Egypt Link to syllabus Link to WDI Link to UM-D Library Link to
http://canvas.umd.umich.edu/http://canvas.umd.umich.edu/ MERIP on
Egypt in Year Three Interview with Springborg
Slide 2
Egypt map
Slide 3
Egypt Topographical map
Slide 4
Link to Egypt Chronology
Slide 5
Muhammad Ali Born ~1770 in Albania into a military family. Came
to power about 1803. Died in Egypt in 1849. Spoke Turkish
initially. Participated in military expedition in Egypt against
French; stayed and parlayed that into control. Was instrumental in
pushing for development of Egypt; he lessened Ottoman power, but
faced increasing British influence. Encouraged cotton and sugar
cultivation, and new manufacturing industries. Also,v educational
reforms. Picture from Hassan, In the House of Muhammad Ali
Slide 6
A painting of Muhammad Ali
Slide 7
Muhammad Said 1822-1863 (son of Muhammad Ali) Ruled 1854-1863
Friendship with DeLesseps led to French construction of Suez
Canal.
Slide 8
Ismail 1830-1895 Ruled 1863-1879 Grandson of Muhammad Ali, (and
son of Ibrahim pasha). Made a mess out of the Suez Canal. Was
essentially thrown out of office, after which the British ran
Egypt. "My country is no longer in Africa; we are now part of
Europe. It is therefore natural for us to abandon our former ways
and to adopt a new system adapted to our social conditions". [Wiki]
Commissioned Aida from Verdi.
Slide 9
Why the Suez Canal is Important Satellite view of Suez
Slide 10
Inauguration of the Suez Canal Painting by Mahmoud Said
(1897-1964) French Empress Eugenie
Slide 11
Early Nationalism in Egypt, 1920s
Slide 12
King Fuad 1868-1936 King 1922-1936 Negotiated with Britain the
conditions of Egypts independence in 1922. Fought with the Wafd
Party; this period is considered to have been quite unstable
politically.
Slide 13
Saad Zaghul 1857-1927 Born into middle class peasant family.
Studied at al-Azhar and Egyptian School of Law. Married daughter of
the Prime Minister; went on to be Minister of Education, and of
Justice. Dynamic orator. Founder of the Wafd Party, which asked to
represent Egypt at Versailles. Wafd instigated disorders in 1918;
Zaghul was exiled, returned to become Prime Minister. The Wafd is
generally considered to have been a failed middle class reformist
Party.
Slide 14
Talaat Harb 1867-1941 Leading Egyptian economist/businessman
who established the Bank of Egypt (Banque Misr) in 1920. The Bank
of Egypt became the center of an extensive group of companies,
owned and managed by Egyptians, in areas such as textiles,
shipping, publishing, movies, and Egypt Air. The Bank established
branches in several other Middle Eastern countries.
Slide 15
Hassan Al-Banna 1905-1949 Father was a watch repairman; he
studied to be a teacher at Cairos Teacher College, and at Al-Azhar.
Established Muslim Brotherhood in 1928 as a youth club, aimed at
moral and social reform. Traveled widely to set up branches of the
Brotherhood in other countries. Was assassinated by King Farouks
secret service agents.
Slide 16
King Tutankhamon Discovered 1920
Slide 17
Egypt Awakening Sculpture by Mahmoud Mukhtar, 1928. Example of
nationalism, based on Pharaonic images, mixed with modernism
symbolized by peasant woman lifting her veil. Now positioned at the
entrance of Cairo University
Slide 18
Tears of Isis Painting by Mohamed Naghi 1937 Resurrection of
the goddess Isis, mourning her murdered husband Osiris, whom she
was eventually able to bring back to life through her divine
powers. This painter was important in establishing strands of the
new (post WWI) Egyptian nationalism. Modern Egyptian woman, Eternal
peasants, Valley of the Kings, Pharaonic images.
Slide 19
King Farouk 1920-1965 (died in exile) King 1936-1952 Tried to
keep Egypt neutral during WWII. Was not able to work with Wafd and
other opposition groups. Became infamous for decadent life style
Overthrown by coup of the Free Officers, from which Nasser
emerged.
Slide 20
King Farouk
Slide 21
Princess Fawzia Sister of King Farouk About the time she
married the Shah of Iran. A similar picture appeared on the cover
of Life magazine.
Slide 22
Prince Husseins Palace, near Cairo From Hassan, In the House of
Muhammad Ali
Slide 23
Part of the palace of Mohamad Ali in the Citadel, Cairo
Slide 24
Egypt: Rice Vendor, Cairo 1870s Source: Perez Focus East Early
Photographs in the Near East p. 174
Slide 25
Egypt: Water Carriers, Cairo 1880s Source: Perez, Focus East
Early Photographs in the Near East, p. 133
Slide 26
Egypt: al-Azhar University, 1880s Photo taken by G. Lekegian.
Photograph title given in source book. Source: Perez Focus East
Early Photographs in the Near East p.69
Slide 27
Spread of irrigation in Egyptian Delta. Source: Richards:
Egypts Agricultural Development
Slide 28
Egypt: Ag GDP
Slide 29
Egyptian GDP/Capita, on a semi-log graph
Slide 30
Gamel Abdel Nasser 1918-1970 President: 1954-1970 Son of a
postman. Studied at a military academy; participated in 1948 war.
Nationalist. Leader of coup. Secularist Promulgated Arab Socialism,
and had short union with Syria. Land reform-directed at political
enemies. After Britain and US denied funds for Aswan Dam, he
nationalized Suez Canal in 1956. Led country into defeat in 1967
War. Died of a heart attack.
Slide 31
Why the Military Coup against Farouk? External and internal
crises had de-legitimized the established order. Wafd was too
identified with the urban elites, and had alienated Egyptian
nationalists by working with British during WWI. Palace had been
inept during the 1948 war with Israel. Palace had not successfully
repressed the MB nor the Marxist left. Mutual exhaustion between
the Palace and the Wafd. Note the threat to other MENA regimes
represented by this coup: Successful: Iraq, Libya, eventually
Yemen, then Iran. Attempted, but not successful: Jordan, Morocco.
One could also talk about insecurity in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and
other Gulf countries.
Slide 32
Nasser is important, because: Egyptian, born of humble origins.
Was a nationalist. Military man. Came to power by a coup against
the monarchy. Secularist (actually fought with the Muslim
Brotherhood). Economic Policy: Nationalizations, of foreign firms,
Egyptian firms, Suez Canal Land Reform (not particularly successful
not enough land) Protectionist, pushed industrialization Aswan dam
(eventually financed by USSR) Pan-Arabist: Union with Syria
(short-lived). Third World leader. War with Israel in 1967. His
successor, Anwar Sadat, reversed Nassers policies in important
ways. Sadat pushed for economic liberalization, and eventually
signed the peace treaty with Israel.
Slide 33
Gamel Abdel Nasser 1918-1970
Slide 34
Nasser and Nehru Nasser as a leader of the Third World
Slide 35
Anwar Sadat 1918-1981 President 1970-1981 Had military
education, participated in Young Officers Coup. Is judged to have
re-directed Egypts Destiny towards the west-US&UK. After losing
1973 June War, he visited Jerusalem in 1977 to discuss peace, which
led to Camp David Accords and Nobel Prize, but isolation in Arab
world, and his assassination by army soldiers during a military
parade.
Slide 36
Handshake: Sadat-Begin-Carter. Camp David September, 1978
Slide 37
Sadats Assassination, October 6, 1981
Slide 38
Hosni Mubarak Born 1928 President 1981- Born to an upper middle
class family, he studied military school and briefly in USSR. Has
maintained Sadats western orien- tation, with some economic
liberalization and political openings to Muslim Brotherhood and
Islamists, although he has run un-opposed in his own elections.
Supported sanctions against Iraq, & Gulf Wars. Important link
to Palestinians. Escaped assassination in 1995? in Ethiopia.
Slide 39
Mubarak and Bush
Slide 40
Cairos Tahrir Square during the Feb. 2011 Uprising
Slide 41
Diagram of the Battle for Tahrir Square NYT Feb 3, 2010
Slide 42
Egypt: Election photos
Slide 43
Mohamed Morsi Born in a small town in 1951 Degrees at Cairo
University, Ph.D. Univ. Southern California Served in the Egyptian
Parliament 2000-05. A leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood,
became its presidential candidate after M. Khairat el-Shater was
declared ineligible Egypts first democratically elected president,
in June, 2012; overthrown in July, 2013. Now in jail, awaiting
trial. Initially, Morsi had promised an inclusive government, but
he didnt, and alienated liberals and the armed forces. The current
govt/military backlash is attempting to isolate or even eliminate
the Muslim Brotherhood.
Slide 44
Current Leaders of Egypt Adly Mansour, Interim President,
Previous head of the Supreme Court Hazem el-Beblawi Interim Prime
Minister Economist; Ph.D. Paris Taught in US, worked at UN-ESCWA
Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, Minister of Defense. Positioning himself to
run for president.
Slide 45
Slide 46
Egypts current Cabinet
http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/Cabinet/Cabinet.aspx Backup link through
Wikipedia:link
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Egypt#Present_Egyptian_Cabinet
Slide 47
Gamal Mubarak 1963- Second son of current president, Hosni
Mubarak. MBA from AUC. Head of NDP (ruling party). Widely suspected
of being groomed to succeed his father, although this is denied by
both of them.
Slide 48
Candidates to Succeed Pres. Hosni Mubarak Gamal Mubarak 1963-
General Omar Suleiman MBA from AUC. (Head of Intelligence) Head of
NDP (ruling party).
Slide 49
Anwar Sadat 1918-1981
Slide 50
Field Marshall Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Born 1935, in Cairo.
Minister of Defense since 1991, and since February 2011 is the Head
of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, essentially the head of
the government He participated in the Suez War of 1956, the wars of
1967 and 1973, and the Gulf War. It was unclear if he and the
military would give up power.
Slide 51
Ibrahim Pasha 1789-1848 Ruled briefly in 1848 Son of Muhammad
Ali Seen as being more Egyptian than Ottoman.
