EGCE 406 Bridge Design - Mahidolmucc.mahidol.ac.th/~egpcp/Handout406/40609 Types.pdf · EGCE 406 Bridge Design II. Bridggype T ypes Praveen Chompreda Mahidol University First Semester,

EGCE 406EGCE 406Bridge Design

II. Bridge Typesg yp

Praveen ChompredaMahidol UniversityFirst Semester, 2007

Components of BridgeComponents of BridgeSubstructure

F d (P l / S d F )Superstructure

A b b Foundation (Pile/ Spread Footing)Pier (Column)Abutment

Any structures above bearing which support the roadwayWearing SurfaceAbutment g

deck bearings

pierpier

abutment

foundation

Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge

Superstructure

Substructure

Roadway Deck

Abutment AbutmentSubstructure

SSuperstructureRoadway Deck

Pier

Abutment

Substructure


Bearing


Pin Joint

C B

Bearing

Cap Beam


SuperstructureSuperstructure

Cap BeamBearing

Cap Beam

Pier

Span LengthSpan Lengthspan length

single span

span lti multi span

Span > 6 m BridgeSpan < 6 m Culvert

Short span: 6-30 mMedium span: 30-100 mSpan 6 m CulvertLong span: > 100 m

T f B idTypes of Bridge

Types by Kinds of TrafficTypes by Traffic Position

Types by Material and FabricationTypes by Material and FabricationTypes by Structural System

Types of Bridge by TrafficTypes of Bridge by Traffic

Highway bridge (trucks, cars)Pedestrian bridge (pedestrians, bicycles)Railway bridge (trains)y g ( )Transit guideway (city trains, monorail)Other types (pipelines utilities industrial aqueduct airport Other types (pipelines, utilities, industrial, aqueduct, airport structure)

Types: Highway BridgeTypes: Highway Bridge

Golden Gate BridgeCalifornia, USA

Avon Mouth BridgeBristol, UK

Types: Pedestrian BridgeTypes: Pedestrian Bridge

El Alamillo BridgeSeville, Spain200m span

Japan Bridge (1994) Japan Bridge (1994) Paris, France

100m span

Types: Railway BridgeTypes: Railway Bridge

Mountain Creek Bridge (1880)

Stoney Creek Bridge (1894)

Mountain Creek Bridge (1880)Canada

Stoney Creek Bridge (1894)Canada

325ft span

Types: Transit GuidewayTypes: Transit Guideway

BTS SystemBangkok, Thailand

Types: OthersTypes: Others

R A d tRoman AqueductSpain

Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) (circa 19 BC) N FNimes, France


Runway at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)Los Angeles, USAg


Navigational Canal Netherlands

Types of Bridge by Traffic Positionyp g yDeck type

Structural components under the deckPreferred by drivers (can clearly see the view)Requires space under the bridge

Through typeStructural components above the deckObstructed view (not a problem for railway bridges)No structure under the bridge

Half-through type

Types: Deck TypeTypes: Deck Type

Rhone BridgeFrance

Henry Hudson Bridge (1936)

France

Types: Through TypeTypes: Through TypeFirth of Forth Bridge (1890)

ScotlandScotland521m span

Types: Through TypeTypes: Through Type

Tonegawa River Bridge (1972) JJapan

Types: Half-ThroughTypes: Half Through Types by Material & FabricationsTypes by Material & FabricationsMaterials

M (b k k)Fabrications

P (RC/PC)Masonry (brick, rock)TimberReinforced Concrete (RC)

Precast (RC/PC)Cast-in-place (RC/PC)Pretensioned (PC)Reinforced Concrete (RC)

Prestressed Concrete (PC)Iron

Pretensioned (PC)Posttensioned (PC)Prefabricated (steel)

SteelAluminum

( )Rivet (steel)Bolted (steel/ timber)

CompositesPlasticsEtc

Welded (steel)Etc…

Etc…

Types by Material & FabricationsTypes by Material & Fabrications

Timber Bridgeprobably built in place?


L d D V B d (2001)Leonardo Da Vinci Bridge (2001)Norway40 m SpanGlue-laminated Timber Bridge


Steel P f b i dPrefabricated(probably with precast slab)


Prestressed & Precast & PretensionedPrestressed & Precast & Pretensioned(most likely with precast concrete slab)

Types by Material & FabricationsTypes by Material & FabricationsPrestressed Segmental BridgePrecast & Post TensionedPrecast & Post-Tensioned

Types of Bridge by StructureTypes of Bridge by Structure

ArchBeamCantileverCable-StayedSuspensionSuspensionOthers

Types: Arch BridgeTypes: Arch Bridge

Forces Along the Arch

Reaction ForcesReaction Forces

Types: Arch BridgeTypes: Arch BridgeSemi-circle (has vertical reaction f l )force only)Flat arch (has vertical and horizontal forces at the support)horizontal forces at the support)Tied arch (tie resists tension force))


Hinge changes the degree of i d i i h hingless indeterminatcy in the structure

2 hi d2 hinged

3 hinged

keystone

3 hinged

tie

voussoir


Hinge Detail at the top of an arch bridge


Ponte dei Salti Bridge (circa 1st century AD)

Switzerland

Th h i

SwitzerlandMasonry Arch

M i lThe arch construction was invented during the Roman empire

MaterialsMasonryTimberempire TimberConcrete (Reinforced/ Prestressed)Steel

Types: Masonry Arch BridgeTypes: Masonry Arch Bridge

Ponte Fabricio and Ponte Cestio (65 BC), Tiberina Island, ItalyPonte Fabricio and Ponte Cestio (65 BC), Tiberina Island, Italy

Types: Masonry Arch BridgeTypes: Masonry Arch Bridge Types: Masonry Arch BridgeTypes: Masonry Arch Bridge

Types: Masonry Arch BridgeTypes: Masonry Arch Bridge Types: Concrete Arch BridgeTypes: Concrete Arch Bridge

Bixby Bridge (1932)California, USA

97.5 m span97.5 m spanConcrete arch

Types: Concrete Arch BridgeTypes: Concrete Arch Bridge

Enz Bridge (1961)Mülacker, Germany

46 m spanConcrete arch

Types: Prestressed Concrete ArchTypes: Prestressed Concrete Arch

Natchez Trace Parkway Bridge (1994)Tennessee, USA502 m span

Types: Steel Arch BridgeTypes: Steel Arch Bridge

Sydney Harbor Bridge (1938)Sydney, Australiaparabolic arch 503 m span

Types: Steel Arch BridgeTypes: Steel Arch Bridge

Construction of Sydney Harbor Bridgey y g

Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder BridgesVertical Loads from Traffic

ROADWAY DECK

BEAM

The most basic type of bridge

BEAMTypically consists of a beam simply supported on each side by a pier

PIER PIERon each side by a pier and can be made continuous laterTypically inexpensive to build

Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges

Common MaterialsTimber TrussRC BeamSteel Plate Girder/ Box GirderSteel Truss GirderPrestressed Concrete Girders

I-Beam, U-Beam, T-BeamSegmentally Prestressed Box BeamSegmentally Prestressed Box Beam

Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp g

simple

cantilever

continuous

C l f h b b id (i f RC d PC) Currently, most of the beam bridges are precast (in case of RC and PC) or prefabricatedMost are simply-supportedMost are simply-supportedSome are made continuous on site


Mountain Creek Bridge (1880)CanadaTimber


hot-rolled box plate girder sections sections

Steel sections may be hot-rolled shapes (for short-span bridge), Box section (medium span), or Plate Girder (medium span)

Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp gSteel Box Gi d Girder Bridge


Upper: Steel Plate Girder BridgeLower: Prestressed Concrete I-Girder Bridge


Steel Plate Girder


Steel Plate Girder(C ti )(Continuous)

Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp g6'9" Prestressed Concrete

P t ( d P t i d)

8"

Precast (and Pretensioned) sections are usually of I-shapep

54"28 o 0.5" strands

13@2" =26"

6@2" =12"

@

T T i d

Typical Cross-Section of Pretensioned AASHTO

AASHTO Type IV Girder. Type IV girder

Types: Beam/Girder Bridgesyp gPrecast Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete BridgeSi l S d BSimply-Supported Beam

Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder BridgesPost-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete are often found in the form of

t ll t bsegmentally precast members

Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder Bridges Types: Beam/Girder BridgesTypes: Beam/Girder BridgesSegmental construction may be

t t d i 2 constructed in 2 waysCantilever Construction –construct from the pier equally p q yon both sidesSpan-by-Span Construction –finish one span at a timefinish one span at a time

Span-by-Span

Cantilever


Some types of truss bridges can also be considered as a “beam bridge” h l k d l b llwhen looked globally



Steel Truss can be of beam type, arch type, or cantilever typedepending on the primary mechanismsdepending on the primary mechanisms


Components of Truss

Types: Cantilever BridgesTypes: Cantilever BridgesIn a cantilever bridge, the roadway is constructed out from the pier in two di ti t th ti th t th i ht b th id t b l directions at the same time so that the weight on both sides counterbalance each otherNotice the larger section at the support to resist negative momentsNotice the larger section at the support to resist negative moments

Types: Cantilever BridgesTypes: Cantilever Bridges

Types: Cantilever BridgesTypes: Cantilever BridgesSteel Truss CantileverPrestressed Concrete Segmental Cantilever Beam

350'

150'

1700'Firth of Forth Bridge (1890), Scotland

521m span

Types: Steel Truss Cantilever BridgeTypes: Steel Truss Cantilever Bridge

Firth of Forth Bridge (1890)Scotland

521m span

Types: Steel Truss Cantilever Bridgeyp g Types: Cantilever BridgesTypes: Cantilever BridgesPrestressed Concrete Segmental Cantilever Beam

Columbia River Bridge

USA 1950 ft span

Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed BridgeTOWER/ PYLON TOWER/ PYLON

Vertical Loads from Traffic

ROADWAY DECK

PIER PIERPIER PIER

Reaction Force Reaction Force

Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed BridgeCable-stayed bridge uses the prestressing principles but the prestressing tendons are external of the beamtendons are external of the beamAll the forces are transferred from the deck through the cables to the pylon

Roadway deck can be:(Prestressed) Concrete Box DeckSteel Box DeckSteel Truss DeckSteel Truss Deck

Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge

P t Steel Box

BeamI-Shaped

Cross Beam

Precast Concrete Panel

Roadway

Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed BridgeHarp Type

Fan TypeFan Type

Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed BridgeCable-Stayed Bridge

Rama IX Bridge

Bangkok

450m spanp

Tatara Bridge

JapanJapan

890m span

Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed BridgeMillau ViaductFranceFrance

I d i l Ri R d B idIndustrial Ring Road BridgesBangkok, Thailand

Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed Bridge Types: Cable-Stayed BridgeTypes: Cable Stayed BridgeConstruction sequence

Construct Pylons


Erect the deck away from the pylon in both of the pylons.


Join the cable-stayed sections with the back piers (back piers helps resist tension forces)


The concrete roadway deck is laid as the deck structure is erected


Finally, join the two cantilevers at the midspan

Types: Suspension BridgeTypes: Suspension BridgeSuspension bridge needs to have very strong main cablesCables are anchored at the abutment abutment has to be massive

TOWER/ PYLONTOWER/ PYLON

Vertical Loads from Traffic

ROADWAY DECK

PIER PIER

ABUTMENTABUTMENT

Types: Suspension Bridgeyp p g

Forces in Main Cable

Reaction Forces

Reaction Force Reaction Force

Types: Suspension BridgeTypes: Suspension Bridge

Anchor of a suspension bridge


London Tower Bridge (1894)London, UK 3-Hinged Suspension Bridge

Tension member is a trussTension member is a truss


Mackinac Bridge (1957)Mi hi USAMichigan, USA

1158 m span

Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)Washington, USA2800 f 2800 ft span


Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (1998) Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (1998) Japan 1991m central span

Types: Suspension Bridgeyp p gMillennium F b id Footbridge (2002)London, UK144m span


Types: Suspension BridgeTypes: Suspension Bridge Types: Othersyp

Pontoon (Floating) Bridge


The bridge can The bridge can rotate to allow ships

to go under

Gateshead Millennium Bridge (2000)Gateshead Millennium Bridge (2000)Gateshead, UK126m span


Charing Cross Bridge (middle - truss) and Golden Jubilee g g ( ) JBridges (outer – cable-stayed).

Which type should I use?Which type should I use?Consider the followings:

Span lengthBridge lengthB iBeam spacingMaterial availableSit diti (f d ti h i ht t i t )Site conditions (foundations, height, space constraints)Speed of constructionConstructabilityConstructabilityTechnology/ Equipment availableAestheticsAestheticsCostAccess for maintenanceAccess for maintenance

Span LengthSpan Length

steel suspension

steel rib arch

steel suspension

concrete arch

steel truss arch

scable-stayed steel

steel truss

Typ

es

Types min maxslab 0 12concrete girder 10 220t l i d 10 270

steel girder

cable-stayed concretesteel girder 10 270cable-stayed concrete 90 250cable-stayed steel 90 350steel truss 90 550

l b

concrete girder

steel girderconcrete arch 90 300steel truss arch 250 500steel rib arch 120 370steel suspension 300 2000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

slab

Span Length (m)Span Length (m)

Span LengthSpan Length Cost vs. Span LengthCost vs. Span LengthThe span length may be influenced by the cost of superstructure ( t/ t ) d b t t ( t/ i )(cost/meter) and substructure (cost/pier)If the substructure cost is about 25% of total cost shorter span is more cost-effectivecost effectiveIf the substructure cost is about 50% of total cost longer spans are more economical

Cost vs. Span LengthCost vs. Span Length

Substructure here is expensive compared with the superstructuresuperstructure

If the water is shallow, substructure is inexpensive p

compared with the superstructure

Access for MaintenanceAccess for Maintenance

Total Cost = Initial Cost + Maintenance CostBridge should be made easy to inspect and maintainMaintenance cost may govern the selection of bridgey g g

Steel bridge needs a lot of maintenance in coastal regionsConcrete bridge usually require the least maintenanceg y q

Beam SpacingBeam SpacingBeam spacing determine the number of girdersnumber of girdersLarge Spacing

Fewer girder (faster to erect)Deeper and heavier girder (can it be transported?)Reduced redundancyReduced redundancyThicker slab

Smaller SpacingMore girderSmaller girderMore redundancy (but more More redundancy (but more beams to inspect)Thinner slab

MaterialsMaterials

SteelConcrete

Cast-in-placePrecast

Material choice depends on the cost of material at the bridge p gsiteShipping cost from fabricatorsS pp g cost o ab cato s

Speed of constructionSpeed of construction

In urban areas, the construction of bridge may disrupt trafficPrefabricated/ Precast member are the only choiceSubstructure construction may disrupt traffic more than the

i id l superstructure erection may consider longer spans

Site RequirementSite Requirement

Is the bridge straight or curved

Precast I-Girder cannot be dcurved

Segmental prestressed can have slight curveslight curveCast-in-place

Shipping of prefabricated Shipping of prefabricated pieces to siteIs shi in channel re ired?

Segmental pieces may be easier to ship in

Is shipping channel required?Is the temporary falsework

i d? C i b d i h

narrow urban streets

required? Can it be done with the site conditions?


Requirement for shipping channel leads to long span bridge


In the Millau Aqueduct, the superstructure was completed inland and pushed into the span

Site RequirementSite Requirement AestheticsAesthetics

An ugly bridge, however safe, serviceable, and inexpensive, is not a good bridgeLong span bridge over a river can be a landmark; thus, aesthetics should be an important factorBridge should blend with the environmentgSmooth transition between membersAvoid unnecessary decorationsAvoid unnecessary decorationsBridge should have an appearance of adequate strength

AestheticsAesthetics

Determinant of bridge’s appearance (in order of importance)Vertical and Horizontal geometry relative to surrounding topography and other structuresS h i d Superstructure type: arch, girder, etc…Pier placementAb t t l tAbutment placementSuperstructure shape, parapet and railingPier shapePier shapeAbutment shapeColor surface texture ornamentationsColor, surface texture, ornamentationsSigning, Lighting, Lanscaping

AestheticsAesthetics

AestheticsAesthetics AestheticsAesthetics

Documents

EGCE 406 Bridge Design - Mahidolmucc.mahidol.ac.th/~egpcp/Handout406/40609 Types.pdf · EGCE 406 Bridge Design II. Bridggype T ypes Praveen Chompreda Mahidol University First Semester,