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EHAP Review Pt. 6. 1945 - Present. Decolonization. Decolonization: post-WW II European nations could no longer maintain control of colonial empires British: 1947: India declared independence 1947: Br. withdrew from Palestine - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1945 - Present
EHAP Review Pt. 6
Decolonization
Decolonization: post-WW II European nations could no longer maintain control of colonial empires
British: 1947: India declared independence 1947: Br. withdrew from Palestine 1956: Egypt “nationalized” Suez Canal from Br.
(USSR pledged aid to Egypt) 1950-60’s: Br. lost rest of AfricaFrench: lost Indo-China (Vietnam) & N. Africa (Algeria)Netherlands: lost Dutch E. Indies (Indonesia)
Decolonization
The Cold War
Diplomatic crisis b/n U.S. (& its Western “bloc” allies) & U.S.S.R. (& its Eastern bloc)
problems from end of WW II
1946: Churchhill called Soviet domination of E. Europe the “Iron Curtain”
communist puppet gov’ts in E. Europe Poland: 1947 Czechoslovakia: 1948 Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, and Yugoslavia:
1946-47
THE IRON CURTAIN
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across
the continent.” - Winston ChurchillMarch 5,
1946
The West Takes a Stand
USSR supported communist rebels in Greece & Turkey
Truman Doctrine: U.S. would provide aid to any free nation to fight communism
Military Alliances: Western Bloc: NATO (1949) North Atlantic Treaty
Organization to protect W. Europe from USSR Eastern Bloc: Warsaw Pact (1955) to protect E.
Europe from capitalist influence
Marshall Plan (1947-1951): U.S. provided $9.4 billion to rebuild W. Europe
Symbols of the Cold War
Division of Germany
At Potsdam Conference: Germany divided b/n “West” & “East” Spring, 1948: Stalin refused to reunify the zones
Berlin Blockade: Stalin blocked off W. Berlin
Allies responded w/ massive airlift to supply W. Berlin
W. Ger. became: Federal Republic of Ger. E. Ger.: Ger. Democratic Republic (Soviet puppet
state)
W. Germany
By 1950’s: W. Ger. had stable 2-party democracy
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) Social Democratic Party (SPD) Chancellor Willy Brandt (SPD): process called
Ostpolitik, to open diplomacy w/ E. Ger.
Post-war Italy
new constitution:
ended monarchycreated democratic republic2 major parties:
•Communists •Christian Democratic Party
Post-war France
4th French Republic: many small parties Female suffrage 1946
5th French Republic (1958): using crisis in Algeria, DeGaulle created 5th Rep. (giving Pres. much more power)
Economic Recovery in W. Europe
Marshall Plan: led to post-WW II economic boom in W. Eur. (until early 1970’s)
Gov’ts created social welfare programs: “cradle-to-grave” protection
Post-war Great Britain
Labor Party: focused on social welfare programs
Reforms: nationalized the Bank of England nationalized railways, airlines, coal & steel
industries old-age pensions unemployment insurance National Health Service
Costs of Reform
High taxes to pay for reforms
Margaret Thatcher (Br. PM): rollback of welfare “nanny” state
by 1990’s W. Europe less economically competitive in era of “globalization”
European Integration
Economic Integration:
1951: European Coal & Steel Community 1958: European Common Market (EEC)
eliminated barriers to trade 1962: European Parliament European Union: created by Maastrict Treaty
(1992) & defined economic, political, military roles established common currency: Euro (1999) EXPANSION EASTWARD
European Union
E. European “Satellite” States
Warsaw Pact: military control by USSRCOMECON: economic controlBerlin Wall built in 1961: to stop E. Ger. RefugeesResistance against Soviets:
1956: Polish revolts suppressed by USSR 1956: Imre Nagy of Hungary encouraged reforms…
• brutal suppression by Soviets 1968: Prague Spring led by Alexander Dubcek in
Czech. (“socialism w/ a human face”)1978: Polish Pope John Paul II
• led to Polish Solidarity Movement against USSR
“De-Stalinization”
1953: Nikita Khrushchev took control after Stalin’s death
1956: Khruschev announced “destalinization” condemned Stalin’s crimes increased tension w/ U.S. (i.e.: Cuban Missile
Crisis) Kruschev adopted “détente” policy of dialogue w/
U.S.
*Brezhnev replaced Khruschev in 1964 until his death in 1982: pursued policy of “New Cold War”
Soviet Failures & Reforms
Failed invasion of Afghanistan (1979) & Chernobyl nuclear accident
Reform policies of Mikhail Gorbachev:
Glasnost: political “openness”Perestroika: free-market reforms
Series of revolutions started in 1989:Fall of Berlin Wall (reunification of
Ger.)Romania: executed brutal dictator
Ceausescu on Christmas Day, 1989
Revolution in Russia
Satellite states in E. Europe & C. Asia separated
August 1991: hard-line communists staged a coup against Gorb.
Boris Yeltsin against hardliners
Aug. 1991-Dec. 1991: more break-away Soviet republics
December 1991: USSR dissolved & Gorb. resigned
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia: formed post-WW I (fall of Ottomans)Post WW II: under control of Josip Broz (Tito)
Communist dictator Ethnic rivalries: Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, Slovenes Tito controlled rivalries until his death 1991: Slovenia & Croatia seceded
Bosnian Muslims feared Serbs & seceded war b/n Bosnian Serbs & Bosnian Muslims Serbs supported by Yugo. gov’t
Slobodan Milosevic
Yugoslav Pres. Milosevic: policy of “ethnic cleansing” Serbs against Muslims
U.S. & NATO nations attack Serbs Dayton Accords of 1995 U.N. war crimes trials against Milosevic
Kosovo crisis (1999): Serbs ran ethnic Albanians out of Kosovo