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INTRODUCTION TO

WORLD ART ANDDESIGN

 AbhinavNIFT GNR

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EGYPT

Egypt,  officially the Arab Republic ofEgypt  ,is a transcantinental countryspanning the northeast corner of Africa andsouth west corner of Asia via land bridge

formed by the Sinai peninsula. Most of itsterritory of 1,010,000 square kilometres(390,000 sq mi) lies within North Africa andis bordered by the Mediterranean sea tothe north, the Gaza strip and Israel to the

northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east,the Red Sea to the east and south,Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

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Egypt is one of the most populouscountries in Africa and the MiddleEast, and the 15th most populatedin the world. The great majority ofits over 84 million people live nearthe banks of the Nile River, anarea of about 40,000 squarekilometers (15,000 sq mi), where

the only arable land is found. Thelarge regions of theSahara Desert, which constitutemost of Egypt's territory, are

sparsely inhabited. About half ofEgypt's residents live in urbanareas, with most spread acrossthe densely populated centres ofgreater Cairo, Alexandria andother major cities in the Nile Delta.

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GREECE

Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic  andknown since ancient times as Hellas, is acountry in Southeast Europe.  According to the2011 census, Greece's population is around 11

million. Athens is the nation's capital andlargest city, with its urban areaincluding Piraeus. Greece is strategicallylocated at the crossroads of Europe,  Asia,

the Middle East, and  Africa, and shares landborders with  Albania  to the northwest,the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to thenorth and Turkey to the northeast.

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The country consists of elevengeographicalregions: Macedonia, CentralGreece, Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus,

Thrace, Ionian islands, North Aegeanislands, Dodecanese islands,Cycladesislands  and Crete, with the  AegeanSea  lying to the east of the mainland,the Ionian Sea  to the west, and

the Mediterranean Sea  to the south.Greece has the 11th longest coastline inthe world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) inlength, featuring a vast numberof islands (approximately 1,400, of which

227 are inhabited), including Crete,the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, andthe Ionian Islands among others. Eightypercent of Greece consists of mountains,of which Mount Olympus  is the highest,at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).

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Vs

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ulture of Egypt ulture of Greece

The culture of Egypt hasthousands of years of recordedhistory. Ancient Egypt wasamong the earliest civilizations.For millennia, Egypt maintaineda strikingly complex and stableculture that influenced latercultures of Europe, the MiddleEast and Africa. After thePharaonic era, Egypt itself cameunder the influence ofHellenism, for a timeChristianity ,andlater, Islamic culture.

The culture of Greece hasevolved over thousands of years,beginning in Mycenaean Greece,continuing most notablyinto Classical Greece, throughthe influence of the RomanEmpire and its successorthe Byzantine Empire. Othercultures and states such as Latinand Frankish states, the VenetianRepublic, Genoese Republic,and British Empire have also lefttheir influence on modern Greekculture

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Comparison on the

basis of Architecture

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What were the differences

between the ancient Egyptianarchitecture and the ancient

Greek architecture?

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Greeks--softer stones like limestone easier to carver--most buildings above ground--columns often done in sections and stacked--sculpture is individual and specifically human in honouring thenude and semi nude form--stones are large but nothing on the scale of Egyptian structures--sites often chosen for height, closeness to a view, position ofpower--vaulted ceilings like beehive tombs--statues are of gods and heroes and philosophers--people ofpolitical thought. Not so much kings or leaders--lots of use of post and lintel construction, using columns as posts

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Egyptians

--worked basalt and granite--some of the hardest stone there --lots of tunnelling and below ground structures with tubes and

holes that defy explanation. --larger stone monoliths than the Greeks like obelisks and solid

stone statues --carving into the face of a mountain to create a building, like the

temple of Abu Simbel --largest structures in the world to include the pyramids --buildings more likely to revolve around astronomy and

constellations ---large burial tombs for royalty and also extensive caves carved like

the Valley of the Kings --extensive carving of hieroglyphics on the sides of buildings and

columns. --sculptures include gods with symbolic animal heads and

standardized representations of pharaohs and others.

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Egyptian Architecture

 Ancient Egyptian architecture is thearchitecture of ancient Egypt, one of themost influential civilizations throughout

history, which developed a vast array ofdiverse structures and greatarchitectural monuments along the Nile,among the largest and most famous ofwhich are the Great Pyramid ofGiza and the Great sphinx of Giza.

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Greek Architecture

The architecture of Ancient Greece isthe architecture produced by the Greek-speaking people (Hellenic people)

whose culture flourished on the Greekmainland and Peloponnesus, the AeganIslands, and in colonies in AsiaMinor and Italy for a period from about

900 BC until the 1st century AD, with theearliest remaining architectural worksdating from around 600 BC.

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Ancient Egyptianarchitecture

Ancient Greek

architecture

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Difference in Egyptian & Greekpillars

Egyptian pillars Greek pillars

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Egyptians Greeks

Egyptians  are theinhabitants and citizens ofEgypt sharing a common

culture and a dialectof Arabic. Egyptian identity isclosely tied to geography.The population of Egypt isconcentrated in thelower Nile  valley, the small

strip of cultivable landstretching from the FirstCataract  to theMediterranean and enclosedby desert both tothe east and to the west.

The Greeks, also known asthe Hellenes, are an ethnicgroup  native to Greece,Cyprus,  Anatolia  and other

regions. They also form asignificant diaspora, withGreek communitiesestablished around the world.Greek colonies andcommunities have beenhistorically established inmost corners ofthe Mediterranean, butGreeks have always beencentered around the  AegeanSea.

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Egyptian culture boasts fivemillennia of recorded history.

 Ancient Egypt was among theearliest and greatestcivilizations during which the

Egyptians maintained astrikingly complex and stableculture that influenced latercultures of Europe, the NearEast and Africa. After the

Pharaonic era, the Egyptiansthemselves came under theinfluenceof Christianity and Islamicculture.

Greek culture has evolved overthousands of years, with itsbeginning in the Mycenaeancivilization, continuing throughthe Classical period, the Romanand Eastern Roman periodsand was profoundly affected by

Christianity, which it in turninfluenced and shaped ottomanGreeks had to endure throughseveral centuries of adversitythat culminated in genocide inthe 20th century butnevertheless included culturalexchanges and enriched bothcultures

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Comparison onthe basis of Art

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Egyptian art Greek art

The Egyptians were one ofthe first major civilizationsto codify design elementsin art. The wallpainting done in the serviceof the pharaohs followed a

rigid code of visual rulesand meanings. EarlyEgyptian art ischaracterized by absenceof linear perspective, whichresults in a seemingly flat

space.

Greek art  began in theCycladic and Minoancivilization. Minoanprehistorical civilizations,and gave birth to Westernclassical art  in the

subsequent Geometric, Archaic and Classical periods.

Greek art is mainly fiveforms: architecture,sculpture, painting, potteryand jewelry making.

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Sample of a Book of the Dead ofthe scribe Nebqed, c. 1300bc.aa

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Interior of a red figure kylix, depicting heraklex and athena, byPhoinix (potter) and douris (painter), circa 480-470 BC,

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Egypt is a recognized culturaltrend-setter of the Arabic-speaking world, andcontemporary Arab culture isheavily influenced byEgyptian literature, music, filmand television. Egypt gained a

regional leadership roleduring the 1950s and 1960s,giving a further enduringboost to the standing ofEgyptian culture in the Arabworld

The culture of Greece hasevolved over thousands ofyears - dating from thePaleolithic era and the birth ofthe great Minoan, (2600-1500BC), Mycenaean (1500-1150BC) and Cycladic civilizations

through the Classical Period(6th - 4th centuries BC) - theGolden Age, reaching greatlevels of prosperity thatresulted in an unprecedentedcultural boom, expressed inarchitecture, drama, science

and philosophy, and nurturedin Athens under a democraticenvironment.

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Religion

Egyptian religion• Egypt is a

predominantly Sunni Muslimcountry with Islam  as itsstate religion. Thepercentage of adherents ofvarious religions is acontroversial topic in Egypt. An estimated 90% are

identified as Muslim, 9%as Coptic Christians, and1% as other Christiandenominations.

Greek religion

•  Among religions in

Greece, the largestdenomination isthe Greek OrthodoxChurch  and Christianity,which represents themajority of the

population and which isconstitutionallyrecognised as the"prevailing religion"of Greece .

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Similarities between Greek an

Egyptian temples? 

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 A similarity between Greek and Egyptian temples isthat they were kind of meant for religiousprocessions. The temples at Karnak and Luxor wereused for that purpose, as was the Parthenondedicated to the goddess Athena. There was a

yearly pilgrimage to the Acropolis, which of coursehas more buildings than just the Parthenon.

Both cultures used colour in their temples. Whatremains of the Greek temples now a days looks starkand bleached clean, but originally they were painted

(at least parts of them like the statuary andpediments and entablature). It's just that the Grecianclimate has washed all that paint away now.

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Difference between Ancient Egyptian

and Ancient Greek religion? 

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   After Alexander the Great took over Egypt the two

religions started to mangle with each other. Templesof Egyptian gods were build in Greece and of Greekgods in Egypt. During that era (called the Hellenisticperiod) new gods were created. For example Serapisa healer god, had his great temple the Sarapion build

in Alexandria. There Greeks, whose religion wasmore anthropocentric, influenced the Egyptians intoseeing their gods as more loving and lessdemanding. During that period we also have amixture in art. For example we see statues of godswith Egyptian-like bodies and clothes but Greek-style

faces. For example figures of Isis-Aphrodite or AmonRah  – Alexander the Great.

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Economy

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Contrast on Greek and EgyptianEconomy?

The economy of Egypt  was highly centralized underPresident Gamal Abdel Nasser . In the 1990s, a seriesof International Monetary Fund arrangements, coupled with

massive external debt relief resulting from Egypt'sparticipation in the Gulf War   coalition, helped Egyptimprove its macroeconomic performance.

The economy of Greece is the 42nd or 45th largest in theworld at $249 billion or $278 billion by nominal  gross

domestic product  or purchasing power parity  respectively,according to World Bank statistics for the year 2012.

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Tourism

Tourism is one of the mostimportant sectors inEgypt's economy. Morethan 12.8 million touristsvisited Egypt in 2008,providing revenues of

nearly $11 billion. Thetourism sector employsabout 12% of Egypt'sworkforce. TourismMinister Hisham Zaazoutold industry professionalsand reporters that tourism

generated some $9.4billion in 2012, a slightincrease over the $9 billionseen in 2011.

 An important percentageof Greece's nationalincome comes fromtourism. Tourism funds16% of the gross domesticproducts which also

includes the TourismCouncil and the London-Based WorldTravel. According toEurostat statistics, Greecewelcomed over 19.5million tourists in

2009, which is an increasefrom the 17.7 milliontourists it welcomed in2007.

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HISTORY

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History of Egypt 

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The history of Egypt has been long and rich, due tothe flow of the Nile river , with its fertilebanks and delta. Its rich history also comes from itsnative inhabitants and outside influence. Much ofEgypt's ancient history was a mystery until the

secrets of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs  weredeciphered with the discovery and help ofthe Rosetta Stone. The Great Pyramid of Giza is theonly one of the Seven Wonders of the AncientWorld  still standing. The Lighthouse of Alexandria,one of the other Seven Wonders, is gone.

The Library of Alexandria was the only one of its kindfor centuries.

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History of Greece 

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The history of Greece encompasses thehistory of the territory of the modernstate of Greece, as well as that ofthe Greek people  and the areas theyruled historically. The scope of Greekhabitation and rule has varied muchthrough the ages, and, as a result, the

history of Greece is similarly elastic inwhat it includes. Each era has its ownrelated sphere of interest.

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Prehistoric Egypt

There is evidence of rockcarvings  along the Nile  terracesand in desert oases. In the 10thmillennium BC, a cultureof hunter-gatherers  and fishers  wasreplaced by a grain-grindingculture. Climate changes and/orovergrazing around 8000 BCbegan to desiccate the pastorallands of Egypt, forming

theSahara. Early tribal peoplesmigrated to the Nile River wherethey developed a settledagricultural economy  and morecentralized society

Prehistoric Greece

The land that would come to beknown as Greece had beenpopulated by humans for over40,000 years. Hunter-gatherersmoved through the rocky terrain,living off what they could forage

and hunt. With the emergence ofagriculture, imported to Greecearound 7000 BC fromMesopotamia and Egypt, the firstsigns of permanently settled

people emerge in thearchaeological record.

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 Ancient Greece 

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  Ancient Greece was an ancient civilization belongingto a period of Greek history that lasted from thearchaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to theend of antiquity (ca. 600 AD). In common usage itrefers to all Greek history before the Roman Empire,

but historians use the term more precisely. Somewriters include the periods of the Minoan andMycenaean civilizations, while others argue thatthese civilizations were so different from later Greekcultures that they should be classed separately.Traditionally, the Ancient Greek period was taken to

begin with the date of the first olympic games in 776BC, but most historians now extend the term back toabout 1000 BC.

A i t E t

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 Ancient Egypt

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 A unified kingdom was founded c. 3150 BC byKing Menes leading to a series of dynasty thatruled Egypt for the next threemillennia. Egyptian Culture flourished during

this long period and remained distinctivelyEgyptian in its religion, art, language andcustoms. The first two ruling dynasties of aunified Egypt set the stage for the Oldkingdom period, c . 2700 –2200 BC., whichconstructed many pyramids, most notably thethird dynasty pyramid of Dioser and the FourthDynasty Giza Pyramids..

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Thank you

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