Eia North Guwahati 07.07.12

REPORT

ON

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FOR

INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR

STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION

AT NORTH GUWAHATI LPG BOTTLING PLANT,

ASSAM

OF

INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LIMITED

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PROJECTS & DEVELOPMENT INDIA LIMITED (A Govt. of India Undertaking)

PO: Sindri - 828122, Dist: Dhanbad (Jharkhand) PDIL JOB NO: 9609 JUNE, 2012

PROJECTS & DEVELOPMENT INDIA LTD.

9609-EIA--ENV-161 1

DOCUMENT NO. REV

SHEET 1 OF 3

1 June, 2012 REPORT 0 May, 2012 REPORT

REV DATE PURPOSE PREPARED REVIEWED APPROVED FORM NO. 02-0000-0021 F1 REV 2 All rights reserved

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT &

RISK ASSESSMENT

FOR

INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR

STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION

AT NORTH GUWAHATI LPG BOTTLING PLANT,

ASSAM

OF INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LIMITED

EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG

BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL

9609-ENV-161 1 DOCUMENT NO. REV

SHEET 2 OF 3

FORM NO. 02-0000-0021 F1 REV 2 All rights reserved

CONTENTS

CHAPTER DESCRIPTION PAGE # - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I - X

1.0 INTRODUCTION 01 - 07 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 08 - 13 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 14 - 104 4.0 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES 105 - 113 5.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (TECHNOLOGY & SITE) 114 - 114 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM 115 - 115 7.0 RISK ANALYSIS 116 - 152 8.0 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 153 - 175 9.0 ADDITIONAL STUDIES 176 - 177 10.0 BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT 178 - 178 11.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 179 - 186

LIST OF PLATES

SL. NO. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE PLATE NO. 1.0 LOCATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT ON GOOGLE 1.1 2.0 LAYOUT OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT 2.1 3.0 MAP SHOWING LAND USE/ LAND COVER 3.1 4.0 MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF SOIL SAMPLING STATIONS 3.2 5.0 SOIL TEXTURE DIAGRAM 3.3 6.0 MAP SHOWING WIND ROSE DIAGRAM FOR NOVEMBER, 2011 3.4 7.0 MAP SHOWING WIND ROSE DIAGRAM FOR DECEMBER, 2011 3.5 8.0 MAP SHOWING WIND ROSE DIAGRAM FOR JANUARY, 2012 3.6 9.0 MAP SHOWING SEASONAL WIND ROSE DIAGRAM (NOV.'11 TO JAN'12) 3.7 10.0 MAP SHOWING AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS 3.8 11.0 MAP SHOWING WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS 3.9 12.0 MAP SHOWING NOISE MONITORING STATIONS 3.10

LIST OF ANNEXURE

SL. NO. DESCRIPTION OF ANNEXURE NO. OF PAGES

Annexure-I Process Details and design details 03 Annexure-II Request letter submitted to DC, Kamrup 01 Annexure-III Letter for NOC from PCCF 01 Annexure-IV PESO Approval for Cylinder Storage Capacity 02 Annexure-VA Consent to Operate for the year 2011-12 01 Annexure-VB Letter to SPCB for NOC for installation of proposed MB 02 Annexure-VI OISD - 150 27 Annexure-VII Tabular Chart indicating point-wise compliance of the TOR 05 Annexure-VIII Approved TOR from MoEF 04

EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG

BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL

9609-ENV-161 1 DOCUMENT NO. REV

SHEET 3 OF 3

FORM NO. 02-0000-0021 F1 REV 2 All rights reserved

ATTACHMENT

DESCRIPTION NO. OF PAGES

Drg. No. 2A ISO-RISK CONTOUR FOR IBP, NORTH GUWAHATI 01

Drg. No. 2B ISO-RISK CONTOUR FOR IBP, NORTH GUWAHATI 01

Drg. No. 2C F-N CURVE FOR IBP, NORTH GUWAHATI 01

Drg. No. 3 THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR LPG MOUNDED BULLET OUTLET LINE FULL BORE FAILURE (2F CONDITION) 01

Drg. No. 4 THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR LPG MOUNDED BULLET OUTLET LINE 20% CSA FAILURE (2F CONDITION) 01

Drg. No. 5 THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR LPG HORTON SPHERE OUTLET LINE FULL BORE FAILURE (2F CONDITION) 01

Drg. No. 6 THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR LPG HORTON SPHERE OUTLET LINE 20% CSA FAILURE (2F CONDITION) 01

Drg. No. 7 THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR LPG PUMP DISCHARGE LINE FULL BORE FAILURE (2F CONDITION) 01

Drg. No. 8 OVERPRESSURE DISTANCES FOR LPG PUMP DISCHARGE LINE FULL BORE FAILURE (2F CONDITION) 01

Drg. No. 9 OVERPRESSURE DISTANCES FOR UNLOADING ARM FAILURE (2F CONDITION) 01

Drg. No. 10 OVERPRESSURE DISTANCES FOR CAROUSAL LINE FAILURE (2F CONDITION) 01

Drg. No. 11 THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR CAROUSAL LINE FAILURE (2F CONDITION) 01

Drg. No.12 THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR LPG PUMP MECHANICAL SEAL FAILURE (2F CONDITION) 01

Drg. No. 13 OVERPRESSURE DISTANCES FOR LPG PUMP MECHANICAL SEAL FAILURE (2F CONDITION) 01

Drg. No.14 THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR LPG PUMP GASKET FAILURE (2F CONDITION) 01

Drg. No.15 OVERPRESSURE DISTANCES FOR LPG PUMP GASKET FAILURE (2F CONDITION) 01

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri I of X

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL) is a premier public sector company in the Oil & Gas Sector and is engaged in the business of refining and retailing of petroleum products including LPG in the country. It is the leading Indian corporate in the Fortune 'Global 500' listing, ranked at the 98th position in the year 2011. IOCL is having about 90 LPG bottling plants which serve every nook and corner of the country. Indane (the trade name of LPG of IOCL) is supplied to the consumers through a network of about 5456 distributors (51.8% of the industry).The growth in demand of LPG for domestic purpose is increasing at a rapid pace everywhere in the country including North-Eastern (NE) states. To cope-up with the increasing demand, Public Sector Oil Companies are setting up new bottling plants as well as augmenting their existing capacities. Accordingly, IOCL has also initiated the process of setting up new plants as well as augmenting their existing facilities. IOCL has installed 10 nos. of LPG bottling plants in six North-Eastern states of India. In Kamrup district of Assam, IOCL’s LPG Bottling Plant is at North Guwahati at a distance of about 25 km from Guwahati. The plant was commissioned in the year 1994 with bottling capacity of 88 TMTPA with an objective to supply LPG in Guwahati and adjoining districts of Assam. The main activities of the plant include receipt of bulk LPG, storage, bottling and distribution of the filled cylinders throughout the state of Assam. Presently, an average of about 17 nos. of bulk LPG tankers of 18 MT capacity are unloaded at this plant and about 68 nos. of filled cylinder trucks are dispatched to different part of Assam. The bulk LPG is received through tank trucks from IPP- Haldia, NRL- Numaligarh, IOCL Refinery at Noonmati (Guwahati), Bongaigaon and Barauni. The present available storage capacity of 1320 MT at North Guwahati plant provides a coverage of 03 days only which is very low considering hilly terrains of the area, poor road conditions and considerable distance from source locations. Very frequently, the plant becomes dry due to low tankage, disruption of road traffic etc. As a result, the bottling operation becomes standstill. In order to meet the requirement of LPG as well as to meet the requirement during abnormal situations in the area, IOCL proposes to augment the storage capacity of North Guwahati plant by installing 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets of 600 MT capacity each. This will enhance the total storage capacity to 2520 MT and the days cover from 03 days to 6-7 days (on the basis of double shift bottling operation). As per EIA Notification, published in Gazette of India, Extraordinary Part-II, Section-3, sub-section (ii) of Ministry of Environment & Forest dated 14.09.2006 & subsequent amendments, the proposed project falls in Activity 6(b), Category-B of “List of Projects or Activities Requiring Prior Environmental Clearance”. As per the above notification, proposed project will have to obtain environmental clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) or State Environmental Appraisal Committee (SEAC). In the absence of duly constituted SEIAA or SEAC, a Category-B project shall be treated as Category-A project and shall require environmental clearance from MoEF. M/s IOCL has appointed Projects & Development India Limited (PDIL), a Government of India Undertaking, for preparation of EIA/ RA Reports for proposed project in order to seek environmental clearance. PDIL is a QCI-NABET accredited EIA consultancy organisation (Sl. No.: 73, List A as per notification dated 30.09.2011 issued by MoEF vide letter no.: J-

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri II of X

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


11013/77/2004-IA II(I)) for “Isolated storage & handling of Hazardous chemicals (As per threshold planning quantity indicated in column 3 of schedule 2 & 3 of MSIHC Rules 1989 amended 2000)”. STRUCTURE OF EIA REPORT The EIA report has been prepared and reviewed as per “Generic Structure of EIA/EMP/RA Report” required by the MoEF, Govt. of India as per the general condition stipulated in the EIA notification. The salient features of the report have been projected by identifying the environmental and ecological stressors. The impact assessment has been reviewed by making compliance with the threshold limit of the environmental and ecological stressors and other norms available through government or non-government agencies. PROJECT PROPOSAL The project proposal relates to installation of 2 nos. of Mounded Bullets of 600 MT capacity each within the premises of existing bottling plant at North Guwahati. PROJECT LOCATION The LPG bottling plant of IOCL is at College Nagar near Abhoypur village, under Sila Sundari Ghopa Tehsil of Kamrup district in the State of Assam. The bottling plant is spread over an area of 83 acres of land with licensed area of 25.56 acres, provided by the Government of Assam. Geographically, the plant is located at longitude 91042'24.05" East and latitude 26011'44.71" North at an altitude of about 52 m above mean sea level. The plant is located at a distance of about 25 km from Dispur, the state capital of Assam. Amingaon, the nearest human settlements, is in south-eastern direction at a distance of about 2.5 km from bottling plant. The plant is surrounded by paddy fields in all directions except south direction where the boundary of IIT, Guwahati is located at a distance of about 1.5 km. Brahmaputra River, the only major surface water body, is located in southern direction at a distance of about 2.0 km. Some of the villages within a radius of 5 km are Abhoypur, Kota Bazar, Morkatal, Radhala, Rudreswar, Kalbari, Madhupur, Gharamara etc. The study area comprises few industrial units, namely M/s Laxkhmi Narayan Food & Beverage Pvt. Ltd, M/s Silver Drop Rice Mills, M/s Brahmaputra Iron Ispath Pvt Ltd and M/s Top Cements etc. These are all small scale industries. No major or medium scale industry is located within the study area. The National Highways, NH-31 & NH-37 are at a distance of about 3 km on the west and 5 km on the south respectively from the plant. The nearest railway station at Guwahati is at a distance of about 30 km and Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International (LGBI) Airport is at a distance of about 16 km from bottling plant. BENEFITS OF PROPOSED PROJECT The proposed project shall yield following benefits: • Maintain continuity in supply of LPG gas cylinders to the consumers through

distributors. • Ease in availability of filled LPG cylinders. • Increase the days cover from 03 days to 6-7 days (on the basis of double shift

bottling operation). • Help to overcome the scarcity of bulk LPG due to landslide, hilly terrain and poor

road conditions etc • By adding 2x600 MT Mounded Bullets, risk profile of the existing plant will not be

enhanced. • Increase safety measures for hazard detection and prevention system.

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri III of X

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


• Discourage deforestation with reduction in use of fire wood and fossil fuels. OBJECTIVE OF EIA STUDY The objective of the EIA study is to identify and evaluate the potential impacts (beneficial and adverse), and preparation of impact statement in accordance with existing guidelines of MoEF. The study would provide information on the environmental implications, which could be used for environmental safeguards. The EIA report shall be a document for getting environmental clearances from MoEF and other statutory agencies. The EIA report will also present the existing environmental setting vis-à-vis contribution of pollutants and other factors from the proposed facilities. SCOPE OF EIA STUDY The scope of this EIA study includes detail characterization of pre-project status of environment in an area of 5 Km radius: • To undertake environmental monitoring so as to establish the baseline environmental

status of the environmental components; • To identify existing pollution loads due to various activities; • To evaluate and predict the impacts on the various environmental attributes in the study

area by using widely accepted environmental impact assessment methodologies. • Risk Analysis Study • To prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining the measures for

improving the environmental quality and for environmentally sustainable development. • To prepare post project monitoring plan to monitor the changes in the environmental

quality after the implementation of the project. PROJECT DESCRIPTION Existing Storage North Guwahati Bottling Plant has been provided with a total storage capacity of about 600 MT of LPG. The details of facilities are summarized below in Table - E.1.

Table - E.1 Existing Facilities Quantity/Capacity

Storage 2 x 660 MT (Horton Spheres) Unloading Bay 8 Nos. No. of Carousel 2 x 24 Gun Filling Machine LPG Pumps 2 x 84 m3/hr LPG Vapour Compressor 4 x 646 Nm3/hr Air Compressor 4 x 272 m3/hr Air Drying Unit 1 x 540 Nm3/hr Fire Water Storage 2 x 5500 m3 Fire Water pumps 7 Nos. (4x615 m3/hr + 3x410 m3/hr)

(Diesel engine driven) Jockey Pumps 2 x 25 m3/hr Fixed Sprinkler System At all operating areas Hydrants & Monitors As per OISD-144 DG Sets 1x100 KVA+2 x 250 KVA

Proposed Facilities Quantity/Capacity LPG Storage 02 x 600 MT Mounded Bullets

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri IV of X

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


• Fire protection facilities are designed to cope up with one major fire as per OISD-144. • Existing water storage capacity and fire pumps are adequate to meet the requirement of

the plant post-augmentation. • Safety distances between facilities are provided as per PESO/ OISD norms. Also, fire

water tanks and pumps are located at a minimum distance of 60 m from risk area (including proposed bullets) as stipulated by OISD 144. Required number of firewater pumps and jockey pump are provided to take care of the fire hydrants. Four hours pumping capacity are provided as fire water storage in two tanks of 5500 m3 each.

• There is a well laid out ring main system around the hazardous area which is provided with fire hydrant points and monitors as per requirements of OISD. In addition, adequate numbers of portable fire extinguishers of dry chemical type are also provided.

• The proposed bullets will also be provided with a fire hydrant system all around and water sprinkler system as required.

• Mock fire drills are conducted at regular intervals and the observations are recorded. Personnel intended to operate the plant are well qualified and well trained. Plant operations are supervised by a responsible Officer. The working personnel are well informed and well trained for fire hazards and fire fighting systems. Bottling Plant security system has been so envisaged to ensure strict compliance of safety requirements and to take up prompt and proper action in case of any emergency.

PROCESS DESCRIPTION LPG is being received from IPP Halida, IOCL’s Refinery at Barauni, Noonmati (Guwahati) and NRL Numaligarh through 18 MT capacity road tankers and stored in 02 nos. of Horton Spheres (2x660MT). The storage vessels are provided with a single liquid inlet/outlet line at bottom, one vapour inlet/outlet line connected with LPG vapour compressor at the top. At present, the no. of days cover for LPG is 03 days only. The capacity augmentation would increase the no. of days cover from 03 to 6-7 days. LPG is filled in the cylinders up to 14.2 kg weight in the integrated carousel machine and Filled cylinders after leak testing, weight testing and fixing safety caps are stacked in the filled cylinder shed near the delivery end as per rules laid down by OISD/Gas Cylinder Rules, 1981. Filled cylinders are delivered only to the authorized LPG distributors. Drivers of the trucks carrying LPG are having valid license and are having training in safety & fire fighting procedures. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT & IDENTIFICATION OF ANTICIPATED IMPACT Description of baseline environmental status and the impact on the existing environment after construction and operation of the proposed project have been detailed with respect to the following components of the environment. The existing status of important environmental components and impact of project activities on them is summarized below: Land Environment The proposed Mounded Bullets shall be installed in an area of 2770.53 m2 (50.1 m x 55.3 m) available within the existing licensed premises 25.56 acres. As the existing plant has been allotted by the State Govt. to IOCL for installation of the bottling plant, hence there is no change in existing land use pattern. As per the satellite imagery obtained from North-Eastern Space Applications Centre, Shillong the existing land-use / land cover data of 5 km area around North Guwahati plant is as under:

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri V of X

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


SL. No. Land Use/Land Cover Categories Area (Acres) Percent 1 Agricultural Land-Crop Land-Kharif Crop 6746.97 34.76 2 Agricultural Land-Crop Land-Rabi Crop 697.90 3.6 3 Agricultural Land-Plantation-Agriculture Plnt. 2448.35 12.62 4 Forest-Evergreen / Semi Evergreen-Dense/Closed 3685.41 18.98 5 Forest-Evergreen / Semi Evergreen-Open 1146.92 5.91 6 Forest-Scrub Forest 495.31 2.55 7 Tree Clad Area-Open 2929.78 15.1 8 Water bodies-River/Stream-Dry 160.12 0.83 9 Water bodies-River/Stream-Perennial 452.13 2.33

10 Wet lands-Inland Natural 644.71 3.32 Total 19407.61 100.00

There is no solid and hazardous waste generation due to the proposed project and consequently any adverse impact on land is not envisaged. Thus, there will be no change in the soil characteristics, land use pattern and landscape due to the construction & operation of the proposed facilities. • Level of Nitrogen as N ranged between 117.2 and 131.9 Kg/ha • Level of Phosphorous as P2O5 ranged between 6.66 & 8.98 Kg/ha • Level of Potassium as K2O ranged between 39.25 & 42.12 Kg/ha Climate & Meteorology A temporary weather monitoring station was installed for recording hourly wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall measurements on the roof of Administrative Building of the bottling plant. No deviation has been recorded with the secondary data related to meteorology and micro-climatic conditions. Besides this, the proposed project is a non-polluting developmental project and hence, no adverse impact on the existing climate is envisaged. Air Environnent Existing Ambient Air Quality The baseline ambient air quality status in the study area is characterized using the following sources of data: • Ambient air quality monitoring at four sampling locations within the study area. • Meteorological data collected during the study period To evaluate the baseline ambient air quality status, one season data was generated at four locations in and around the bottling plant including residential & rural area for a period of three months from November, 2011 to January, 2012. During the monitoring period the concentration of air pollutants namely PM10, SO2, NOx, VOCs, Methane & Non-methane Hydrocarbon in ambient were measured. The highlights of the results are as below:

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri VI of X

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


Pollutants SA1 SA2 SA3 SA4 Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.

PM10,µg/m3 30 44 24 36 27 41 25 37

SO2, ,µg/m3

10.1 17.5 7.5 11.6 8.0 13.6 8.4 12.1

NOx, ,µg/m3 13.0 23.9 11.2 17.9 13.2 19.6 11.6 18.9

MHC, ppm 1.12 1.51 1.06 1.22 1.10 1.49 1.11 1.49

NMHC, ppm - <<0.1 - <<0.1 - <<0.1 - <<0.1

VOCs, mg/m3 2.01 2.38 1.56 1.94 1.69 2.24 1.95 2.16

From the monitoring results, it may be concluded that the concentration of the air pollutants, as stated above, are well within the limits specified under NAAQS for industrial, rural and residential areas. Source of Air Pollution Operation of the bottling plant involves only storage and handling of LPG which does not lead to process specific emission of air pollutants into atmosphere. The entire operation of receipt, storage and filling in cylinders is carried out under closed circuit and leak proof system so as to restrict any emission of hydrocarbon vapours into the atmosphere. However, intermittent sources of air pollutants are limited to DG Sets and fire Water pumps which are operated only in case of power failure during working hours and during mock fire drills only (once in a month) respectively. Hence, installation of proposed Mounded Bullets shall not impart any adverse impact on existing air environment. NOISE ENVIRONMENT Noise monitoring was conducted at 04 locations within the study area, 08 locations inside the bottling plant and 04 locations around boundary walls representing industrial, rural and residential areas. The noise monitoring results reveals that the noise levels vary from 42.4 dB(A) to 54.7 dB(A) during night and day time respectively. The variation in the noise level may be attributed to the movement of vehicles on the PWD road & National Highways (NH-31 & 37) around the plant. A little increase in the noise level during construction phase has been envisaged. The duration of construction activities shall be 8 to 12 hours with maximum incremental noise level equivalent to 10 dB(A) which will correspond to 3 to 4 dB(A) during day and night. There will be no additional noise generation during operation phase. Hence, impact on the noise quality shall be practically insignificant due to proposed project activities. WATER ENVIRONMENT To evaluate the existing water quality, 02 nos. of surface water samples and 03 nos. of ground water samples were collected from the sources around the bottling plant and characterized for relevant parameters. Summary of the observations are as below:

Parameters Ground Water (mg/l) Surface Water (mg/l) Min. Max. Min. Max.

Total Dissolved Solids 170 260 130 150 Alkalinity total as CaCO3 54 84 36 48 Hardness total as CaCO3 106 204 70 102 Chloride as Cl 34 66 24 36 Iron as Fe 0.04 0.8 0.04 0.04

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri VII of X

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


The characteristics of the samples collected within the study area were found well within the permissible limits of Drinking Water Standards (IS: 10500).

Water Consumption Existing average water consumption of bottling plant is 66.0 m3/day. The project proposal is only for installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets to augment the storage capacity. Hence, the water requirement shall remain same. Wastewater Generation The quantity of existing waste water generation under normal operation of the plant is 36.0 m3/day. As per existing practice, sanitary waste water (8.0 m3) is being disposed off through septic tanks to soak pits and rest of the non-sanitary waste water (i.e. due to Mock drill, once in a month) 3.0 m3/day is discharged into natural drainage system of the area after passing through vapour trap. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT The proposed facilities shall be installed in the vacant land available within the existing premises of bottling plant. There is no point and non-point source of emission or discharge of pollutants hence, no adverse impact on the biological environment is envisaged due to the proposed project activities and operation. Moreover, a considerable area of the plant has already been brought under green belt which provides food and habitat for birds and smaller mammalian species. Thus, significant positive impact on fauna is foreseen. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT The development due to proposed project will have temporary impacts on local socio-economic condition of the people residing in the area. The construction of Mounded Bullets would provide temporary employment, which may consist of locals too. This would improve the socio-economic condition of the local population.

The operation of the proposed project would result in positive impacts such as industrial and economic development and generation of indirect employment opportunity. ANALAYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE (TECHNOLOGY & SITE) IOCL has mastered the art and technology of construction of Mounded Bullets. The Engineering & Project Division of IOCL has well established LPG Bottling Plants. The technology adopted by IOCL for installation of Mounded Bullets for storage of LPG is a fail-safe technology and as such no alternative technology was considered for providing such facilities. Since, the proposed bullets shall be annexed to the existing plant and already vacant space is available hence, alternate site selection is not relevant. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME A monitoring schedule with respect to Ambient Air Quality, Waste Water Quality, Noise Quality, prepared in consultation with Assam State Pollution Control Board, shall be maintained and the monitoring job shall be assigned to a laboratory accredited by ASPCB/CPCB. ADDITIONAL STUDIES No additional study is envisaged due to following reasons: Impact on local infrastructure such as road network etc. Presently, about 17 nos. of LPG road tankers of 18 MT capacity are being received in bottling plant daily from different supply sources. Post-augmentation of storage facilities, it is

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri VIII of X

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


envisaged that the number of bulk LPG tankers may rise upto 25-26. The increase in number of road tankers shall be only for initial few days unless the storage level of LPG of 2520 MT is achieved at North Guwahati Bottling Plant. Thereafter, there will no increase in traffic load on NH-31. Thus, the traffic density w.r. to heavy vehicles was 10.96 per hour whereas the traffic density including light motor vehicles was 36.46 per hour which shall increase marginally only for few days. Since, the bottling capacity of the plant shall remain same, there would not be any increase in dispatch of filled cylinders truck from the plant and hence, no impact is envisaged on traffic network.

Compensation package for the people affected by the proposed project. The installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets for storage of bulk LPG shall be carried out within the premises of existing North Guwahati bottling plant. Hence, the proposed project does not involve any issue with respect to displacement & rehabilitation and does not come under purview of RR Policy. Proposed Plan to handle the socio-economic influence on local community For installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets about 40-50 construction workers would be required to carry out construction related jobs. For unskilled jobs, it would be ensured that only local workers are engaged for carrying out construction jobs. This would impart positive impact on the socio-economic condition of the local area. For skilled jobs, only marginal number of workers is likely to be engaged. In view of the size of population residing within 5 km radius, no additional study is required to assess the impact of marginal number of workers coming from outside area. RISK ANALYSIS Risk Assessment for the proposed project has also been carried out and necessary safeguard measures have been discussed in Chapter-7. The proposal is for installation of 2 nos. of Mounded Bullet (600 MT capacity each) which is considered to be intrinsically safe. The installation of the Mounded Bullets will not enhance the risk profile of the plant. Following failure cases have been considered for evaluation of consequence analysis: - Full bore / 20% CSA failure of LPG outlet line of Mounded Bullets (Proposed) - Full bore / 20% CSA failure of LPG outlet line of Horton sphere - LPG pump discharge line full bore failure - Road tanker failure - LPG pump mechanical seal failure - LPG Pump Outlet Line Gasket failure - Road Tanker unloading arm failure - Filled cylinder failure - Safety valve failure of Horton sphere - Safety valve failure for Mounded Bullet - Carousel line failure - LPG vapour compressor outlet line Full bore failure - Catastrophic Failure of Horton sphere QRA reveals that the damage distances for various credible scenarios are confined within the plant premises. Acceptable individual risk level of 1x10-6/Year is also confined mainly within the plant premises. Based on above study, the following preventive measures have been suggested for implementation:

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri IX of X

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


a) Safety valves located on the Mounded Bullet and other places must be tested regularly. The block valves before safety valve must always be kept in open condition when safety valves are in position. It is desirable to provide a chain and lock to ensure that the block valve is not inadvertently kept closed when safety valve is in position.

b) Automatic water sprinkler system along with heat detectors shall be provided and checked regularly for timely actuation of the safety system.

c) Gas Monitoring System (GMS) consisting of gas sensors at potential leakage points, audio-visual annunciation panel for detection of LPG at 20% LEL at the control room should be installed. The above system shall be able to detect the exact location of the leakages on real-time basis so that corrective action can be taken without any loss of time.

d) The existing fire protection system is already in pressurized condition with automatic pressurized medium velocity (MV) spray system based on automatic heat detection system through thermal fuse/quartz bulb. Sensors are installed at all critical places wherever MV spray system which should be extended to MV storage area as per OISD-144.

e) Interlocking Shut-down Device (ILSD) is already installed for automatic emergency shutdown of equipments by tripping of main power supply (barring the emergency power), closure of ROVs to avert Hazard which should be extended to MV area as per OISD-144.

ILSD should trigger the following actions: 1. Opening of deluge valve of the affected zone as well as adjacent zone 2. Audio-visual alarms indicating the affected zone at the fire pump house and main control

panel. The control panel shall also have status indications for deluge valve with facility for actuation.

3. Fire siren of 1 Km range 4. Closure of all Remote Operated Valves (ROVs) in affected facility 5. Tripping of main power supply barring the emergency power supply 6. The water spray from all nozzles of the affected zones within 30 seconds. 7. The fire water pumps shall start based on their set pressure to supplement/maintain the

fire water pressure in the ring main. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Construction Phase During construction phase, all precautionary measures shall be taken for dust suppression, prevention of soil erosion and noise reduction. The effect due to construction will be temporary in nature and will have no permanent effect on the environment. Since, the proposed facilities would be installed within IOCL’s own land, there will be no change in land-use pattern and soil characteristics of the area. Operation Phase As the bullets will be mounded and the operation will be confined in closed, leak proof system, no impact is envisaged on the soil during operation phase. Air Emissions There is no continuous source of air pollution from the operation of bottling plant. The sources of air pollution are limited to the DG Sets and the Fire water pumps. These sources of air pollution are intermittent. During operation, when the DG set is operated, emissions of SO2 and NOx shall be within the threshold limit. The stack height of the DG set shall be as per prescribed standard.

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri X of X

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


Waste water Generation There is no waste water generation from operation of proposed mounded bullets. The existing sources of waste water generation are as follows: a) Sanitary waste water from toilets, wash-rooms and canteen. b) Non-sanitary waste water from mock drills. Sanitary waste water from toilets, canteen and wash rooms are treated in septic tanks and disposed off through soak pits. Non-sanitary waste water generated from Mock Fire drill that too once in a month, shall be passed through vapour trap and discharged into natural drainage system of the area. Green-Belt Development Trees and plants are well known for trapping particulate matters, attenuation of noise and absorption of gaseous pollutants and also in controlling soil erosion. About 33% of the total area (83 acres) has been brought under green belt development program. Only native species of trees, observed to prosper well in the area, have been planted. However, efforts would be made to develop lawns and gardens in available vacant space within the campus for trapping carbon, sulphur and nitrogen compounds. Preventive Maintenance / Planned Inspection Preventive maintenance and planned inspection of the facilities will be done in accordance with OISD and as per schedule. Record keeping for jobs done would be maintained. The intermittent inspection and maintenance schedule would be prepared as per directive and procedures laid down by OISD. In addition to above management plan, the project will emphasize the following programs to catalyze the green economy of the nation: Green Light Program It involves installation of energy efficient lighting system which indirectly reduces generation of oxides of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur. However, there shall not be any compromise with respect to required illumination at working places. Golden Carrot Program This program involves super efficient refrigeration cooling system and installation without the use of CFC. (No CFC) Energy Star Program Use of energy efficient electrical appliances including computer etc shall be encouraged. IOCL shall pay proper attention to improve the working environment by adopting the principle of Ergonomics in the following line of action: “In order to maximise the working and skill capability of the workmen, the Environmental Management Plan considers the strategy and goal of Ergonomics. The application of ergonomics will reduce the Muscular Skeletal Disorder (MSD). Attempts shall be made to make the Working Environment to fit the Workmen instead of forcing a workman to adopt the Working Environment.” Compliance of Terms of Reference (TOR) The compliance against the points of TOR prescribed by EAC of MoEF has been complied and presented as Annexure-VII.

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri 1 of 186

INTRODUCTION


1.0 INTRODUCTION Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), the project proponent, is one of the

highest ranked Indian companies in the prestigious Fortune 'Global 500' listing,

having 98th position in 2011. IOCL is engaged in production and marketing of

petroleum products. The company is India's largest commercial enterprise and

has earned a net profit of Rs.7,445 crore in the financial year 2010-11, and has

crossed Rs. 3.0 lakh crore marked earlier, by clocking Rs. 3.29 lakh crore turn-

over in financial year 2010-11.

The demand of LPG for domestic purposes is increasing day by day. To cope up

with increasing demand, Public Sector Oil Companies are setting up new bottling

plants as well as augmenting their existing capacity. Accordingly, IOCL has also

initiated the process of setting up new plants as well as augmenting their existing

facilities in various region of India.

IOCL has installed 10 nos. of LPG bottling plants in six North-Eastern states of

India. In Kamrup district of the State of Assam, the LPG Bottling Plant of IOCL is

located at North Guwahati which is at a distance of about 25 km from Guwahati.

The plant was commissioned in the year 1994 with an objective to supply LPG in

Kamrup, adjoining districts of Assam and adjoining States. The plant is equipped

with LPG receipt, storage and bottling facilities (on the basis of double shift

bottling operation) for dispatch of the filled cylinders to the LPG distributors

throughout the state of Assam.

The present storage capacity of the plant is 1320 MT with bottling capacity of 88

TMTPA. The LPG is being stored in 2 nos. of Horton Spheres of 660 MT capacity

each. Presently, about 17 nos. of bulk LPG tankers having 18 MT capacity each,

are being unloaded in this plant every day, while about 68 nos. of filled cylinder

trucks (306 cylinders of 14.2Kg each / truck) are dispatched per day.

The bottling plant receives bulk LPG through tank trucks from the sources

namely IPP- Haldia, NRL- Numaligarh, IOCL Refinery at Noonmati (Guwahati),

Bongaigaon and Barauni. The present available storage at North Guwahati plant

provides a coverage of 03 days only, which is very low considering hilly terrain,


INTRODUCTION


poor road conditions and considerable distance from source locations. Very

frequently, the plant becomes dry due to low tankage, disruption of road traffic

etc. As a result, the bottling operation becomes standstill. In order to meet the requirement of LPG as well as to meet the requirement

during abnormal situations in the area, IOCL proposes to augment the storage

capacity of North Guwahati plant by installing 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets of 600

MT capacity each. Installation of 2 nos. of Mounded Bullets will enhance the total

storage capacity to 2520 MT and the days cover from 03 days to 6-7 days (on

the basis of double shift bottling operation). As per EIA Notification, published in Gazette of India, Extraordinary Part-II,

Section-3, sub-section (ii) of Ministry of Environment & Forest dated 14.09.2006

& subsequent amendments, the proposed project falls in Activity 6(b), Category-

B of “List of Projects or Activities Requiring Prior Environmental Clearance”. As

per the above notification, proposed project will have to obtain environmental

clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) or

State Environmental Appraisal Committee (SEAC). In the absence of duly

constituted SEIAA or SEAC, a Category-B project shall be treated as Category-A

project. M/s IOCL has appointed M/s Projects & Development India Limited (PDIL), a

Government of India Undertaking, for preparation of EIA/ EMP Reports for

proposed project in order to seek environmental clearance. PDIL is one of the

oldest engineering and consultancy organization in India and has vast

experience in handling projects in the field of Fertilizers & Chemicals,

Petrochemicals and Oil Industry. It is a QCI-NABET accredited EIA consultancy

organisation (Sl. No.: 73, List A as per notification dated 30.09.2011 issued by

MoEF vide letter no.: J-11013/77/2004-IA II(I)) for “Isolated storage & handling of

Hazardous chemicals (As per threshold planning quantity indicated in column 3

of schedule 2 & 3 of MSIHC Rules 1989 amended 2000)”.


INTRODUCTION


1.2 PROJECT PROPOSAL IOCL proposes to install 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets of 600 MT capacity each in

the existing bottling plant at North Guwahati as per OISD-144 and OISD-150.

The estimated cost of the proposed project is Rs. 28.48 Crores.

1.3 PROJECT LOCATION AND JUSTIFICATION 1.3.1 Project Location The LPG bottling plant of IOCL is at College Nagar near Abhoypur village, under

Sila Sundari Ghopa Tehsil of Kamrup district in the State of Assam. The bottling

plant is spread over an area of 83 acres of land with licensed area of 25.56

acres, provided by the Government of Assam. Geographically, the plant is

located at longitude 91042'24.05" East and latitude 26011'44.71" North at an

altitude of about 52 m above mean sea level. The plant is located at a distance of

about 25 km from Dispur, the state capital of Assam. Amingaon, the nearest

human settlements, is in south-eastern direction at a distance of about 2.5 km

from bottling plant. The plant is surrounded by paddy fields in all directions

except south direction where the boundary of IIT, Guwahati is located at a

distance of about 1.5 km. Brahmaputra River, the only major surface water body,

is located in southern direction at a distance of about 2.0 km.

Some of the villages within a radius of 5 km are Abhoypur, Kota Bazar, Morkatal,

Radhala, Rudreswar, Kalbari, Madhupur, Gharamara etc. The study area

comprises few industrial units, namely M/s Laxkhmi Narayan Food & Beverage

Pvt. Ltd, M/s Silver Drop Rice Mills, M/s Brahmaputra Iron Ispath Pvt Ltd and M/s

Top Cements etc. These are all small scale industries. No major or medium scale

industry is located within the study area. The National Highways, NH-31 & NH-37

are at a distance of about 3 km on the west and 5 km on the south respectively

from the plant. The nearest railway station at Guwahati is at a distance of about

30 km and Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International (LGBI) Airport is at a

distance of about 16 km from bottling plant. The location of the bottling plant at

North Guwahati on Google has been shown in Plate-1.1.


INTRODUCTION


1.3.2 JUSTIFICATION OF PROPOSED PORJECT The bottling capacity of North Guwahati plant is 88 TMTPA on double shift basis.

Bulk LPG is stored in 2 nos. of Horton Spheres of 660 MT capacity each. LPG

storage at North Guwahati bottling plant provides coverage of only 03 days,

which is inadequate.

Movement of bulk LPG tankers are prone to disruption due to frequent landslide,

hilly terrain and poor road conditions, resulting in interrupted supply leading to

bulk dry-out situation in the bottling plant. As a result, the bottling operation

becomes standstill which in turn, leads to scarcity of filled LPG cylinders in the

region.

In order to maintain the continuity of LPG supply to distributors/consumers, IOCL

proposes to augment the storage capacity of North Guwahati plant by installing

02 nos. of Mounded Bullets of 600 MT capacity each. This will enhance the total

storage capacity to 2520 MT. This, in-turn, will also increase the no. of days

cover from 03 days to 6-7 days (on basis of double shift bottling operation).

Hence, as an operational necessity, to ensure sustainable days cover, and

maintain continuity in supply status, there is no other alternative but to go for

augmentation of existing storage capacity of North Guwahati bottling plant.

1.4 BENEFITS OF PROPOSED PROJECT Capacity augmentation of the LPG bottling plant at North Guwahati shall yield

following benefits:

• Maintain continuity in supply of LPG gas cylinders to the consumers through

distributors.

• Ease in availability of filled LPG cylinders.

• Increase the days cover from 03 days to 6-7 days (on the basis of double shift

bottling operation).

• Help to overcome the scarcity of bulk LPG due to landslide, hilly terrain and

poor road conditions etc

• By adding 2x600 MT Mounded Bullets, risk profile of the existing plant will not

be enhanced.

• Increase safety measures for hazard detection and prevention system.


INTRODUCTION


• Discourage deforestation with reduction in use of fire wood and fossil fuels.

1.5 SCOPE & METHODOLOGY 1.5.1 Scope of EIA Study An area of 5 km radius of the LPG bottling plant has been considered as the

general study area for conducting detailed studies / baseline data generation.

The scope of the study is as follows:

• To undertake environmental monitoring so as to establish the baseline

environmental status of the environmental components;

• To identify existing pollution loads due to various anthropogenic activities;

• To evaluate the predicted impacts on the various environmental attributes in

the study area by using widely accepted environmental impact assessment

methodologies.

• To prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining the

measures for improving the environmental quality and for environmentally

sustainable development.

• To prepare post project monitoring plan to monitor the changes in the

environmental quality after the implementation of the project.

1.5.2 Methodology for EIA Study To assess the baseline status of environment, monitoring locations were

selected, keeping in mind the micro-meteorology, season and existing sources of

pollution in the area. Different environmental attributes for their various

parameters were monitored and analyzed during the study period (November,

2011 - January, 2012). Secondary data collected from different Govt., Semi-Govt.

Agencies and other agencies were compiled, interpreted and presented.

Land Environment: The satellite imagery obtained from North-Eastern Space Applications Centre

(NESAC), Shillong has been used for evaluation of land use pattern. Details of

geology were collected from different secondary sources. To characterize the

nature of soil, samples from three locations in different directions within the study

area were collected and characterized.


INTRODUCTION


Air Environment: To evaluate the baseline status with respect to air quality, a network of 04 nos. of

ambient air quality monitoring stations were established within study area in

consultation with IOCL officials. The selection of sampling locations was based

on location of human settlements, availability of electricity, dominant wind

direction etc. Samples were collected with a frequency of 2 days/week/location.

The following air pollution parameters were monitored:

• Particulate Matter (PM10) • Sulphur dioxide (SO2) • Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) • Methane & Non-methane Hydrocarbon, and • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Water Environment To evaluate the baseline status with respect to water quality, 03 nos. of ground

water samples and 2 nos. of surface water samples were collected from the study

area and characterized for relevant parameters. Noise Environment To determine the baseline status with respect to noise level, 04 locations were

identified for in the study area. The monitoring locations were selected to

represent the bottling plant and its surrounding, commercial, residential and

sensitive areas. The measurements were made with a frequency of one day per

season. Hourly average noise pressure levels (Leq values) were determined

continuously to represent the 24 hours period at each of the monitoring locations. Ecology Baseline status of terrestrial and aquatic ecology was assessed through field

samplings, reconnaissance surveys and secondary sources. Important flora and

fauna species of terrestrial and aquatic eco-systems have been enumerated. Socio-economic Environment: Information about baseline status of socio-economic environment has been

collected from 2001 Census report as well as from sample survey. The

information includes demographic profile, literacy, employment pattern, cropping

pattern, etc.


INTRODUCTION


PLATE- 1.1 LOCATION OF NORTH GUWAHATI LPG BOTTLING PLANT ON GOOGLE MAP

CHAPTER-2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri 8 of 186

PROJECT DESCRIPTION


2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 BACKGROUND

The installed storage capacity of the North Guwahati Bottling plant is 1320 MT

with bottling capacity of 88 TMTPA with double shift bottling operation. The LPG

storage facility is provided with 2 nos. of Horton Spheres of 660 MT capacity

each.

2.2 LOCATION AND LAYOUT

The proposed Mounded Bullets shall be installed in an area of 2770.53 m2

(50.1m x 55.3m) available within the existing licensed premises of 25.56 acres.

The layout of the bottling plant has been prepared strictly as per prescribed

OISD-144 standard and guidelines. The safety distances are maintained as per

the standard guidelines. The road network is designed to ensure smooth

movement of LPG trucks. Layout plan of the bottling plant including proposed

facilities have been presented in Plate - 2.1.

2.3 PLANT FACILITIES

The facilities at the LPG bottling plant, North Guwahati are as follows:

Facility Quantity/Capacity

Storage 2 x 660 MT (Horton Spheres, Existing) 2 x 600 MT Mounded Bullets (Proposed)

Unloading Bay 8 Nos. No. of Carousel 2 x 24 Filling points LPG Pumps 2 x 84 m3/hr LPG Vapour Compressor 4 X 646 Nm3/hr (Reciprocating) Air Compressor 4 x 272 m3/hr Air Drying Unit 1 x 540 Nm3/hr DG Sets 1x100 KVA+2 x 250 KVA Safety interlocks Thermal fuse, ILSD, ROV, Product

movement control Check scale for filled cylinders Provided Scaling Unit for Filled cylinders Provided Leak test & repairing of cylinders. Provided Weigh Bridge for tank lorries Provided Vapour extraction in carousel area Provided


PROJECT DESCRIPTION


Facility Quantity/Capacity FIRE FIGHTING FACILITIES Fire Water Storage 2 x 5500 m3

Jockey Pumps 2 x 25 m3/hr Fire Water pumps 7 Nos. (4x615 m3/hr + 3x410 m3/hr) Control panel Provided Fixed Sprinkler System At all relevant places (will be converted to

auto sprinkler system supported by PLC based ILSD)

DCP & CO2 fire extinguishers As per OISD-144 Hydrants & Monitors As per OISD-144 Gas Monitoring System As per OISD-144 (Proposed) ILSD As per OISD-144 (Proposed)

2.4 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 2.4.1 LPG Receipt & Storage LPG is being received from IPP Halida, IOCL’s Refinery at Barauni, Noonmati

(Guwahati) and NRL Numaligarh through 18 MT capacity road tankers and

stored in 02 nos. of Horton Spheres (2x660MT). The storage vessels are

provided with a single liquid inlet/outlet line at bottom, one vapour inlet/outlet line

connected with LPG vapour compressor at the top. 02 nos. of safety valves have

been provided on the top of each storage vessel. All the storage vessels are

provided with level gauges.

2.4.2 Unloading

LPG in road tankers is unloaded in TLD shed comprising 08 nos. of unloading

bays. The road tankers are connected to liquid and vapour lines from Horton

Spheres by unloading arm provided with excess flow check valve and isolation

valve. Road tankers are provided with Roto gauges. Flow indicators are provided

in the liquid line leading to Horton Spheres. Vapour line is connected to the

compressor through a four way valve. LPG is unloaded from the road tanker by

differential pressure method. During LPG unloading, vapour from one storage

bullet/Horton sphere is sucked at 7.0 Kg/cm2a (max) and is compressed in LPG

compressor to 13.0 Kg/cm2 (max) pressure. The compressed LPG vapour is fed

to bulk tanker to pressurize it and LPG (Liquid) is transferred from the road

tanker to the Horton Sphere.


PROJECT DESCRIPTION


After LPG unloading, the compressor suction is reversed by changing the four

way valve position and LPG vapour is recovered from road tanker through the

same compressor and discharged to Horton Sphere till the suction pressure of

compressor falls from an initial value of 11.6 Kg/cm2 to 2 Kg/cm2.

2.4.3 LPG Pump House LPG Pumps LPG pumps will take suction from bottom of Horton Spheres and deliver liquid to

carousal for filling in empty cylinders.

LPG Vapour Compressors Four nos. of LPG vapour compressors have been provided. The compressor is

used for unloading of LPG from road tankers by pressurization and thereafter for

recovery of LPG vapour from the road tankers when unloading is complete. The

compressor is equipped with a suction receiver (knock out drum) to trap any

condensed liquid.

2.4.4 Air Compressor & Air Drying Unit Four nos. of non lubricated screw type Air compressor are provided for supply of

compressed air for plant requirement as well as for preparation of instrument air

at a press of 7 Kg/Cm2a

Compressed air shall be generally required as plant air/service air and a part of

the compressed air passes through air drying unit for generation of instrument air

at 7 Kg/Cm2a and relative humidity at -15oC. Instrument air is required for LPG

handling & filling system, operation of instruments including ROVs and thermal

fuse bulbs etc. The air compressor and air drying unit are located at a sufficient

distance from LPG handling facilities.

2.4.5 LPG Cylinder filling and associated facilities Empty cylinders from empty cylinder storage shed are drawn in the filling shed by

chain conveyer. LPG is filled by means of rotary machines called "Carousel". The

carousel consists of a turnable frame with running wheels and corresponding rail,

a central column for gas and air and a hydraulic driving unit, which rotates the

carousel frame. The speed of the driving unit is variable so that the rotation of the


PROJECT DESCRIPTION


carousel can be adapted to various filling capacities. The two numbers of

carousel frames are equipped with 24 filling guns.

LPG filling machine mounted on the carousel works on gross weighing principle.

The machine is preset for the net filling required in the cylinders. The cylinders

are placed on the machine and the filling head is connected to the cylinder valve

and LPG supply valve opens. The filling machine is adjusted for the respective

tare weight of the cylinders. The filling gets automatically cut off when the total

gross weight reaches.

Checking of weight and Leak testing After filling, every cylinder is checked for its weight on a check weighing scale

and the cylinders having less or more weight are segregated. The cylinders are

checked for valve leakage by Automatic Valve Testing Station and then checking

for body & bung leaks by totally submerging cylinders under water as per

prevailing practice. After leak testing, the cylinders are sent to filled cylinder

storage shed by means of chain conveyers for loading in the trucks.

Air removal from cylinders and LPG vapour filling - Purging Unit This unit is required to fill LPG vapour in cylinders (new and repaired) after

sucking the air from cylinders by vacuum pumps. This operation is highly essential to eliminate the possibility of forming explosive mixture with air.

Vacuum is created upto 300 mm of Hg inside the cylinder and then LPG vapour

is injected into the cylinder up to a pressure of 1.5 to 2 kg/cm2g before using

them for filling.

Evacuation of leaky cylinders

LPG is taken out from leaky cylinders and defective valve is replaced in the

repairing shed. This unit consists of one LPG vapour compressor, two evacuation

vessels and cylinder stand to keep the leaky cylinders in inverted position.

Transfer of LPG from leaky cylinders is done by differential pressure method.

The liquid collected in a vessel is transferred to Horton Sphere by pressurization.

Leaky cylinders are further evacuated and thereafter depressurized through cold

flare unit before sending for cold repair.


PROJECT DESCRIPTION


Storage of filled cylinders & transportation Filled cylinders after leak testing, weight testing and fixing safety caps are

stacked in the filled cylinder shed near the delivery end as per rules laid down by OISD/Gas Cylinder Rules, 1981. Filled cylinders are delivered only to the

authorized LPG distributors. Drivers of the trucks carrying LPG are having valid

license and are having training in safety & fire fighting procedures.

CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT




3.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION The baseline environmental studies help in assessing the existing environmental

conditions of the study area and identifying the critical environmental attributes.

This would facilitate the comparison of the resultant environmental conditions in

the post project scenario with the present day conditions and would help in

preserving the environment without any sensible, irreversible deterioration and

safeguarding the interests of the area.

An area of 5 Km radius from the proposed site was considered as the study area.

This chapter comprises the description of the existing environmental status of the

study area with reference to the prominent environmental components. The

existing environmental setting is considered to judge the baseline conditions

which are described with respect to climate, hydro-geological aspects,

atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality, ecology, socio-economic

profile, land-use pattern, places of archaeological importance etc.

This report presents the primary data generated during the period from 1st

November, 2011 to 31st January, 2012 and the secondary data collected from

various Government and semi-Government organisations. Secondary data, from

various scientific studies conducted in the study area by various organizations,

has also been collected, assimilate and interpreted.

3.2 GENERAL ENVIRONMENT The LPG bottling plant of IOCL is at College Nagar near Abhoypur village, under

Sila Sundari Ghopa Tehsil of Kamrup district in the State of Assam. The bottling

plant is spread over an area of 83 acres of land with licensed area of 25.56

acres, provided by the Government of Assam. Geographically, the plant is

located at longitude 91042'24.05" East and latitude 26011'44.71" North at an

altitude of about 52 m above mean sea level. The plant is surrounded by paddy

fields in all directions except south direction where the boundary of IIT, Guwahati

is located at a distance of about 1.5 km. Brahmaputra River, the only major

surface water body, is located in southern direction at a distance of about 2.0 km.

The study area comprises few industrial units, namely M/s Laxkhmi Narayan




Food & Beverage Pvt. Ltd, M/s Silver Drop Rice Mills, M/s Brahmaputra Iron

Ispath Pvt Ltd and M/s Top Cements etc. The National Highways, NH-31 & NH-

37 are at a distance of about 3 km on the west and 5 km on the south

respectively from the plant.

3.3 LAND ENVIRONMENT The baseline status of the land environment has been established with respect to

the soil quality and land use pattern of the study area. The main objective of the

study is to assess the impact of proposed Mounded Bullets of LPG on the

existing land use pattern.

3.3.1 Land Use Pattern of proposed Site

The proposed Mounded Bullets shall be installed within the existing LPG Bottling

Plant and hence, there will be practically no change in existing land use pattern

of the area.

3.3.2 Land Use Pattern (5 km) As per Satellite Imagery

The land-use/land-cover map of the study area is usually generated through the

digital image processing. The data with respect to land use / land cover of the

study area has been presented in Table - 3.3.1.

Table - 3.3.1 AREA STATISTICS OF LAND USE /LAND COVER AROUND 5 KM RADIUS

OF IOCL BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI SL. No. Land Use/Land Cover Categories Area (in

Acres) Percent

1 Agricultural Land-Crop Land-Kharif Crop 6746.97 34.76 2 Agricultural Land-Crop Land-Rabi Crop 697.90 3.6 3 Agricultural Land-Plantation-Agriculture Plnt. 2448.35 12.62

4 Forest-Evergreen / Semi Evergreen-Dense/Closed 3685.41 18.98

5 Forest-Evergreen / Semi Evergreen-Open 1146.92 5.91 6 Forest-Scrub Forest 495.31 2.55 7 Tree Clad Area-Open 2929.78 15.1 8 Water bodies-River/Stream-Dry 160.12 0.83 9 Water bodies-River/Stream-Perennial 452.13 2.33

10 Wet lands-Inland Natural 644.71 3.32 Total 19407.61 100.00




3.3.3 Land Use / Land cover The land use / land cover classification standardized by the Department of

Space, for mapping different agro-climatic zones has been presented in Table-

3.3.2. The present classification system has following four major classes:

(1) Built-Up Land: This comprises land covered by structures.

(2) Agricultural Land: This comprises areas primarily used for raising

agricultural crops, vegetables and plant material of medicinal and

commercial values.

(3) Forest: Forest is defined as all land bearing vegetative association

dominated by trees of any size, exploited or not, capable of producing wood

or other forest products and exerting an influence on climatic or water

regimes, or providing shelter for wildlife and live stock.

(4) Wasteland: Land having potential for development of vegetation cover but

not being used due to constraints which include salt affected land, eroded

land and water logged area.

(5) Water bodies: This comprises area persistently covered by water such as

rivers/ streams/ reservoirs/ tanks, lakes/ ponds and canals.

(6) Others: This class includes shifting cultivation, grass land / grazing land and

snow covered / glacial land.




Table - 3.3.2 LAND USE/ LANDCOVER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

1. Built-up Land 1.1 Built-Up Land

2. Agricultural Land 2.1 Crop Land

I. Kharif II. Rabi III. Kharif + Rabi

2.2 Fallow Land 2.3 Plantation

3. Forest

3.1 Evergreen / Semi-green Forest 3.2 Deciduous Forest 3.3 Degraded or Scrub Forest 3.4 Forest Blank 3.5 Forest Plantation 3.6 Mangroves

4. Waste Land

4.1 Salt Affected Land 4.2 Waterlogged Land 4.3 Marshy / Swampy Land 4.4 Gullied / Ravinous Land 4.5 Land without scrub 4.6 Sandy Area (Coastal & Desertic) 4.7 Barren Rocky/Stony waste/Sheet rock Area

5. Water Bodies 5.1 River Stream 5.2 Lake / Reservoir/ Tank/ Canal

6. Others 6.1 Shifting Cultivation 6.2 Grass Land/ Grazing Land 6.3 Snow covered/ Glacial Land

The land use/ land cover classification as per satellite imagery indicates that the

total area covered by agricultural land is about 9893.22 acres which is about

50.98% of total 5 km area, forest area is about 8257.42 acres equivalent to

42.54% of total area and the area covered by water bodies is about 612.25 acres

which is equivalent to about 3.16% of total area. The LU/LC map obtained from

North Eastern Space Applications Centre, Shillong has been presented in Plate-

3.1.




Plate-3.1

LU/LC MAP




3.3.4 Topography The district is bisected from east to west by the Brahmaputra River. The northern

portion runs in a strip of land from the north bank of the Brahmaputra, right to the

Bhutan border. The district is generally a great plain comprising a few elevated

tracts lying along the Bhutan hills in the north and the Khasi hills in the south. In

the north of the district, the ground undulates considerably so much that the edge

of the plain is not easily defined. In the south of the Brahmaputra, the plain is

broken up by hills. All the hills are covered with grass, bamboos and forests

among them Sal is the most dominant species. The study area falls under

Brahmaputra valley. The Brahmaputra valley is an alluvial plain which is about

720 km long and about 80 km broad.

3.3.5 Geological Succession

Geologically, the area is covered by quaternary alluvial sediments consisting of

clay, sand-stones and grits conglomerated with pieces of fossil wood and lignite.

The numerous low hills of Dhubri, Goalpara, Guwahati and Tejpur are actually

outlying portions of the Shillong metamorphic complex and composed of the

most part of gneiss. The surrounding plains have been formed by the alluvial

material brought down by the Brahmaputra and its tributaries. The flat ground is

largely occupied by clayey alluvium. Guwahati city is located in an area, where

the Shillong Plateau and the flood plains of the Brahmaputra confront each

other. Land-forms within the city are therefore unique with dissected hills

(originally part of the Shillong Plateau), plain areas and natural lakes (the Beels),

swamps and the mighty river Brahmaputra.

The hills on the southern boundary of the district and isolated hills on both banks

of the Brahmaputra are composed of gneissic rocks of Archaean age. This group

is represented by a complex of older and younger gneissic being intimately

mixed up, banded, folded and later intruded by granites, apolites and quartz vein

of comparatively younger age.

3.3.6 Drainage Pattern

The natural drainage system of Guwahati is towards Bharalu river, a tributary of

the Brahmaputra and its inter-linkages to the Beels and to the Brahmaputra river.




3.4 SOIL OF KAMRUP DISTRICT Kamrup District falls in the Eastern Himalayan region. This region as a whole has

high forest cover and practice of shifting cultivation. The variation in soil

characteristics are mainly dependent on lithology, topography, latitude, climate

and vegetation cover. Most of the properties related to soil morphology are

inherited from the parent rock types and their mineralogical assemblage. The

nature of the soil is clayey and sandy. It is mostly composed of sandy to silty

loams and acidic in nature. On the river banks it is less acidic and sometimes

neutral or slightly alkaline. The soil lacks in profile development and is deficient in

phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and humus. Soil structure of the district is

mainly alluvial in nature.

3.4.1 Soil Characteristics in the Study Area In order to assess the physico-chemical characteristics of soil in the study area,

three sampling locations were selected to represent various land use conditions

in the study area. Out of three locations, one was selected within project site and

two locations were selected from the villages located around the LPG Bottling

Plant. A map showing soil sampling locations has been presented in Plate - 3.2

and a brief description of the same is presented in Table - 3.4.1.

Table - 3.4.1 DETAILS OF SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Sl. No.

Location Code Sampling Location

With respect to proposed site

Distance Direction

1. SS1 Proposed site- Bottling plant North Guwahati 0.0 Km -

2. SS2 Abhoypur village- Agricultural land 0.5 Km E 3. SS3 Madhupur village- Agricultural land 0.6 Km NE




Rationale behind Sampling The main aim of the soil characterisation is to assess the soil quality of the area

in order to predict the pre & post project status of soil characteristics. This in turn,

would help to select proper species of plants and trees for green belt and

afforestation as an anti pollution measure. Keeping the above objective in view,

three sampling locations were selected so as to represent the entire study area.

Sampling & Analytical Methods The soil samples were collected by ramming a core-cutter into the soil up to a

depth of 90 cm. At each location, soil samples were collected from three depths,

viz. 0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, and 60-90 cm below the surface and mixed together.

The mixed samples were analysed for their physico-chemical characteristics.

From each location, samples were collected with a frequency of once per season

during the study period. The samples were brought to the laboratory and air dried

for a few days. The air-dried samples were then grounded in agate mortar with

the help of a wooden hammer and passed through 2-mm (10 mesh) sieve. The

coarser materials were rejected and the sieved material was sampled by the

standard 'conning and quartering' method and the processed samples were

analyzed for the different parameters according to the standard methods and

procedures. For analysis of metals, atomic absorption spectroscope was used. The processed samples were analyzed for the following parameters according to

the standard methods briefly described below: pH: The pH of the soil suspension (1:2, Soil : Water ratio) was determined with

the help of glass calomel electrode pH Meter.

Electrical Conductivity: The conductivity of the soil suspension (as above) was

determined with the help of a Conductivity Meter and the results expressed in

mille mho/cm. Phosphorous: Following methods were followed for extraction of available

Phosphorous in soil, namely (a) Bray & Kurtz’s (for acid soils) in which dilute acid

fluoride solution was used, and (b) Olsen’s (for alkaline soils) in which sodium

bicarbonate solution was used. After extraction, the Phosphorous concentration

was determined colorimetrically by Chloro-stannous Reduced Molybdo-




Phosphoric Blue Colour method.

Potassium: Potassium as K was extracted by neutral, normal ammonium

acetate solution and determined by flame photometric method.

Nitrogen: Nitrogen as N was determined following alkaline potassium

permanganate distillation method.

Organic Carbon: Organic carbon in soil was determined titrimetrically by the

Chromic acid - wet oxidation method of Walkley & Black and the results

expressed as percent of C in the soil.

Grain Size: Grain size distribution was performed by sieving method and the

results have been expressed as percent of sand, silt and clay in the soil.

Bulk Density: 100 mm diameter undisturbed soil sample has been collected

during boring operation in 45 mm long specially designed tube sampler attached

with a cutting shoe at its lower end with desired ratio. After sampling, the ends of

sample have been trimmed off. From the above obtained undisturbed sample,

the volume and the weight was found. The ratio between the weight and volume

gives bulk density.

Water Holding Capacity of Soil: 10 grams of soil sample was weighed and put

in a funnel already filled with filter papers. Funnel was kept on a conical flask. 50-

ml of water was poured on the sample. It was kept for one hour to complete the

filtration. The amount of water filtered in conical flask was measured. The

greater, the quantity of water collected, the lesser the water holding capacity or

greater porosity of the soil sample.




The results of characterization have been presented in Tables 3.4.3 to 3.4.5. The

highlights of the observations are as follows:

• Soil texture : Sandy Clay

• Percentage of sand content : 50 to 56%

• Percentage of silt content : 06 to 14%

• Percentage of clay content : 36 to 40%

• pH of the soil : 6.5 and 6.8

• Bulk density of the soil : 1.31 to 1.42 g/cm3

• Infiltration rate : 2.74 to 4.40 cm/hr

• Electrical conductivity : 0.24 to 0.32 milli mho/cm

• Organic carbon : 0.50 to 0.81%

• Nitrogen as N : 117.2 and 131.9 Kg/ha

• Phosphorous as P2O5 : 6.66 & 8.98 Kg/ha

• Potash as K2O : 39.25 & 42.12 Kg/ha




TABLE - 3.4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL

Period: November, 2011 to January, 2012 Location: LPG Bottling Plant, North-Guwahati

Sl. No. Parameters

Observed Value SS1

(0-30cm) (30-60cm) (60-90cm) 1 Soil Texture Sandy Clay Sandy Clay Sandy Clay

2

Grain Size,% a) Sand 52 50 50 b) Silt content 10 14 12 c) Clay content 38 36 38

3 Porosity, % 36.2 35.4 35.1 4 Bulk Density, g/cm3 1.31 1.32 1.32 5 pH 6.5 6.6 6.5 6 Elect. Conductivity (m-mhos/cm at 20OC) 0.25 0.26 0.26 7 Water holding capacity % 36 38 38 8 Liquid Limit (%) Non plastic Non plastic Non plastic 9 Plastic Limit (%) Non plastic Non plastic Non plastic

10 Infiltration Rate (cm/hr.) 3.22 2.93 2.74 11 Field Capacity (%) 6.8 6.7 6.7 12 Wilting Co-efficient (%) 0.81 0.80 0.80 13 Available Magnesium, as MgO Kg/ha 25.69 26.12 26.78 14 Organic Carbon % 0.78 0.65 0.59 15 Sodium Adsorption Ratio 0.39 0.40 0.40 16 Cation Exchange Capacity, Cmol(+)/kg 48.40 47.52 48.40 17 Nitrogen as N, kg/ha 131.9 130.7 130.6 18 Phosphorous as P2O5, kg/ha 8.98 8.45 8.11 19 Potash as K2O, kg/ha 39.25 39.89 40.23

Soil Fertility Quality Standard w.r.t C:N:P:K

Sl. No. PARAMETERS QUALITY STATUS

Poor Medium Fertile 1 Organic Carbon % <0.5 0.5 to 0.75 >0.75 2 Nitrogen as N, kg/ha <280 280 to 560 >560 3 Phosphorus as P2O5, kg/ha <23 23 to 57 >57 4 Potash as K2O, kg/ha <133 133 to 337 >337




TABLE - 3.4.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL

Period: November, 2011 to January, 2012 Location: Abhoypur Village - Agricultural land

Sl. No. Parameters

Observed Value SS2


2


3 Porosity, % 32.7 32.7 32.2 4 Bulk Density, g/cm3 1.39 1.39 1.40 5 pH 6.7 6.8 6.8 6 Elect. Conductivity(m-mhos/cm at 20OC) 0.24 0.24 0.25 7 Water holding capacity % 36 34 34 8 Liquid Limit (%) Non plastic Non plastic Non plastic 9 Plastic Limit (%) Non plastic Non plastic Non plastic

10 Infiltration Rate (cm/hr.) 3.86 4.18 4.40 11 Field Capacity (%) 6.2 6.2 6.1 12 Wilting Co-efficient (%) 0.74 0.74 0.73 13 Available Magnesium, as MgO Kg/ha 29.32 30.12 30.68 14 Organic Carbon % 0.81 0.71 0.63 15 Sodium Adsorption Ratio 0.41 0.42 0.41 16 Cation Exchange Capacity, Cmol(+)kg 46.81 49.32 46.82 17 Nitrogen as N, kg/ha 126.5 126.1 125.8 18 Phosphorous as P2O5, kg/ha 7.86 7.12 7.01 19 Potash as K2O, kg/ha 41.36 41.96 42.12


Sl. No. PARAMETERS QUALITY STATUS

Poor Medium Fertile 1 Organic Carbon % <0.5 0.5 to 0.75 >0.75 2 Nitrogen as N, kg/ha <280 280 to 560 >560 3 Phosphorus as P2O5, kg/ha <23 23 to 57 >57 4 Potash as K2O, kg/ha <133 133 to 337 >337




TABLE – 3.4.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL

Period: November, 2011 to January, 2012 Location: Madhupur Village- Agricultural Land

Sl. No. Parameters

Observed Value SS3


2


3 Porosity, % 31.4 31.9 31.4 4 Bulk Density, g/cm3 1.42 1.41 1.42 5 pH 6.7 6.8 6.7 6 Elect. Conductivity(m-mhos/cm at 20OC) 0.31 0.32 0.32 7 Water holding capacity % 32 34 32 8 Liquid Limit (%) Non plastic Non plastic Non plastic 9 Plastic Limit (%) Non plastic Non plastic Non plastic

10 Infiltration Rate (cm/hr) 3.68 3.42 3.98 11 Field Capacity (%) 6.0 6.1 6.0 12 Wilting Co-efficient (%) 0.71 0.72 0.71 13 Available Magnesium, as MgO Kg/ha 31.56 32.33 32.98 14 Organic Carbon % 0.69 0.56 0.50 15 Sodium Adsorption Ratio 0.52 0.48 0.50 16 Cation Exchange Capacity, Cmol(+)kg 46.80 49.40 50.11 17 Nitrogen as N, kg/ha 118.6 117.8 117.2 18 Phosphorous as P2O5, kg/ha 7.10 6.89 6.66 19 Potash as K2O, kg/ha 40.32 40.95 41.65


Sl.No. PARAMETERS QUALITY STATUS Poor Medium Fertile

1 Organic Carbon % <0.5 0.5 to 0.75 >0.75 2 Nitrogen as N, kg/ha <280 280 to 560 >560 3 Phosphorus as P2O5, kg/ha <23 23 to 57 >57 4 Potash as K2O, kg/ha <133 133 to 337 >337




SOIL TEXTURE DIAGRAM

Clay loam Silty

ClaySilty

SandyClay

Sandy clayloam

Clay

loamClay

loamSiltLoam

loamSandy

LoamysandSand Slit

Perc

ent c

lay Percent slit

90

100%10100 %

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

( 2 microns )100% clay

Percent Sand Slitsand

2030405060708090

8070

6050

4030

20

10

PLATE - 3.3




3.5 CLIMATE & METEOROLOGY 3.5.1 Climate

The climate of the state is characterized by a warm and humid feeling. As the

tropic of cancer runs through the state, the climate is temperate but pleasant.

The monsoon brings heavy rains to the area of study. The study area has four

well-defined seasons viz. summer, monsoon, winter and spring. Normally, the

climate of Guwahati is mildly sub-tropical with warm, dry summers from April to

late May, a strong monsoon from June to September and cool, dry winters from

late October to March. December, January and February are the coldest and

June, July, August and September are the hottest. Extreme high level of humidity

is observed in summers leading to discomfort.

Climatological normal data of Guwahati (Borjhar) IMD observatory are available

for comparatively longer period of time. Climatological normal data for this

observatory have been presented through Tables - 3.5.1 to 3.5.6 to represent the

area.

3.5.2 Rainfall and Humidity Climatological Normal Data on rainfall, humidity and cloudiness for Guwahati

(Borjhar) Meteorological Station for the period 1951-1980 are presented in Table

- 3.5.1. The annual average rainfall is 1717.7 mm received during south-west

monsoon period from June to September. Maximum rainfall in a single day is

reported to be 194.3 mm on 5th June, 1956. Kamrup district experienced annual

rainfall ranged between 1500 mm to 2600 mm. Relative Humidity is high

throughout the year. The daily average relative humidity values are in the range

of 73 to 80%.The seasonal average humidity value is found to be 76.5%.

3.5.3 Temperature Climatological normal data on monthly mean values of daily maximum and

minimum temperatures, highest and lowest values in the different months, and

extremes of temperature for the period 1951-1980 for Guwahati (Borjhar)

Meteorological Station have been presented in Table - 3.5.2. Ambient

temperature varies from the minimum of 9.80C to 32.10C. Amongst the extremes

of temperatures recorded during the 30 years period, the highest temperature of




40.30C was recorded on 1st May, 1960 and the lowest temperature of 3.00C was

recorded on 30th January, 1964.

3.5.4 Wind Flow Pattern Climatological normal data on wind flow pattern for Guwahati (Borjhar)

Observatory have been presented in Table - 3.5.3. The winds are generally

moderate and blow from North-East. Between January and March the winds

continue to be moderate. The maximum number of calm periods observed is in

the month of December and January. Percentage frequency distribution of

dominant wind during the study period has been presented in Tables-3.5.8 to

3.5.11.

3.5.5 Special Weather Phenomenon Climatological normal data on special weather phenomenon at Guwahati

(Borjhar) Observatory have been presented in Table - 3.5.4. It is very interesting

to note that the annual mean data for thunder, Hail, Dust storm, Squall and Fog

is 101.2 days, 1.2 days, 0.9 days, 7.3 days and 42.0 days respectively.




Table - 3.5.1 CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMAL DATA - RAINFALL & HUMIDITY

Month Rainfall Relative

Humidity, %

Cloud Amount (Octas of Sky) Monthly

Total, mm No. of

rainy days All Clouds Low Clouds

January I II 11.4 1.2 86

72 2.2 2.8

1.0 0.9

February I II 12.8 1.3 73

55 1.9 2.8

0.8 1.2

March I II 57.7 4.6 65

48 2.4 3.2

0.9 1.4

April I II 142.3 9.0 71

58 3.7 3.9

2.0 2.1

May I II 248.0 14.3 79

71 5.6 4.5

3.3 2.6

June I II 350.1 16.1 84

79 6.6 6.2

4.0 3.4

July I II 353.6 16.8 85

80 7.0 6.4

4.3 3.7

August I II 269.9 13.9 84

81 6.7 6.2

3.8 3.6

September I II 166.2 10.3 83

82 5.9 5.9

3.4 3.3

October I II 79.2 5.3 83

82 4.5 4.2

2.9 2.4

November I II 19.4 1.5 84

82 3.3 3.0

2.1 1.5

December I II 5.1 0.4 87

80 2.5 2.7

1.3 0.9

Annual Total / Mean

I II 1717.7 94.7 80

73 4.4 4.3

2.5 2.3

Source: Climatological Normal Table for Guwahati (Borjhar) (IMD Publication).




Table - 3.5.2 CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMAL DATA – TEMPERATURE

Month

Air Temperature, Mean, 0C Extremes, 0C

Dry Bulb

Wet Bulb

Daily Max

Daily Min

Highest in

Month

Lowest in

Month High Low

January I II

15.4 18.7

14.0 15.8 23.6 9.8 26.0 6.8 28.4 3.0

February I II

18.0 22.5

15.2 16.9 26.4 11.5 30.4 7.6 32.4 5.3

March I II

22.4 26.8

18.1 19.3 30.2 15.5 35.2 11.2 38.6 8.5

April` I II

25.4 28.6

21.5 22.4 31.5 20.0 36.3 15.9 39.5 10.3

May I II

26.5 28.9

23.8 24.7 31.0 22.5 35.5 19.1 40.3 16.4

June I II

27.8 29.0

25.7 26.2 31.4 24.7 34.9 22.2 38.5 20.6

July I II

28.4 29.4

26.3 26.7 31.8 25.5 34.7 23.7 36.7 21.6

August I II

28.6 29.2

26.4 26.6 32.1 25.5 34.8 23.5 36.3 22.3

September I II

28.2 28.3

25.9 25.9 31.7 24.6 34.5 22.6 35.9 21.2

October I II

26.0 26.6

23.8 24.3 30.1 21.8 32.9 18.2 34.5 13.8

November I II

21.5 22.6

19.7 20.5 27.4 16.4 29.9 12.6 32.5 10.0

December I II

17.1 19.1

15.7 17.1 24.6 11.5 27.0 8.5 30.9 4.9

Annual Total / Mean

I II

23.8 25.8

21.3 22.2 29.3 19.1 37.0 6.5 40.3 3.0

Source: IMD Observatory at Guwahati (Borjhar) (IMD Publication).

* Highest Temperature 40.30C on 1st May 1960.

** Lowest Temperature 3.00C on 30th January 1964.




Table – 3.5.3 METEOROLOGICAL NORMAL DATA - WIND FLOW PATTERN

Month Percentage no. of days of wind blowing from* Mean Wind Speed Km/hr N NE E SE S SW W NW Calm

January I 3 14 5 2 3 2 1 1 69 2.5 II 3 9 3 1 5 4 3 2 70

February I 6 18 9 2 7 3 2 1 52 3.7 II 6 13 4 1 4 3 10 8 51

March I 7 31 15 2 4 3 4 2 32 5.1 II 10 18 4 1 4 6 15 10 32

April I 11 41 16 1 3 4 4 3 17 6.3 II 11 30 10 2 3 8 9 8 19

May I 13 35 14 3 4 4 4 4 19 5.7 II 10 32 10 2 4 4 7 9 22

June I 11 29 10 1 5 4 6 6 28 4.6 II 10 18 6 3 8 10 11 8 26

July I 11 27 9 1 4 5 8 8 27 4.3 II 6 12 5 3 11 14 15 11 23

August I 8 25 12 2 5 5 7 4 32 4.2 II 5 13 4 5 11 16 13 6 27

September I 8 26 11 2 6 4 6 5 33 3.7 II 5 10 6 4 8 11 11 4 40

October I 7 30 14 2 3 4 3 2 35 3.4 II 4 11 5 2 4 4 5 3 62

November I 7 27 11 1 2 0 1 1 50 2.9 II 2 10 5 1 3 1 0 0 78

December I 3 16 6 1 2 1 0 0 71 2.3 II 2 8 4 1 3 2 1 0 79 Annual Total/ Mean

I 8 27 11 2 4 3 4 3 38 4.1 II 6 15 6 2 6 7 8 6 44 Source: IMD Observatory at Guwahati (Borjhar) (IMD Publication).




Table - 3.5.4 CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMAL DATA – SPECIAL WEATHER PHENOMENA

Month No. of days with

Thunder Hail Dust-Storm Squall Fog

January 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1

February 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.4

March 5.8 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.2

April 13.8 0.7 0.1 2.7 0.0

May 16.5 0.1 0.0 2.5 0.1

June 14.4 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0

July 12.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

August 16.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

September 13.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3

October 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0

November 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 9.4

December 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.5

Annual Total/ Mean 101.2 1.2 0.9 7.3 42.0

Source: IMD Observatory at Guwahati (Borjhar) (IMD Publication).




Table – 3.5.5 PERCENTAGE FREQUENCIES OF GROUND BASED INVERSIONS

WITH VARIOUS TOP HEIGHTS (GUWAHATI)

Time: 00.00 GMT

Range, m Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 0-100 0 1 1 4 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 101-200 6 2 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 8 4 201-300 11 8 5 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 10 301-400 24 23 14 3 3 1 1 3 1 2 12 29 401-500 10 11 7 3 4 1 1 1 3 2 6 15 501-600 6 15 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 8 601-700 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 701-800 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 801-900 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 901-1000 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1001-1250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1251-1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Above 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Time: 12.00 GMT





Table – 3.5.6 PERCENTAGE FREQUENCIES OF ELEVATED INVERSIONS

WITH VARIOUS BASE HEIGHTS (GUWAHATI)

Time: 00.00 GMT


Time : 12.00 GMT





3.5.6 MICROMETEOROLOGY The micrometeorological data generated during the study period are very useful

for proper interpretation of the baseline information and provides an input for

prediction models for air pollutant dispersion. The transport and diffusion of the

pollutants in the atmosphere are governed by meteorological factors. Factors like

wind velocity, wind direction and atmospheric stability are known as

primary/basic meteorological parameters since the dispersion and diffusion of

pollutants depend mainly on these factors. Factors like ambient temperature,

humidity, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, etc. are known as secondary

meteorological parameters as these factors control the dispersion of the

pollutants indirectly by affecting the primary factors. Thus, to assess the air

pollution impact it becomes imperative to collect the above mentioned

micrometeorological parameters in the study area.

3.5.7 On Site Meteorological conditions Wind speed and direction at the project site was monitored with a mechanical

wind monitor. Monitoring was carried out during the month of November 2011 to

January 2012. The wind rose for the study period has been shown in Plate - 3.4

to 3.7. The predominant wind direction was North-East, followed by North. The

wind speed in the range of <1-12.5 km/hr was blowing for most of the time during

the study period.

3.5.8 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Generally, moderate to high winds prevailed throughout the season. Winds were

light particularly during the morning hours. During the afternoon hours the winds

were stronger. Wind speed readings were ranging from <1 km/hr to 12.5 km/hr

The analysis of wind pattern during the season showed that the wind was

predominant blowing from North-East with frequency of 13.06% followed by

North with frequency of 6.45 %. The calm conditions prevailed 39.20%. The wind

speeds of 1-5 km/hr, 5-11 km/hr and above 11 km/hr were recorded for 36.69%,

20.53% and 3.58% of the total time respectively.

During the month of November, 2011, calm conditions prevailed about 35.60%.

The dominant wind direction was North-East with frequency of 13.11%. The wind




speeds ranging from 1-5 km/hr, 5-11 km/hr and 11-19 km/hr were recorded as

38.18%, 21.62% and 4.60% of the total occupancy respectively.

During the month of December, 2011, calm conditions prevailed about 43.50%.

The dominant wind direction was North-East with frequency of 12.29%.The wind



During the month of January 2012, calm conditions prevailed about 38.50%. The

dominant wind direction was North-East with frequency of 14.04%.The wind



The ambient temperature, relative humidity and rainfall recorded during the study

period have been summarized in Table-3.5.12 to 3.5.14.

TABLE-3.5.7

SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA

Month Temperature (0C) Relative Humidity (%) Total Rainfall,

(mm) Min. Max. Min. Max. November, 2011 14.0 29.3 26.0 95.0 1.60 December, 2011 10.2 28.6 37.0 93.0 1.70 January, 2012 8.2 25.2 24.0 91.0 11.20

The minimum temperature during the study period was recorded as 8.20C and

the maximum ambient temperature was recorded as 29.30C. The minimum value

of relative humidity was recorded as 24% whereas the maximum value has been

recorded as 95%. The maximum rainfall recorded during the study period was

11.20 mm in the month of January, 2012.




Table – 3.5.8 SEASONAL WIND ROSE PATTERN

Period: November, 2011- January, 2012

Direction Frequency (%) of Wind in Speed ranges, Km/Hr ≤1.0 1.0-5.0 5.0-11.0 ≥11.0 Total

N 4.11 2.34 0.00 6.45 NNE 1.55 0.91 0.03 2.49 NE 6.67 4.49 1.90 13.06

ENE 1.77 0.59 0.00 2.36 E 3.57 1.89 0.37 5.83

ESE 0.47 0.15 0.00 0.62 SE 1.25 0.78 0.00 2.03

SSE 0.92 0.42 0.00 1.34 S 3.42 1.62 0.37 5.41

SSW 2.06 0.94 0.00 3.00 SW 1.27 0.74 0.00 2.01

WSW 1.67 0.74 0.14 2.55 W 3.45 1.88 0.29 5.62

WNW 1.28 0.76 0.00 2.04 NW 1.96 1.06 0.25 3.27

NNW 1.27 1.22 0.23 2.72 Calm 39.20 - - - 39.20

TOTAL 39.20 36.69 20.53 3.58 100.00




Table - 3.5.9 MONTHLY WIND ROSE PATTERN

Period: November- 2011


N 4.36 2.35 0.00 6.71 NNE 1.84 0.56 0.00 2.40 NE 6.35 4.41 2.35 13.11

ENE 2.35 1.21 0.00 3.56 E 4.56 2.35 0.56 7.47

ESE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 SE 1.23 0.56 0.00 1.79

SSE 1.25 0.51 0.00 1.76 S 3.52 1.33 0.66 5.51

SSW 2.32 1.14 0.00 3.46 SW 1.23 1.11 0.00 2.34

WSW 1.52 0.56 0.00 2.08 W 3.56 1.56 0.52 5.64

WNW 1.32 1.21 0.00 2.53 NW 1.52 1.26 0.51 3.29

NNW 1.25 1.50 0.00 2.75 Calm 35.60 - - - 35.60

TOTAL 35.60 38.18 21.62 4.60 100.00




Table – 3.5.10 MONTHLY WIND ROSE PATTERN

Period: December- 2011


N 3.65 2.56 0.00 6.21 NNE 1.25 0.96 0.10 2.31 NE 6.52 4.56 1.21 12.29

ENE 1.54 0.56 0.00 2.10 E 2.62 1.20 0.56 4.38

ESE 1.42 0.46 0.00 1.88 SE 1.12 1.23 0.00 2.35

SSE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 S 3.52 2.12 0.45 6.09

SSW 2.45 0.56 0.00 3.01 SW 1.32 0.52 0.00 1.84

WSW 1.14 0.42 0.00 1.56 W 3.52 1.52 0.00 5.04

WNW 1.11 0.56 0.00 1.67 NW 2.23 0.56 0.00 2.79

NNW 1.21 1.32 0.45 2.98 Calm 43.50 - - - 43.50

TOTAL 43.50 34.62 19.11 2.77 100.00




Table – 3.5.11 MONTHLY WIND ROSE PATTERN

Period: January- 2012


N 4.32 2.12 0.00 6.44 NNE 1.56 1.21 0.00 2.77 NE 7.14 4.76 2.14 14.04

ENE 1.41 0.00 0.00 1.41 E 3.52 2.11 0.00 5.63

ESE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 SE 1.41 0.54 0.00 1.95

SSE 1.52 0.74 0.00 2.26 S 3.21 1.41 0.00 4.62

SSW 1.42 1.12 0.00 2.54 SW 1.25 0.58 0.00 1.83

WSW 2.35 1.23 0.41 3.99 W 3.26 2.57 0.35 6.18

WNW 1.41 0.52 0.00 1.93 NW 2.13 1.35 0.24 3.72

NNW 1.34 0.85 0.00 2.19 Calm 38.50 - - - 38.50

TOTAL 38.50 37.25 21.11 3.14 100.00




TABLE – 3.5.12 MICRO METEOROLOGICAL DATA

Period: November, 2011

Sl. No. Date Temperature, 0C Relative Humidity, %

Rainfall, mm Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum 01. 01-11-2011 19.2 26.0 26.0 95.0 - 02. 02-11-2011 17.3 26.0 30.0 94.0 - 03. 03-11-2011 18.5 29.2 43.0 93.0 - 04. 04-11-2011 19.6 29.2 59.0 92.0 - 05. 05-11-2011 18.6 29.1 45.0 90.0 - 06. 06-11-2011 17.4 27.5 53.0 89.0 - 07. 07-11-2011 16.2 28.6 44.0 87.0 - 08. 08-11-2011 16.2 29.0 38.0 88.0 - 09. 09-11-2011 17.3 29.0 43.0 80.0 - 10. 10-11-2011 16.3 28.3 54.0 94.0 - 11. 11-11-2011 15.2 29.0 31.0 95.0 - 12. 12-11-2011 17.5 22.9 76.0 95.0 0.6 13. 13-11-2011 16.3 22.8 77.0 95.0 - 14. 14-11-2011 17.0 26.1 64.0 94.0 - 15. 15-11-2011 16.0 26.1 54.0 94.0 1.0 16. 16-11-2011 17.2 24.5 70.0 92.0 - 17. 17-11-2011 17.1 22.4 71.0 92.0 - 18. 18-11-2011 16.1 25.0 62.0 88.0 - 19. 19-11-2011 14.3 25.3 60.0 92.0 - 20. 20-11-2011 15.5 27.0 58.0 90.0 - 21. 21-11-2011 15.5 28.0 45.0 90.0 - 22. 22-11-2011 14.1 28.2 42.0 90.0 - 23. 23-11-2011 15.3 27.1 51.0 93.0 - 24. 24-11-2011 15.7 29.3 42.0 90.0 - 25. 25-11-2011 15.0 28.3 41.0 90.0 - 26. 26-11-2011 14.0 25.1 64.0 90.0 - 27. 27-11-2011 16.3 28.4 42.0 92.0 - 28. 28-11-2011 16.1 28.4 48.0 90.0 - 29. 29-11-2011 16.3 27.5 49.0 90.0 - 30. 30-11-2011 17.1 27.1 48.0 90.0 -

SUMMARY

Values Temperature (0C) Relative Humidity (%) Total Rainfall (mm)

Minimum 14.0 26.0 1.60 Maximum 29.3 95.0




TABLE - 3.5.13 MICRO METEOROLOGICAL DATA

Period: December, 2011


Rainfall, mm Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

01. 01-12-2011 15.3 28.0 39.0 93.0 - 02. 02-12-2011 14.6 28.6 51.0 90.0 - 03. 03-12-2011 15.5 28.1 51.0 93.0 1.0 04. 04-12-2011 17.6 26.4 74.0 91.0 - 05. 05-12-2011 17.2 27.5 44.0 89.0 - 06. 06-12-2011 16.3 27.2 48.0 93.0 - 07. 07-12-2011 15.6 27.7 44.0 93.0 - 08. 08-12-2011 16.2 27.2 60.0 93.0 - 09. 09-12-2011 16.1 28.5 44.0 93.0 - 10. 10-12-2011 16.1 24.6 62.0 91.0 - 11. 11-12-2011 14.5 24.4 60.0 90.0 - 12. 12-12-2011 14.0 23.8 76.0 93.0 - 13. 13-12-2011 11.0 24.1 45.0 93.0 - 14. 14-12-2011 12.0 24.1 53.0 93.0 - 15. 15-12-2011 13.3 22.0 59.0 93.0 0.3 16. 16-12-2011 12.2 22.0 72.0 93.0 0.4 17. 17-12-2011 14.1 23.6 59.0 93.0 - 18. 18-12-2011 14.5 24.0 43.0 93.0 - 19. 19-12-2011 12.1 24.3 44.0 93.0 - 20. 20-12-2011 13.6 24.0 51.0 93.0 - 21. 21-12-2011 11.4 22.2 61.0 93.0 - 22. 22-12-2011 11.5 18.2 87.0 93.0 - 23. 23-12-2011 11.0 17.1 86.0 93.0 - 24. 24-12-2011 11.0 15.5 88.0 93.0 - 25. 25-12-2011 11.3 24.6 46.0 93.0 - 26. 26-12-2011 10.2 23.1 55.0 93.0 - 27. 27-12-2011 11.0 25.2 41.0 93.0 - 28. 28-12-2011 14.1 28.2 44.0 93.0 - 29. 29-12-2011 12.2 27.3 37.0 93.0 - 30. 30-12-2011 11.0 27.4 39.0 89.0 - 31. 31-12-2011 11.3 26.1 43.0 93.0 -

SUMMARY Values Temperature (0C) Relative Humidity (%) Total Rainfall (mm)

Minimum 10.2 37.0 1.70 Maximum 28.6 93.0




TABLE - 3.5.14 MICRO METEOROLOGICAL DATA

Period: January, 2012


Rainfall, mm Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

01. 01-01-2012 12.0 22.3 61.0 91.0 0.3 02. 02-01-2012 14.2 17.0 87.0 91.0 2.0 03. 03-01-2012 15.0 21.0 57.0 88.0 - 04. 04-01-2012 14.1 21.3 59.0 88.0 - 05. 05-01-2012 13.2 23.0 59.0 86.0 - 06. 06-01-2012 12.0 21.6 63.0 87.0 - 07. 07-01-2012 11.3 21.3 50.0 89.0 0.2 08. 08-01-2012 11.5 24.3 43.0 87.0 - 09. 09-01-2012 13.1 18.4 86.0 86.0 - 10. 10-01-2012 12.2 23.5 53.0 91.0 - 11. 11-01-2012 11.2 23.6 61.0 91.0 0.5 12. 12-01-2012 11.0 22.8 59.0 88.0 - 13. 13-01-2012 14.0 18.1 74.0 87.0 - 14. 14-01-2012 12.3 21.6 55.0 88.0 - 15. 15-01-2012 8.6 21.5 40.0 87.0 - 16. 16-01-2012 8.2 20.8 52.0 88.0 - 17. 17-01-2012 12.5 20.8 52.0 86.0 - 18. 18-01-2012 13.0 21.3 53.0 86.0 - 19. 19-01-2012 12.2 16.6 89.0 87.0 1.2 20. 20-01-2012 12.1 20.2 65.0 91.0 7.0 21. 21-01-2012 12.4 18.5 90.0 91.0 - 22. 22-01-2012 11.4 19.3 79.0 91.0 - 23. 23-01-2012 10.2 22.6 49.0 86.0 - 24. 24-01-2012 12.1 22.3 47.0 86.0 - 25. 25-01-2012 11.3 22.0 46.0 87.0 - 26. 26-01-2012 11.0 22.0 55.0 86.0 - 27. 27-01-2012 11.0 25.3. 30.0 89.0 - 28. 28-01-2012 12.3 24.1 43.0 88.0 - 29. 29-01-2012 11.2 23.3 40.0 86.0 - 30. 30-01-2012 9.1 25.2 37.0 87.0 - 31. 31-01-2012 10.1 25.1 24.0 85.0 -

SUMMARY

Values Temperature (0C) Relative Humidity (%) Total Rainfall (mm)

Minimum 8.2 24.0 11.20 Maximum 25.2 91.0




3.6 AIR ENVIRONMENT The LPG bottling plant of IOCL is at College Nagar near Abhoypur village, under

Sila Sundari Ghopa Tehsil of Kamrup district in the State of Assam. The plant is

at a distance of about 25 km from Dispur, the state capital of Assam. Amingaon,

the nearest human settlements, is in south-eastern direction at a distance of

about 2.5 km from bottling plant. The plant is surrounded by paddy fields in all

directions except south direction where the boundary of IIT, Guwahati is located

at a distance of about 1.5 km. The National Highways, NH-31 & NH-37 are at a

distance of about 3 km on the west and 5 km on the south respectively from the

plant. 3.6.1 Methodology adopted for the Study The baseline status with respect to ambient air quality has been established

through a scientifically designed ambient air quality monitoring network based on

the following considerations:

• Meteorological conditions on synoptic scale;

• Topography of the study area;

• Representatives of background air quality; and

• Representatives of likely impact areas.

Air Quality monitoring was conducted at four sampling locations during the study

period from November, 2011 to January, 2012.

3.6.2 Sampling Period & Parameters The following air pollutants were monitored on 24-hourly basis for consecutive

two days in a week for a period of twelve weeks:

• Particulate matter(PM10)

• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

• Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)

• Hydrocarbons (Methane & Non-Methane HC)

• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)




3.6.3 Sampling & Analytical Procedure A brief description of the sampling and analytical procedures followed during the

ambient air quality monitoring is as follows:

PM10: The sampling of ambient air for evaluating PM10 levels were performed with a

RDS Sampler fitted with a cyclone separator for separation of particles larger

than 10 microns diameter. Air exiting the separator is drawn at a measured rate

through pre-weighed glass fiber filter sheets of 20 cm x 25 cm sizes. The PM10

concentrations were computed from the average air flow rate, sampling period

and the mass of particulate matter collected over the filter surface.

SO2: The sampling of ambient air for evaluating the gaseous pollutants were

performed with a Multigas Sampler, using the vacuum created by the RDS

Sampler for drawing the air samples through the impingers. For SO2, air was

drawn at a measured and controlled rate of 400 to 500 ml/min through a solution

of potassium tetrachloromercurate. After completion of the sampling, the used

absorbing reagent was treated with dilute solutions of sulfamic acid,

formaldehyde and para-rosaniline hydrochloride. The absorbance of the intensely

coloured para-rosaniline methyl sulphonic acid was measured at 560 nm

wavelength of light on spectrophotometer and the amount of SO2 in the sample

was computed. The ambient SO2 concentrations were computed from the total

SO2 absorbed in the impingers, overall efficiency of the impinger and the volume

of air sampled.

NOx:

Air was drawn at a measured and controlled rate of about 200 ml/minute through

an orifice-tipped impinger containing solutions of sodium hydroxide and sodium

arsenite. After completion of the sampling, suitable aliquot of the used absorbing

solution was treated with solutions of H2O2, sulphanilamide and NEDA. The

nitrite ion present in the impinger was calculated by measuring the absorbance of

the resulting solution at 540 nm wavelength of light on spectrophotometer. The

ambient NOx concentrations were computed from the total nitrite ion present in

the impingers, overall efficiency of the impinger and the volume of air sampled.




HC: Hydrocarbon concentration was measured by Gas Chromatograph fitted

with a FID detector after grab sampling.

VOC: VOC concentration was measured by Gas Chromatography technique.

3.6.4 Brief description of the sampling locations

An RDS was installed at a height of minimum 3 m from ground level to evaluate

the concentration of pollutants. The location of air sampling stations has been

presented in Plate - 3.8. A brief description of the sampling locations is presented

hereunder:

Admn. Building, LPG BOTTLING PLANT (SA-1) This sampling station is located inside the Bottling Plant and is selected to

assess the concentration of pollutants in the immediate vicinity of the proposed

site.

Madhupur Village (SA-2)

This sampling station has been selected to assess the concentration of pollutants

in upwind direction and is located at a distance of about 0.5 Km towards North-

Eastern direction of the LPG Bottling Plant. The RDS was installed on the roof of

a private house. This location is selected to assess the background concentration

of pollutants in rural and residential area.

Amingaon Village (SA-3) This sampling station is located at a distance of about 2.1 Km in South - Western

direction of the LPG Bottling Plant. This station lies in downwind direction with

respect to the Bottling Plant. The sampling was performed by installing an RDS

on the portico of a private house.

Ghoramara Village (SA-4) This sampling station is located at a distance of about 0.6 Km towards South

direction of the proposed site. The sampling was performed by installing an RDS

on the portico of a private house.




TABLE - 3.6.1 DETAILS OF MONITORING STATIONS

Sl. No. Location Name Location

code Direction

(from Plant) Distance

(Km)

01. Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant SA - 1 - -

02. Madhupur Village SA - 2 NE 0.5

03. Amingaon Village SA - 3 SW 2.1

04. Ghoramara Village SA - 4 S 0.6




3.6.5 Methodology for measurement The Methodology used for measurement of pollutants may be summarized as

under:

TABLE - 3.6.2

MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY Sl. No. Parameters Code of

Practice Sampler Instruments used for Analysis

1. PM10 IS: 5182 (Part-IV)

RDS Sampler with Cyclone Separator Balance, Desiccator

2. SO2 IS: 5182 (Part-V) RDS Sampler Spectrophotometer

3. NOx IS: 5182 (Part-V) RDS Sampler Spectrophotometer

4. Hydrocarbon IS: 5182 (Part-XI)

Bladder & Aspirator Gas Chromatograph

3.6.6 Air Quality Standards

The Ambient Air Quality Standards notified by the Central Pollution Control Board

[the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part-II - Section 3 sub-section (ii) dated May

20, 1994], in exercise of its powers conferred under section 16(2)(b) of the Air

(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (4 of 1981) & subsequent

amendment Rules, 2009 have been presented in Table -3.6.8.

3.6.7 Observation The summary of the observations made during the monitoring has been

presented through Table 3.6.3 to 3.6.7 wherein minimum, maximum, 24 hourly

average and 98th percentile values of PM10, SO2, NOx, Hydrocarbon and VOC

concentration have been computed. The detailed observation made for ambient

air quality during the study period has been presented in Table 3.6.9 to Table -

3.6.12.

PM10

Salient features of the observations made with respect to PM10 during the study

period are summarized in Table - 3.6.3 as under:




TABLE - 3.6.3 SUMMARY OF PM10 CONCENTRATIONS (µg/m3)

Sampling Location Min. Max. Average 98th

PercentilePermissible Limits (24-Hrs Average) as

per NAAQS Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant 30 44 36.8 43.5 Industrial, Res.

& Rural Area 100

Madhupur Village 24 36 31.0 35.5 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area 100

Amingaon Village 27 41 34.6 41.0 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area 100

Ghoramara Village 25 37 30.8 36.5 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area 100

The concentrations of PM10 in the study area w.r. to the four sampling locations

were observed in the range of 24 to 44 μg/m3. The data analysis of the

observation reveals that the average values ranged between 30.8 to 36.8μg/m3.

The minimum value of 24μg/m3 have been observed at Madhupur Village (SA-2),

whereas the maximum value of 44μg/m3 was observed at Admn. Building,

Bottling Plant (SA-1). The 98th percentile values ranged between 35.5 to

43.5μg/m3. The concentration of PM10 was observed well below the NAAQS.

Sulphur Dioxide Salient features of the observations made during the study period have been

presented in Table - 3.6.4 as under.

TABLE - 3.6.4

SUMMARY OF SO2 CONCENTRATIONS (µg/m3)

Sampling Location Min. Max. Average 98th Percentile

Permissible Limits (24-Hrs Average)

as per NAAQS Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant 10.1 17.5 13.8 17.5 Industrial, Res.

& Rural Area 80

Madhupur Village 7.5 11.6 9.3 11.5 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area 80

Amingaon Village 8.0 13.6 10.5 13.4 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area 80

Ghoramara Village 8.4 12.1 10.2 12.1 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area 80

The concentrations of SO2 in the study area w.r. to the four sampling locations

have been observed in the range of 7.5 to 17.5μg/m3. The data analysis of the

observation reveals that the average values were observed in the range of 9.3 to




13.8 μg/m3. The minimum concentration of SO2 was recorded at Madhupur

village (SA-2), while the maximum concentration was observed at Admn.

Building, LPG Bottling Plant (SA-1). The 98th percentile values ranged between

11.5 to 17.5μg/m3. The observed SO2 concentrations were well below the

NAAQS.

Nitrogen Dioxide (NOX) Salient features of the observations made during the study period have been

presented in Table - 3.6.5 as under:

Table - 3.6.5

SUMMARY OF NOX CONCENTRATIONS (µg/m3)

Sampling Location Min. Max. Average 98th

Percentile Permissible Limits (24-Hrs Average) as

per NAAQS Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant 13.0 23.9 18.3 23.8 Industrial, Res.

& Rural Area 80

Madhupur Village 11.2 17.9 14.2 17.9 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area 80

Amingaon Village 13.2 19.6 16.5 19.1 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area 80

Ghoramara Village 11.6 18.9 15.2 18.2 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area 80

The concentrations of NOx in the study area w.r. to the four sampling locations

have been observed in the range of 11.2 to 23.9μg/m3. The data analysis of the

observation reveals that the average values were observed in the range of 14.2

to 18.3μg/m3. The minimum concentration of NOx was observed at Madhupur

Village (SA-2), while the maximum concentration was observed at Admn.

Building, LPG Bottling Plant (SA-1). The 98th percentile values ranged between

17.9 to 23.8μg/m3. The observed NOx concentrations were well below NAAQS.

Hydrocarbons (Methane) (HC) Salient features of the observations made during the study period have been





Table - 3.6.6 SUMMARY OF HC (Methane) CONCENTRATIONS (ppm)

Sampling Location Min. Max. Average 98th Percentile Description

Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant 1.12 1.51 1.38 1.50 Industrial, Res. &

Rural Area

Madhupur Village 1.06 1.22 1.14 1.22 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area

Amingaon Village 1.10 1.49 1.41 1.48 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area

Ghoramara Village 1.11 1.49 1.40 1.48 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area

The concentrations of HC in the study area w.r. to the four sampling locations

have been observed in the range of 1.06 to 1.51 ppm. The average values

ranged between 1.14 to 1.41 ppm. The minimum concentration of HC was

observed at Madhupur Village (SA-2), while the maximum concentration was

observed at Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant (SA-1). The 98th percentile

values ranged between 1.22 to 1.50 ppm. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Salient features of the observations made during the study period have been


Table - 3.6.7 SUMMARY OF VOC CONCENTRATIONS (mg/m3)

Sampling Location Min. Max. Average 98th Percentile Description

Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant 2.01 2.38 2.27 2.37 Industrial, Res. &

Rural Area

Madhupur Village 1.56 1.94 1.81 1.94 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area

Amingaon Village 1.69 2.24 2.05 2.23 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area

Ghoramara Village 1.95 2.16 2.08 2.15 Industrial, Res. & Rural Area

The concentrations of VOCs in the study area w.r. to the four sampling locations

were observed in the range of 1.56 to 2.38 mg/m3. The average values ranged

between 1.81 to 2.27 mg/m3. The minimum concentration of VOCs were

observed at Madhupur Village (SA-2), while the maximum concentration was

observed at Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant (SA-1). The 98th percentile

values ranged between 1.94 to 2.37 mg/m3.




3.6.8 AIR QUALITY STANDARDS The Ambient Air Quality Standards notified by Ministry of Environment & Forest

[the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part-II - Section 3 sub-section (i) dated

November 16, 2009], in exercise of its powers conferred by section 6 and section

25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1981), Seventh Amendment

Rules, 2009 have been presented in Table - 3.6.8.

While formulating the standards, it has been presumed that the State Pollution

Control Boards would, on the basis of land use and other factors, classify the

various areas of the state into two categories:

A) Industrial, Residential, rural and other areas, and

B) Sensitive areas.

Category (A) will become self-evident from the intensity of industrial and

anthropogenic activity in the area and is bound to have somewhat inferior quality

of air compared to category (B).




TABLE - 3.6.8 ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) SEVENTH AMENDMENT RULES, 2009

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

Pollutants Time

weighted average

Concentration in ambient air

Method of Measurement Industrial,

Residential, rural & other

areas

Ecologically Sensitive areas

(Notified by Central Government)

Sulphur dioxide, (SO2)μg/m3

Annual* 50 20 - Improved West & Gaeke Method

- Ultraviolet Fluorescence 24-hours** 80 80

Nitrogen dioxides (NO2), μg/m3

Annual* 40 30 - Modified Jacob & Hochheiser (Sodium Arsenite) Method

- Chemiluminescence 24-hours** 80 80

Particulate Matter (Size less than 10μm) or PM10 μg/m3

Annual* 60 60 - Gravimetric - TEOM - Beta Attenuation 24-hours** 100 100

Particulate Matter (Size less than 2.5μm) or PM2.5 μg/m3

Annual* 40 40 - Gravimetric - TEOM - Beta Attenuation 24-hours** 60 60

Ozone (O3), μg/m3

8 hours** 100 100 - UV photometric - Chemiluminescence - Chemical Method 1 hour** 180 180

Lead (Pb), μg/m3 Annual* 0.50 0.50 - AAS/ICP method after

sampling on EPM 2000 as equivalent filter paper

- ED-XRF using Teflon filter 24-hours** 1.0 1.0

Carbon Monoxide (CO), mg/m3

8 hours** 02 02 - Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR) spectroscopy 1 hour* 04 04

Ammonia (NH3),

μg/m3

Annual* 100 100 - Chemiluminescence - Indophenol blue method 24-hours** 400 400

Benzene (C6H6), μg/m3 Annual* 05 05

- Gas Chromatography based continuous analyzer

- Adsorption and desorption followed by GC analysis

Benzo (α) Pyrene (BaP) - Particulate phase only, ng/m3

Annual* 01 01 - Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis.

Arsenic (As), ng/m3 Annual* 06 06

- AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 as equivalent filter paper

Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 Annual* 20 20 - AAS/ICP method after

sampling on EPM 2000 as equivalent filter paper

* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a

week 24 hourly at uniform intervals.

** 24 hourly or 8 hourly or 1 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of

the time in a year, 2% of the time; they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of

monitoring.




Table - 3.6.9 AIR QUALITY DATA

Period: November, 2011 - January, 2012 Location: Admn. Building, Bottling Plant (SA1)

WEEK DATE

CONCENTRATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS

PM10 (µg/m3)

SO2 (µg/m3)

NOx (µg/m3)

HC (ppm) VOC (mg/m3) Methane

(ppm) Non- Methane

(ppm)

I 01/02/11.11 41 17.5 21.7 1.38 0.06 2.22 02/03/11.11 38 14.3 18.6 1.39 0.06 2.24

II 08/09/11.11 44 15.0 21.4 1.40 0.07 2.32 09/10/11.11 43 16.3 21.8 1.40 0.07 2.27

III 15/16/11.11 32 11.2 13.0 1.36 0.06 2.01 16/17/11.11 32 10.4 14.9 1.48 0.08 2.11

IV 22/23/11.11 41 13.6 17.6 1.51 0.10 2.27 23/24/11.11 37 12.0 16.1 1.36 0.06 2.20

V 29/30/12.11 35 11.0 15.7 1.24 0.05 2.36

30/01/11/12.11 32 13.4 16.3 1.29 0.06 2.22

VI 06/07/12.11 41 14.4 18.4 1.28 0.05 2.38 07/08/12.11 37 15.5 21.1 1.35 0.06 2.34

VII 13/14/12.11 43 17.3 23.7 1.42 0.07 2.32 14/15/12.11 35 15.8 21.6 1.35 0.07 2.36

VIII 20/21/12.11 37 17.5 23.9 1.40 0.08 2.25 21/22/12.11 34 16.8 21.0 1.35 0.06 2.31

IX 27/28/12.11 41 15.8 19.6 1.35 0.06 2.36 28/29/12.11 40 13.2 16.0 1.40 0.07 2.31

X 03/04/01.12 35 11.2 14.7 1.48 0.08 2.34 04/05/01.12 32 14.5 19.9 1.48 0.09 2.24

XI 10/11/01.12 31 11.0 15.1 1.44 0.08 2.32 11/12/01.12 30 10.1 14.9 1.12 0.05 2.15

XII 17/18/01.12 35 11.8 15.6 1.33 0.06 2.34 18/19/01.12 36 12.5 16.7 1.48 0.07 2.25

SUMMARY

Observations PM 10 (µg/m3)

SO2 (µg/m3)

NOx (µg/m3)

HC (ppm) VOC (mg/m3)Methane Non-Methane

Minimum Conc. 30 10.1 13 1.12 0.05 2.01 Max. Conc. 44 17.5 23.9 1.51 0.10 2.38 Average 36.8 13.8 18.3 1.38 0.07 2.27 98th percentile 43.5 17.5 23.8 1.50 0.10 2.37

NOTE: VOC= Volatile Organic Compound





Period: November, 2011 - January, 2012 Location: Madhupur Village (SA2)

WEEK DATE CONCENTRATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS

PM10 (µg/m3)

SO2 (µg/m3)

NOx (µg/m3)

HC (ppm) VOC (mg/m3) Methane Non- Methane

I 01/02/11.11 34 8.6 13.4 1.11 0.05 1.77 02/03/11.11 32 7.6 12.6 1.12 0.05 1.79

II 08/09/11.11 31 11.2 16.1 1.13 0.06 1.80 09/10/11.11 28 9.4 12.5 1.13 0.06 1.81

III 15/16/11.11 24 7.6 11.2 1.11 0.05 1.56 16/17/11.11 28 8.9 13.9 1.13 0.06 1.81

IV 22/23/11.11 33 10.4 15.0 1.14 0.06 1.83 23/24/11.11 28 8.3 14.0 1.18 0.06 1.89

V 29/30/12.11 29 10.5 13.0 1.13 0.06 1.80

30/01/11/12.11 24 8.1 12.8 1.10 0.05 1.76

VI 06/07/12.11 31 11.6 17.9 1.17 0.06 1.87 07/08/12.11 29 9.2 14.6 1.15 0.06 1.84

VII 13/14/12.11 34 8.1 12.8 1.15 0.06 1.84 14/15/12.11 33 10.9 15.6 1.20 0.06 1.92

VIII 20/21/12.11 34 9.4 13.9 1.13 0.06 1.80 21/22/12.11 32 10.7 16.8 1.15 0.06 1.84

IX 27/28/12.11 30 11.2 17.9 1.21 0.06 1.93 28/29/12.11 28 9.4 13.7 1.13 0.06 1.81

X 03/04/01.12 34 8.4 14.0 1.22 0.07 1.94 04/05/01.12 36 7.6 12.9 1.13 0.06 1.80

XI 10/11/01.12 32 8.5 13.8 1.12 0.05 1.73 11/12/01.12 28 7.5 12.2 1.06 0.05 1.66

XII 17/18/01.12 35 8.4 14.9 1.13 0.06 1.81 18/19/01.12 32 11.4 16.0 1.13 0.06 1.81

SUMMARY

Observations PM10 (µg/m3)

SO2 (µg/m3)

NOx (µg/m3)


Minimum Conc. 24 7.5 11.2 1.06 0.05 1.56 Max. Conc. 36 11.6 17.9 1.22 0.07 1.94 Average 31.0 9.3 14.2 1.14 0.06 1.81 98th percentile 35.5 11.5 17.9 1.22 0.07 1.94






Period: November, 2011 - January, 2012 Location: Amingaon Village (SA3)


PM10 (µg/m3)

SO2 (µg/m3)

NOx (µg/m3)


I 01/02/11.11 41 10.1 17.7 1.39 0.07 2.07 02/03/11.11 34 9.2 16.2 1.40 0.08 2.08

II 08/09/11.11 32 11.5 15.2 1.45 0.08 2.09 09/10/11.11 30 10.4 17.2 1.42 0.08 2.11

III 15/16/11.11 28 8.0 13.2 1.10 0.05 1.69 16/17/11.11 33 9.5 14.2 1.24 0.06 2.21

IV 22/23/11.11 36 10.4 17.8 1.42 0.08 2.24 23/24/11.11 37 13.6 18.4 1.38 0.07 2.04

V 29/30/12.11 34 11.4 17.7 1.47 0.08 1.86

30/01/11/12.11 30 10.6 19.6 1.39 0.07 1.93

VI 06/07/12.11 36 8.4 14.6 1.49 0.09 1.92 07/08/12.11 33 10.3 17.0 1.46 0.08 2.03

VII 13/14/12.11 37 9.6 14.8 1.45 0.08 2.13 14/15/12.11 41 12.6 18.5 1.47 0.08 2.03

VIII 20/21/12.11 38 11.7 17.2 1.41 0.07 2.09 21/22/12.11 32 11.4 16.7 1.44 0.08 2.03

IX 27/28/12.11 40 12.2 15.0 1.47 0.08 2.03 28/29/12.11 36 10.2 17.6 1.44 0.07 2.11

X 03/04/01.12 37 9.3 16.7 1.46 0.07 2.21 04/05/01.12 38 12.1 17.0 1.40 0.08 2.21

XI 10/11/01.12 32 9.0 14.8 1.45 0.08 2.16 11/12/01.12 27 8.2 14.2 1.41 0.08 1.74

XII 17/18/01.12 31 10.3 16.0 1.46 0.09 2.00 18/19/01.12 38 13.1 17.6 1.41 0.08 2.21

SUMMARY

Observations PM10 (µg/m3)

SO2 (µg/m3)

NOx (µg/m3)


Minimum Conc. 27 8.0 13.2 1.10 0.05 1.69 Max. Conc. 41 13.6 19.6 1.49 0.09 2.24 Average 34.6 10.5 16.5 1.41 0.08 2.05 98th percentile 41.0 13.4 19.1 1.48 0.09 2.23






Period: November, 2011 - January, 2012 Location: Ghoramara Village (SA4)


PM10 (µg/m3)

SO2 (µg/m3)

NOx (µg/m3)


I 01/02/11.11 34 9.3 13.2 1.38 0.07 2.05 02/03/11.11 28 8.4 14.2 1.47 0.09 2.14

II 08/09/11.11 33 11.2 16.9 1.38 0.07 2.00 09/10/11.11 32 10.7 14.5 1.45 0.08 2.11

III 15/16/11.11 26 8.8 14.9 1.11 0.05 2.00 16/17/11.11 27 9.8 15.8 1.23 0.06 2.11

IV 22/23/11.11 36 10.9 16.8 1.46 0.09 2.13 23/24/11.11 32 12.0 18.9 1.38 0.06 2.00

V 29/30/12.11 37 9.2 14.0 1.45 0.08 2.11

30/01/11/12.11 29 10.8 13.9 1.44 0.07 2.10

VI 06/07/12.11 32 11.6 17.4 1.47 0.08 2.14 07/08/12.11 34 9.3 14.0 1.34 0.06 1.95

VII 13/14/12.11 26 10.5 16.4 1.42 0.08 2.06 14/15/12.11 28 8.4 14.0 1.46 0.10 2.13

VIII 20/21/12.11 36 10.7 15.5 1.45 0.09 2.11 21/22/12.11 31 8.7 13.5 1.46 0.08 2.13

IX 27/28/12.11 35 11.2 16.5 1.38 0.07 2.00 28/29/12.11 31 12.1 15.4 1.40 0.07 2.03

X 03/04/01.12 31 10.6 16.2 1.44 0.07 2.10 04/05/01.12 33 9.2 14.3 1.49 0.09 2.16

XI 10/11/01.12 25 11.6 13.6 1.42 0.08 2.06 11/12/01.12 26 8.9 11.6 1.32 0.07 2.01

XII 17/18/01.12 25 9.1 16.6 1.44 0.08 2.10 18/19/01.12 31 10.6 17.2 1.45 0.08 2.11

SUMMARY Observations PM10

(µg/m3) SO2

(µg/m3) NOx

(µg/m3) HC (ppm) VOC

(mg/m3)Methane Non-Methane Minimum Conc. 25 8.4 11.6 1.11 0.05 1.95 Max. Conc. 37 12.1 18.9 1.49 0.10 2.16 Average 30.8 10.2 15.2 1.40 0.08 2.08 98th percentile 36.5 12.1 18.2 1.48 0.10 2.15





3.7 WATER ENVIRONMENT General

The fresh water system can be broadly classified under the following three

headings:

(a) Ground water system of wells and aquifers.

(b) Lentic system of ponds and lakes, and

(c) Lotic system of rivers and streams

Water quality of ground water resources within the study area has been studied

for assessing the present status of hydro environment and to evaluate

anticipated impact due to the plant activities. Physico-chemical characterisation

of water is essential in preparation of EMP and to identify critical issues with a

view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures and to safe guard the

ecosystem. The purpose of this study is devoted to:

• Assessment of water quality with reference to relevant parameters;

• Evaluate the present status of water on agricultural productivity, habitat

conditions, creational resources and aesthetics in the vicinity ; and

• Prediction of impact on water quality due to the plant activities by assessing

the receptive and assimilative power of the local water bodies.

The information required has been collected through Primary survey and

Secondary sources of information.

3.7.1 Methodology Reconnaissance survey was undertaken and monitoring locations were finalized

based on:

• Drainage Pattern;

• Location of residential areas representing different activities/likely impact

areas; and

• Likely areas, which can represent baseline conditions.

Water quality in the study area were characterised with respect to physico-

chemical parameters, heavy metals and biological contaminants in order to

assess the impact of industrial and other activities on water resources. The

samples were collected and analyzed as per the procedures specified in




‘Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water’ published by

American Public Health Association (APHA) 21st edition, year 2005.

Water samples were collected in polyethylene containers. Samples collected for

determination of metal content were acidified with 1 ml. HNO3. Samples for

biological analysis were collected in sterilized glass bottles. Selected physico-

chemical and biological parameters have been analyzed for projecting the

existing water quality status in the study area. Parameters like temperature,

Dissolved oxygen and pH were analyzed at the time of sample collection.

3.7.2 Water Sampling Locations To evaluate the characteristics of water system, five numbers of sampling

locations were fixed. Two nos. of surface water samples and three nos. of ground

water samples were collected from selected locations and were analyzed for

different parameters. The analytical results of the ground water samples are

presented in Table 3.7.5 and surface water samples are presented in Table

3.7.7. The water sampling locations have been shown Plate - 3.9. The sampling

locations and reference codes are presented below:

3.7.3 Sampling Locations for Ground Water To assess the quality of drinking water in and around the project area, the

samples were collected from the following locations:

TABLE - 3.7.1

Sampling Location for Ground Water

Sl. No Name of Sampling Locations Frequency Location

Code 01. Bore Well, LPG Bottling Plant Once in a season GW1

02. Hand Pump, Madhupur Village Once in a season GW203. Hand Pump, Abhoypur Village Once in a season GW3




3.7.4 Sampling Locations for Surface Water To assess the quality of lotic system (surface water), samples were collected from the following locations:

TABLE - 3.7.2

Sampling Location for Surface Water

Sl. No Name of Sampling Locations Frequency Location

Code 01. Brahmaputra River Once in a season SW1

02. Pond Water, Near LPG BP Main Gate Once in a season SW2




3.7.5 STANDARD FOR DRINKING WATER The test characteristics for Drinking water as specified under IS: 10500 is

appended below:

TABLE - 3.7.4 TEST CHARACTERISTICS FOR DRINKING WATER

(IS: 10500) (Wherever not specified, characteristics are expressed in mg/l)

Sl. No. Characteristics

Method of Test or

Ref. of IS:3025

Requirement (Desirable / permissible

Limit)

Undesirable effects

Desirable or

Essential Remarks

1 Colour, H Unit, max. 4 5 / 25 Note-1 Essential a 2 Odour 5 (Note-1) Unob.. - Essential b 3 Taste 7 Agreeable - Essential c 4 Turbidity, NTU, max. 10 5 / 10 Note-1 Essential - 5 pH value 11 6.5-8.5 Note-2 Essential - 6 Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l, max. 21 300 / 600 Note-4 Essential - 7 Iron (as Fe), mg/l, max. 32 0.3 / 1.0 Note-6 Essential - 8 Chloride (as Cl), mg/l, max. 32 250 / 1000 Note-8 Essential - 9 Residual, free Chlorine, mg/l, min. 26 0.2 - Essential g

10 Dissolved Solids, mg/l, max. 16 500 / 2000 Note-3 Desirable - 11 Calcium (as Ca), mg/l, max. 40 75 / 200 Note-4 Desirable - 12 Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l, max. - 30 - Desirable - 13 Copper (as Cu), mg/l, max. 36 0.05 / 1.5 Note-5 Desirable - 14 Manganese (as Mn), mg/l, max. 35 0.1 / 0.3 Note-7 Desirable - 15 Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l, max. 24 200 / 400 Note-9 Desirable d 16 Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l, max. 34 45 / 100 Note-10 Desirable - 17 Fluoride (as F), mg/l, max. 23 1.0 / 1.5 Note-11 Desirable -

18 Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l, max. 54 0.001 / 0.002 Note-12 Desirable -

19 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max. Note-2 0.001 Note-13 Desirable e 20 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, max. Note-2 0.01 Note-13 Desirable e 21 Selenium (as Se), mg/l, max. 28 0.01 Note-13 Desirable e 22 Arsenic (as As), mg/l, max. 37 0.05 Note-13 Desirable e 23 Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, max. 27 0.05 Note-13 Desirable e 24 Lead (as Pb), mg/l, max. Note-2 0.05 Note-13 Desirable f 25 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, max. 39 5.0 / 15.0 Note-14 Desirable e

26 Anionic detergents (as MBAS), mg/l, max. Note-3 0.2 / 1.0 Note-15 Desirable e

27 Chromium (as Cr6+), mg/l, max. 38 0.05 Note-16 Desirable e

28 Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (as PAH), g/l, max. - - Note-16 Desirable -

29 Mineral oil, mg/l, max. Note-4 0.01 / 0.03 Note-17 Desirable e

30 Pesticides, mg/l, max. - Absent / 0.001 Toxic Desirable -

31 Radioactive materials: (a) Alpha emitters, Bq/l, max. (b) Beta emitters, pci/l, max.

58

- / 0.1 - / 1.0

- -

Desirable - -

32 Alkalinity, mg/l, max 13 200 / 600 Note-18 Desirable - 33 Aluminium (as Al), mg/l, max. 31 0.03 / 0.2 Note-19 Desirable - 34 Boron, mg/l, max 29 1.0 / 5.0 - Desirable -

Notes, Methods of Test 1. (a) Test cold and when heated (b) Test at several dilutions. 2. Automatic absorption spectrophotometric method may be used. 3. Methylene Blue Extraction method (Limits and methods of test are under study). 4. Gas chromatographic method.




Notes, Undesirable effects outside desirable limits 1. Above 5, consumer acceptance decreases. 2. Beyond specified range, the water will affect the mucus membrane and / or water supply

system. 3. Beyond specified limit, palatability decreases and may cause gastro-intestinal irritation. 4. Encrustation in water supply structure and adverse effects on domestic use. 5. Astringent taste, discolouration and corrosion of pipes, fittings and utensils will be caused

beyond specified limit. 6. Beyond specified limit, taste/appearance is affected, has adverse effect on domestic uses and

water supply structures, and promotes iron bacteria. 7. Beyond specified limit, taste/appearance are affected, has adverse effect on domestic uses and

water supply structures. 8. Beyond specified limit, taste, corrosion and palatability are affected. 9. Beyond specified limit, it causes gastro-intestinal irritation when magnesium or sodium is

present. 10. Beyond specified limit, methaemoglobinemia takes place. 11. Fluoride may be kept as low as possible. High fluoride may cause fluorosis. 12. Beyond specified limit, it may cause objectionable taste and odour. 13. Beyond specified limit, the water becomes toxic. 14. Beyond specified limit, it can cause astringent taste and opalescence in water. 15. Beyond specified limit, it can cause a light froth in water. 16. May be carcinogenic above specified limit. 17. Beyond specified limit, undesirable taste and odour after chlorination takes place. 18. Beyond specified limit, taste becomes unpleasant. 19. Cumulative effect is reported to cause dementia.

Remarks (a) May be extended to 25 only if toxic substances are not suspected, in absence of alternate

sources. (b) (i) Test cold and when heated (ii) Test at several dilutions. (c) Test to be conducted only after safety has been established. (d) May be extended up to 400, provided magnesium (as Mg) does not exceed 30. (e) To be tested when pollution is suspected. (f) To be tested when pollution / plumbo-solvency is suspected. (g) To be applicable only when water is chlorinated. Tested at consumer end. When protection

against viral infection is required, it should be minimum 0.5 mg/l.

3.7.6 CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUND WATER

The physico-chemical characteristics of three nos. of ground water samples collected from three different locations have been presented hereunder:




Table - 3.7.5 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER SAMPLES

Date of Sample Collection: 07-01-2012 (Results are expressed in mg/l, unless otherwise stated)

Sl. No. Parameters

Analysis Results Desirable/ Permissible

Limits (IS:10500)

Bore Well, LPG Bottling Plant (GW1)

Hand Pump, Madhupur

Village (GW2)

Hand Pump, Abhoypur

Village (GW3)

PHYSICAL 1 pH 7.3 7.6 7.6 6.5-8.5 2 Temperature (OC) 24.2 25.1 25.3 - 3 Colour, HU (True) <2 <2 <2 5/25 4 Odour Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. Unobj. 5 Taste Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable 6 Turbidity (NTU) 6 <5 5 5/10 7 Total Suspended Solid 14 3 3 - 8 Total Dissolved Solids 220 260 170 500/2000 CHEMICAL 1 P- Alkalinity as CaCO3 NIL NIL NIL - 2 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 74 84 54 200/600 3 Chloride as Cl 44 66 34 250/1000 4 Sulphate as SO4 32 34 18 200/400 5 Nitrate as NO3 1.9 2.2 1.5 45/100 6 Fluoride as F <0.4 <0.4 <0.4 1.0/1.5 7 Total Hardness as CaCO3 160 204 106 300/600 8 Calcium Hardness as CaCO3 102 126 58 75/200*

9 Magnesium Hardness as CaCO3 58 78 48 30**

10 Sodium as Na 6 6 8 - 11 Potassium as K 1 1 1 - 12 Silica as SiO2 18 16 16 - 13 Iron as Fe 0.8 0.4 0.04 0.3/1.0 HEAVY METALS 1 Manganese as Mn <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.1/0.3 2 Total Chromium as Cr BDL BDL BDL 0.05 3 Lead as Pb BDL BDL BDL 0.05 4 Zinc as Zn 0.44 0.41 0.38 5.0/15 5 Cadmium as Cd BDL BDL BDL 0.01 6 Copper as Cu BDL BDL BDL 0.05/1.5 7 Nickel as Ni BDL BDL BDL 0.01 8 Arsenic as As BDL BDL BDL 0.05 9 Selenium as Se BDL BDL BDL 0.01 OTHERS 1 Oil & Grease NT NT NT 0.01/0.03 2 Phenolic Compound as C6H5OH NT NT NT 0.001/0.002

3 Coliform Organisms (MPN/100ml) <20 <20 <20 -

Note: 1) BDL – Below Detection Limit 2) NT- Not Traceable *Calcium as Ca & **Magnesium as Mg




3.7.7 Results & Discussion The physico-chemical characteristics of the ground water samples showed

great resemblance with respect to the characteristics like temperature, turbidity,

pH, colour, odour, chloride, sulphate, total alkalinity, total hardness, TDS and

heavy metals, etc. The range of concentrations of drinking water parameters

were observed as follows:

TABLE - 3.7.6

Ground Water Quality at a Glance in Comparison to IS: 10500

Parameters

Range of recorded Concentration (Results expressed in mg/l except pH)

Minimum Maximum Desirable/Permissible Limits as per IS: 10500

pH 7.3 7.6 6.5-8.5 Total Suspended Solid 3 14 - Total Dissolved Solids 170 260 500 / 2000 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 54 84 200 / 600 Total Hardness, as CaCO3 106 204 300 / 600 Chloride as Cl 34 66 250 / 1000 Sulphate as SO4 18 34 200 / 400 Nitrate as NO3 1.5 2.2 45/ 100 Iron as Fe 0.04 0.8 0.3 / 1.0

From the results presented in Table- 3.7.6, the Physico-chemical characteristics

of the ground water samples were in good agreement with IS: 10500. All the

parameters are within the limits specified under Drinking Water Standard (IS:

10500). As regards heavy metals, only Mn and Zn have been recorded with

lower concentration & rest were not traceable. The ground water can safely be

used for potable purposes.

3.7.8 CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE WATER The physico-chemical characteristics of two nos. of surface water samples

collected from two locations have been presented hereunder:




Table - 3.7.7 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE WATER SAMPLES

Date of Sample Collection: 07-01-2012

(Results are expressed in mg/l, unless otherwise stated)

Sl. No. Parameters

Analysis Results Desirable/

Permissible Limits (IS:10500)

Brahmaputra River (SW1)

Pond Water, Near LPG BP

(SW2) PHYSICAL 1 pH 7.1 7.4 6.5-8.5 2 Temperature (OC) 19.1 21.9 - 3 Colour, HU (True) 5 5 5/25 4 Odour Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable 5 Turbidity (NTU) 6 10 5/10 6 Total Suspended Solids 12 22 - 7 Total Dissolved Solids 150 130 500/2000 CHEMICAL 1 P- Alkalinity as CaCO3 NIL NIL - 2 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 48 36 200/600 3 Chloride as Cl 36 24 250/1000 4 Sulphate as SO4 14 12 200/400 5 Nitrate as NO3 1.6 2.6 45/100 6 Fluoride as F <0.4 <0.4 1.0/1.5 7 Total Hardness as CaCO3 102 70 300/600 8 Calcium Hardness as CaCO3 70 38 75/200*

9 Magnesium Hardness as CaCO3 32 32 30**

10 Dissolved Oxygen 7.2 6.9 - 11 COD 10 14 - 12 Sodium as Na 6 6 - 13 Potassium as K 1 1 - 14 Silica as SiO2 12 8 - 15 Iron as Fe 0.04 0.04 0.3/1.0 HEAVY METALS 1 Manganese as Mn <0.05 <0.05 0.1/0.3 2 Total Chromium as Cr BDL BDL 0.05 3 Lead as Pb BDL BDL 0.05 4 Zinc as Zn 0.32 0.30 5.0/15 5 Cadmium as Cd BDL BDL 0.01 6 Copper as Cu BDL BDL 0.05/1.5 7 Nickel as Ni BDL BDL 0.01 8 Arsenic as As BDL BDL 0.05 9 Selenium as Se BDL BDL 0.01 OTHERS 1 Oil & Grease BDL BDL 0.01/0.03 2 Phenolic Compound as C6H5OH NT NT 0.001/0.002 3 Coliform Organisms(MPN/100ml) 2.0 x 103 2.0 x 103 -

Note: 1) BDL – Below Detectable Level. 2) NT- Not Traceable *Calcium as Ca & **Magnesium as Mg




3.7.9 Results & Discussion The physico-chemical characteristics of the surface water sample collected from

the two locations have shown great resemblance with Drinking Water Standard.

The range of concentrations of important parameters of surface water

characteristics have been presented hereunder:

TABLE - 3.7.8

Surface Water at a Glance

Parameters Range of recorded Concentration

(Results expressed in mg/l except pH)

Min Max Desirable/Permissible

Limits as per IS: 10500 pH 7.1 7.4 6.5-8.5 Total Suspended Solids 12 22 - Total Dissolved Solids 130 150 500 / 2000 Total Hardness, as CaCO3 70 102 300 / 600 Total Alkalinity, as CaCO3 36 48 75/200*

Chloride as Cl 24 36 250 / 1000 Sulphate as SO4 12 14 200 / 400 Nitrate as NO3 1.6 2.6 45/ 100 Iron as Fe 0.04 0.04 0.3 / 1.0

*Calcium as Ca & **Magnesium as Mg

From the results presented in Table- 3.7.8, it may safely be concluded that the

physico-chemical characteristics of the surface water sample had a good

resemblance with IS: 10500. As regards heavy metals, except Mn and Zn, all the

other were not traceable.




3.8 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 3.8.1 General The physical description of sound concerns its loudness as a function of

frequency. Noise in general is unwanted/un-desired sound, which is composed of

many frequency components of various loudness distributed over the audible

frequency range. Various noise scales have been introduced to describe, in a

single number, the response of an average human to a complex sound made up

of various frequencies at different loudness levels. The most common and

universally accepted scale is the A weighted scale which is measured as dB(A).

This is more suitable for audible range of 20 to 20,000 Hz. The scale has been

designed to weigh various components of noise according to the response of a

human ear. The impact of noise sources on surrounding community depends on:

• Characteristics of noise sources (instantaneous, intermittent or

continuous in nature). It can be observed that steady noise is not as

annoying as one, which is continuously varying in loudness;

• The time of day at which noise occurs, for example high noise levels at

night in residential areas, are not acceptable because of sleep

disturbance; and

• The location of the noise source, with respect to sensitive land use, which

determines the loudness.

The environmental impact of noise can have several effects varying from Noise

Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) to annoyance depending on loudness of noise. The

impact of noise generating from the LPG Bottling Plant can be undertaken by

considering various factors like potential damage to hearing, physiological

responses, annoyance and general community responses. In environmental

noise, one is usually concerned with sound propagation through air. Noise has

an adverse impact on human beings and their environment, including land,

structures and domestic animals. It can also disturb natural wild life and

ecological system. The increase in noise level to which urban and industrial

population is exposed has lead to increasing awareness amongst the public,

welfare organisations and the Government/ Statutory agencies. Many standards

have been prescribed for the noise level to which the different communities




should be exposed and steps are being taken by the industries and the

manufacturers of noise generating machines and equipment to keep the level of

noise generation as low as possible.

3.8.2 Sources of Noise

The main sources of noise generation during operation of the Plant are DG sets,

Fire Water pumps & Compressors.

3.8.3 Existing Ambient Noise Level To evaluate the existing noise level, measurements were made at four locations

in the villages located around the LPG Bottling Plant. An Integrated Sound Level

Meter, Type-2225, make B&K Denmark, was used in all the measurements. The

instrument was calibrated with Pistaphone/sound Level Calibrator (Make-B&K,

Denmark) before using in the field. The measurements were carried out to obtain

noise level at different locations continuously for 24 Hours. The noise monitoring

locations have been shown in Plate-3.10 and the observed values of noise

levels, measured during day and night have been presented in the Table -

3.8.2(A) & 3.8.2 (B). The detailed descriptions of the monitoring locations are

presented below in Table-3.8.1.

Table - 3.8.1 NOISE LEVEL MONITORING LOCATIONS

Sl. No

Location Code Name of Monitoring location Direction Distance

1 SN1 Madhupur Village NE 0.5 2 SN2 Amingaon Village SW 2.1 3 SN3 Ghoramara Village S 0.6 4 SN4 Abhoypur Village E 0.5




3.8.4 Results The day and night noise levels at all the locations are observed to be well below

the prescribed limits specified for different categories. The results of

measurements made during the study period have been presented in Table -

3.8.2 (A) & (B). Summary of observations made during the study at four locations

within the study area has been summarized in Table-3.8.5, for eight locations

inside the Bottling Plant in Table- 3.8.3 and for four locations around boundary

walls in Table- 3.8.4 as under:

Table - 3.8.2(A) AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL DATA DURING DAY TIME

Time (Hrs)

Noise Level, Leq, dB(A) SN1 SN2 SN3 SN4

6.00 45.2 46.1 44.1 46.5 7.00 46.4 47.4 45.2 47.4 8.00 47.1 49.5 46.2 48.6 9.00 49.5 50.7 47.2 50.7 10.00 52.2 52.4 48.2 51.8 11.00 53.6 54.5 50.2 52.9 12.00 55.4 56.6 52.2 53.7 13.00 56.1 58.1 52.2 54.5 14.00 55.7 58.5 53.2 55.6 15.00 53.5 57.7 52.2 53.7 16.00 51.2 56.5 51.3 52.5 17.00 50.6 56.2 50.0 51.6 18.00 49.3 54.2 49.9 50.7 19.00 48.4 53.6 48.1 49.3 20.00 47.6 50.4 47.5 47.8 21.00 46.7 48.5 46.3 46.9

Minimum 45.2 46.1 44.1 46.5 Maximum 56.1 58.5 53.2 55.6 Average 50.5 53.2 49.0 50.9 Leq (Day) 51.9 54.7 49.8 51.7




Table – 3.8.2(B) AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL DATA DURING NIGHT TIME

Time (Hrs)

Noise Level, Leq, dB(A) SN1 SN2 SN3 SN4

22.00 46.5 47.3 45.5 45.2 23.00 45.6 46.2 44.4 44.4 24.00 43.7 44.9 42.1 43.6 1.00 41.5 42.8 40.2 43.7 2.00 39.8 40.5 39.9 39.5 3.00 40.7 41.1 40.6 40.6 4.00 41.4 41.5 41.2 42.7 5.00 42.1 42.3 41.3 43.6

Minimum 39.8 40.5 39.9 39.5 Maximum 46.5 47.3 45.5 45.2 Average 42.7 43.3 41.9 42.9

Leq (Night) 43.3 44.0 42.4 43.2

TABLE – 3.8.3

AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL DATA INSIDE BOTTLING PLANT

Sl. No. Name of Location Noise Level, dB(A)

Day Night 1. IOCL, LPG Bottling Plant Main gate 61.5 55.4 2. Admn. Building Office 58.4 51.2 3. DG Set Room 71.2 65.4 4. Truck Parking Area 55.4 51.2 5. LPG Pump/Compressor House 65.4 60.5 6. TLD 59.4 51.6 7. Fire Water Pump House 55.7 51.4 8. Cylinder Filling Shed 66.5 58.4

TABLE – 3.8.4

AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL DATA - AROUND BOUNDARY WALLS

Sl. No. Name of Location Noise Level, dB(A)

Day Night 1. Eastern Boundary 55.3 48.5 2. Western Boundary 61.3 55.2 3. Northern Boundary 53.4 47.6 4. Southern Boundary 54.6 48.1




Table - 3.8.5 AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL

Sampling Locations

24-hrs Avg Leq Value

dB(A)

Day time Leq Value

dB(A)

Night time Leq Value

dB(A)

Prescribed Limits in dB(A) as per NAAQS

Category of Area

Day Time

Night Time

Madhupur Village 50.4 51.7 43.3 Residential

Area 55 45

Amingaon Village 53.1 54.7 44.0 Residential

Area 55 45

Ghoramara Village 48.4 49.8 42.4 Residential

Area 55 45

Abhoypur Village 50.3 51.7 43.2 Residential

Area 55 45

From the results, it is evident that observed values are in good compliance with

the noise level standards for Residential Areas.

3.8.5 STANDARD FOR NOISE

The Government of India, in exercise of its power under section 16(2)(h) of the

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, notified the ambient air quality

standards in respect of noise (which has been included as an air pollutant under

section 20 of the Amended Air Act of 1987) as follows.

Area Category of Area Limits in Decibels, dB (A) Day Time Night Time A Industrial Area 75 70

B Commercial Area 65 55

C Residential Area 55 45

D Silence Zone 50 40

NOTE:

1. Day Time is reckoned between 6 AM and 10 PM.

2. Night Time is reckoned between 10 PM and 6 AM.

3. Silence Zone is defined as area up to 100 meters around such premises as

hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be

declared by the competent authority. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers

and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones.

4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above

mentioned categories by the competent authority.




dB (A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in

decibels on scale A which is related to human hearing.

“A”, in dB (A), denotes the frequency weighing in the measurement of noise

and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear.

Receptor Oriented Standards The Central Pollution Control Board, in exercise of its power under section 16(2)

(h) of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, notified the ambient

air quality standards in respect of noise (Which has been included as an air

pollutant under section 20 of the Amended Air Act of 1987) as hereunder:

Table - 3.8.6

Permissible Noise Exposure for Industrial Workers

Exposure Time, hr/day Limit dB(A)

8 90

4 93

2 96

1 99

0.5 102

0.25 105

0.125 108

0.063 111

0.031 or less 114

.




3.9 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.9.1 Natural ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of nature. Its components

exist in harmony and survive by inter-dependence. Ecosystems have self-

sustaining ability and control the number of organisms at any level by cybernetic

rules. The effects are such that an ecosystem does not become imbalanced. The

middle of the 18th century saw birth of industrialization, which increased during

19th & 20th century and exploded in 21st century. The resources produced over

and sustained for thousands of years were exploited and squandered for the

luxuries of few humans. An unsustainable exploitation of resources has exploded

pollution, so was the inevitable result. Thus, a chain of events of exploitation-

consumption-pollution-depletion and further exploitation started responding the

imbalance and determination of ecological system.

3.9.2 Objectives Objectives of the study are:

• To generate baseline data from field observations;

• To compare the data so generated with authentic past records to understand

changes;

• To characterize the environmental components like land, water, flora and

fauna;

• To understand the present biodiversity;

• To identify susceptible sensitive and critical areas (environmental hotspots);

• To understand impact of industrial activities on the flora and fauna;

• To predict changes as a result of impact in the composition and functioning of

components of the ecosystem;

3.9.3 Different Methods Adopted for the Study The study area for the ecological studies covers the area within 5 Km radius from

the LPG Bottling Plant. To accomplish above objectives, a general ecological

survey covering the study area was carried out in the study area.

The Survey Includes:

• Reconnaissance survey for the selection of sampling site:

• Compilation of secondary data;




• Generation of data from local villagers about importance and status of plants

and animals; and

• Observation of symptoms and assessment of impacts.

3.9.4 Vegetation Pattern The forest in this region comprises of Tropical Moist Deciduous type forests. This

forest is further divided into Sal forest and mixed deciduous forest. In these

forests, Sal grows in association with Ajar (Lagerstoemia Species), Ghugra

(Schima Wallichii), Paruli (Stereosperman prsonatum), Haldu (Adina cordifolia),

Sam (Artocarpus Sp.), Bor (Ficus Sp.), Uraim (Bischofia javanica), Gomari

(Gmelina arborea), Teeta Champa (Michelia champa), Poma (Toona ciliate).

The Sila Reserve Forest falls within the study area. The significant commercial

crop of the study area is Bamboo. The common bamboo observed are Muli

bamboo (Mealoocanna), Gati bamboo (bambusa tulda) and Bhaluka bamboo

(Bambusa balcooa) etc. The other significant commercial crops in the study area

are banana, papaya etc. The major agricultural crops of the study area are paddy

and the other agricultural crops produced in the area are maize, wheat, oil seed,

fibre crops, etc.

3.9.5 Baseline Status Flora The list of flora identified during the survey is presented in Table - 3.9.1




Table - 3.9.1 LIST OF FLORA IN THE STUDY AREA

Sl. No. COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME TREES

01. Ajhar, Jharul. Lagerstroomia flosreginac 02. Aman, Lali Amora Wallichil. 03. Aam Magnifera indica 04. Amlokhi Embica officinalis 05. Amra amra Spondias pinnata 06. Atha-bor Ficus elastica 07. Autha-dimaru Ficus roxburghii 08. Amaltash Crassia fistula 09. Banbagari Zizyphus rugosus 10. Bandardima Dysoxylum binectariferum 11. Bar Ficus bengalensis 12. Bettle Nut Areca catechu 13. Barun Creataeva nurvala 14. Bel Aeglo mamoloa 15. Bhagilla Oroxylum indicum 16. Bhela Semicarpuis anacardium 17. Bhomra, Bahera Terminalia belerica 18. Bola Morus laevigala 19. Dhopabar Ficus mysoronsis 20. Dimaru Ficus hispida 21. Dukoha Dryptes assamica 22. Gaborhitha, Samsuku Pavetta indica 23. Gamari Gmelina arborea 24. Gohora Premna bengalensis 25. Gular Ficus glomerata 26. Haldu, taraksopa Adina cordifolia 27. Harumoin Randia fasciculate 28 Helok, Poreng Elaeocarpus robustus 29. Hilikha Terminalia chebula 30. Juglo Macaranga indica 31. Jam Syzygium cumini 32. Jari- Udal Fermiana colorata 33. Jaribar Ficus gobbosa 35. Jobha, Lewa Engelhardtia spicata 36. Jamun Eugenia jambolana 37. Kadam Anthocephalus cadamba 38. Kanchan Bauhinia sp. 39. Kathal Artocarpus heterophyllus 40. Khonkon Duabanga grandiflora 41. Koroi Albizzia procera 42. Kum Careya arborea 43. Kurial Bauhinia purpurea 44. Kurila Brassiopsis speciosa




Sl. No. COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME TREES

45. Makri sal Scima wallichii 46. Moj Albizzia lucida 47. Nagini Elaeocarpus aristatus 48. Nahaor Mesua ferrea 49. Palas Butea monosperma 50. Phulgamari Endospermum chinense 51. Raman-bih Aesculus panduana 52. Sal Shorea robusta 53. Satiana Alstonia scholaris 54. Sagun, Teak Tectona grandis 55. Silubar Ficus retusa 56. Simul Salmalia malabarica 57. Sirish Albizzia lebbeck 58. Sonaru Cassia fistula 59. Tengabor Ficus infectoria 60. Tetuli Tamarindus indica 61. Uriam Bischolia javanica

SHRUBS & HERBS 01. Agra Urena lobata 02. Akalbih Clerodendron indicum 03. Bhang Cannabis sativa 04. Bhokuri Solamum indicum 05. Bhit-tita Solanum torvum 06. Biyonihaputa Desmodium laburnifolium 07. Bogitora Alpinia allughas 08. Boriala Suda caroubufolia 09. Daridiga, Bonmedelua Cassia tora 10. Haru- manimuni Hydrocotyle rotundifolia 11. Kana dimaru Ficus heterophylla 12. Karuikata Mimisa himalayana 13. Mesaki Sarcohlamys pulcherrima 14. Narasimha Murrya koonigii 15. Paniphuti Vibrnum colobrookianum

CLIMBERS 01. Bakal –bih Derris clliptica 02. Bokul-lata Embelia ribes 03. Bon-marich Clematis cadmia 04. Chagallata, Gorapohal Narnvolla zoylanica 05. Ghahelewa Croton caudatus 06. Helolokha Millettia auriculata 07. Kharika-lata Jasminum coarctatum 08. Kolilata Merrerina umbellate 09. Kuchal, kuchlalata Acacia pinnata 10. Kukualata Thunbergia grandiflora 11. Lata-dimaru Ficus scandons




Sl. No. COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME CLIMBERS

12. Lataguti Caesalpinia crista 13. Loti-sorot Cnosmono javanica 14. Nakkatilewa Bauhinia vahlii

BAMBOOS

01. Bans Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb) Nees.ex Munro

02. Muli bamboo Mealoocanna 03. Gati bamboo Bambusa tulda 04. Bhaluka bamboo Bambusa balcooa

GRASSES 01. Kansh Saceharum spontaneum, Linn 02. Khash Vetivaria Zizaniodes, Nash 03. Dubh Cynodon dactylon, Pers 04. Phooli (Phulhara) Apuda mutica, Linn

3.9.6 Fauna

Assam state supports rich faunal biodiversity ranging from Indo-Chinese species

to peninsular Indian species. Diverse types of fauna ranging from mammals,

avian species to reptiles were recorded/ reported. The existing aquatic ecology

supports rich diversity due to existence of lotic and lentic water bodies.

Mammals Macaca (Rhesus macaque), Golden langur (Trachypithecus geei), Bay bamboo

rat (Connomys badius), Spotted Deer (Curvus axis), Otter (Aonyx congica),

Indian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus), Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa)

were reported in the forests of Guwahati. Only four mammalian species were

physically seen and rest was based on secondary information and information

procured from the forest department.

The study of Fauna was undertaken at the site and within the area of 5 km

radius. The land is mostly dominated by rural setting. Consequently, among

fauna species especially avifauna is rich and diversified. Also animals

observed/reported are mainly House rat, Bat, Jungle Cat, and Leopard Cats,

squirrels, monkey, Python and other variety of snakes. The most common birds

in this region are Hill maina, green pigeon, Emarlad, Dove, Parrots, etc. The

domestic fauna in the area consists of Cow, Bullock, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat,

Horse, Ponies and Pig among the live stock and Duck, Drake, Hen, Fowl. During




the study period, it is observed that a wide variety of birds of 40 species were

common to the area, whereas four species of mammals and four species of

reptiles were found in the area.

Avifauna The avi-fauna of the division is richer than the animals. The birds come across

are tree-pie, bulbul, magpie robin, black drongo, hill maina, munia, house

sparrow, humming bird, wood pecker, hoopoe, cuckoo, blue0jay, parakeet,

kingfisher, owl, vulture, green pegion, dove, jungle fowl, patrdgo, cormorant,

adjutant strok, cattle egrot, pond horn etc.

Mammals and other species Among the larger sized animals, about 34 species have been listed by the Forest

Department. Many types of butterflies, dragonflies, honeybees, observed during

the study period. The area is inhabited by elephants, which move about and

dwell in the forest. It is not an uncommon site for wild group of elephants

crossing one's pathway amongst the vegetation and hilly area of tea estate.

Fisheries

It is very important to assess the fishing potential of the fresh water ecosystem of

the region to ascertain the likely impacts that may arise due to proposed

development. Fishing is considered as one of the key small scale industries in

the district and number of people depend for their livelihood on fishing. Fisheries

in the district are of two types i.e. beel fisheries and river fisheries.

The fauna observed/reported during the study period are described below in the

Table 3.9.2.




Table - 3.9.2 LIST OF FAUNA SURROUNDING THE SUTDY AREA

SL. NO. COMMON NAME ZOOLOGICAL NAME

MAMMALS 01. Spotted deer Axis axis 02. Swamp deer Rucervus duvaucelii 03. Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa 04. Golden langur Trachypithecus geei 05. Indian mongoose Herpestes javanicus 06. Bay bamboo rat Cannomys badius 07. Hog badger Arctonyx collaris 08. Rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta 09. Hoary bamboo rat Rhizomys pruinosus 10. Otter Lutra perspicillata 11. Ganges river dolphin Platanista gangetica 12. Wild dog Cuon alimus 13. Goat Capra sp. 14. Horse Equus Caballus 15. House Mouse Mus musculus

AVI-FAUNA 01. Common maina Acridotheres tristis 02. Blue rock pigeon Columba livia 03. House crow Corvus splendens 04. Black drango Dicrurus adsimilis 05. White breasted kingfisher Haleyon smyrensis 06. Pariah kite Milvus migrans 07. House sparrow Passer domesticus 08. Spotted dove Streptopelia chinensis 09. House swift Apus affinis 10. Common sandpiper Tringa hypoleucos 11. Lark Mirafra assamica 12. Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchos 13. Indian Grey hornbill Ocyceros birostris 14. Hair-crested Drongo Dicrurus hottentottus 15. Paddy field pipit Anthus rufulus 16. Indian Chat Cercomela fusca 17. Indian Roller Coracias enghalensis 18. Green Bee Eater Merops orientalis 19. Pond heron Ardeola gravii 20. Red vented bulbul Turdoides striata 21. Red wattled lapwing Vanellus indicus 22. Little egret Egretta garzetta 23. Indian pond heron Ardeola grayigrayi 24. Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis




SL. NO. COMMON NAME ZOOLOGICAL NAME 25. Jungle babbler Turdoides striata 26. Bank myna Acridotheres ginginianus 27. Pied myna Gracupica contra 28. Rose ring parakeet Psittacula kramen 29. Hoopoe Upupa epops

REPTILES 01. Common house gecko Hemidactylus gleadoviimaculatus 02. Agama Agama tuberculata 03. Green tree Snake Dryophis species 04. Wall lizard Memicactylus species 05. Garden lizard Calotesversicolor 06. Chamelion Calotes versicolor

FISHES (AQUATIC FAUNA) 01. Lata Channa punctatus 02. Sole Channa striatus 03. Chang Channa gachua 04. Rohu Labeo rohita 05. Catla Catla catla 06. Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala 07. Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 08. Common carp Cyprinus carpio 09. Tilapia Tilapia mozambica 10. Parse Liza parsia 11. Magur Clarias batrachus 12. Singi Heteropneustes fossillis 13. Tangra Mystas gulio 14. Koi Anabas testudineus

3.9.7 Aquatic Ecosystem Brahmaputra river originates in south-western Tibet, flows down from upper

Assam and finally drains into Bay of Bengal forming a delta (Sunderban Delta)

with the Ganga river. As per information collected from the local people in the

study area, it was reported that the water recedes nearly 200 m from the south

bank and more than 100 m from the north bank during post monsoon period.

During the pre monsoon season, it was reported that the water was found only in

the centre of river bed, where the water has maximum depth. Heavy siltation was

also reported by the people of the area along the two banks of the river during

this period. The major invertebrates present in Brahmaputra river during the

study period are described below in the Table 3.9.3.




Table - 3.9.3 MAJOR INVERTEBRATES PRESENT IN BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER

Groups Scientific Name

A.

Zooplanktons a] Copepoda Diaptomus sp. Cyclopina sp. Prendodiaptomus sp. b] Cladocera Daphnia sp. Moina dubia Cesiodaphnia sp. c] Rotifiers Brachionus sp. Asplanchana sp. d] Mysis Mesopodopsis sp. e] Protozoa Diffugia sp.

B. Sponges Absent

C. Molluscs Bellamya bengalensis Pila globosa Thiara tuberculata Thiara lineata Gyraulus convexiculus

D. Crustaceans Macrobrachium rude M. maicomerii Peneaus monodon P. indica Acetus indicus

E. Crabs Paratelphusa spinigera P. hydrodronus

F. Insects (Coleoptera)

Haliptus angustifrons Dineutus unidentatus Amphiops mirabillis

G. Hemipterans Corika sp. Micronecta albifrons

H. Dipterans Culex sp. Chironomus sp Mansonia sp.

3.9.8 Biodiversity The Assam region bears rich diversity of flora and fauna. The study area also

comprises floral richness of varieties of shrubs, herbs and grasses bearing

attractive coloured flowers laden with scented nectar to attract and support

butterflies. Each butterfly is plant specific and visits specific species of plants for

nectar. The floral biodiversity itself indicates the species of butterflies that can be

predicated in that area. All the species were common and none of them are listed

as ‘endangered’ (IWPA, 1972). Table: 3.9.4 given below shows the list of

Butterfly species.




Table - 3.9.4 BUTTERFLIES RECORDED DURING THE STUDY PERIOD

Sl. No. Common Name Scientific Name PAPILIONIDAE

1. Glassy bluebottle Graphium cloanthus 2. Lime Papilio demoleus 3. Common Mormon Papilio polytes

PIERIDAE 4. Indian Cabbage White Pieris canidia 5. Common Albatross Appias albina 6. Small Grass Yellow Eurema libythea 7. Common Brimstone Goneoteryx rhamni

LYCAENIDAE 8. Sorrel Sapphire Heliophorus sena 9. Pale Grass Blue Pseudozizeeria maha

NYPHALDAE 10. Common Wall Pararge schakra 11. Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha 12. Blue Pansy Junonia orithya 13. Lemon pansy Junonia lemonias 14. Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita 15. Indian Red Admiral Vanessa indica 16. Painted Lady Cynthia cardui 17. Yellow Coster Pareba vesta 18. Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus 19. Common Sergeant Pantoporia perius

3.9.8 Conclusion From the descriptions mentioned above, it may be concluded that the

vegetations grown around the Bottling Plant contains common form of woody

and herbaceous flora species and no endangered plant species are recorded

within the study area.




3.10 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Kamrup District is bounded by Udalguri and Baksa districts in the north,

Meghalaya in the south, Darrang and Kamrup Metropolitan in the east and

Goalpara and Nalbari district in the west. It has a total geographical area of

4,34,500 acres. Historically, present Assam was referred to as Kamrup in many

of the ancient Indian literature. Till the Ahom conquest, Kamrup district was

known as Pragjyotispur due to the astrology (Jyotish Shashtra) practices that

prevailed in this part of the country. The mythologies of ancient Assam reveal

that the word “Kamrup” means the land where ‘Kamdev’ regained his “Rupa”

(form). During Ahom reign, Guwahati became an important strategic point and

saw the famous battle of Saraighat between Ahom and Mughals, and since then

Guwahati as well as Kamrup district continue to play the Political, Social,

Economic and intellectual leadership of the state.

3.10.1 Cultural Profile

Assam is very rich in natural, tangible and intangible heritage of songs, dance,

music, theatre, handloom, etc. Assam's culture has a rich tapestry infused with

the yarns of fairs and festivals, dance and music, languages, arts and crafts and

delicious cuisines. The people of Assam have given a distinguished shape to it

by retaining their age old traditions, rituals and celebrations. The state has a

large number of tribes, each unique in its tradition, culture, dresses and exotic

way of life. Diverse tribes like Bodo, Kachari, Karbi, Miri, Mishimi, Rabha, etc co-

exist in Assam; most tribes have their own languages though Assamese is the

principal language of the state.

The Gamocha is one of the most easily recognizable cultural symbols of the

Assamese people besides the tamol-paan (areca nut & betel leaf) which is an

integral part of almost all socio-religious ceremonies.

Bihu is the most popular folk dance of Assam. Bihu dances are performed by

young boys and girls during the Bihu festivities which represent youthful passion,

reproductive urge and joy. The dances are accompanied by musical instruments

like dhol (dholak), penpa, gagana, banhi (flute) etc.




Tourist Spots within Kamrup District are as under:

Kamakhya Temple Guwahati tourism is particularly famous for its Kamakhya temple located atop the

Nilachal hill, at a distance of 10 km from the railway station. Known to be the

most revered among the tantrik shrines of Shakti worship in the world,

Kamakhya, was built in the 10th century by the Koch king, Naranarayan.

Dirgheswari Temple : Dirgheswari Temple is located on the north bank of the Brahmaputra and linked

by metalled road, this shrine is considered as one of the supreme Devi Tirthas.

Isolated and lying at the foot of a range of hills, it has several rock cut images

which can be traced to the 11th to 12th century AD. This is one of the few temples

where buffalo sacrifice is being practice (during Durga Puja).

3.10.2 Demographic Profile

In view of the size and operations within the Project, the study of demographic

profile has been limited to an area within a radius of 5 km. The study area covers

17 villages, under North Guwahati Sub-Division in Kamrup district. The total

population of the entire villages under study area was 42,928 (District Census

handbook - 2001). Under the category of sex ratio, the number of females per

1000 males is 904. Total population of Scheduled Caste is 23.4% and total

population of Scheduled Tribe is 3.17%. The literacy rate in the study area was

70.8%, out of which the literacy rate in male category is higher (56.9%) whereas

the literacy rate is only 43.1% in female category. The Salient features of the

demography profile of the study area presented in Table 3.10.1 and the

demographic profile of the area is presented in Tables 3.10.3 and 3.10.4.




Table -3.10.1 Salient Features of Demographic Profile

Particulars Features within 05-km radius Population, Total 42,928 Population, Males 22,541 Population, Females 20,387 Females per 1000 Males 904 Population ≤6 years, Total 5376 Scheduled castes (SC), Total Population 10,052 SC, Male Population 5114 SC, Female Population 4938 SC, Total as % of total population 23.4 SC, Females/1000 SC Males 965 Scheduled tribes (ST), Total Population 4444 ST, Males Population 2266 ST, Females Population 2178 ST Total as % of total population 10.3 ST Females/1000 ST Males 961 Literates, Total Population 30,426 Literates, Males Population 17,321 Literates, Females Population 13,105 Total Literates as % of Total Population 70.8 Males Literates as % of Total Male Population 56.9

Females Literates as % of Total Female Population 43.1

Source: District Census handbook – 2001

3.10.3 Economy and Occupation The occupational pattern of the area is presented in Tables 3.10.5 and 3.10.6.

The economy of the area is dependent on cultivation, agriculture, household

industries and other sector with their percentage as 8.5%, 3.3%, 8.0% and 86.1%

respectively.

The Salient features of the Economy profile of the study area presented in Table

3.10.2.




Table- 3.10.2 Silent feature of Demographic profile

Particulars Features within 5-Km radius

Population, Total 42,928 Total Workers 12,704 Total Workers as % of total population 29.5 Main Workers, Total 11,161 Main Workers, Males 9709 Main Workers, Females 1452 Total Main workers as % of Total Population 25.9 Marginal workers, Total 1543 Marginal workers, Males 1023 Marginal workers, Females 520 Total Marginal Workers as % of Total Population 3.6 Main Cultivators, Total 943 Main Agricultural Labourers, Total 361 Main Household Workers, Total 248 Main Other workers, Total 9609 Main Cultivators as % of Total Main Workers 8.5 Main Agric. Labourers as % of Total Main Workers 3.3 Main Household workers as % of Total Main Workers 2.2

Main Other workers as % of Total Main Workers 86.1 Source: District Census handbook – 2001 3.10.4 Amenities

Developmental work has been recorded in the district during the past few

decades. The numbers of schools have increased considerably and more buses

and cycles are plying on the roads as compared to pre-independence period.

Education has tended to change the social outlook. The number of medical

facilities is also fast increasing. As a result of the increased transport facilities,

people have begun to travel more frequently. There is a perceptible change from

the traditional pattern to the adoption of modern style of living. Aspirations of the

people are high. The community development program has created an urge for

better living among the people.

Within the study area, all the settlements are electrified and connected with

metalled roads. Facilities for primary education and medical treatment available

in all the settlements are adequate.




The Salient features of the Amenities profile of the study area is presented in

Table 3.10.7.

3.10.5 Agriculture

Only 0.3 to 0.5% of the non-working persons were engaged in agricultural

activities. Agriculture, though an established tradition and main stay of the

people, is not a major occupation in the study region. It was also found by the

survey that agriculture as an occupation is fading away due to the lucrative jobs

in factories and industries. It is found that some agricultural activities like,

growing rice crops, are carried out near the site by cultivators who are said to be

not from the North Guwahati. However, this is a temporary activity and during

monsoon, rice crops are generally destroyed. The largest portion of the cultivable

area is put to cultivation of rice. The principal crops cultivated are rice, maize,

wheat, oil seed, fibre crops, etc.

3.10.6 Pisciculture

To promote pisciculture in the district, 9 nos. of fish seed farming centres were

set up in Kamrup district including 1 under the tribal sub plan. Under the plan,

assistance to pisciculturists for reclamation and inputs were provided. Assistance

to tribals were also provided and training in fisheries was organised. Pig-cum-fish

and fish-cum-duck culture were also started and derelict water bodies reclaimed.

To help fisherman, a National Welfare Fund for Fisherman was established in the

district.

3.10.7 Sericulture

Sericulture is an age-old rural industry in Assam. It is as old as the Assamese

tradition. It provides large scale part time occupation to the rural people in their

off agriculture seasons. The popular, costly, world famous and durable endi and

munga of Assam are the products of this industry. There are 489 seri villages in

the district. 270 villages are earmarked for Eri, 114 villages under Muga and 105

villages earmarked for Mulberry. The number of families engaged in sericulture is

10,494 out of which, 7105 families are engaged in Eri, 3051 families in Muga and

338 families in Milberry. The study area includes Sialkuchi which is famous for

Muga and Eri products and these products also exported outside India.




3.10.8 Education The educational level of the population of the district is abysmally low. Of the

total population with some educational attainment 2.12% receive education

below primary level, 19.41%, attain education up to primary level and 17.12%

complete middle level schooling. Of the total educated only 29% complete their

matric/higher secondary/diploma courses. The percentage of graduates in the

district is only 10.5%. The poor educational attainment in the district also reflects

the poor quality of employable human resource and low work status for the vast

majority of the workforce.

3.10.9 Health

The project area is located about 25 km from Guwahati, the state capital of

Assam. Medical facilities in the form of hospitals and dispensaries operated by

the state government as well as private practitioners are adequate.

The NRHM (National Rural Health Mission) guarantees better health outcomes

for millions of people in rural areas, especially those belonging to marginalized

and vulnerable communities. The Village Health and Nutrition Day (VHND)

promises to be an effective platform for providing first-contact primary health

care. The State Health Mission (SHM) & District Health Missions (DHM) are

constituted. DHM will control, guide and manage all Public Health Institution and

prepare District Health Plan. Village Health Committee (VHC) will prepare Village

Health Plan.




TABLE-3.10.3 VILLAGE-WISE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE IN STUDY AREA

Sl. No Name of Village

Total No. of House hold

Population Scheduled Castes

Scheduled Tribes

Total Male Female Male Female Male Female

DISTRICT KAMRUP CHAMARIA DEVLOPMENT BLOCK01. Bamuni Gaon 176 949 446 503 0 0 0 0 02. Sila 298 1605 822 783 6 4 279 274 03. Dhobartari 430 2251 1124 1127 394 393 2 3 04. Silbharal 375 1973 1047 926 419 393 17 13 05. Niz sundari ghopa 317 1584 817 767 12 13 427 386 06. Karaibari 164 829 474 355 1 0 141 142 07. Kali Pahar 182 791 397 394 0 0 0 1 08. Gauripur 114 619 319 300 3 2 166 160 09. Rangmahal 483 2799 1410 1389 2 3 133 127 10. Abhaypur 528 2840 1445 1395 86 84 482 478 11. Tiling Gaon 41 189 97 92 22 21 14 11 12. Namati Jalah 320 1588 839 749 352 315 9 7 13 Amin Gaon 1268 6512 3477 3035 1176 1104 163 178

14. North Guwahati (TC) 3179 16286 8750 7536 2633 2596 211 173

15. Sila Grant 7 43 23 20 0 0 23 20 16. Ghora Jan 28 121 63 58 5 8 38 34 17. Rudreswar 369 1949 991 958 3 2 161 171

TOTAL 8279 42928 22541 20387 5114 4938 2266 2178




TABLE - 3.10.4 VILLAGE WISE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE IN STUDY AREA

Sl. No. Name of Village

Population Literates Illiterates Popula-tion (0-6

year) Total Male Female Male Female Male Female

DISTRICT KAMRUP CHAMARIA DEVLOPMENT BLOCK01. Bamuni Gaon 949 446 503 343 296 103 207 152 02. Sila 1605 822 783 585 450 237 333 269 03. Dhobartari 2251 1124 1127 921 793 203 334 260 04. Silbharal 1973 1047 926 774 545 273 381 285 05. Niz sundari

ghopa 1584 817 767 602 468 215 299 227 06. Karaibari 829 474 355 299 215 175 140 156 07. Kali Pahar 791 397 394 240 173 157 221 157 08. Gauripur 619 319 300 238 191 81 109 94 09. Rangmahal 2799 1410 1389 1180 993 230 396 279 10. Abhaypur 2840 1445 1395 1187 990 258 405 309 11. Tiling Gaon 189 97 92 80 56 17 36 31 12. Namati Jalah 1588 839 749 576 400 263 349 207 13 Amin Gaon 6512 3477 3035 2407 1618 1070 1417 916 14. North Guwahati

(TC) 16286 8750 7536 6998 5175 1752 2361 1807 15. Sila Grant 43 23 20 16 12 7 8 4 16. Ghora Jan 121 63 58 25 14 38 44 26 17. Rudreswar 1949 991 958 850 716 141 242 197

TOTAL 42928 22541 20387 17321 13105 5220 7282 5376




TABLE - 3.10.5 VILLAGE WISE ECONOMIC PROFILE IN STUDY AREA

Sl. No. Name of Village Total

Population Total

Worker

Total Main Workers Marginal Workers Non Workers

Male Female Male Female Male Female

DISTRICT KAMRUP CHAMARIA DEVLOPMENT BLOCK01. Bamuni Gaon 949 288 200 23 35 30 211 450 02. Sila 1605 666 400 259 5 2 417 522 03. Dhobartari 2251 627 446 46 114 21 564 1060 04. Silbharal 1973 487 392 48 33 14 622 864 05. Niz sundari

ghopa 1584 368 257 14 83 14 477 739 06. Karaibari 829 360 201 31 67 61 206 263 07. Kali Pahar 791 361 175 20 44 122 178 252 08. Gauripur 619 167 105 8 39 15 175 277 09. Rangmahal 2799 780 653 78 40 9 717 1302 10. Abhaypur 2840 749 623 82 35 9 787 1304 11. Tiling Gaon 189 51 38 8 3 2 56 82 12. Namati Jalah 1588 459 409 27 21 2 409 720 13 Amin Gaon 6512 1908 1616 137 130 25 1731 2873 14. North Guwahati

(TC) 16286 4857 3716 617 339 185 4695 673415. Sila Grant 43 10 8 2 0 0 15 18 16. Ghora Jan 121 46 34 1 6 5 23 5217. Rudreswar 1949 520 436 51 29 4 526 903 TOTAL 42928 12704 9709 1452 1023 520 11809 18415




TABLE - 3.10.6 VILLAGE-WISE WORK FORCE PATTERN IN STUDY AREA

Sl. No. Name of village Total

Workers Cultivators Agricultural Labourers

Household Industry

Others Worker

DISTRICT KAMRUP CHAMARIA DEVLOPMENT BLOCK01. Bamuni Gaon 288 32 83 3 105 02. Sila 666 219 20 21 399 03. Dhobartari 627 118 45 9 320 04. Silbharal 487 76 18 2 344 05. Niz sundari ghopa 368 46 20 6 199 06. Karaibari 360 18 9 6 199 07. Kali Pahar 361 12 52 2 129 08. Gauripur 167 8 4 13 88 09. Rangmahal 780 161 44 32 494 10. Abhaypur 749 84 19 10 592 11. Tiling Gaon 51 1 0 2 43 12. Namati Jalah 459 12 4 8 412 13 Amin Gaon 1908 57 6 24 1666 14. North Guwahati

(TC) 4857 33 32 98 4170 15. Sila Grant 10 0 0 0 10 16. Ghora Jan 46 1 1 1 32 17. Rudreswar 520 65 4 11 407

TOTAL 12704 943 361 248 9609




TABLE – 3.10.7 VILLAGE WISE BASIC & CIVIC AMENITIES IN STUDY AREA

Sl. No. Name of Village Educational Medical Drinking

Water Post &

Telegraph Communicat

ion Approach to the Village

DISTRICT KAMRUP CHAMARIA DEVLOPMENT BLOCK01. Bamuni Gaon P,M 0 W,HP 1 1 KR,PR 02. Sila P,M 0 W,HP 1 1 KR,PR 03. Dhobartari P,M 1 W,HP 1 0 KR,PR 04. Silbharal P,M 0 W,HP 1 1 KR,PR 05. Niz sundari ghopa P,M 1 W,HP 1 0 KR,PR 06. Karaibari P,M 0 W,HP 0 1 KR,PR 07. Kali Pahar P,M 1 W 1 1 KR,PR 08. Gauripur P,M,S 1 W,HP 1 0 KR,PR 09. Rangmahal P,M 0 W,HP 1 1 KR,PR 10. Abhaypur P,M,S 1 W,T, HP 0 0 KR,PR 11. Tiling Gaon P,M 1 W,HP 1 1 KR,PR 12. Namati Jalah P,M 0 W,HP 0 0 KR,PR 13 Amin Gaon P,M 0 W,HP 0 0 KR,PR

14. North Guwahati (TC) P,M,S 0 W,T,HP 0 0 KR,PR

15. Sila Grant P,M 1 W,HP 1 1 KR,PR 16. Ghora Jan P,M 1 W,HP 0 1 KR,PR 17. Rudreswar P,M 1 W,HP 1 1 KR,PR

Legend 1 = (0-5) - Facility available within 5 KM 2 = (5-10) - Facility available within 5 KM 3 = (>10) - Facility available above 10 KM P = Primary School T = Tap W = Well M = Middle School TW = Tube Well HP = Hand Pump S = Secondary School KR = Kutcha Road PR = Pucca Road




3.11 TRAFFIC STUDY The traffic study has been conducted to know the existing traffic scenario and

assess the impact of increase in traffic due to the proposed project. This study

would help to assess the adequacy of the existing roads for the increased traffic

and subsequent pollution load. The traffic study was conducted at one location

for 24 hours during study period.

3.11.1 Road Network

The transportation network near the Bottling Plant area is very predominantly

road oriented. The road based transportation system meets a large proportion of

travel demand generated by both inter-urban and intra-urban traffic. There are

two national highways in the study area. NH-37 connecting Guwahati and

Tinskuia is running at the South-Eastern direction of the existing Bottling Plant

whereas NH-31 connecting Guwahati and Rangia is on the Western side of the

Bottling Plant.

3.11.2 Monitoring of Traffic Density

A study related to monitoring of traffic density was conducted during the study

period. Training of counting techniques was provided to local workers engaged

for the monitoring. Standard pro-forma was supplied to the trained personnel for

recording the data.

To evaluate the traffic density along LPG Bottling Plant, traffic counts were made

at IIT College Nagar Chowk - Near NH-31.

The traffic monitoring study was carried out by counting the vehicles plying in

both directions continuously on the above NH-31. The vehicles were counted

every hour and recorded under respective categories. The vehicles were

categorized under different heads like Trucks, Tankers, Buses, Cars, three

wheelers, two wheelers etc.




Table No - 3.11.1 Traffic Density on NH-31 near IIT, College Nagar Chowk (To & Fro)

Time Tanker Bus Trucks 2/3 Wheelers Car/Jeep 09-10 3 3 10 31 15 10-11 2 2 12 33 21 11-12 2 4 15 35 25 12-13 2 5 20 28 26 13-14 3 4 21 26 31 14-15 2 2 26 22 32 15-16 1 2 5 18 15 16-17 1 3 7 15 18 17-18 1 2 11 16 9 18-19 2 1 14 17 14 19-20 1 1 4 15 16 20-21 1 2 5 13 9 21-22 0 1 2 8 8 22-23 0 0 2 7 6 23-24 0 0 0 6 2 00-01 0 0 2 5 0 01-02 1 0 5 6 1 02-03 2 0 0 6 0 03-04 1 0 2 4 2 04-05 1 0 8 5 0 05-06 1 0 7 6 0 06-07 1 2 6 4 5 07-08 1 3 5 8 6 08-09 2 2 4 11 6

TOTAL 31 39 193 345 267

OBSERVATION The traffic density w.r. to heavy vehicles was 10.96 per hour whereas the traffic

density including light motor vehicles was 36.46 per hour.

CONCLUSION

It may be concluded from the observations that the LPG Bottling Plant does not

have any adverse impact on demographic profile, basic amenities, social

structure, transport system, occupational pattern etc. The LPG Bottling Plant

facility produces some tangible beneficial impact on the life quality and socio-

economic status of the area.

CHAPTER- 4

ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT & MITIGATION

MEASURES


ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT & MITIGATION MEASURES


4.0 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT & MITIGATION MEASURES 4.1 INTRODUCTION

One of the important elements of Environmental Impact Assessment study is

the identification of impacts, as it helps in quantification and evaluation of

impacts. Although, in general, a number of impacts have been identified while

describing the baseline environmental status, it is necessary at this stage to

identify the critical impacts positive/negative on various components of the

environment that are likely due to installation of proposed Mounded Bullets.

Generally, the environmental impacts can be categorized as either primary or

secondary. Primary impacts are attributed directly to project activities

whereas secondary impacts are indirectly induced and typically include the

associated investment and changed patterns of social and economic activities

due to the proposed project activities.

The construction and operational phase of the proposed Mounded Bullets

comprises various activities each of which may have either positive or

negative impact on some or other environmental attributes. The proposed

project activities would impart impact on the environment in two distinct

phases:

• During construction phase which may be regarded as temporary or short

term and reversible effect; and

• During operational phase which may have long term effects.

The evaluation of environmental impacts due to installation of mounded

bullets considering the baseline status within a radius of 5 Km around the

LPG bottling plant and the mitigation measures are as under:

4.2 Identification of Impacts The likely impacts due to proposed activities are described for the following

environmental components:

a) Topography;

b) Climate;

c) Air Quality;

d) Noise Levels;

e) Water Quality;

f) Solid Waste Generation;




g) Terrestrial Ecology; and

h) Aquatic Ecology.

The impact of the proposed activities on each of the above environmental

components is discussed in following paragraphs.

4.2.1 Impact on Topography 4.2.1.1 Construction Phase The installation activities include excavation of soil from the proposed site.

The excavated loose soil will be utilized for levelling of low lying areas inside

the plant. Thus, the impact on topography during construction phase is

insignificant.

4.2.1.2 Operation Phase

As the bullets will be mounded with earth/sand and the operation will be

confined in closed, leak proof system, no impact is envisaged on the

topography during operation phase.

4.2.2 Impact on Climate

As the proposal relates to installation of Mounded Bullets only, no impact on

the present climatic condition is envisaged during construction or operation

phase. The proposed site is almost plain and devoid of vegetation. Hence, it

would not alter the present climatic condition and no impact is foreseen on the

present climatic condition.

4.2.3 Impact on Air Quality The impact on ambient air quality is assessed considering the baseline air

quality. The ambient air quality parameters monitored around the bottling

plant at North Guwahati are observed to be well within the NAAQS applicable

for Industrial/Residential/Rural Areas.

4.2.3.1 Construction Phase The insignificant emission during construction period will include fugitive dust

due to excavation of soil, movement of heavy construction equipments/

vehicles, site clearing and other activities. This type of fugitive dust is

expected to result in change in the baseline air quality specifically during the

construction phase. However, the construction activities will be for temporary

period and hence, its impact on the existing ambient air quality as well as




vegetation will be reversible. Dust emissions are likely to be confined within

the limited area.


No emission is envisaged during the storage & handling of LPG in the

Mounded Bullets. There would be no fugitive emission during unloading of

bulk LPG in Mounded Bullets and hence no impact is envisaged.

4.2.4 Impact on Noise Levels 4.2.4.1 Construction Phase The noise generation during construction phase may have insignificant impact

on the existing ambient noise levels. The major works associated with

installation/ construction activities would be carried out during day time. The

construction equipment may result in high noise levels, which may affect the

personnel in the work zone. However, use of personal protective equipments

such as earplugs, ear muffs will mitigate any adverse impact of the noise on

working personnel.

The noise likely to be generated during excavation of earth, loading/unloading

and transportation of construction materials etc will be in the range of about

80 to 90 dB(A) and this will occur only when all the equipments operate

simultaneously. There is remote possibility of such occurrence. The workers

engaged in construction activities, in general, are likely to be exposed to an

equivalent noise level of 70-75 dB(A). Therefore, use of protective

equipments in the form of ear muffs/ earplugs in high noise level areas shall

mitigate any adverse impact.


The existing average ambient noise level at the boundary walls of the bottling

plant, as monitored during baseline data generation are in the range of 42.4

to 54.7dB(A). As the proposed Mounded Bullets shall be operated in closed

circuit, it is envisaged that noise environment would remain unaffected during

operation of the proposed facilities.

4.2.5 Impact on Water Quality The existing water quality around bottling plant has been assessed by

conducting water quality monitoring from November 2011 to January 2012.

Two nos. of surface water samples and three nos. of ground water samples




were collected to assess the water quality and presented in Chapter-3. The

physico-chemical characteristics of ground as well as surface water quality

were found well within acceptable limits as specified in Drinking Water

Standard IS: 10,500.

4.2.5.1 Water Requirement

The raw and potable water requirement of the bottling plant is being met by

drawing water from a deep tube well. Water is required mainly for fire fighting,

service water, washing, potable purposes and irrigation of afforested areas.

The average water consumption of bottling plant is about 66.0 m3/day.

BASIS FOR CALCULATION OF POTABLE WATER REQUIREMENT

Drinking : 10 Litres/Person

Flushing : 20 Litres/Person

Washing : 25 Litres/Person

Waste : 25 Litres/Person

Total : 80 Litres/day/person About 150 persons are working during operation of the bottling plant including

security, truck crews & contract workers.

Total Domestic Consumption for 150 persons =150 x 80L = 12,000L = 12m3

Table-4.1 WATER CONSUMPTION

Sl. No. Particulars

Quantity (m3/day) Existing Post-

augmentation a) Domestic (Drinking, Sanitary etc.) 12.0 12.0 b) Washing/water bath/Miscl. plant operation 49.0 49.0 c) Mock Drill (170 m3 once in a month) 5.0 5.0 Total 66.0 66.0

The project proposal is only for installation of two nos. of Mounded Bullets for

augmentation of storage facilities. Hence, the water requirement shall remain

unchanged.




Table-4.2 Waste Water Generation & Disposal

Sl. No. Particulars Quantity (m3/day)

Existing Post- Augmentation a) Water bath/washings/service water 25.0 25.0 b) Sanitary waste water 8.0 8.0 c) Mock drill 3.0 3.0

Total 36.0 36.0

The quantity of waste water generation shall remain unchanged during

normal operation of the plant after installation of the proposed Mounded

Bullets. The sanitary waste water (8.0 m3) shall be disposed off through septic

tanks and soak pits and rest of the waste water shall be passed through

vapour trap and discharged into existing drainage system.

4.2.5.2 Impact on Surface Water 4.2.5.2.1 Construction Phase During construction phase, about 90-100 labourers would be engaged by the

contractors. Potable & water for construction shall be arranged by the

contractor. About 14 m3/day of construction water is required for a period of

about 15 months i.e. during the construction phase only.

4.2.5.2.2 Operation Phase

As discussed above, the quantity of raw water requirement shall remain

same. Since, water requirement of the plant is met through deep tube well

located inside the plant premises; no impact is envisaged on surface water

body during operation of proposed Mounded Bullets.

4.2.5.3 Impact on Ground Water Reserve and Quality

The bottling activity does not envisage generation/ disposal of any hazardous

or toxic materials, which could leach down to water table. Hence, impact on

the ground water quality is not envisaged during construction phase as well

as operation phase of the proposed project.




4.2.6 Impact due to Solid / Hazardous Waste Generation 4.2.6.1 Construction Phase

Solid Waste

Generation of solid waste in the form of excavated earth is envisaged during

the construction period. There will be temporary piling of excavated earth and

shall be utilized for levelling of the low lying area in the bottling plant.

During construction of Mounded Bullets, some solid materials are expected to

be generated. The gas cylinders used for welding shall be returned back to

the supplier. Cement bags, plastic buckets, coal tar drums, damaged tools

and other containers are used during construction and discarded as solid

wastes.

Hazardous Waste

The hazardous materials used during the construction may include diesel,

welding gas and paints, etc. These have to be disposed carefully.

4.2.6.2 Operation Phase Except spent oil from DG Set, no solid waste is envisaged to be generated

during the operation phase.

4.2.7 Impact on Ecology 4.2.7.1 Terrestrial Ecology 4.2.7.1.1 Construction Phase

The initial construction work at the project site involves land clearance,

cutting/ felling of negligible number of shrubs and back-filling /levelling. The

site for installation of Mounded Bullets is almost barren and devoid of

vegetation. The construction activities involve removal of shrubs and scrubs

only.

4.2.7.1.2 Operation Phase The probability and consequences of significant ecological impacts occurring

as a result of the operation of the Mounded Bullets/facility are considered to

be almost negligible. The risk of any leakage is almost negligible owing to

stringent leak prevention technologies.




4.2.7.2 Aquatic Ecology 4.2.7.2.1 Construction Phase Only a small amount of sanitary waste water would be generated during

construction phase. The waste water so generated shall be disposed off

through septic tanks and soak pits. Hence, no impact is envisaged on aquatic

ecology of any surface water source.

4.2.7.2.2 Operation Phase In normal condition, no waste water is discharged from bottling plant to any

surface water body. During rainy season, the rain water is discharged through

properly designed storm water drain after passing through vapour trap. Hence, no impact is envisaged on aquatic ecology from the operation of

facilities.

4.2.8 Impact on Land Environment The bullets will be mounded with earth/sand and hence there will not be any

adverse impact on the land environment. The construction activities would

attract a sizeable number of construction workers deployed for establishment

of bullets. Due to this, marginal influx of population is likely to take place

which would result in temporary camps consisting of hutments. However,

these would be confined to limited period of construction only. Hence, impact

is temporary in nature and reversible. Efforts would be made to engage

construction workers from local adjoining areas to mitigate this impact.

4.2.9 Impact on Socio-economic Environment The development due to proposed project will have marginal impacts on local

socio-economic condition of the people residing in the area. The construction

of Mounded Bullets would provide temporary employment, which may consist

of locals too. This would improve the socio-economic condition of the local

population.

The operation of the proposed project would result in positive impacts such as

industrial and economic development and generation of employment

opportunity.

4.2.10 Impact of Earthquake

All districts of Assam lie in Seismic Zone-V.




4.2.11 Transport System The National Highway, NH-31 which links Guwahati to other North-Eastern

States is at a distance of about 3.0 Km from the bottling plant. This highway is

the main road for receiving bulk LPG as well as carrying filled cylinders to

designated locations. Traffic density on the NH-31 is moderate and at present

every hour approximately 100-120 vehicles are passing through it.

Presently, about 17 bulk LPG road tankers coming from different supply

sources are unloaded everyday at the bottling plant. Post-augmentation,

about 25-26 road tankers shall be unloaded daily at the bottling plant. The

increase in number of road tankers shall be only for initial few days unless the

storage level of LPG of 2520 MT is achieved at North Guwahati bottling plant.

Thereafter, there will be no increase in traffic load on NH-31 & 37.

In view of the traffic on the road, density w.r. to heavy vehicles was 10.96 per

hour whereas the traffic density including light motor vehicles was 36.46 per

hour. Thus, viewing the density as well as the preventive measures (approach

road and lorry parking area), the bottling plant activities may impart

insignificant impact on the traffic for a few days.

4.3 OVERALL EVALUATION OF IMPACTS Overall evaluation of impacts due to proposed project on various

environmental parameters is illustrated in the following Table:




Table-4.3 EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

Environmental

Impact

Environmental

Area No

Effe

ct

Pos

itive

Effe

ct

Neg

ativ

e E

ffect

Ben

efic

ial

Adv

erse

Pro

blem

atic

Sho

rt-te

rm

Long

-term

Rev

ersi

ble

Irrev

ersi

ble

Soil characteristics

Natural drainage

Conformity to Regional Plans

Air quality

Ground water

Surface water

Noise

Wild Life

Endangered Species

Natural vegetation

Exotic vegetation

Demography

Recreation

Health & safety

Regional economy

National economy

Public Facilities

Public services

Transportation

4.4 CONCLUSION In view of the above facts and figures, it may be concluded that LPG Bottling

Plant at North Guwahati shall not impart any adverse impact on physical

features, water, noise and air environment. The proposed project shall

generate additional indirect employment and indirect service sector

enhancement in the region and would help in the socio-economic up-liftment

of the state as well as the local area.

CHAPTER- 5

ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (TECHNOLOGY & SITE)


ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (TECHNOLOGY & SITE)


5.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (TECHNOLOGY & SITE) 5.1 Alternative Technology

The project proposal relates to installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets of 600

MT capacity each for storage of LPG.

IOCL has mastered the art and technology for installation of Mounded Bullets.

The LPG department of Marketing Division of IOCL has earned a good credential

for installation of Mounded Bullets.

The above expertises of IOCL are well proven and working efficiently at different

locations of the country including North-Eastern states without fail.

IOCL is having excellent track record and progressive outlook in regularly

updating its technology. The technology adopted by IOCL for installation of

Mounded Bullets for storage of LPG is a fail-safe.

5.2 Alternative Site Since, the proposed bullets shall be annexe to the existing plant and already

vacant space is available hence, alternate site selection is not relevant.

CHAPTER- 6

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM


ENVIORNMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM


6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM Environmental monitoring plays a key role for establishment of Environmental

Management Plan. Environmental monitoring helps to ascertain the status and

performance of equipment and record the emission levels. In general, the

frequency of regular monitoring depends on process technology, type of process

equipment, stability of the process and reliability of the analytical method.

A monitoring schedule, prepared in consultation with Assam State Pollution

Control Board (ASPCB), shall be maintained for the following components:

• Ambient air quality: Monitoring of ambient PM10, SO2 & NOx shall be carried

out by a laboratory accredited by ASPCB/CPCB. The measurements shall be

conducted at regular intervals to evaluate the concentrations of the above

pollutants as per statutory guidelines.

• Waste water: Monitoring of waste water shall cover all the parameters

specified by ASPCB, with special emphasis on pH, Suspended solids,

Dissolve Oxygen, Oil and Grease etc. and shall be conducted by a laboratory

accredited by ASPCB/CPCB.

• Ambient Noise level: Noise generated by different sources and noise level

within work zone & near boundary walls shall be measured once in every

three months by a laboratory accredited by ASPCB/CPCB or as per

guidelines provided by ASPCB.

.

CHAPTER- 7

RISK ANALYSIS



Risk Analysis

7.0 RISK ANALYSIS LPG Bottling Plant of M/s IOCL North Guwahati mainly poses fire and explosion

hazards due to handling/storage/dispatch operation of LPG. These operations

may lead to unwanted and accidental releases of LPG. IOCL proposes

installation of additional 2 Nos. of mounded bullet (Cap. 600 MT each) in the

existing bottling plant premises at North Guwahati. This section deals with listing

of various failure cases leading to various hazard scenarios, analysis of failure

modes and consequence analysis. Consequence analysis is basically a

quantitative study of the hazard due to various failure scenarios to determine the

possible magnitude of damage effects and to determine the distances up to,

which the damage may occur. The reason and purpose of consequence analysis

are manifolds like:

⇒ For computation of risk.

⇒ For evaluating damage and protection of other plants.

⇒ To ascertain damage potential to public and evolve protection measures.

⇒ For preparation of effective emergency planning both ON-SITE and

OFF-SITE.

⇒ For formulating safe design criteria of equipment and protection systems.

The results of consequence analysis are useful for getting information about all

known and unknown effects that are of importance when some failure occurs. It

also gives information to deal with the possible catastrophic events and an

understanding of hazard potential and remedial measures to plant authorities,

workers and the public living outside in the vicinity of the plant.

Scope of risk analysis study includes the following:

• Identify vulnerable sections of the plant, which are likely to cause damage to

the plant, operating staff and the surrounding communities in case of any

accidental release of LPG from the plant facilities.

• Assess overall damage potential of the hazardous events in relation to Plant

and environment.

• Assessment of total individual risk at various locations around the plant

premises



Risk Analysis

The present study is based on the information made available by M/s IOCL to

PDIL before undertaking Risk Analysis Study. The study does not take into

account the risk from any deliberate mal-operations or any act of sabotage.

Risk analysis of the plant includes identification of various credible and non

credible failure scenarios and consequences of those scenarios leading to

dispersion, pool fire, jet fire, vapour cloud explosion, etc. Frequency of the failure

cases, magnitude of hazards and hazard distances have also been dealt with.

The principal conclusions drawn from the risk analysis and recommendations

based thereon are summarized hereunder.

7.1 PROPERTIES OF LPG LPG is a mixture of commercial propane and commercial butane, which may also

contain small quantity of unsaturated hydrocarbons. LPG marketing in India is

governed by IS 4576 and test methods by IS-1448.

LPG being highly inflammable may cause fire and explosion. It, therefore, calls

for special attention during its handling.

7.1.1 Physical properties

a) Density LPG at atmospheric pressure and temperature is a gas, which is 1.5 to 2.0

times heavier than air. It gets easily liquefied under moderate pressure. The

density of liquid is approximately half that of water and ranges from 0.525 to

0.58 Te/m3.

Since LPG vapour is heavier than air, it normally settles down at ground

level/low lying areas. This accumulation of LPG vapour gives rise to

potential fire and explosion hazards.

b) Vapour Pressure The pressure inside a LPG storage vessel corresponds to the temperature

in the storage vessel. This vapour pressure is dependent on temperature as

well as the percentage composition of the mixture of hydrocarbons present

in LPG. Beyond liquid full condition in cylinders any further expansion of the

liquid will increase the cylinder pressure by 7-8 kg/Cm2 for each degree



Risk Analysis

centigrade rise in temperature. This clearly indicates the hazardous

situation, which may arise due to overfilling of cylinders or any storage

vessel.

c) Flammability

LPG has an explosive limit range of 1.8% to 9.5% by volume of the gas in

air. This is considerably narrower than other common gaseous fuel.

d) Auto-ignition temperature

The auto-ignition temperature of LPG is around 410oC-548oC and will not

ignite on its own at normal temperature.

e) Combustion

Combustion of LPG increases the volume of products in addition to

generation of heat. LPG requires about 24 to 30 times its own volume of air

for complete combustion and yields 3-4 times of its own volume of CO2.

The heat of combustion is about 10,900 Kcal/kg.

f) Colour LPG is colourless both in liquid and vapour phase. During leakage,

vapourisation of LPG cools the atmosphere and condenses the water

vapour contained in it forming a white fog. This makes possible to see an

escape of LPG.

g) Viscosity

LPG has a low viscosity (around 0.3 CS at 45oC) and can leak when other

petroleum products cannot. This property demands a high degree of

integrity in the pressurized systems handling LPG to avoid leakage.

h) Odour LPG has a very faint smell and as such for detecting leakage of LPG, ethyl

mercaptan is generally added in the ratio approx. 1 Kg of mercaptan per

100 m3 of liquid LPG (20 ppm).



Risk Analysis

i) Toxicity LPG is slightly toxic. Although it is not poisonous in vapour phase, it

suffocates when present in large concentrations due to displacement of

oxygen. IDLH value of LPG is generally taken as 19000 ppm.

j) Pyrophoric Iron Highly inflammable pyrophoric iron sulphide is formed due to reaction of

loose iron/iron oxide with sulphur or its compounds. Formation of

pyrophoric iron sulphide is prevented by totally eliminating H2S, limiting the

total volatile sulphur to 0.2% by mass and reducing loose iron oxide by

thoroughly cleaning the storage vessels internally during outage.

However, pyrophoric iron sulphide will not spontaneously ignite in a Sphere

or a cylinder due to high concentration of LPG, which is much above the

upper flammable limit. When these vessels are aired (during opening to

atmosphere or air entrapped condition) to within or below the range, it will

ignite spontaneously unless steam/water is used to cut the sulphur iron

reaction. Similar type of precaution is needed while opening the strainers

of LPG pumps or any other location where loose iron oxide is expected.

7.2 HAZARDS OF LPG SPILLAGE/ESCAPE FROM CONTAINMENT 7.2.1 General When LPG is released from a storage vessel or a pipeline, a fraction of LPG

vaporizes immediately and the other portion forms a pool if the released liquid

quantity is significant. LPG from the pool vaporizes rapidly entrapping some

liquid as droplets as well as considerable amount of air, forming a gas cloud.

The gas cloud is relatively heavier than air and forms a thin layer on the ground.

The cloud flows into trenches and depressions and in this way travels a

considerable distance.

As the cloud formed in the area of spill moves downwind under influence of wind,

it gets diluted. A small spark within the flammability limit can cause flash fire,

explosion and if the liquid pool still exists and remains in touch of cloud under fire

it can ignite the whole mass of liquid. However in case of non existence of any

source of fire there will be no occurrence of hazardous event and the cloud may



Risk Analysis

get diluted to such a level that the mixture is no longer explosive. But it can

cause asphyxiation due to displacement of oxygen. The various phenomena that

may likely to take place are discussed as hereunder.

7.2.2 Jet Fire Escaping jet of LPG from pressure vessels/piping, if ignited, causes a jet flame.

The jet flame direction and tilt depend on prevailing wind direction and velocity.

Damage, in case of such type of jet fires, may be restricted within the plant

boundary. However, the ignited jet can impinge on other vessels and equipment

carrying LPG and can cause domino effect.

7.2.3 Pool Fire

The liquid pool, if ignited, causes a "Pool Fire". In the pool fire, LPG burns with

long smoky flame throughout the pool diameter radiating intense heat, which

creates severe damage to the adjoining buildings, structures, other vessels and

equipment causing secondary fires. The flame may tilt under influence of wind

and may get propagated / blown several pool diameters down wind. Damage, in

case of such fires, may be restricted within the plant area and near the source of

generation except causing phenomena, called BLEVE, which will be discussed

and detailed below.

However, in case of plants having a good layout maintaining safe separation

distances and other precautionary measures, the damage may be restricted to

minimum distance.

7.2.4 Vapour Cloud Explosion (VCE) Clouds of LPG vapour mixed with air (within flammability limit) may cause

propagating flames when ignited. In certain cases flame may take place within

seconds. The thermal radiation intensity is severe depending on the total mass

of LPG in the cloud and may cause secondary fires. When the flame travels very

fast it explodes causing high overpressures or blast effects causing heavy

damage at considerable distance from the release point. Such explosions are

called unconfined vapour cloud explosion and is most common cause of such

industrial accidents.



Risk Analysis

7.2.5 Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) This phenomenon occurs when pressure inside a storage vessel increases

above the design pressure due to receipt of heat radiation from fire in the

adjacent area. Due to impingement of flame or due to radiant heat, temperature

in the vapour portion of the storage vessel increases rapidly compared to the

portion filled with liquid. Increase in temperature weakens the shell. With the rise

in vapour pressure and inadequate vapour space for expansion, the shell of

storage tank bursts causing fragments of the shell flying like projectiles with

release of whole mass of pressurised boiling liquid. The released liquid flashes

and atomises immediately often resulting a large fire ball in contact with an

ignition source. Although the fire ball lasts only a few seconds, its effect is

devastating due to flame contact and intense thermal radiation. This

phenomenon is called BLEVE. The effect of BLEVE may extend beyond the plant

boundary in case of catastrophic failure of large pressurised storage vessels but

occurrence of such phenomena is very rare and this is considered to be

incredible in nature.

7.3 PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS 7.3.1 The plant handles LPG, which is highly inflammable and explosive. The hazards

involved in the plant are:

⇒ Large scale release of LPG from bulk storage system leading to

dispersion/fire/explosion.

⇒ Leakage of LPG in unloading area due to unloading arm failure.

⇒ Equipment failure/malfunction like relief valve failure, flange gasket failure,

pump mechanical seal failure etc. resulting in leakage of LPG to atmosphere.

⇒ Accidents due to overfilled cylinders or fire in the vicinity.

⇒ Lack of adequate fire protection facilities available at different places of LPG

unloading, loading and usage.

⇒ Lack of experience level of personnel involved and their capacity to cope with

emergency situation.

Apart from the above, accidents due to maloperation, negligence and sabotage

are also not ruled out.



Risk Analysis

7.4 RISK ANALYSIS 7.4.1 Quantitative Risk Analysis Quantitative Risk Analysis has been carried out with help world renowned

SOFTWARE i.e. PHAST RISK Micro, Version-6.70 (Latest) of M/s DNV

Technica(UK).

7.4.2 Damage Criteria The damage effects are different for different types of failure scenarios .The

physical effects of ignition of LPG vapours, e.g. blast wave, thermal radiation and

BLEVE due to release of LPG from the containment are discussed below:

i) LPG vapours released accidentally will normally spread out in the

direction of the wind. If it comes into contact with an ignition source

before being dispersed below the lower flammability limit (LFL), a flash

fire is likely to occur and the flame may travel back to the source of leak.

Any person caught in the flash fire is likely to suffer from severe burn

injury. Therefore, in consequence analysis, the distance to LFL value is

usually taken to indicate the area, which may be affected by flash fires.

Any other combustible material within the flash fire is likely to catch fire

and may cause secondary fires. In the area close to the source of

leakage of LPG there is a possibility of Oxygen depletion since the LPG

vapour is heavier than air. A minimum of 19.5% Oxygen in air is

considered essential for human lives.

ii) Thermal radiation due to pool fire, jet flame or fire ball may cause various

degrees of burn on human bodies. Also its effects on inanimate objects

like equipment, piping, building and other objects need to be evaluated.

The damage effect with respect to thermal radiation intensity is

elaborated in Table - 7.1.

Damage due to various level of incident thermal radiation, overpressure and

thermal dose level have been given in table 7.1, 7.2 & 7.3



Risk Analysis

Table - 7.1 DAMAGE DUE TO INCIDENT THERMAL RADIATION INTENSITY

Incident Thermal Radiation Intensity,

KW/m2 Observed effect

37.5 Sufficient to cause damage to process equipment

25 Minimum energy required to ignite wood at indefinitely long exposure ( Non pilotwd)

12.5 Minimum energy required for piloted ignition of wood, melting of plastic tubing etc.

4.5 1st degree burn, Sufficient to cause pain to personnel if unable to reach cover within 20

sec; however blistering of skin is likely. 1.5 Will cause no discomfort for long exposure

Table - 7.2 DAMAGE EFFECTS OF BLAST OVERPRESSURE

Blast Overpressure. (Bar) Damage Type

0.30 Major damage to structures (assumed fetal to the people inside structure)

0.10 Repairable Damage 0.03 Window Breakage

iii) In the event of dispersion of LPG vapour cloud, the cloud comes into

contact with an ignition source between its upper and lower flammability

limit an explosion may occur. The resultant blast wave may have

damaging effect on the equipment, buildings, structures etc. The collapse

of buildings & structures may cause injury or fatality. Damaging effect of

blast overpressures are illustrated in the table 7.2.

iv) In the case of fireball from LPG storage tanks, the effect will be similar to

that of thermal radiation. Those who are located within fireball distance

are likely to suffer fatal burn injury. Those who are beyond fireball

diameter will be subjected to different levels of thermal radiation, which

has been mentioned earlier in Table-7.1.

In case of transient fires like fire ball, doses of thermal radiation (total incident

energy) are also used to estimate threshold damage levels on human bodies.

Table 7.3 shows the damage effects due to various dose levels.



Risk Analysis

Table - 7.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF THERMAL DOSE LEVEL

Dose Threshold (KJ/m2) Effect

375 Third degree burn 250 Second degree burn 125 First degree burn 65 Threshold of pain, no reddening or blistering of skin is

caused 1st Degree Burn Involves only epidermis. Sunburn is an example. Blisters

may occur. 2nd Degree Burn Whole epidermis along with some portion of dermis is

affected. 3rd Degree Burn Involves whole of epidermis and dermis. Sub-cutaneous

tissues may also be affected.

Dispersion and Stability Class In calculation of effects due to release of hydrocarbons dispersion of vapour

plays an important role as indicated earlier. The factors which govern dispersion

are mainly Wind Velocity, Stability Class, Temperature as well as surface

roughness. One of the characteristics of atmosphere is stability, which plays an

important role in dispersion of pollutants. Stability is essentially the extent to

which it allows vertical motion by suppressing or assisting turbulence. It is

generally a function of vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere. The

stability factor directly influences the ability of the atmosphere to disperse

pollutants emitted into it from sources in the plant. In most dispersion problems

relevant atmospheric layer is that nearest to the ground. Turbulence induced by

buoyancy forces in the atmosphere is closely related to the vertical temperature

profile.

Temperature of the atmospheric air normally decreases with increase in height.

The rate of decrease of temperature with height is known as the Lapse Rate. It

varies from time to time and place to place. This rate of change of temperature

with height under adiabatic or neutral condition is approximately 1oC per 100

metres. The atmosphere is said to be stable, neutral or unstable according to the

lapse rate is less than, equal or greater than dry adiabatic lapse rate i.e. 1oC per

100 metres.



Risk Analysis

Pasquill has defined six stability classes ranging from A to F A = Extremely unstable B = Moderately unstable C = Slightly unstable D = Neutral E = Stable F = Highly stable

7.4.3 Failure Case Listing The mode of approach adopted for consequence analysis is to first select the

failure cases and then to conduct the consequence analysis of the selected

failure cases. The failure cases selected are listed in Table - 7.4.



Risk Analysis

Table - 7.4 SELECTED FAILURE CASES

Sl. No. Failure Case Failure Mode Consequence

1. Full bore / 20% CSA failure of LPG outlet line of Mounded Bullets

Random Failure

Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire

2. Full bore / 20% CSA failure of LPG outlet line of Horton Sphere

Random Failure


3. LPG pump discharge line full bore failure

Random failure


4. Road tanker failure Random failure

Dispersion, fire ball, vapour cloud explosion, BLEVE

5. LPG pump mechanical seal failure

Mech. seal failure


6. LPG Pump Outlet Line Gasket failure

Gasket failure Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire

7. Road Tanker unloading arm failure

Random failure

Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, jet fire.

8. Filled cylinder failure(Domino)

Random failure

Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, fire Ball, BLEVE

9. Safety valve failure for Horton Sphere

Random failure

Dispersion

10. Safety valve failure for Mounded Bullet

Random failure

Dispersion

11. Carousel line failure Random failure


12. LPG vapour compressor outlet line Full bore failure

Random failure

Dispersion,vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire

13. Catastrophic Failure of a Single Horton Sphere

Random failure

Dispersion, fire Ball, vapour cloud explosion, BLEVE

14. Domino Effects Of Horton Sphere

Random failure


The purpose of listing of failure cases as given in Table-7.4 above is to examine

the consequence of the failure individually or in combination. The frequency of

occurrence of failure varies and can be estimated by "Fault tree" or "Event tree"

methods. Adoption of such methods for failure frequency estimation need use of

reliability indices of equipment and components of the system under study, such

reliability indices are expected to be furnished by the manufacturers, which is

seldom the case in practice. Generic data could be used as an alternative.



Risk Analysis

However, besides such data not being available for every component, their use

may sometimes give an erroneous picture if not used judiciously. It is seen that

the guillotine failure of pipelines of higher sizes has a lower frequency of

occurrence. Also catastrophic failure of LPG storage tanks, road tankers etc. may

occur rarely and failures of such equipment may be considered incredible as

these may contribute small risk because of low frequency of occurrence. On the

other hand failure frequencies of small bore pipelines up to say 50 mm pipe size.

Pump mechanical seal, gaskets etc. are relatively high and may be considered

"foreseeable" or "credible" and may contribute higher risk.

7.5 CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS SCENARIOS 7.5.1 Full Bore/20% CSA Failure of the LPG Outlet Line of Proposed Mounded

Bullets The Mounded Bullets have been provided with an outlet line of 150 mm size. In

case, full bore/20% CSA failure of the outlet line, LPG will flow out from the

storage vessel as jet. The outflow of LPG is large and needs to be stopped at the

shortest possible time to avoid a catastrophes.

Features of Mounded Bullets are as following:

Capacity : 2 x 600 MT

Storage Temperature : Ambient

Liquid outlet line : 150mm

The failure is downstream of ROV, presence of gas detector near ROV in outlet

line may raise alarm or actuate closure of ROV and avoid larger LPG losses.

However, the failure frequency of full bore and 20% CSA for pipe dia. of 150 mm

are 1.5 x 10-7 /m/year and 3.3 x 10-7 /m/year, which indicates that chances of

such failure are very remote. Therefore, this scenario may be considered as non

- credible in nature.

Release Rate (Kg/sec) Full bore/20% CSA : 95.15/19.35

The consequence of 1 minute spill of LPG due to guillotine/20% CSA failure may

be the following:

i) The out – coming liquid in the form of jet may catch fire in presence of any

source of ignition resulting in jet fire.



Risk Analysis

ii) The LPG which has come out may not catch fire. In that event it shall

evaporate forming vapour cloud which may disperse safely beyond its lower

flammability limit (LFL) in the direction of the wind, if there is no ignition

source between its upper and lower flammability limits.

iii) The dispersing vapour cloud may come in contact with an ignition source

between its flammability limits. In that event flash fire shall occur and vapour

cloud explosion shall result. Anything coming within the fire zone shall be

severely affected.

The hazard distance for the above mentioned cases are given in tabular form

here below

i) The hazard distance to LFL value of LPG has been calculated for wind speed

of 2B, 3D & 5D (Day condition) and 2F, 3D & 5D (Night condition) are presented

in table no- 7.5

Table - 7.5

MAXIMUM HAZARD DISTANCE TO LFL

Sl. No. Wind Speed (m/sec) Stability Class Distances (m)

DAY NIGHT DAY NIGHT FULL BORE FAILURE 01. 2 B F 258 281 02. 3 D D 261 259 03. 5 D D 263 263

20% CSA FAILURE 01. 2 B F 111 138 02. 3 D D 114 114 03. 5 D D 116 114

It will be evident from the above table that hazard distance to LFL may extend

upto a max distance of 281 m and 138 m for full bore and 20% CSA failure

respectively.

ii) This scenario envisages full bore / 20% CSA failure of Mounded Bullet outlet

line resulting damage distance due to jet fire. The hazard distances have been

mentioned in table no- 7.6



Risk Analysis

Table - 7 .6 HAZARD DISTANCES TO THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE

Sl. No.

Thermal Radiation Level

KW/m2

Distance (m) from centre of the jet DAY NIGHT

2B 3D 5D 2F 3D 5D FULL BORE FAILURE 01. 37.5 132 123 113 132 123 113 02. 12.5 158 150 140 159 150 140 03. 4.5 198 190 182 199 190 182

20% CSA FAILURE 01. 37.5 65 61 56 65 61 56 02. 12.5 78 73 69 78 73 69 03. 4.5 97 93 88 97 93 88

It is evident from the above table that the hazard distance to 1st degree burn for

thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 in case of full bore failure may extend upto a

max distance of 199m and may reach TLD shed, pump house, Horton sphere

storage area, Empty Cylinder Cum LPG Filling Shed & Filled Cylinder Shed.

While in case of 20% CSA failure hazard distance to 1st degree burn for thermal

radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 may extend upto a max distance of 97m and may

reach near Horton sphere storage area.

iii) Vapour Cloud Explosion: The hazard distance for overpressure of 0.3 bar,

0.1 bar and 0.03 bar due to explosion are given here below:

Table - 7.7

HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION

Sl. No.

Wind Speedm/sec

(Day/Night)

Stability Class

(Day/Night)

Max. Distances (m) to overpressure 0.3 Bar 0.1 Bar 0.03 Bar

Day Night Day Night Day NightFULL BORE FAILURE 01. 2/2 B/F 556 484 613 541 776 735 02. 3/3 D/D 526 535 582 592 734 742 03. 5/5 D/D 435 435 491 491 640 640 20% CSA FAILURE 01. 2/2 B/F 236 194 255 211 315 295 02. 3/3 D/D 234 234 259 258 326 324 03. 5/5 D/D 193 193 217 217 282 282

It is evident from the above table that the hazard distances to overpressure of 0.3

bar (heavy damage) may extend upto a max distance of 556 m and may go



Risk Analysis

beyond plant premises in case of full bore failure of outlet line of Mounded Bullet.

While hazard distance to overpressure of 0.3 bar (heavy damage) may extend

upto a max distance of 236 m and may reach TLD Shed, Empty Cylinder Cum

LPG Filling Shed & Filled Cylinder Shed, Pump House and Horton sphere

storage area due to 20% CSA failure of Mounded Bullet outlet line. This failure

may cause damage to the storage vessels and other equipment / structure.

Hence utmost care should be taken to prevent such failure. Hence, periodic NDT

is suggested which may be helpful to assess the health of the pipeline.

7.5.2 Horton Sphere Outlet Line Full Bore/ 20% C.S.A Failure The existing LPG storage facilities comprise 2 Nos. of Horton Sphere (capacity 2

x 660 MT) with outlet line size of 200 mm. In case of Full Bore/ 20% CSA failure

of the outlet line, LPG will flow out as jet. The outflow of LPG is large and needs

to be stopped at shortest possible time to avoid a catastrophe. However, the

failure frequency of full bore pipe / 20% CSA for pipe dia. of 200 mm is 11 x 10-

8/m/year and 2.5 x 10-7/m/year respectively, which indicates that chances of such

failure are very remote. Therefore this scenario may be considered as non -

credible in nature.

Release Rate (Kg/sec)

Full bore/20% CSA - 145.15/37.88

i) The hazard distances to LFL value of LPG has been calculated and

presented in Table 7.8: Table - 7.8


Sl. No.

Wind Speed (m/sec)

Stability Class Distances (m) DAY NIGHT DAY NIGHT

FULL BORE FAILURE 01. 2 B F 235 266 02. 3 D D 235 235 03. 5 D D 252 252

20% CSA FAILURE 01. 2 B F 99 105 02. 3 D D 97 97 03. 5 D D 91 91



Risk Analysis

It is evident from the above table that hazard distance to LFL may extend upto a

max distance of 252 m and 105 m due to full bore and 20% CSA failure

respectively.

ii) The scenario envisages damage distance due to jet fire. The same has been

presented in table 7.9:

Table - 7.9 HAZARD DISTANCES TO THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE

Sl. No.


KW/m2

Distance (m) from centre of the jet DAY NIGHT

2B 3D 5D 2F 3D 5D FULL BORE FAILURE

01. 37.5 159 148 136 159 148 136 02. 12.5 191 181 170 192 181 170 03. 4.5 239 230 220 241 230 220

20% CSA FAILURE 01. 37.5 87 81 75 88 81 75 02. 12.5 105 99 93 106 99 93 03. 4.5 131 125 120 132 125 120

From the above table it is evident that hazard distance for jet fire due to Full Bore

Failure may extend upto a max distance of 241 m and may reach TLD Shed,

Pump House, Mounded Bullet Storage area, Empty Cylinder Cum LPG Filling

Shed & Filled Cylinder Shed. While in case of 20% CSA hazard distance to 1st

degree burn i.e. for thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 may extend upto a max

distance of 132 m and may reach near TLD Shed, Pump House & Mounded

Bullet storage area.

iii) Hazard distance to over pressure due to vapour cloud explosion for full bore /

20 % CSA failure of outlet line of Horton Sphere are given in the following

table.



Risk Analysis

Table - 7.10 HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION

Sl. No.

Wind Speed M/sec.

(Day/Night)

Stability Class

(Day/Night)

Max. Distances (m) to overpressure 0.3 Bar 0.1 Bar 0.03 Bar

Day Night Day Night Day NightFULL BORE FAILURE 01. 2/2 B/F 595 509 651 569 802 730 02. 3/3 D/D 575 585 632 642 782 792 03. 5/5 D/D 504 504 558 558 705 704 20% CSA FAILURE 01. 2/2 B/F 265 258 291 287 361 364 02. 3/3 D/D 266 266 292 292 363 363 03. 5/5 D/D 234 234 258 258 324 324

It is evident from the above table that the hazard distance to 0.3 bar

overpressure (heavy damage) may extend upto a max distance of 595 m and

may go beyond plant premises due to Horton Sphere outlet line full bore failure.

While the hazard distance to 0.3 bar overpressure (heavy damage) may extend

upto a max distance of 266 m and may reach TLD Shed, Pump House, Mounded

Bullet Storage area, Empty Cylinder Cum LPG Filling Shed & Filled Cylinder

Shed due to 20% CSA failure of Horton sphere outlet line. But this failure may

cause damage to the storage vessels and other equipment / structure. Hence

utmost care should be taken to prevent such failure. This scenario may cause

damage to the plant installations. Hence outlet line of Horton sphere should be

maintained in good condition. Hence, periodic NDT is suggested which may be

helpful to assess the health of the pipeline.

7.5.3 LPG Pump Discharge Line Full Bore Failure The LPG pump takes its suction from the Bullet and pumps it to the filling shed

for filling of empty LPG cylinders. For consequence analysis, release duration of

3 min has been considered. The details of the pump are as follows:

No. Of pumps : 2

Type of pump : Centrifugal

Capacity : 1400 LPM

Suction/Discharge pressure : 8/12 Kg/cm2g

Suction/Discharge line size : 150/100 mm



Risk Analysis

Following scenario has been envisaged for consequence analysis:

1) The out – flow liquid does not catch fire but evaporates forming a vapour

cloud and disperse safely to beyond its LFL.

2) The out – coming liquid in form of jet may catch fire in presence of any

source of ignition resulting in jet fire.

3) The evaporating vapour cloud may come in contact with an ignition source

between its flammability limit resulting in flash fire and vapour cloud

explosion.

i) Hazard distances to LFL due to pump discharge line full bore failure are given

in table 7.11:

Table - 7.11 HAZARD DISTANCES TO LFL

Sl. No.

Wind Speed m/sec.

Stability Class Maximum Distance to LFL (m) Day Night Day Night

01. 2 B F 70 75 02. 3 D D 69 69 03. 5 D D 69 69

From the above table it is evident that the LFL concentration may extend up to a

maximum distance of 75 meters and may create a hazardous situation if a

source of ignition is found within this distance.

ii) Jet Fire - The hazard distances to different thermal radiation levels are given

in Table-7.12.

Table - 7.12

HAZARD DISTANCES TO THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE

Sl. No.


KW/m2

Distance (m) from centre of the jet Day Night

2B 3D 5D 2F 3D 5D 1. 37.5 53 49 45 53 49 45 2. 12.5 63 60 56 64 60 56 3. 4.5 78 75 72 79 75 72

From the above Table, it is evident that the hazard distance due to thermal

radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 may extend upto a max distance of 79 meter in case

of full bore failure in pump discharge line. It is also evident that hazard distance

to 1st degree burn i.e. 4.5 KW/m2 remains confined within the factory boundary.



Risk Analysis

iii) This scenario states that the dispersing vapour cloud comes in contact with

an ignition source resulting in vapour cloud explosion. The hazard distances

to over pressure of 0.3 bar, 0.1 bar & 0.03 bar are presented below in Table -

7.13 for wind speed of 2B, 3D & 5D (day condition) and 2F, 3D & 5D (night

condition).

Table - 7.13


Sl. No.

Wind Speed m/sec

Stability Class Max. Distances (m) to overpressure

Day/Night 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar D N D N D N

01. 2 B/F 176 199 192 219 237 271 02. 3 D/D 166 166 183 183 228 228 03. 5 D/D 146 146 162 162 205 205

From the above table it is evident that the distance to heavy damage i.e. for over

pressure of 0.3 bar may extend upto a max distance of 199 meters and may

reach TLD Shed, Horton Sphere storage area, Mounded Bullet Storage Area

Empty Cylinder Cum LPG Filling Shed & Filled Cylinder Shed for full bore failure

of LPG pump discharge line. Since failure frequency of 100 mm dia pipeline is

2.2 x 10-7/m/year, which is very low so, full bore failure of such line is non-

credible (rare occurrence phenomena) in nature.

7.5.4 Road Tanker Failure LPG is received to plant by Road Tankers. It is unloaded & transferred to the

Mounded Bullet / Horton Sphere by differential pressure method. There are 3 no.

of Tank Lorry unloading bay. Pressure inside the Tank Lorries shall be about 5-7

Kg/Cm2a corresponding to ambient temperature.

For consequence analysis, the Road Tanker of 18 MT capacity has been

considered. As the Tank Lorries come under pressurized storage vessels

category its failure frequency is very low i.e. 1.0x10-6 per year. In the event of

heat received by the tankers e.g. by flame impingement or from fire in the vicinity,

the liquid inside the tanker shall start boiling and the pressure inside the tank

shall start building up. If the safety valve provided in the tanker does not work

properly or if it has not been designed properly the phenomenon of BLEVE may



Risk Analysis

arise. The vessel shall rupture and the immediate ignition of the expanding

fuel/air mixture may lead to intense combustion resulting in fireballs.

The fireball details, hazard distance to thermal radiation and distances to over

pressures are given in the Tables - 7.14, 7.15 & 7.16.

Table - 7.14 FIRE BALL DETAILS DUE TO BLEVE IN ROAD TANKERS

Sl. No. Items Capacity of Road Tanker 01. LPG contained in the tanker, Kg 18.000 02. Fire ball radius, m 78.25 03. Duration of fire ball, sec. 10.88

Table - 7.15 HEAT RADIATION DISTANCES DUE TO FIRE BALL OF ROAD TANKER

Sl. No.

Thermal Radiation Level KW/m2

Distance (m) from centre of the pool Day Night

2B 3D 5D 2F 3D 5D 1. 37.5 25 25 25 37 25 25 2. 12.5 205 205 205 211 206 206 3. 4.5 378 378 378 388 379 379

It may be inferred from above table that hazard distances for 1st degree burn i.e.

4.5 KW/m2 may go upto a max distance of 388 m.


Sl. No.

Wind Speed m/sec (D/N)

Stability Class (D/N)

Max. Distances(m) to overpressure LFL (m)

0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar D N D N D N D N

01. 2/2 B/F 248 202 288 292 604 609 115 105 02. 3/3 D/D 298 296 315 315 632 632 156 161 03. 5/5 D/D 353 358 379 378 641 641 214 217

D = Day, N = Night From the above tables it is evident that the distance to heavy damage (0.3 bar)

may extend upto a max distance of 358 m for BLEVE in 18 MT road tanker

which goes outside the plant limit. And it is seen that the LFL distance may

extend upto a max distance of 217m. Hence, extreme care should be taken to

avoid any type of ignition source in the vicinity of the unloading bay. The

unloading bay should be provided with suitable fire/gas detection system and

with automatic sprinkler system.



Risk Analysis

7.5.5 LPG Pump Mechanical Seal Failure The frequency of failure of mechanical seal of centrifugal pumps specially

handling light hydrocarbons is quite high and poses risk due to formation of

vapour cloud. Failure of seals releases considerable quantity of hydrocarbons

into atmosphere and creates a hazardous zone. Present thinking is to adopt

double mechanical seal especially for light hydrocarbon services like LPG. This

helps in reducing their frequency of hydrocarbon release to atmosphere but still

contribute to a great extent to the overall risk of the plant. The failure frequency

of mechanical seal of pump is considered as 7.0 x 10-6/hr (Assuming 8760

hr/year).

However, the type of seal, single or double, does not affect their release rate or

the hazard distances. Hazard distances have been calculated for the LPG pump

mechanical seal failure. A shaft diameter of 40 mm and a seal gap of 1 mm have

been assumed for release rate calculation. The spilled LPG will disperse and

may result in:

a) Dispersion

b) Vapour Cloud Explosion

The hazard distances with respect to the above consequences are given in Table

- 7.17, 7.18 & 7.19 below:

Release rate (Kg/sec) : 1.94 Kg/sec

Table - 7.17 HAZARD DISTANCES TO LFL

Sl. No.

Wind Speed m/sec

Stability Class Maximum Distance to LFL (m) Day Night Day Night

01. 2 B F 19 21 02. 3 D D 18 18 03. 5 D D 16 16

From the above table it is evident that the LFL concentration distance may

extend up to a maximum distance of 21 m and may create a hazardous situation

if a source of ignition is found within this distance.



Risk Analysis

Table-7.18 HAZARD DISTANCES TO THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE

Sl. No.



2B 3D 5D 2F 3D 5D 1. 37.5 23 21 20 23 21 20 2. 12.5 28 26 24 28 26 24 3. 4.5 34 32 31 34 32 31

From the above it is evident that the hazard distance to thermal radiation level of

4.5 KW/m2 may extend upto a maximum distance of 34 meter in case of pump

mechanical seal failure. It is also evident that hazard distance to 1st degree burn

i.e. for thermal radiation level 4.5 KW/m2 remains confined within the factory

boundary. The consequence due to mechanical seal failure may be considered

as foreseeable or credible. Automatic gas detector/ heat detector and automatic

water sprinkler system may be considered to mitigate the hazard.

Table - 7.19


Sl. No.

Wind Speed m/sec

Stability Class

Max. Distances (m) to overpressure

Day/Night 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 barDay Night Day Night Day Night

01. 2 B/F 45 56 51 63 65 80 02. 3 D/D 45 45 51 51 65 65 03. 5 D/D 45 45 50 50 63 63

From the above Table it is seen that the hazard distance to an overpressure of

0.3 bar (heavy damage) may extend up to a max distance of 56 meters and will

be confined mainly within the factory premises.

7.5.6 Pump Outlet Line Gasket Failure Gasket failure is one of the foreseeable credible scenarios. Gasket failure of

flange joint may be full or partial. Experience shows that gasket failures are

mostly partial and segment between two bolt holes mainly fails. This is true for

spiral wound metallic gasket normally used in such services. Use of CAF gasket

may be discouraged as full segment rupture may be possible. The spilled LPG

may form a liquid pool on the ground and may result in:

a) Evaporation, vapour cloud formation and safe dispersion beyond its LFL.



Risk Analysis

b) Jet fire, if the released hydrocarbon forms a jet and finds an ignition source

within its flammability limits.

c) Vapour Cloud Explosion, if the vapour cloud finds a source of ignition

between its flammability limits.

Hazard distances for partial failure of gaskets have been calculated and are

presented in the Table - 7.20, 7.21 & 7.22.

Release Rate (Kg/sec) - 2.66

Table - 7.20

HAZARD DISTANCE TO LFL

Wind Speed m/sec & Stability Class LFL Distance (m) 2B/3D/5D (Day) 23/22/20 2F/3D/5D (Night) 25/22/20

From above table it is evident that the hazard distance with respect to LFL

concentration of LPG may extend upto a max distance of 25 m from the source

of leakage and shall be confined to the plant premises only.

Table - 7.21

HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO JET FIRE

Sl. No.


KW/m2

Max. Distances (m) to Thermal Radiation Day Night

2B 3D 5D 2F 3D 5D 01. 37.5 26 24 22 26 24 22 02. 12.5 31 29 27 31 29 27 03. 4.5 39 37 35 39 37 35

From the above Table it is evident that the distance to thermal radiation of 4.5

KW/m2 may extend upto a maximum distance of 39 meter in case of gasket

failure in pump discharge line. It is also evident that distance to 1st degree burn

i.e. for thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 remains confined within the factory

boundary.



Risk Analysis


Sl. No.

Wind Speed m/sec

Stability Class Max. Distances (m) to overpressure

Day/Night 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar Day Night Day Night Day Night

01. 2 B/F 66 77 73 85 90 105 02. 3 D/D 56 56 63 63 80 80 03. 5 D/D 55 55 61 61 77 77

From the above table it is evident that heavy damage i.e. 0.3 bar for partial failure

of gasket may extend up to 55 m. Present available data of gasket /flange failure

frequency is about 0.5 x 10-6/running hour which is considered on higher side.

The consequence due to gasket failure may be considered as foreseeable or

credible. Automatic gas detector/heat detector and automatic water sprinkler

system may be considered to mitigate the hazard.

7.5.7 Road Tanker Unloading Arm failure LPG from road tankers is unloaded in the bay for storage in Mounded Bullet

/Horton Sphere by connecting with a 50 mm dia unloading arm by pressurization

through compressed LPG vapour. The failure frequency of unloading arm is low

3x10-8 per hour of operation. The road tanker outlet nozzle is connected with an

excess flow check valve. In case of failure of unloading arm excess flow valve

provided at the upstream shall stop the flow of LPG to atmosphere. However, if

the excess flow valve does not operate, the isolation valve provided has to be

closed manually. Since during unloading of tankers operators shall be present

nearby the isolation valve can be closed in a short time.

The results of 3 minutes outflow of LPG due to simultaneous failure of unloading

arm and excess flow check valve is discussed herein. When LPG is released, a

portion of it is flashed off. The remaining liquid shall fall on ground and evaporate

due to heat from substrate. Hazard distances with respect to the following have

been calculated.

∗ Thermal Radiation in case of jet Fire.

∗ LFL of LPG in case of safe dispersion.

∗ Overpressure in case of Vapour Cloud Explosion.



Risk Analysis

Table - 7.23 HAZARD DISTANCES TO THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE

Sl. No.

Thermal Radiation

Level KW/m2


2B 3D 5D 2F 3D 5D 01. 37.5 19 17 16 19 17 16 02. 12.5 22 21 19 22 21 19 03. 4.5 27 26 25 27 26 25

From the above table it is evident that the hazard distance due to jet fire may

extend up to a maximum distance of 27 m. This failure may cause damage to

installations in the plant and Road tankers as well. Hence, utmost care should be

taken during unloading operation.

Table - 7.24

HAZARD DISTANCE DUE TO OVERPRESSURE

Sl. No.

Wind Speed m/sec

Stability Class (D/N)

Max. Distances(m) to overpressure LFL (m) 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar D N D N D N D N

01. 2 B/F 34 44 38 49 49 61 9 9 02. 3 D/D 34 34 38 38 49 49 9 9 03. 5 D/D 23 23 27 27 37 37 8 8

From the above table it is evident that overpressures of 0.3 bar (heavy damage)

may go up to a maximum distance of 44 m. And it is seen that the LFL distance

may extend upto a max distance of 9 m. So, care should be taken during

unloading operation to avoid catastrophe.

7.5.8 Filled Cylinder Failure (Domino) For domestic purpose LPG is filled in cylinders of 14.2 Kg capacity under a

pressure of 7 to 10 Kg/Cm2a. Beyond liquid full condition any further expansion of

the liquid the cylinder pressure will rise by approx 7 to 8 Kg/Cm2g for each

degree centigrade rise in the temperature. This clearly explains the hazardous

situation that could arise due to overfilling of cylinders. The filled cylinders are

stored in filled cylinder storage shed as per OISD guidelines. In case of flame

impingement or heat received by the cylinders from any fire in the vicinity or in

the storage area, the pressure inside the cylinder may rise and may cause the

cylinders to burst. The immediate ignition of the expanding fuel/air mixture leads

to intense combustion giving rise to phenomenon of BLEVE.



Risk Analysis

For BLEVE of filled cylinders following case has been considered:

If all the cylinders are stacked in one row in the storage shed i.e. 2816 cylinders

then:

Table - 7.25 FIRE BALL DETAILS DUE TO BLEVE IN CYLINDERS

Sl. No. No. of Cylinders (2816) 1. Radius of fire ball m 101 2. Duration of fire ball, sec 13.39

Table - 7.26 (a)

HAZARD DISTANCE TO THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO FIRE BALL

Sl. No.


Distance (m) Day Night

01. 37.5 113 113 02. 12.5 315 315 03. 4.5 555 555

The thermal radiation distances due to BLEVE in cylinders may go outside the

battery limit of LPG plant. The filled cylinder storage shed is to be provided with

gas detectors with alarms. However water sprinkler system and LPG suction

blower is provided in the storage shed. It may be ensured that suitable actions

shall be taken in case of gas leakage and/or fire in the vicinity to reduce the

hazard.

Table - 7.26 (b) HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION

Sl. No.

Wind Speed m/sec

StabilityClass (D/N)

Max. Distances(m) to overpressure LFL (m) 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar D N D N D N D N

01. 2 B/F 336 384 382 407 802 797 175 194 02. 3 D/D 443 443 456 456 829 829 232 233 03. 5 D/D 489 485 514 515 836 836 308 309

From the above table it is evident that overpressure (heavy damage) of 0.3 bar

may go up to a maximum distance of 489 m and may go outside the plant

premises. And it is seen that the LFL distance may extend upto a max distance

of 309 m. So, care should be taken to filled cylinder storage area to avoid

catastrophe.



Risk Analysis

7.5.9 Safety Valve failure of Horton Sphere Each Horton Sphere is provided with two nos. of safety valves and set to release

pressure of 19.25 Kg/Cm2g. In case of release of LPG through safety valve it will

be discharged at a height of 21 m and will be dispersed in the direction of wind.

LFL distances due to dispersion on opening of the safety valve under wind

velocity & stability class of 2B, 3D & 5D in day & night condition have been

calculated and presented in Table - 7.27.

Table - 7.27 SAFETY VALVE FAILURE

Time LFL Distance (m) Day Night

Stability Class 2B 3D 5D 2F 3D 5D Distance 2 3 3 2 3 3

From above table it is evident that LFL concentration of LPG due to release from

safety valves may extend only upto 3 m in case of safety valve failure of Horton

Sphere which is confined within the Horton Sphere area. Since failure frequency

of Horton Sphere safety valve 1.98 x 10-3/year, this is considered as high rate of

frequency. Hence, consequence due to Horton Sphere Safety Valve failure may

be considered as foreseeable or credible.

7.5.10 Mounded Bullet Safety Valve failure Each Mounded Bullet shall be provide with two nos. of safety valves and set to

release pressure of 19.25 Kg/cm2g. In case of release of LPG through safety

valve it will be discharged at a height of 11 m above ground and dispersed in the

direction of wind.

LFL distances due to dispersion on opening of the safety valve during day and

night condition has been calculated and presented in Table-7.28.

Table - 7.28 SAFETY VALVE FAILURE

Time LFL Distance (m) Day Night




Risk Analysis

From above table it is evident that LFL concentration of LPG due to release from

safety valves may extend only upto 3 m in case of safety valve failure of

Mounded Bullet, which is confined within the Mounded Bullet Area. Since failure

frequency of mounded bullet safety valve 1.98 x 10-3/year, this is considered as

high rate of frequency. Hence, consequence due to Mounded Bullet Safety Valve

failure may be considered as foreseeable or credible.

7.5.11 Carousal Inlet Line Full Bore Failure The LPG pump takes its suction from the Horton Sphere / Mounded Bullet and

pumps it to the filling shed for filling of empty LPG cylinders through carousal

entry line.

Following scenario has been envisaged for consequence analysis.

1. Evaporation, vapour cloud formation and safe dispersion beyond its LFL.

2. Jet fire, if the released hydrocarbon forms a jet and finds an isnition source

within its flammability limits.

3. Vpour Cloud Explosion, if the vapour cloud finds a source of ignition between

its flammability limits.

The results of the above three consequences are presented in Tables - 7.29,

7.30 & 7.31.

Release Rate (Kg/sec) : 11.83

Table - 7.29 LFL Distances (m)

Item LFL Distance (m) Day Night


It is evident from the above table that hazard distances for LFL may go upto a

max distance of 62m.

Table - 7.30

HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO JET FIRE

Sl. No.



2B 3D 5D 2F 3D 5D 01. 37.5 52 48 44 52 48 44 02. 12.5 62 59 55 62 59 55 03. 4.5 77 74 70 78 74 70



Risk Analysis


for thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 may go upto a max distance of 78 m.

Table - 7.31


Sl. No.

Wind Speed m/sec

Stability Class

Max. Distances (m) to overpressure

Day/Night 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar Day Night Day Night Day Night

01. 2 B/F 155 166 170 183 211 229 02. 3 D/D 155 155 170 170 211 211 03. 5 D/D 134 134 148 148 187 187

It may be inferred from above table that hazard distances for heavy damage

overpressure for 0.3 bar may go upto a max distance of 166 m for carousel entry

line failure.

7.5.12 LPG Vapor Compressor Outlet Line Full Bore Failure The LPG Vapour compressor takes its suction from the Mounded Bullet / Horton

Sphere and compressed LPG vapours goes to Road Tanker for pressurization.

Following scenario has been envisaged for consequence analysis.

1] The vapour coming out may be in the form of jet and in presence of any

source of ignition may catch fire resulting in jet fire.

2] The vapour does not catch fire but evaporates forming a vapour cloud and

disperse safely to beyond its LFL.

3] The evaporating vapour cloud may come in contact with an ignition source

between its flammability limit resulting in flash fire and vapour cloud

explosion.

The results of the above three consequences are presented in Tables - 7.32 &

7.33.

Release Rate (Kg/sec) : 0.41

Table-7.32 HEAT RADIATION DISTANCES DUE TO JET FIRE

Sl. No.



2B 3D 5D 2F 3D 5D 1. 37.5 12 11 10 12 11 10 2. 12.5 14 13 12 14 13 12 3. 4.5 17 16 16 17 16 16



Risk Analysis


for thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 may go upto a max distance of 17m.

Table-7.33 HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION

Sl. No.

Wind Speed m/sec

Max. LFL distance

(m) Max. Distance (m) to overpressure

Stability Class Day Night 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar

Day/Night Day Night Day Night Day Night 01. 2B/2F 8 9 12 23 15 25 21 32 02. 3D/3D 8 8 12 12 15 15 21 21 03. 5D/5D 7 7 12 12 14 14 20 20

It is evident from the above table that hazard distances for LFL may go upto a

max distance of 9m. And hazard distances for heavy damage overpressure of

0.3 bar may go upto a max distance of 23 m.

7.5.13 Catastrophic Failure of Horton Sphere Quantity : 2 Nos. (Cap.660 MT each)

Operating temp. 0C : Ambient

The failure frequency of pressurized storage vessels are very low i.e. 1.0 x 10-6

per year. These are fabricated as per the international standards and code of

practices. Moreover, all the safety features and instrumentation have been

provided as per international standard, relevant codes and recommendations of

OISD. The pressurized storage vessels are subjected to inspections and health

study. Hence, chances of failure of Horton Sphere are very less. The hazard due

to failure of Horton Sphere may therefore be considered as incredible. However,

to give an idea of the magnitude of hazards it may create and to help in

preparation of the on-site and off-site emergency plan, the consequence analysis

of the catastrophic failure of Horton Sphere have been considered.

In the event of heat received by the Horton Sphere e.g. by flame impingement or

from fire in the vicinity, the liquid inside the Horton Sphere will start boiling and

pressure will start building up. If the safety valves provided on the Horton Sphere

do not function properly or have not been adequately designed, the phenomenon

of BLEVE (Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion) may occur. The vessel



Risk Analysis

shall rupture and the immediate ignition of the expanding fuel/air mixture leads to

intense combustion resulting in fireball. The BLEVE analysis of Horton Sphere

has been done for LPG content corresponding to its rated storage capacity.

The various outcomes like LFL distances, Fireball details, hazard distances to

BLEVE and VCE has been presented in tables-7.34 - 7.37

Table - 7.34


Sl. No.

Wind Speed (m/sec)

Stability Class Max. Distances (m)

Day Night Day Night

01. 2 B F 384 484 02. 3 D D 555 549 03. 5 D D 795 788

From Table it is evident that LFL distances due to catastrophic failure of Horton

Sphere may extend upto a max distance of 795 m. This distance may go outside

the battery limit of the plant. It is therefore recommended that utmost care should

be taken to see any ignition source or flame in the vicinity of the storage vessels

within the factory premises should put off immediately. It is further recommended

that the water sprinkler system on the Horton Sphere should always be kept in

good working conditions.

Table - 7.35

HAZARD DISTANCES TO THERMAL RADIATIONS DUE TO FIRE BALL

From the above table it is evident that the hazard distance to thermal radiation

level of 4.5 KW/m2 (first degree burn) for BLEVE in Horton Sphere may extend

upto a max distance of 1297 m and for heavy damage to thermal radiation level

of 37.5 KW/m2 may extend upto a max distance of 233 m for BLEVE in 660 MT

Horton Sphere.

Sl. No.


Distances to Thermal Radiation, m

Day Night

01. 37.5 202 233 02. 12.5 707 733 03. 4.5 1253 1297



Risk Analysis

Table - 7.36 FIRE BALL DETAILS DUE TO BLEVE

Sl. No. Items 660 MT 01. Fire ball radius (m) 252 02. Duration of fire ball, sec 27


Sl. No.

Wind Speed (m/sec) / Stability

Class (D/N)

Max. Distances (m) to overpressure 0.3 bar (D/N)

0.1 bar (D/N)

0.03 bar (D/N)

01. 2B/2F 810/813 978/1034 2040/2049 02. 3D/3D 1011/1138 1095/1147 2019/2119 03. 5D/5D 1294/1271 1344/1343 2161/2161

From the above table it is evident that the hazard distance to heavy damage i.e.

overpressure of 0.3 bar may extend upto a max distance of 1294 meters (Day

condition) & 1271 meter (Night condition) for Horton Sphere.

7.5.14 Domino Effects of Horton Sphere The frequency of catastrophic rupture of such vessel is itself very low, moreover

vessels are provided with fire proof coating. The hazard of domino effect may be

considered as incredible. However, to give an idea of the magnitude of the

hazards and help in preparation of the on-site and off-site emergency plan, the

consequence analysis has been done.

The fire ball details, hazard distances i.e. the distances to thermal radiation level

and distances to overpressure of 0.3 bar, 0.1 bar and 0.03 bar for different wind

velocity/stability class are given as mentioned hereunder:

Table-7.38

HAZARD DISTANCES TO THERMAL RADIATIONS DUE TO FIRE BALL

Sl. No.

Thermal Radiation

Level KW/m2

Hazard Distance (m) Day Night

2B 3D 5D 2F 3D 5D 1. 37.5 268 268 268 309 268 268 2. 12.5 892 892 892 928 892 892 3. 4.5 1571 1571 1571 1631 1571 1571



Risk Analysis

From the above table it is evident that the hazard distance to thermal radiation

level of 4.5 KW/m2 (first degree burn) for BLEVE in Horton Sphere may extend

upto a max distance of 1631m. Table-7.39

FIRE BALL DETAILS DUE TO BLEVE

Sl. No. Items 2 x 660 MT 01. Fire ball radius (m) 316 02. Duration of fire ball, sec 33

Table-7.40 HAZARD DISTANCES TO OVERPRESSURE DUE TO BLEVE

Sl. No.

Wind Speed m/sec

Max. LFL distance (m) Max. Distance (m) to overpressure

Stability Class Day Night

0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar

Day/Night Day Night Day Night Day Night

01. 2B/2F 477 660 1095 1061 1235 1330 2575 2593 02. 3D/3D 684 683 1391 1390 1425 1424 2677 2677 03. 5D/5D 987 979 1566 1776 1676 1794 2726 2726

From the above tables it is evident that the hazard distance for LFL may go upto

a max distance of 987 m. And hazard distance for overpressure of 0.3 bar may

go upto a max distance of 1776 m.

7.6 RISK ASSESSMENT For the assessment of 'Individual Risk' due to the operation of LPG Bottling Plant

at North Guwahati the following has been taken into consideration:

a) The individual risk has been calculated as cumulative effect of all the

scenario mentioned for selected failure case as listed in Table No- 7.4 for 2B,

3D, 5D (Day condition) and 2F, 3D, 5D (Night condition).

b) Probability of dominant wind directions has been taken from IMD data.

c) No mitigation factors such as shelters, escape etc. are considered which will

result in conservative risk estimation.

d) During risk assessment population data and source of ignition has been

considered.



Risk Analysis

7.7 PRINCIPAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The principal conclusion and recommendations that arise out of the risk analysis

study are as follows.

7.7.1 Conclusion

• Iso-risk contours have been generated by PHAST Risk Micro software,

Version-6.70 (Latest) of M/s DNV Technica, which is shown in Drg.no.2A &

2B. In Drg. no. 2A Iso-risk contour have been plotted by considering existing

and proposed facilities (i.e. existing Horton sphere & proposed mounded

bullets) and other allied facilities. In drg. No 2B the Iso-risk contour have been

plotted by considering existing Horton Sphere and other allied facilities.

• It is also observed from FN curve (Drg. No.-2C) that Societal Risk is in

acceptable range.

• With the installation of additional 2 nos. of mounded bullet of capacity 600 MT

(each), the risk level will remain almost un-altered and in acceptable range.

The mounded bullets are supposed to be safer mode of storage for products

like LPG and it also eliminates the possibility of BLEVE phenomena.

7.7.2 Recommendation

i) In order to reduce the frequency of failures and consequent risk, codes, rules

and standards framed e.g. OISD 144, SMPV rules (Unfired), gas cylinder

rules etc. should be strictly followed.

ii) Quartzoid bulbs are provided and should be checked for their proper

functioning.

iii) There should be no depression or low lying areas in the plant in order to

avoid accumulation of LPG vapour and consequent hazard.

iv) Safety valves located on the Horton Sphere and other places must be tested

regularly. The block valves before safety valve must always be kept in open

condition when safety valves are in position. It is desirable to provide a chain

and lock to ensure that the block valve is not inadvertently kept closed when

safety valve is in position. v) Vehicular traffic as well as entry of personnel inside the plant area must be

restricted.



Risk Analysis

vi) Smoking within the premises should be strictly prohibited. Use of naked light

or hot work must be restricted to the areas designated for the purpose.

vii) The water sprinkler system, heat detectors and remote operated valves must

be checked regularly for their timely actuation.

viii) The DG sets must be periodically tested on load to ensure that it remains

always in operating condition.

ix) The fire water pumps and jockey pumps must be tested for normal as well as

emergency operation regularly.

x) Training of all the employees for fire fighting and use of safety apparatus

must be conducted regularly. Mock drills should be conducted at regular

intervals in liaison with local administration and fire-fighting facilities available

in the area.

xi) Safety Audits must be regularly done as per norms and recommendations of

OISD. Risk Analysis Study in future shall be required if there is any change in

the plant facility.

xii) Inspection and testing of the major equipment e.g. Horton Sphere, LPG

pumps and compressors etc. should be done at regular intervals for ensuring

their health and condition monitoring.

The mounded storage of LPG has proved to be safer compared to above ground

storage vessels since it provides intrinsically passive and safe environment and

eliminates the possibility of Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE).

The cover of the mound protects the vessel from fire engulfment, radiation from a

fire in close proximity and acts of sabotage or vandalism. The area of land

required to locate a mounded system is minimal compared to conventional

storage. Hence, addition of 2 nos. of Mounded Bullets of capacity 600 MT (each)

with various safety features will not have any significant impacts from risk point of

view and may be considered safe.



Risk Analysis

Table- 7.41 Results of Consequence Analysis

Sl. No. Scenarios Type Consequence Max. Hazard

Distance (m) 1. Full bore / 20% CSA failure

of LPG outlet line of Proposed Mounded Bullets

Non-Credible

LFL 281/138 JET FIRE (4.5 KW/m2) 199/97

OVERPRESSURE (0.3 bar)

556/236


Non-Credible

LFL 252/105 JET FIRE (4.5 KW/m2) 241/132


595/266


Non-Credible

LFL 75 JET FIRE (4.5 KW/m2) 79


199

4. Road tanker failure Non-Credible

LFL 217 Thermal Radiation to

FIRE BALL (4.5 KW/m2) 388


358


Credible LFL 21 JET FIRE (4.5 KW/m2) 34


56


Credible LFL 25 JET FIRE (4.5 KW/m2) 39


55


Non-Credible



44

8. Filled cylinder failure (Domino)

Non-Credible




489

9. Safety valve failure for Horton Sphere

Credible LFL 3

10. Safety valve failure for Mounded Bullet

Credible LFL 3

11. Carousel line failure Non-Credible



166



Risk Analysis

Sl. No.

Scenarios Type Consequence Max. Hazard Distance (m)


Non-Credible

LFL 9 JET FIRE (4.5 KW/m2 17


23

13. Catastrophic Failure of single Horton Sphere

Non-Credible




1294

14. Domino Effects of Horton Sphere

Non-Credible




1776


ISO RISK CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐ 2A ISO RISK CONTOUR FOR IBP, NORTH GUWAHATI


ISO RISK CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐ 2B ISO RISK CONTOUR FOR IBP, NORTH GUWAHATI


F-N CURVE


DRAWING NO. ‐ 2C F‐N CURVE FOR IBP, NORTH GUWAHATI


DAMAGE CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐3


DAMAGE CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐4


DAMAGE CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐5


DAMAGE CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐6


DAMAGE CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐7


DAMAGE CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐8


DAMAGE CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐9


DAMAGE CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐10


DAMAGE CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐11


DAMAGE CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐12


DAMAGE CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐13


DAMAGE CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐14


DAMAGE CONTOUR


DRAWING NO‐15

CHAPTER- 8

DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN



Disaster Management Plan

8.0 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 GENERAL Emergency/disaster is an undesirable occurrence of events of such magnitude

and nature that adversely effect production, cause loss of human lives and

property as well as damage to the environment. Industrial installations are

vulnerable to various kinds of natural and manmade disasters. Examples of

natural disaster are flood, cyclone, earthquake, lightning etc. and manmade

disasters are like major fire, explosion, sudden heavy leakage of toxic/poisonous

gases, civil war, nuclear attacks, terrorist activities, sabotage etc. It is impossible

to forecast the time and nature of disaster, which might strike an undertaking.

However, an effective disaster management plan helps to minimize the losses in

terms of human lives, plant assets and environmental damage and resumes

working condition as soon as possible.

Risk Analysis forms an integral part of disaster management plan and any

realistic disaster management plan can only be made after proper risk analysis

study of the activities and the facilities provided in the installation. Correct

assessment and evaluation of the potential hazards, advance meticulous

planning for prevention and control, training of personnel, mock drills and liaison

with outside services available can minimize losses to the plant assets, rapidly

contain the damage effects and effectively rehabilitate the damage areas.

8.2 LOCATION OF THE PLANT, SURROUNDING AREAS & POPULATION The LPG Bottling plant of IOCL is situated at a distance of about 5.5 km from

NH-31 in a district of Kamrup. The nearest village Abhoypur of major human

settlement is located at a distance of about 0.5 km plot of land occupied by LPG

Bottling plant is 85 acres.

8.3 APPROACH TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Modern approach to disaster management plan involves –

Risk Analysis Study

Action Plan




Risk Analysis study involves

Risk Identification

Risk Evaluation

Risk identification involves

Identification of hazardous events in the installation, which can cause loss of

capital equipment, loss of production, threaten health and safety of

employees, threaten public health and damage to the environment.

Identification of risk important processes & areas to determine effective risk

reduction measures

Risk evaluation involves calculation of damage potential of the identified hazards

with damage distances, which is then termed as consequence analysis as well

as estimation of frequencies of the events.

Hazardous areas with different hazard scenarios and their damage potential with

respect to fire & explosion have already been mentioned in Risk Analysis

chapter. However, failure rate of different hazard scenarios has been discussed

broadly based on data available for similar incidents outside India.

Probability of any hazardous incident and the consequent damage also depends

on –

Wind speed

Wind direction

Atmospheric stability

Source of ignition

Presence of plant assets & population exposed in the direction of wind

Action plan depends largely on results of risk analysis data and may include one

or more of the following:

Plan for preventive as well as predictive maintenance

Augment facilities for safety, fire fighting, medical as per requirements of risk

analysis.

Evolve emergency handling procedure both on-site and off-site.




Practice mock drill for ascertaining preparedness for tackling

hazards/emergencies at any time - day or night

8.4 GENERAL NATURE OF THE HAZARD In LPG Bottling Plant LPG is handled which is highly inflammable and explosive.

Hence main risks involved in the plant are fire and explosion. Any small fire in the

installation, if not extinguished immediately, can cause large-scale damage and

may have a cascading effect. Hence, LPG bottling plant requires

A quick responsive containment and control system requiring well planned

safety and fire fighting system.

Well-organized trained manpower to handle the process equipment &

systems safely

Well trained personnel to handle safety and fire fighting equipment to

extinguish fire inside the installation promptly as well as tackle any type of

emergency.

8.5 HAZARDOUS AREAS OF THE PLANT The plant activities handling LPG can be subdivided into following sections:

Activities Place

a) Bulk LPG unloading TLD shed

b) LPG Storage Horton sphere/ Mounded Bullet (Proposed) c) LPG Pumping LPG Pumps & Compressor House LPG Vapour Compression

d) LPG Cylinder (empty) Unloading Empty Cylinder storage LPG Cylinder Filling Filling shed LPG Cylinder Storage & Transportation Filled cylinder storage shed

Since LPG is highly inflammable and explosive, hazard exists in all these areas.

However, risk varies due to varying inventory of the material and operations

involved. Accordingly, the areas may be listed in order of decreasing risk and the

nature of hazard as given below as per results of risk analysis Chapter.




Area Hazard

a) Mounded Bullet/Horton sphere outlet line Thermal Radiation &

Vapour Cloud Explosion

b) Road Tanker BLEVE

c) LPG unloading Fire, Vapour Cloud

Explosion

d) LPG filling & storage - do -

e) LPG pumping & LPG vapour compression - do –

The damage potential of the above sections has been discussed in detail in the

chapter on Risk Analysis. The credible hazard scenarios are found to be gasket

failure, mechanical seal failure of pumps, road tanker unloading arm failure and

small bore pipe line failure etc.

Apart from the above, fire cannot be ruled out in substation & MCC as well as in

other places from short circuiting and also secondary fire from nearby industries.

However, major accident may occur in the plant and call for emergency/disaster.

8.6 DISASTER PREVENTIVE AND PRE-EMPTIVE MEASURES After identification and assessment of disaster potential the next step in disaster

management plan is to formulate and practice the preventive measures. Proper

preventive and pre-emptive measures can reduce the disaster potential to a

minimum.

Some of the preventive & pre-emptive measures, which are to be taken in the

existing plant, are as follows:

a) Safety measures Following safety tips should always be borne in mind while working in the

plant to avoid emergency & hazardous situation.

(i) Follow specified procedures and instructions for start-up, shut down and

any maintenance work.

(ii) Follow permit to work system.

(iii) Identify correctly the part of the plant in which work is to be done.

(iv) Isolate the part, machine properly on which work is to be done.




(v) Release pressure from the part of the plant on which work is to be done.

(vi) Remove flammable liquid/gases thoroughly, on which work is to be done.

(vii) Use non-sparking tools.

b) Plant Inspection Apart from planned inspection, checks and tests should be carried out to

reduce failure probability of containments.

(i) Pressure vessels and pipeline during their operational life.

(ii) Pressure relief valves to avoid fail danger situation. The safety relief

valves connected with pressure vessels and piping should be checked

and calibrated at regular intervals according to specification. Safety

valves releasing LPG should be allowed to dissipate at higher elevation.

(iii) Critical trips, interlocks, & other instruments should be checked regularly

to avoid fail danger situation.

(iv) Gas detection, heat detection & fire fighting system should be checked

regularly to ensure proper functioning for avoiding emergency situation.

However, no gas detection and heat/fire detection system is available.

(v) Lightning protection system.

c) Performance or Condition Monitoring A systematic monitoring of performance or condition should be carried out

especially for large machines and equipment, which may be responsible for

serious accidents/disaster in case the defined limits are crossed.

(i) Vibration, speed & torque measurements for pump, compressors, DG

sets etc.

(ii) Thickness and other flaw measurements in metals of pressure vessels

like LPG Storage Cylinders, Emptying vessels, Inlet & Outlet lines from

storage vessels etc.

Many types of non-destructive testing/condition monitoring techniques are

available. X-ray radiography, acoustic emission testing, magnetic particle

testing, eddy current inspection techniques etc. are used for detection of

flaws and progression of cracks in metals. Testing equipment is also there

for checking vibration, speed, torque etc.




The above condition monitoring techniques should be applied regularly by

internal/ external agencies. Immediate corrective measures should be taken if

any flaws are detected.

d) Preventive Maintenance A schedule for preventive maintenance for moving machineries e.g. chain

conveyers and other equipment like pumps, compressors etc. should be

prepared based on experience in other similar plants as well as instruction of

the suppliers. The schedule should be followed strictly during operation as

well as planned shut down period.

e) Entry of Personnel Entry of unauthorized personnel is strictly prohibited inside the premises.

The persons entering the plant should not carry matches, lighters, mobile

phones, etc. and hot work should not be permitted except in-designated

areas with utmost precaution.

8.7 DISASTER CONTROL/RESPONSE PLAN It has been already mentioned that disaster arrives without any warning

unexpectedly in spite of all precautions & preventive measures taken. However,

an efficient control/response plan can minimize the losses in terms of property,

human lives and damage to the environment can be minimum.

8.7.1 Objectives of the Plan The plan should be developed to make best possible use of the resources at the

command of the unit as well as outside resources available like State Fire

Services, Police, Civil Defense, Hospitals, Civil Administration, neighbouring

institution and industries.

It is not possible for a company to face a disaster single handed and calls for use

of all available resources in the surrounding area. Advance meticulous planning

minimizes chaos and confusion, which normally occur in such a situation and

reduce the response time of Disaster Management Organization.

The objectives of disaster management plan are:




(i) To contain and control the incident.

(ii) To rescue the victims and treat them suitably in quickest possible time.

(iii) To safeguard other personnel and evacuate them to safer places.

(iv) To identify personnel affected/dead.

(v) To give immediate warning signals to the people in the surrounding areas in

case such situation arises.

(vi) To inform relatives of the casualties.

(vii) To provide authoritative information to news media and others.

(viii) To safeguard important records & informations about the organization.

(ix) To preserve damaged records & equipments needed as evidence for any

subsequent enquiry.

(x) To rehabilitate the affected areas.

(xi) To restore the facilities to normal working condition at the earliest.

8.7.2 On-site and Off-site Planning An on-site emergency is one, which is having negligible effects outside the

factory premises and can primarily be controlled by internal facilities and

resources available. Some help may be required from external agencies or local

authorities.

An off-site emergency will affect the neighbouring areas and population outside

the factory premises and would require substantial contribution from local

authorities and institutions like police, civil defense, state hospital and civil

administration in addition to state fire services.

8.7.3 Both on-site and off-site emergency/disaster response plan can be subdivided

into -

On-Site Emergency Storage capacity of the LPG Bottling plant consists of 2 nos. of Horton spheres

(Cap: 660 MT each). The LPG storage capacity of the plant will be 2520 MTPA

after installation of two mounded bullets of capacity 600 MT each.




Table – 8.1 ON-SITE STORAGE CAPACITY OF LPG

Pressure Vessel Unit Storage Capacity No. Of Vessels

Total Storage Capacity (MT)

Mounded Bullet(Proposed) 600 MT 2 1200

Horton Sphere 660 MT 2 1320 Cylinders 14.2(Kg) 2816 39.98

The LPG is a variable mixture of propane and butane liquefied at the saturated

vapour pressure corresponding to a typical liquid temperature of 350C (3080K).

Propane is often be the dominating fraction.

The holding capacity of LPG road tankers are 18 MT.

8.8 ON-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN IN STATUTORY FRAMEWORK FOR OPERATION OF A MAJOR

8.8.1 Accident Hazard Site The requirement of an ON-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN with detailed disaster

control measures was embodied for the first time in Section 41B (4) of THE

FACTORIES (AMENDMENT) ACT, 1987 (23rd May, 1987) and came into force

subsequently. The requirement is applicable to IOCL, North Guwahati LPG plant

as per the First Schedule of the said Act, item 29 entitled "Highly Flammable

Liquids and Gases".

Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989, notified

and enforced by Union Ministry of Environment & Forests on 27th November,

1989 under Sections 6, 8 and 25 of THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT,

1986 concurrently provide the requirement of a 0N-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN,

by the occupier of accident hazard site, under Rule 13 Sub-rule 1.

8.8.2 Emergency Control Philosophy The principal strategy of emergency control at IOCL’s LPG Bottling Plant is

prevention of the identified major hazards. Since hazards can occur only in the

event of loss of containment, one of the key objectives of detail engineering,

construction, commissioning and operating of the plant is total and consistent

quality assurance. IOCL is committed to this philosophy, so that the objectives of

prevention can have ample opportunities to mature and be realized in practice.




The second control strategy adopted for potential emergencies is surveillance of

handling and storage of hazardous substances.

Yet another control measure to be adopted is early detection of any accidental

leak of LPG by gas detectors and by trained and vigilant operating staff and

activation of well-structured, resourced and rehearsed emergency plan to

intercept the incident with speed and ensure safety of employees, assets, public

and environment as a matter of priority.

8.8.3 Content of On-Site Emergency Plan Information In the departmental "Guide of MS & IHC Rules, 1989", published in 1992, the

Union Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF), Government of India, specified

broadly the content of an on-site emergency plan (Page 39). This report on

emergency plan has been prepared, in so far as is practicable, in accordance

with those guidelines. The guidelines were subsequently notified in October 1994

in Official Gazette (SO-2882) of Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government

of India and are reproduced below:

Details that need to be furnished in the on-site emergency plan as per schedule-

11 of MS & IHC Rule 1989 are –

(i) Name and address of the person furnishing the information.

(ii) Key personnel of the Organization and responsibilities assigned to them in

case of an emergency.

(iii) Outside Organization if involved in assisting during an on-site emergency:

- Type of accidents - Responsibility assigned.

(iv) Details of liaison arrangement between the Organizations.

(v) Information on the preliminary hazard analysis:

- Type of accidents. - System elements or events that can lead to a major accident. - Hazards. - Safety relevant components.

(vi) Details about the site:

- Location of dangerous substances. - Seat of key personnel. - Emergency control room.




(vii) Description of hazardous chemicals at plant site:

- Chemicals (quantities and toxicological data). - Transformation if any, which could occur. - Purity of hazardous chemicals.

(viii)Likely dangers to the plant

(ix) Enumerate effects of -

- Stress and strain caused during normal operation.

- Fire and explosion inside the plant and effect, if any, of fire and explosion

outside.

(x) Details regarding

- Warning, alarm, safety and security systems.

- Alarm and hazard control plans in the line with disaster control and

hazard control planning, ensuring the necessary technical and

organizational precautions.

- Reliable measuring instruments, control units and servicing of such

equipments.

- Precautions in designing of the foundations and load bearing parts of the

building.

- Continuous surveillance of operations.

- Maintenance and repair work according to the generally recognized rules

of good engineering practices.

(xi) Details of communication facilities available during emergency and those

required for an off site emergency.

(xii) Details of fire fighting and other facilities available and those required for an

off site emergency.

(xiii)Details of first aid and hospital services available and its adequacy.

An outline of these details is provided in the pages following under the headings

stated above, in so far as the headings apply to North Guwahati LPG Bottling

plant.

8.9 KEY PERSONNEL OF ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE EVENT OF

AN EMERGENCY It is to be understood that the first few minutes after the start of an incident are

most vital in prevention of escalation. Therefore the personnel available at the

site on round the clock basis play an important role. Some of them are the “KEY




PERSONS”. Since the LPG plant is operated by trained operators and contract

personnel with four officer IOCL has envisaged that emergency in LPG plant will

be handled by operation in-charge of LPG plant i.e. Plant manager with the help

of other officers & workers of LPG Bottling Plant. Plant Manager will nominate

different Emergency Coordinators to control emergency situation.

The role of various coordinators is to assess the situation form time to time, take

appropriate decisions in consultation with the CHIEF CONTROLLER and to

provide timely resources and instructions to the Key Persons to fight the

emergency. Key Persons as far as possible are available on a round the clock

basis. An organogram of the officers at the LPG Bottling Plant during emergency

is presented in this section.

ORGANISATION CHART FOR ON-SITE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT NOTE: Organization Chart is as per OISD GDN-168

8.9.1 KEY PERSONNEL CHART The senior most officers in the LPG plant is Plant manager, who will be the Chief

Emergency Controller. In pre Emergency period he will delegate responsibility to

other officers as other Coordinators as per suitability and the job to be done by

them. During emergency, if Plant Manager is not present at site, the senior most

officers in the plant will assume the responsibility of Chief Emergency Controller

and inform Plant Manager to be present at site at shortest possible time.

The duties and responsibilities of Chief Controller and other Coordinator are as

follows:

MAIN INCIDENT COORDINATOR

ADMINISTRATION & COMMUNICATION COORDINATOR

SAFETY COORDINATOR

SAFETY TEAM




8.10 DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF KEY PERSONS & COORDINATORS 8.10.1 Main Incident Coordinator

For On-Site Emergency Preparedness Plan (EPP), the Location-in-Charge (Plant

Manager) shall be the Main Incident Controller to coordinate the execution of the

plan during an emergency or a mock drill. He is responsible for

preparation/updating of the plan, getting approval from the District

authorities/Factory Inspectorate; and its implementation in the hour of need. His

duties are -

a) Assess the magnitude of the situation and declare state of emergency.

Activate EPP and ensure its implementation.

b) Mobilize the Coordinators/Key Personnel and exercise direct operational

control of areas, other than those affected.

c) Declare danger zones and activate Emergency Control Centre.

d) Ensure calling in Mutual aid members and District emergency agencies like

Fire Brigade, Police, and Medical authorities.

e) Maintain a speculative continuous review of possible developments and

assess these to determine most probable course of events and appropriate

response.

f) Inform Area Office, Head Quarters, Police, Statutory authorities, District

authorities about the magnitude of the emergency casualties and rescue

operations.

g) Ensure casualties are receiving required attention and their relatives are

informed.

h) Ensure accounting of personnel.

i) Issue authorized statements to Press, Radio, TV etc., regarding the

emergency and its possible impact on the surroundings.

j) Authorize procurement of emergency material.

k) Log important developments in chronological order and preserve material

evidence for investigation. Direct isolation of power supply, plant shutdown,

and evacuation of personnel inside the premises as deemed necessary.

l) Advise Police, District authorities regarding evacuation of public in the near

vicinity/vulnerable zone. Ensure raising the siren in EMERGENCY mode till

All Clear Signal.




m) When effects are likely to be felt outside, get in touch with District Authorities,

who will take over the management and declare "Off-Site Emergency".

n) Control rehabilitation of affected areas on cessation of emergency.

8.10.2 Administration & Communication Coordinator a) Liaise with Chief and other coordinators.

b) Inform and coordinate with External agencies and Mutual aid members for

agreed assistance. Direct them on arrival to the respective coordinators.

c) In case communication means fail, send messengers to Mutual aid members/

Emergency departments. Coordinate with Police in controlling the traffic and

mob outside the premises.

d) Activate the medical centre and mobilize medical team. Arrange ambulance

and transfer casualties to hospitals. Also coordinate with police in case of

fatalities.

e) Arrange for head count at the assembly points.

f) Arrange procurement of spares for fire fighting and additional medical drugs/

appliances.

g) Mobilize Transport as and when required by various coordinators. Arrange to

provide spark arrestors to emergency vehicles entering the premises.

h) Monitor entry/exit of personnel in the premises. Permit only authorized

personnel/ vehicles inside the premises.

i) Control and disperse crowd from the emergency site. Regulate traffic inside

the location.

j) Arrange food, beverages and drinking water for all those involved in

execution of EPP in case the emergency prolongs.

k) Communicate with relatives of persons injured/involved in fire fighting

activities.

l) Arrange evacuation of premises as directed by Main incident controller.

Coordinate with civil authorities for evacuating public from the danger zone and

arrange for refreshments at the evacuation center.




8.10.3 Safety Coordinator a) Ensure safe stoppage of the Operations, switching off main instruments, shut

off valves on product lines, and isolation of affected area.

b) Demarcate Danger and Safe zones by putting RED and GREEN flags.

c) Mobilize the Fire fighting crew and direct the Fire Fighting operation.

d) Effectively deploy manpower, both internal and external.

e) Direct & utilize the Fire Brigade personnel.

f) Arrange the replacement of various Fire Fighting Squads with the Mutual and

External aid members on need basis.

g) Ensure/maintain sufficient pressure in the Hydrant mains.

h) Assess water level in the storage tank/reservoir and plan replenishment.

i) Monitor the requirements of Fire equipment and coordinate for procurement

of spares.

j) Arrange for flood lighting of the affected areas and dewatering of the Fire

fighting area, if required.

k) Arrange to remove and park the tank Lorries (Bulk & Packed) to a safer

place, as necessary.




8.11 INFORMATION ON PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS 8.11.1 Types of Accident North Guwahati LPG plant has potential for FIRE AND EXPLOSION in the event

of leakage of LPG. Failure cases may be considered as follows:

Sl. No. Failure Case Failure Mode Consequence

1. Full bore / 20% CSA failure of LPG outlet line of Mounded Bullets

Random Failure



Random Failure



Random failure


4. Road tanker failure Random failure

Dispersion, fire ball, vapour cloud explosion, BLEVE


Mech. seal failure



Gasket failure Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire


Random failure

Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, jet fire.

8. Filled cylinder failure(Domino)

Random failure

Dispersion , vapour cloud explosion, fire Ball , BLEVE

9. Safety valve failure for Horton Sphere/Mounded Bullet

Random failure

Dispersion

10. Carousel line failure Random failure



Random failure

Dispersion,vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire

12. Catastrophic Failure of a Single Horton Sphere

Random failure


13. Domino Effects Of Horton Sphere

Random failure

Dispersion, fire Ball, vapour cloud explosion ,BLEVE




8.11.2 System elements or events that can lead to major accident Equipment failure, process abnormal conditions such as LPG storage system

over-pressure, over-temperature, over-filling etc. can give rise to a major loss of

containment and a major accident.

Human error can also cause a major accident.

8.11.3 Hazards A LPG fire at North Guwahati plant has been characterized in the form of –

1. Pool Fire

2. Jet Flame

3. Fireball

4. Flash Fire

5. BLEVE

6. Vapour Cloud Explosion

GAS CLOUD EXPLOSIONS are also potential hazards, which can cause

widespread damage very quickly. After consequence analysis done with the help

of world renowned SOFTWARE i.e. PHAST RISK, Version-6.70 (Latest) of M/s

DNV TECHNICA (UK), it has been found that damage distances extend beyond

0.5 km only in case of non-credible scenario.

8.12 DETAILS ABOUT THE SITE

a) Locations of dangerous substances The locations of two no. of Horton spheres and two no. of proposed

Mounded Bullets are shown in the Plot Plan attached as Drg. No. 1.

b) Seat of key personnel Most of the key personnel who will be engaged in on-site emergency

handling are located in OFFICE BUILDING also marked in the plant layout.

c) Emergency control room The emergency control room (ECR) is located at the plant manager’s office

room.




8.13 Description of hazardous chemical (s) at plant site a) Chemicals (quantities & toxicological data) Substance horton sphere & Mounded Bullets Storage in Cylinders

LPG (660x2)+(600x2) = 2520MT 2816x14.2(kg)= 39.98 MT

Total: 2559.98 MT

LPG is the only hazardous substance on-site. It is essentially non-toxic.

b) Transformation if any, which could occur The LPG, which is a mixture of 50% propane and 50% butane is stored and

handled as pressure liquefied gas.

In the event of a leak the liquefied LPG will flash to propane and butane

gases.

c) Purity of hazardous chemicals Depending on the source of incoming LPG, there might be traces of

propylene. No other impurity is envisaged.

8.13.1 LIKELY DANGERS TO PLANT The possible dangers to plant and people have been analyzed in the

consequence analysis. Principal danger is that of a fire (pool or jet) and gas

cloud explosion. All hazards identified are both unlikely and infrequent if good

operation and maintenance standards are achieved and more importantly,

maintained.

8.14 ENUMERATE EFFECTS OF

a) Stress and strain caused during normal operation Because the gas mixture is pressure liquefied and large quantity of LPG

either during frequent unloading of tank trucks or during bottle filling is

involved various elements of the storage and handling systems will be

subjected to stresses due to pressure and large flows. Integrity of elements

such as joints, hoses, valves and pressure relief system is very important

for this plant to prevent loss of containment through equipment failure.




System pressure may increase somewhat during hot summer months and

this would increase strain on all pressure containing equipment, particularly

joints and seals.

The LPG plant has been adequately designed to take care of these

operational stresses and strain

High volume of bottle filling and cylinder testing operations would require

the associated equipment to stand up to heavy duty repeatedly without

failure. In other words these equipments must be highly reliable.

Periodic inspection, preventive maintenance of such equipment will thus be

critical. IOCL shall take proper care of operation and maintenance to meet

such needs.

b) Fire and explosion inside the plant and effect, if any, outside Based on Consequence Analysis it has been found that the effect distances

and areas of fire and explosion reach more than 0.5 km in case of non-

credible failure scenario like BLEVE in Horton Sphere and 0.3 km for

Mounded Bullet/Horton Sphere outlet line full bore failure.

8.15 DETAILS REGARDING WARNING ALARM, SAFETY & SECURITY SYSTEMS

One 3.0 Km range Electric Siren, Eight Hand Sirens have been installed to

announce the on-set of an emergency.

This can be triggered manually as and when a gas leak is detected.

8.15.1 Other Alarms High-level alarms are to be provided in the storage vessels to provide a warning

to the filling operator if more than 85% volumetric capacity is filled.

Gas alarm by scanning network of gas detectors spread throughout the site to

detect presence of LPG at 20% LEL level or above. The audio-visual alarm will

come on in control room alarm annunciator panel.




Sprinkler system has been provided in LPG pump house LPG filling & filled

cylinder storage shed to be operated manually. Actuation by heat fuses bulk

system to be considered.

a) Precautions in designing of the foundation & load bearing parts of the building

Foundations and load bearing parts are designed by competent

Engineering Agency as per approved Codes of Practice and take into

account operational loads and extremes of storm, lighting and flood. All

storage tanks are electrically grounded to a network of earth stations with

buried electrodes.

b) Continuous surveillance operations The LPG storage and handling operations will be continually under

surveillance to prevent major incidents and to intercept one at the

developing stage. Leakage condition should be continuously scanned by

the gas detectors to be provided at vulnerable places.

c) Maintenance and repair work according to the generally recognized

rules of good engineering practice Preventive and breakdown maintenance and repair work are be carried out

under the supervision of Plant Manager / Dy.Manager. Equipment and

criticality oriented inspection, periodic non-destructive testing and

maintenance schedules are prepared with specialist inputs from within

IOCL, OISD and equipment manufacturers.

Details of communication facilities provided for emergency

(i) One 3.0 Km range Electric Siren to announce nature of emergency.

(ii) Eight hand sirens are also provided.

(iii) An interplant paging system in Non-flame proof areas and as well as in

flameproof areas are provided for normal and emergency announcements

and communication with master control in the control room.

(iv) For inter-location communications and requisite number of P&T telephones

including tie lines and hot lines for communication with district emergency

services, authorities, hospitals etc.




(v) The interplant paging and public address system are having the following

features:

- All call with answer back

- Group call with answer back

- Interfacing with walkie talkies

- Field call stations

(vi) Walkie Talkies and mobile phones are deployed for mobile-to-mobile and

mobile-to-stationary communication.

(vii) A broad communication diagram outlining interactions between various role

players.

8.15.2 DETAILS OF FIRE FIGHTING & OTHER FACILITIES AVAILABLE The LPG Bottling Plant of IOCL at North Guwahati is provided with fire fighting

system based on OISD-144 requirement.

Details of fire fighting facilities are as follows: Fire water Tanks (above ground)

Numbers : 2 Capacity : 5500 KL each Firewater pumps (Diesel driven)

Numbers : 7 Capacity (each) : 615 m3/hr (4 Nos.) & 410 m3/hr (3 Nos.) Discharge Pressure : 10 Kg/cm2g

8.15.3 DETAILS OF FIRST AID AND HOSPITAL SERVICES AVAILABLE Fully equipped first aid boxes are distributed through the site. A visiting medical

practitioner will be made available on a part time basis during day. He will

however be available round the clock for emergency duty. During emergency

services of hospitals at North Guwahati and Guwahati will be available.

Ambulance from the nearby Hospital will be requisitioned. Stretchers with

blankets are available at the installation.




8.15.4 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT The following of personal protective equipment will be available during an

emergency.

(i) Fire proximity suit - 1 no.

(ii) Self contained Breathing Apparatus with one spare cylinder (30 minutes)- 1

no.

(iii) Water jell blanket - 2 nos.

(iv) Safety helmet - 60 nos.

(v) Rubber hand gloves for use in electrical jobs - 2 nos.

(vi) Low temp. rubber hand gloves for LPG emergency - 4 nos.

(vii) Low temp. Suit for LPG emergency - 2 no.

(viii) Resuscitator - 1 no.

The quantities available are sufficient to meet the needs of emergency handling

personnel.

8.15.5 REHEARSAL AND TESTING 'Fire Drills' are arranged periodically to test out the laid down system and

facilities. The emergency handlers also "act out" their individual roles in

accordance with the emergency procedures laid down to demonstrate that the

entire emergency response system can perform efficiently and accurately. Mock

drill for emergency is to be conducted twice in a year.

8.16 SALIENT FEATURES OF ON-SITE EMERGENCY Effect distances for various range of distances against a heat flux of 4.5 KW/M2.

People will have to be evacuated in the event of fire.

8.17 OFF-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN An integral part of the Disaster Management Plan is the Off-Site Emergency

Plan. The plan is mainly dependent upon a very close co-ordination and

assistance from the Local Administration like Police, Fire Brigade, Medical

Services (hospitals) etc.




8.17.1 OFF-SITE ACTION The Chief Controller will inform about the incident like Fire, Explosions to –

(i) Police and District Collector

(ii) Fire Brigade

(iii) Medical Services

(iv) Technical Agencies

(v) Rehabilitation Agencies

(vi) Electricity Board

8.17.2 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SERVICES

1] Police 1. To control traffic & mob by cordoning off the area.

2. Arrange for evacuation of people on advice from the Site

Controller/District Collector.

3. Broadcast/communicate through public address systems to the

community on advice from the District/Sub Collector.

4. Inform relatives about details of injured and casualties.

2] Fire Brigade 1. Fighting fire & preventing its spread.

2. Rescue & salvage operation.

3] Medical/Ambulance 1. First Aid to the injured persons.

2. Shifting critically injured patients to the hospitals.

3. Providing medical treatment.

4] Technical/Statutory Bodies (Constitutes Factory Inspectorate, Pollution Control Board, Technical Experts

from Industries)

1. Provide all technical information to the emergency services, as required.

2. Investigate the cause of the disaster.

5] Rehabilitation 1. Arrange for evacuation of persons to nominated rescue centre and

arrange for their food, medical and hygienic requirements.

2. Coordinating with the Insurance Companies for prompt disbursement of

compensation to the affected persons.




3. Maintain communication channels of the affected industry like telephone,

telex etc. in perfect working condition.

6] Electricity Board

To put off the power supply to the plant, if specifically asked for by IOCL.

7] Important Telephone Numbers Who May be Contacted during Emergency:

1. S.P,Kamrup 9435048480

2. Fire services 0361-2690052

3. Chief Inspector of Factories & Boiler, Guwahati 9435045232

4. District Magistrate, Kamrup 9435013551

CHAPTER- 9

ADDITIONAL STUDIES


ADDITIONAL STUDIES


9.0 ADDITIONAL STUDIES The project proposal comprises installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets of 600

MT capacity each for storage of LPG within premises of existing LPG Bottling

Plant.

1) Impact on local infrastructure such as road network etc.

Presently, about 17 nos. of LPG road tankers of 18 MT capacity are being

received in bottling plant daily from different supply sources. Post-augmentation

of storage facilities, it is envisaged that the number of bulk LPG tankers may rise

upto 25-26. The increase in number of road tankers shall be only for initial few

days unless the storage level of LPG of 2520 MT is achieved at North Guwahati

Bottling Plant. Thereafter, there will no increase in traffic load on NH-31. Thus,

the traffic density w.r. to heavy vehicles was 10.96 per hour whereas the traffic

density including light motor vehicles was 36.46 per hour which shall increase

marginally only for few days. Since, the bottling capacity of the plant shall remain

same, there would not be any increase in dispatch of filled cylinders truck from

the plant and hence, no impact is envisaged on traffic network.

2) Compensation package for the people affected by the proposed project. The installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets for storage of bulk LPG shall be

carried out within the premises of existing North Guwahati bottling plant. Hence,

the proposed project does not involve any issue with respect to displacement &

rehabilitation and does not come under purview of RR Policy.

3) Proposed Plan to handle the socio-economic influence on local community For installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets about 40-50 construction workers

would be required to carry out construction related jobs. For unskilled jobs, it

would be ensured that only local workers are engaged for carrying out

construction jobs. This would impart positive impact on the socio-economic

condition of the local area. For skilled jobs, only marginal number of workers is

likely to be engaged. In view of the size of population residing within 5 km radius,

no additional study is required to assess the impact of marginal number of

workers coming from outside area.


ADDITIONAL STUDIES


3) Risk Assessment & Safeguard measures Risk Assessment for the proposed project has been conducted and necessary

safeguard measures have been discussed in chapter-07.

In view of the above, it may be inferred that the proposed project does not

require any additional study.

CHAPTER- 10

BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT


BENIFITS OF THE PROJECT


10.0 BENEFITS OF PROPOSED PROJECT The proposed project for installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets at LPG

bottling plant, North Guwahati for storage of LPG shall yield following benefits:

• Maintain continuity of LPG gas cylinder supply to the consumers through

distributors.

• Ease in availability of filled LPG cylinders.

• Increase the days cover for LPG storage from 03 days to 6-7 days (on the

basis of double shift bottling operation).

• Help to overcome the scarcity of bulk LPG due to landslide, hilly terrain and

poor road conditions etc

• By adding 2x600 MT Mounded Bullets, risk profile of the existing plant will not

be enhanced.

• Increased safety measures for hazard detection and prevention system.

• Discourage deforestation with reduction in use of fire wood and fossil fuels.

CHAPTER- 11

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN


ENVIORNMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN


11.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 11.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is the key to maintain a safe and clean

environment. A project may have taken proper pollution control measures but

without a management plan, the desired results may not be obtained. EMP is

planning and implementation of various pollution abatement measures for any

proposed project. It is required to maintain environmentally and ecologically

sustainable developmental activities in the study area. The EMP brings

transparency between the project proponent and pollution control regulatory

agencies at State & Central level.

EMP aims at controlling pollution at the source level to the possible extent with

the best techno-economically feasible and available methodology before they are

discharged.

11.2 MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE Pollution expected during construction phase of proposed project is considerably

insignificant. The impacts of the pollution during construction phase on the

environment would be basically of transient nature and are expected to wear out

gradually on completion of the construction phase. Following factors shall require

due consideration during construction phase:

11.2.1 Site Preparation

Presently, the site earmarked for installation of Mounded Bullets bears a barren

look and is devoid of floral species. It is envisaged that minor levelling of land will

be required for installation of proposed bullets. Stock piling of earthen/sandy

material would be required during foundation works of the proposed project. The

earth work will generate dust which will be controlled by periodical sprinkling of

water during working period.

11.2.2 Sanitation

The site shall be provided with adequate and suitable sanitary facilities to

maintain proper standard of hygiene for construction workers.




11.2.3 Construction Equipment & Waste The earthy materials will be generated during civil works. The generated waste

shall be used in levelling of low lying areas.

During installation of Mounded Bullets & laying of pipes, some solid discarded

materials will be generated as solid waste. These materials will be sold through

registered scrap dealers. The gas cylinders used for welding shall be returned

back to the supplier. Cement bags, coal tar drums and other container used

during construction and discarded as wastes shall be auctioned through

registered vendors as per standard practices adopted by IOCL. Similarly the

damaged tools shall also be disposed in the above manner.

11.2.4 Storage of Hazardous Materials

The hazardous material such as, lubricating oils, compressed gases (for

welding), paints, varnishes, etc. are required to be stored at the site during

construction phase. Since, these materials are hazardous; they will be stored as

per the prescribed / accepted safety norms.

11.2.5 Solid / Hazardous Waste Disposal

The hazardous materials would be stored, handled & disposed of according to

the guidelines specified under Solid Waste (Management, Handling & Trans-

boundary Movement) Rules dated 24th September 2008 by MoEF and

subsequent amendments. Some of the precautions of storage and handling of

the hazardous materials and waste includes the following:

Diesel and other fuels would be stored in separate earmarked area as per

the said guidelines.

Separate storage for waste paints and thinners, contaminated rags and

brushes to facilitate recycling and reuse. Rags could be laundered for reuse.

11.3 MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING OPERATION PHASE 11.3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT

Continuous source of air pollutant from the operation of North Guwahati LPG

bottling plant does not exist. The sources of air pollutants are limited to the DG

Sets and diesel engine driven Fire water pumps. These sources of air pollutants




are intermittent. During operation, these sources would emit the exhaust gases

containing NOx, SO2, and negligible quantity of particulate matter. Control of air

pollutants from these sources would be achieved by safe dispersal, providing

adequate heights to the respective exhaust ducts. For computing the minimum

height of these exhausts ducts, the following formula, specified by the Central

Pollution Control Board, has been used.

H = h + 0.2 X (KVA) 0.5 Where,

H = Total height of stack, m h = height of the building where the DG Set is installed, m, and

KVA = Total generation capacity of the DG Set, KVA.

The minimum required heights and the heights actually provided to the DG Sets

(height of the shed 3 m above the ground level) are as follows:

TABLE - 11.1

DG Set Capacity Height Required, m (From Ground Level)

Height Provided, m (From Ground Level)

250 KVA (3.0 + 3.2)=6.2 6.5 125 KVA (3.0 + 2.0)=5.0 5.5

11.3.2 Fugitive Emission The plant facilities comprise of LPG receipt through tank trucks (TT), unloading

and storage of LPG in Mounded Bullets, filling in LPG cylinders and despatch of

the same by truck/lorries. As the existing facility operates in a well proven leak

proof system, thus there is no continuous source of emission from the process.

11.4 WATER ENVIRONMENT 11.4.1 Waste Water Generation There shall no increase in quantity of waste water generation from operation of

proposed mounded bullets. The existing sources of waste water generation are

as follows:

a) Sanitary wastewater from toilets, wash-rooms and canteen.

b) Non-sanitary wastewater from mock drills.




11.4.2 Waste Water Treatment & Disposal Sanitary Waste Water from toilets, canteen and wash rooms are treated in septic

tanks and disposed off through soak pits. Non-sanitary waste water generated

during mock fire drills is passed through vapour trap and discharged into natural

drainage system.

During rainy season, the rain water is discharged through properly designed

storm water drain after passing through vapour trap.

11.5 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 11.5.1 Sources of Noise

The sources of noise in the bottling plant are limited to the pumps, compressors,

DG Sets and fire water pumps. Sound Pressure level (SPL) at a distance of 1 m

from the above sources is as follows:

TABLE - 11.2

Noise Level of Different Sources

SL. NO SOURCE OF NOISE SPL dB(A) 1 DG Set shed 75 2 Fire Water Pump House 75 3 Pumps/Compressor House 75

11.5.2 Control of Noise The following measures are practised for control and abatement of noise &

vibration.

a) The foundations of DG Sets and Fire Water pumps are provided with anti-

vibration padding.

b) The DG Sets and FW Pumps will be designed to produce noise within the

permissible limit and strict compliance of this will be ensured during

procurement.

c) The DG Set is housed inside a building so that the noise is reduced by the

acoustic enclosures.

d) Regular condition monitoring e.g. speed, vibration and regular preventive

maintenance including schedule lubrication are being conducted for the

moving machines to keep them in good condition and also to reduce

vibration.




e) Trees grown in the green belt around the facilities would also facilitate

attenuation of noise level beyond the boundary walls.

11.6 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 11.6.1 Environmental Management with respect to solid waste management may be

summarized as under:

• Practically, no Solid Waste shall be generated from operation of proposed

Mounded Bullets.

• Used oil, grease and empty drums shall be disposed off through registered

vendors as per Handling of Waste Material and Transboundary Rules, 2008

and subsequent amendments.

11.7 LAND LOSERS/OUSTERS

The site for proposed Mounded Bullets is located within plant boundary of

existing bottling plant which is spread over an area of 83 acres of land allotted by

State Government. Hence, the proposed project does not involve any issue with

respect to displacement & rehabilitation and does not come under purview of RR

Policy.

11.8 AFFORESTATION (GREEN BELT) 11.8.1 Trees and plants are well known for trapping noise, particulate matters, and

gaseous pollutants, in controlling soil erosion and ground water charging. About

33% of the total area (83 acres) has been brought under green belt development

program. The selection of plant species shall be made in consultation with local

forest officials. Grassy lawns and gardens shall be developed in vacant areas

within the plant premises under beautification scheme to increase the aesthetic

value.

11.9 SAFETY & FIRE FIGHTING 11.9.1 Safety

The main safety features associated with the bottling plant are as follows: a) The layout and fire fighting systems shall conform to the latest editions of

OISD - 144 & OISD-150.




b) Inner boundary of 1.0 m height, brick masonary wall with 0.6 m height

barbed wire fencing have been provided in all directions.

c) Approach roads of 14 m width have been provided to avoid congestion and

to have safe exit in emergencies.

d) All electrical fittings provided in licensed areas are flame proof and

intrinsically safe as per IS-2148.

e) Cylinder filling area is completely open type and covered from top with

asbestos roof.

f) Water drain from cylinder filling area is provided with vapour trap.

g) Fixed Water Spray system has been installed for LPG handling area.

h) Suitable storm water drain has been provided.

11.9.2 Fire Fighting Facilities

The fire fighting system in the proposed facilities consists of Fire Water Storage,

Fire Water Pumps and Fire Hydrant System. Fire Hydrant rings covering all

facilities will be provided as per OISD - 144 requirements.

11.9.3 Safety Organization

The Fire and Safety Department is under the control of trained and responsible

officer. All the officers and staff of the bottling plant are trained in combating fire

and use of safety equipment.

11.9.4 Security The following security arrangement has been provided within North Guwahati

LPG Bottling Plant

a) The facilities are guarded round the clock by efficient security personnel.

They prevent any unauthorized entry inside the plant.

b) Watch towers have been provided and manned round the clock to watch

unauthorised entry from outside.

c) 3.0 m high boundary wall has been provided around the installation to resist

any unauthorized entry.

11.9.5 Safety & Environmental Audit

In view of the high hazard potential of LPG, extreme cares are being taken to

maintain the safety needs of the installation. Safety audits are carried out




regularly by a multi-disciplinary team. The safety audit includes operating

procedures, housekeeping, provision of fire fighting and safety gadgets, mock

drills etc.

11.9.6 Occupational Safety and Health

Safety Department in the plant looks after the occupational safety aspects of the

workers also. M/s IOCL follows OISD-166 to maintain occupational health and

safety of the employees and workers. Workers are well informed about the

preventive measures and safe operating practices to be followed for various

types of job. Training courses are organized for the workmen and the officers

before they are put on the job. Contractor's labourers are also trained and

educated to ensure safe operating practices for the jobs.

11.9.7 Tools & Tackles

In Hydrocarbon industry, it is customary to use non-sparking type tools

(spanners, wrenches etc). Electrical hand tools like torches, lamp etc. to be used

in the hazardous area should be flame proof type. All tools should be of approved

quality and make and will be purchased with test certificates.

11.9.8 Preventive Maintenance & Planned Inspection To facilitate inspection and maintenance service in planned manner, a schedule

will be made and jobs to be done daily, weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, half yearly

and yearly will be prepared. Record of the jobs done will be kept properly. The

inspection & maintenance schedule will be done as per the directive & procedure

laid down by OISD as well as instructions of suppliers. The planned inspection

will also include statutory inspection of pressure vessels, storage tanks, safety

valves etc.

In the scope of EMP, pollution prevention and control program is a multifaceted

and expensive program in this rapid changing arena. Among the many programs

a few of them are of great interest and IOCL will pay proper attention. The

programs are as under:




Green Light Program It involves installation of energy efficient lighting system which reduces indirectly

generation of oxides of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur. However, there shall not

be any comprise with required illumination at working places.

Golden Carrot Program This program involves super efficient refrigeration cooling system and installation

without the use of CFC. (No CFC)

Energy Star Program Use of energy efficient electrical appliances including computer etc. are adopted.

IOCL Pays proper attention to improve the working environment by adopting the

principle of Ergonomics in the following line of action:

“In order to maximise the working and skill capability of the work-men, the

Environmental Management Plan considers the strategy and goal of Ergnomics.

The application of ergonomics will reduce the Muscular Skeletal Disorder (MSD).

Attempts shall be made to make the Working Environment to fit the Workmen instead of forcing a workman to adopt the Working Environment.”

ANNEXURE

Annexure-I

PROJECT DETAILS AND DATA SHEET OF VESSELS 1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION :

IOCL seeks to secure the services of an experienced & reputed Cotractor in the field of Construction of mounded pressure vessels for construction of twelve (12) nos. Mounded type pressure Vessels for storage of LPG at ambient temperature at its existing Bottling Plants at North Guwahati (Assam), Bishalgarh (Tripura), Dimapur (Nagaland), Silchar (Assam) and Sekmai (Manipur). The details of the Mounded Type Pressure Vessels for LPG Storage that are to be built at the following existing LPG Bottling plants are given below:

2.0 PROCESS DESCRIPTION :

There are total seven (7) LPG Vessels, each of 1307 m3 water capacity with a usable LPG capacity of 85% of water capacity i.e., 600 MT (approx.) per vessel and five (5) LPG vessels, each of 327 m3 water capacity with a usable LPG capacity of 85% of water capacity i.e., 150 MT (approx.) per vessel at above 5 locations. All the vessels at respective locations will be fully contained within the mound except manways and dome for nozzles on each vessel that protrude from the top of the mound.

Each vessel will be fitted/equipped mainly with the following: -

~ Bottom inlet / outlet. ~ Top vapour inlet/outlet/bypass ~ Pressure gauge with local and remote read out. ~ Temperature gauge ~ Independent two numbers pressure safety valves (PSV’s) each connected

to a vent stack, 3 m high. ~ Independent high level alarm switch with remote audio/visual alarm. ~ Two (2) independent level gauges as per specifications and Data Sheet.

~ Inspection tunnel through Retaining wall for inspection of LPG liquid inlet / outlet pipe.

Plant No.xCap Approx Size of each bullet DIA (M) LENGTH (M) Bishalgarh, Tripura 3x150 MT (3 x 327 Cum) 4.2 25.5 Dimapur, Nagaland 2x150 MT (2 x 327 Cum) 3.8 31.2 North Guwahati 2x600 MT (2 x 1307 Cum) 6.0 48.5 Sekmai, Manipur 2x600 MT (2 x 1307 Cum) 6.0 48.5 Silchar, Assam 3x600 MT (3 x 1307 Cum) 6.0 48.5

Fabricator to arrange for all cables, as per specifications by manufacturer for all instrumentation up to Pump House, Control Room & PM’s cabin. Laying of cables from mounded storage to Pump House, Control Room/S&D & PM’s cabin shall also be in the scope of Fabricator. The cables to be laid using conduit pipes / cable tray / in cable trenches as per direction of Site-in-Charge. In case, cables have to pass under any civil work like road/culverts, Contractor will arrange the passage and subsequent repairs of civil work after obtaining necessary clearance/approval from the site-in-charge.

3.0 TANK DATA SHEET : (For 600 MT vessels & 150 MT vessels)

Sr. No. Description Parameters

1. No. of vessels required

7 x 600 MT & 5 x 150 MT LPG Storage Capacity as per location wise details given above

2. Design code PD 5500 (latest addition) category 1, SMPV Rules, OISD – 150

3. Design pressure ( kg/cm2 ) 15.4 ( Internal ) / 1.855 ( External )

4. Design temperature (oc) 55 ( max ) / - 27 (min) Operating Pressure ( kg/cm2 ) 5 ~ 11.5 Operating Temperature (oc) 05 ~ 50 5. Corrosion allowance (mm) 1.5 mm

6. Type of heads Hemispherical 7. Joint efficiency Shell : 1.0; head : 1.0

8. Radiography 100%

9. Stress relieving Yes

10. Wind pressure Not applicable since vessels are mounded

11. Earthquake specification IS:1893

12. Operating medium LPG

13. Specific gravity of operating medium 0.54 14. Water capacity of each vessel (m3) 1307 m3 for each 600 MT vessels &

327 m3 for each 150 MT vessels 15. Surface preparation & painting As per specification of tender 16. Fire proofing All exposed surfaces of

vessel/dome/ nozzle shall be provided with fire proof material approved by TPIA/IOC.

17. Hydrostatic test pressure at top kg/cm2 (g)

21.75 as per cl. 5.8.5 of PD 5500

18. Inspection / certification by third party Yes

19. Total empty weight (kg) 600 MT Vessel – 225000 150 MT Vessel - 70000

20. Operating weight (kg) 600 MT Vessel – 825000 150 MT Vessel - 220000

21. Hydrotest weight (kg) 600 MT Vessel – 1551000 150 MT Vessel - 402000

Sr. No. Description Parameters

22. Insulation thk (mm) / type Nil 23. Material of construction As per drawings & specifications 24. Internal diameter (mm) As per details given in Para 1.0

above. 25. Overall length of tanks (mm) As per details given in Para 1.0

above. 26. Fittings & openings As per drawings & specifications

SPECIAL NOTES :

(1) ALL STIFFENING RINGS SHALL HAVE ONE HOLE (AS SHOWN IN THE

DRAWING) IN ITS LOWER MOST PART WITH SUITABLE REINFORCEMENT TO DRAIN LPG AND ONE HOLE AT THE TOP (AS SHOWN IN THE DRAWING).

(2) INLET / OUTLET PIPE FROM STORAGE TANK THROUGH R. C. WALL AND

TUNNEL SHALL BE INSULATED WITH PROTECTIVE SURROUND. (3) OVALITY OF THE SHELL SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.5% OF RADIUS. (4) THERE SHALL BE MAX. TWO LONGITUDINAL WELD JOINT PER 2.5 M

SEGMENT OF PLATE (SHELL BELT). (5) PROVIDE 40 x 6 THK 2 NOS. STIFFNERS FOR NOZZLES SIZE 50 NB AND

BELOW. (6) NOZZLE FLANGES SHALL BE NORMAL TO THE HORIZONTAL. (7) NOZZLES SHALL BE GROUPED ON DOME EXCEPT MANHOLE AS PER

DRAWING.

**************

ANNEXURE-VII


COMPLIANCE OF TOR


COMPLIANCE OF TOR

Sl. No. TOR Status/ Compliance

01. Executive Summary of the Project Executive Summary has been presented in the EIA report.

02. Project Description and Project Benefits

“Project Description” & “Project Benefits” have been presented in Chapter-2 & Chapter-10 respectively of EIA Report.

03. Land Use Details of the site based on satellite imagery

Land Use details (5 Km radius) have been discussed in Section 3.3.2 of Chapter-3.

04. Process Details and design details of all tanks with animated model

Process Details have been presented in Chapter-2 and Annexure-I of EIA Report.

05. Proposal for safety buffer zone (250m) around the proposed site with map

DC, Kamrup has been requested for necessary actions vide letter reference no.: IBP/NGHY/7/4(G)-304 dtd. 23.02.2012. Copy enclosed (Anx-II)

06. A list of industries within 10-km radius of the project

The study area comprises few industrial units, namely Bricks Industries, Stone Crusher and Mineral Water.

07. List of villages and population within 5 km

There are 17 villages within 5 km radius of bottling plant. Details of villages along with population has been presented in Table-3.10.3, Chapter-3 of EIA Report.

08. Location of national parks and wild life sanctuary/ reserved forest within 10 km radius.

There is no national park, wild life sanctuary and reserved forest within 10 km radius around LPG bottling plant.

09.

Permission from National Wildlife Board regarding wildlife sanctuary located within 10 km radius. Permission & recommendation from State Forest Department regarding impact of the proposed plant on the surrounding RF, if any

Request letter submitted to Principal Chief Conservator of Forest & Head of Forest Force, Rehabari, Guwahati vide reference letter no.: IBP/NGHY/11-12/MB/DFO/01 dtd 25.11.2011 Copy enclosed as Annexure-III

ANNEXURE-VII


COMPLIANCE OF TOR



10. A copy of EC/Consent to operate accorded by Ministry/State Board for existing plant along with point-wise compliance.

Consent to operate ((Ann.-VA for the year 2011-12) for existing bottling plant and letter for the installation of MB (Annexure-VB) submitted to Assam Pollution Control Board.

11.

Animated Computer Model for prospective years regarding truck movement from safety & risk point of view. Details of lorry design pressure.

Provided

12. Layout plan with provision of trucks parking area. Earmarking of area for parking of lorries at a remote location to avoid congestion.

Furnished in EIA Report as Plate-2.1.

13.

Details of the storage as well as filled and empty cylinder and technical specifications with safety aspects and standards.

Existing Storage.: 2x660MT (HS) Proposed Storage: 2 x 600 MT (Mounded Bullets) Empty Cylinder-cum-LPG Filling Shed : (60 m x 40 m + 60 m x 40 m) Filled Cylinder Shed : 60 m x 40 m Copy of the PESO Approval enclosed as Annexure-IV for Cylinder Storage Capacity. All safety & fire fighting facilities will be upgraded as per OISD-144

14. Possibility of 2 x 150 MT mounded storage bullets, 2x200 MT bullets should be explored and installed.

The project requirement is for 2x600 MT of Mounded Bullets for LPG storage.

15. OISD-169 and OISD-150 standards for mounded storage facilities should be provided

North Guwahati LPG Bottling Plant will be upgraded as per OISD-144. New Gas Monitoring System around storage and other areas shall be as per OISD-150 (Annex-VI).

16. Site details including satellite imagery for 5 km around site

Briefed in section-3.2 and map presented through Plate-3.1 of Chapter-3 of EIA report.

17. Land use along with maps and cropping pattern, vegetation, ecology, flora and fauna

LU/LC details detailed in Section-3.3.2

18. Demography and Socio-economics of the area

Detailed in Chapter-3.10 of EIA report

ANNEXURE-VII


COMPLIANCE OF TOR


Sl. No. TOR Status/ Compliance 19. Baseline Data Collection for Air, Water & Soil for:

i) Ambient air quality monitoring for PM10, SO2, NOx

Briefed in Section-3.6 of Chapter-3 of EIA Report. (Tables 3.6.9 to 3.6.12)

ii) Background levels of Hydrocarbons (Methane & Non-methane HC) and VOCs

Briefed in Section-3.6 of Chapter-3 of EIA Report. (Tables 3.6.9 to 3.6.12)

iii) Soil Sample Analysis Soil samples were collected from three different locations. Analysis results presented through Tables 3.4.2 to 3.4.4 of Chapter-3 of EIA Report.

iv) Baseline underground and surface water quality in the vicinity of the project

Three nos. of ground water and two nos. of surface water samples were collected from different locations of the study area. Results of samples are presented through Tables-3.7.3 and 3.7.5 of Section 3.7 of EIA Report.

v) Climatology & Meteorology including wind speed, temperature, rainfall etc.

Briefed in Section 3.5 of Chapter-3 of EIA Report. Meteorological data presented in Table-3.5.12 to 3.5.14.

vi) Measurement of Noise Levels Briefed in Section-3.8.2(A) to 3.8.4 of EIA Report.

20.

Details of water consumption and source of water supply, waste water generation, treatment and utilization of treated water generated from the facilities and effluent disposal and measures for release of effluent in case of fire.

Details have been discussed in Chapter-4, “Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures” of EIA Report. In case of fire, resultant waste water shall be discharged through properly designed storm water drain after passing through vapour trap.

21.

Storm water system should have provision to prevent any uninterrupted oil in the drain to flow out with storm water. Details of oil water separator.

Briefly discussed in Chapter-11.4.2, EMP of EIA report

22. Solid waste generation, collection, segregation, its recycling and reuse, treatment and disposal.

Briefly discussed in section 11.2.4 & 11.2.5 of Chapter-11 of EIA Report.

23. Assessment of Impact on Air, Water, Soil, Solid/hazardous waste and noise level

Briefly discussed in Chapter-4 of EIA Report.

24. Monitoring and measures to control Mercaptan Odour.

There is in-built system for control of leakage. However, new Gas Monitoring System shall be provided in storage and other relevant areas as per OISD-150.

ANNEXURE-VII


COMPLIANCE OF TOR



25. Details of Proposed Preventive Measures for leakages and accidents

Discussed in Chapter-7 Risk Assessment of EIA Report.

26.

Adequate width of approach road to avoid congestion and to have safe exit in emergencies

Width of approach road is around 6 m and width of the peripheral road is 5 m all around. Proposed width of road around the Mounded Bullets shall be 5 m. Hence, there will be no congestion for movement of tank lorries in emergencies. Presented in Layout in Plate-2.1 of EIA report.

27. Type of Seismic Zone Seismic Zone-V 28. Environmental Management Plan Detailed in Chapter-11 of EIA Report. 29. Risk Assessment & Disaster Management Plan

i) Identification of Hazards Detailed in Chapter-7 of EIA Report. ii) Consequence Analysis Detailed in Chapter-7 of EIA Report. iii) Risk Assessment & Proposed

measures for Risk Reduction Detailed in Chapter-7 of EIA Report.

30.

Risk assessment should also include follow up/compliance to safety & hazardous material management facilities; cathodic protection to mounded bullets ; possibility of fire and explosion accident; Risk assessment for accidents at side and its impacts on adjoining area, risk mitigation measures, disaster management plan; on-site & off-site emergency plan.

Detailed in Executive Summary, Risk Analysis (Chapter-07) and DMP (Chapter-08) of EIA report

31. OISD-144, SMPV Rule, gas cylinder rule should be followed

OISD -144, SMPV Rule, gas cylinder rule shall be followed

32. Gas detection system & monitoring system shall be provided.

Gas Detection System & Gas monitoring system (GMS) shall be provided at relevant places as per OISD-150.

33. Interlocking shut down device (ISD) should be connected to automatic shutdown & auto operation fire hydrant network.

Interlocking shut down device (ISD) for automatic operation of hazard prevention and control system will be upgraded as per OISD-144.

34. Action plan for fire fighting facility as per OISD 117 norms.

OISD-144 shall be followed.

35. Details of proposed Occupational Health Surveillance Program for employees and other labour.

Occupational Health Surveillance program for employees and other labourers is already in practice and conducted once in a year and OISD-166 followed. Briefed in Chapter-11 of EIA report.

ANNEXURE-VII


COMPLIANCE OF TOR


Sl. No. TOR Status/ Compliance 36. Environmental Monitoring Program Discussed in Chap-06 of EIA Report.

37.

Any litigation pending against the project and/ or any direction/ order passed by any Court of Law against the project. If so details thereof.

No

38. Tabular Chart indicating point-wise compliance of the TOR

Detailed as Annexure-VII.

39.

Public hearing issues raised and commitments made by the project proponent on the same should be included separately in EIA/EMP Report in the form of tabular chart with financial budget for complying with the commitments made.

Action is initiated as per statutory guidelines through Assam State Pollution Control Board (ASPCB)

40. A tabular chart with index for point-wise compliance of above TORs.

Detailed as Annexure-VII

Documents

Eia North Guwahati 07.07.12