwellings

2019Zero CarbonPerformance,New Buildings

2030'whole house'refurbishmentto all existing homes

2020'whole house'refurbishmentto 7M existing homes

15% of UK’s energyfrom renewables

0 5 10 15 20 25years from now

2050Climate Change Act:80% cut inCO2 emissions

40

UK

• Objectivos

• Estado de Arte




ÍNDICE


Energias Renováveis

Foram abordadas as seguintes tecnologias:

• Energia Solar;

• Estudo do funcionamento;• Tecnologias dos módulos fotovoltaicos;• Legislação aplicada para a microprodução.

• Energia Eólica;

• Sistemas Híbridos (solar e eólica).

Sistemas Híbridos

Módulosfotovoltaicos

Reguladorde carregamento

Aerogerador

Gerador

Baterias

Gerador

Inversor/carregador

FONTE: FF SOLAR - ENERGIAS RENOVÁVEIS - SISTEMAS AUTÓNOMOS. 2011

• Objectivos

• Estado de Arte




ÍNDICE


PVSYST

SUNNY DESIGN

$PNQBDU�BOE�FMFHBOU

5IF�4VOOZ�#FBN�XJUI��#MVFUPPUI�JT�UIF�CFTU�DIPJDF�GPS�FBTZ�NPOJUPSJOH�PG�TNBMMFS�TPMBS�QPXFS�QMBOUT��JU�DBO�CF�JOTUBMMFE�JO�B�GFX�NJOVUFT �JU�JT�FBTZ�UP�VTF�BOE�JU�FWFO� MPPLT�HPPE��5IF�ZJFME�EBUB�PG�VQ� UP��JOWFSU�FST�BSF�DPMMFDUFE�XJUI�UIF�JOOPWBUJWF�4."�#MVFUPPUI�TUBOEBSE��XJUI�B� USBOTNJTTJPO� SBOHF�PG�VQ� UP��NFUFST�JO�PQFO�BJS��*O�UIF�MJWJOH�SPPN�PS�PO�ZPVS�EFTL��UIF�4VOOZ�#FBN�LFFQT�ZPV�XFMM� JOGPSNFE�BCPVU�UIF�QFSGFDU�PQFSBUJPO�PG�ZPVS�17�TZTUFN��"OE�UIF�JOUFHSBU�FE�TPMBS�DFMM�LFFQT�ZPV�JOEFQFOEFOU�GSPN�BOZ�QPXFS�PVUMFU�

&BTZ�UP�PQFSBUF

0QFSBUJOH�UIF�4VOOZ�#FBN�XJUI�#MVFUPPUI�JT�FTQFDJBM�MZ�FBTZ��UIF�LOPC�MFUT�ZPV�TDSPMM�UISPVHI�UIF�NFOV�XJUI�POF�IBOE��GBTU�BOE�FGGFDUJWF��5IF�NFOV�TUSVDUVSF�XBT�JNQSPWFE�FWFO�GVSUIFS��5IF�MBSHF�HSBQIJD�EJTQMBZ�HJWFT�B�DPNQMFUF�TUBUVT�PWFSWJFX�GPS�UIF�PQFSBUPS�BOE�TIPXT�FJUIFS�EBJMZ�ZJFME �UPUBM�ZJFME�PS�UIF�DVSSFOU�QPXFS�PG�UIF�17�QMBOU�

46//:�#&".4ZTUFN�NPOJUPSJOH�DBO�CF�UIBU�TJNQMF

Fornece dados de:

• Retribuição (�€) por dia e total;• Energia produzida por dia e total;• Emissões de CO2 evitadas por dia

e total;• Rendimento dos últimos 31 dias;

• Rendimento dos últimos 12 meses;• Rendimento específico do ano;• Potência de hoje;• Potência de ontem.

0

6

12

18

24

30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Rendimento dos últimos 31 dias

MWh

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2

Dez Jan Fev Mar Abr Mai Jun Jul Ago Set Out Nov Dez

Rendimento dos últimos 12 meses

KWh

0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3

2010 2011

Rendimento específico do ano

kwh/kwp

Hoje Total

Retribuição �€12.07 �€5,108.04

Energia 21 kwh 8,708 kwh

Emissões de CO2 evitadas

16,47 kg 6.966,30 kg

FIM

Documents

Eficiência Energética em Edifícios - Oportunidades e Desafios