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Pollution assesment
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1
PROJECT REPORT
Pollution Assessment of River Ganga
and various Cleaning Missions
Under the Guidance of
Dr. Anupam Singhal
Submitted By:
Praveen Bansal 2012A2PS599P
Jaspreet Singh 2011B1A2875P
2
Acknowledgement
We are using this opportunity to express our gratitude to everyone who supported us throughout the project. We are thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism and friendly advice during the project work. We are sincerely grateful to them for sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a number of issues related to the project.
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Dr. Anupam Singhal, Instructor In charge whose contribution in stimulating suggestions and encouragement, helped me to coordinate my project especially in writing this report.
A special thanks goes to our friends who helped us assemble the parts and gave suggestion about the task. I have to appreciate
the guidance given by our supervisor.
3
Table of Contents
1. Acknowledgement 2
2. Introduction 4
3. History 6
4. Ganga Basin 8
Upper Reach
Middle Reach
Lower Reach
5. Pollution 18
Classification of Industrial Units with
respect to products
Sector wise distribution of industries
6. Status of water consumption and 21
wastewater generation
7. Sector wise water consumption and 22
wastewater generation is given in table
reveals from the stated table
Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
West Bengal
8. Comparison of industrial wastewater 30 discharges among three riverine system:
Kali- East, Ramganga & main stem of
Ganga
9. Case Study Using Papers and Journals 32
Varanasi
Haridwar
Rishikesh
West Bengal
Kanpur 10. Pollution Remediation 49
4
11. National Mission for clean ganga 50
Conclusion 55 12. Ganga Action Plan 56 13. Impact of river action plan 59
on river quality
14. Critical Analysis of GAP 60
Conclusion 62 15. What should we do? 63 16. Final verdict 65 17. References 66
5
Introduction India is endowed with rich water resources. Approximately 45,000 km long riverine systems
crisscross the length and breadth of the country. These rivers include Himalayan snow fed rivers,
peninsular rain fed rivers and coastal short rapids.
The total geographical area of 3.29 million square km of the country has been divided in to 12
major river basins, 46 medium river basins and 14 minor and desert river basins. The major river
basins account for 78% of total surface area and serve 80% of the population. The Ganga river
basin is the largest of these, extending over the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and West
Bengal.
Rapidly increasing population, rising standards of living and exponential growth of
industrialization and urbanization have exposed the water resources, in general, and rivers, in
particular, to various forms of degradation. The deterioration in the water quality of the river
impacts the people immediately. Many Indian rivers, including the Ganga in some stretches,
particularly during lean flows, have become unfit even for bathing. Realizing that the rivers of
the country were in a serious state of degradation, a beginning towards their restoration was
made with the launching of the Ganga Action Plan in 1985. It was envisaged as a comprehensive
programme of river conservation with the objective of improving the water quality. It was
visualised that in due course, the programme would be enlarged to cover other major rivers of
the country.
The Ganga basin accounts for a little more than one-fourth (26.3%) of the countrys total
geographical area and is the biggest river basin in India, covering the entire states of
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh (UP), Bihar, Delhi, and parts of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal. The Ganga basin is bound in the north by the
Himalayas and in the south by the Vindhyas. The main river stream originates in the Garhwal
Himalaya (300 55 N, 7907 E) under the name of the Bhagirathi. The ice-cave of Gaumukh at
the snout of the Gangotri glacier, 4100 meters above sea level, is recognized as the traditional
source of River Ganga.
6
The river cuts its path through the Himalayas and flows a distance of about 205 Kilometers
from Gaumukh and transverses through two districts of Uttrakhand state i.e. Uttarkashi and Tehri
to reach Devprayg where another head stream, the Alaknanda, joins it to form Holy Ganga.
The River Alaknanda is a tributary of the River Ganga Uttarakhand that begins at the meeting of
the Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers in Uttarakhand and it travels approx. 190 km.
After flowing through the northern-most part of Uttarakhand, the river flows through Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, and finally drains into the Bay of Bengal. The river
traverses a length of 1450 km in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh while touching the boundary
between UP and Bihar for a stretch of 110 km. It then flows through Bihar, more or less covering
a distance of 405 km .The length of the river measured along the Bhagirathi and Hugli rivers
during its course in West Bengal is about 520 km. The River Ganga has a large number of
tributaries, namely, Kali, Ramganga, Yamuna, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, and Kosi. The River
Yamuna, although a tributary of Ganga, is a river basin in itself. Its major tributaries are
Chambal, Sind, Betwa, and Ken. The main plateau tributaries of the Ganga river are Tons, Son,
Damodar, and Kangsabati-Haldi.
History The history of the Ganga River is old as the Indian civilization. It has seen the rise and fall of
many empires. It has been the prime witness of all the religions especially Hinduism, Buddhism,
Islam, Christianity and Jainism.
ORIGINS
The origin of river Ganges lies at the height of 13,800 feet in the mountain ranges of Himalayas,
in Tehri Garhwal, near Gangotri. It begins high in the Himalayas as a pair of head streams. It
begins in an ice cave in the mountains about 10,300 feet above sea level. Gangotri is known as
the place of origin of the revered Ganges River, known as Ganga in India it is also consider one
of the holy place in chota char dham . The holiest of the Indian rivers, is the longest river
http://chardhampilgrims.com/gangotri/http://chardhampilgrims.com/
7
in India and the greatest waterway in India. The river has been declared as India's National
River. Ganges is the source of sustainment of life in the great Indian plains and it is at Gangotri
that the journey of Ganga begins. River Ganges gets water from the melting snow of Nanda
Devi, Gurla, Mandhata, Dhaulagiri, Gesaisthan, Kanchenjunga and Mount Everest. Many small
and big rivers merge with the Ganges in the Himalayan region. The Ganges river flows through
Bangladesh, but the greater part of it flows through India. The river flows across the northern
corner of India. The Ganges flows across India and Bangladesh until it empties out into the Bay
of Bengal. The great river provides water to many places, and many places rely on it.
Ganga Origin-Story of Bhagiratha
A) This is the most popular story regarding the origin of river Ganga. It is said that King Sagar
magically acquired sixty thousand sons. Once, King Sagar organized Ashvamedha Yagna, a ritual
of worship for the benefit of the kingdom. Jealous Indra stole one horse from the place. King Sagar
sent all his sons all over the earth to look for the horse. They found the horse in the nether-world
standing next to Kapila Muni, a sage who was meditating. The youths, were disrespectful disturbed
the sage during his meditation hours. The sage in anger turned the youth to ashes.
The souls of these young men wandered as ghosts as their final rites had not been done. The sixty
thousand sons of Sagar came searching for the horse to the hermitage of Sage Kapila. They started
to create nuisance, sage Kapila cursed them and they burnt to ashes. Anshuman another son of
king Sagar came searching for his sixty thousand brothers, to Kapila's hermitage. When he came
to know about the whole story he requested him to tell about the means by which his brothers
could attain salvation. Kapila said that his brothers would attain salvation, if the water of Ganga
were sprinkled on them.
Following the instructions of Kapila, Anshuman started doing penance on the Himalaya. But he
was not successful in his attempt to bring Ganga to earth. His son Dileep too tried, but in vain.
At last, Bhagiratha, the son of Dileep was successful in getting a boon from Lord Brahma, as a
result of which 'Ganga' descended down to earth. The force of the current was so great that there
was a fear of her entering the nether world, unless she was stopped on the earth. Bhagiratha pleased
Lord Shiva and requested him to hold her in his locks (hairs). Lord Shiva accepted it and saved
the earth from devastation. He released Ganga on the earth, as a result of which Ganga was
subdivided
1) Dwadini 2) Pavani 3) Nalini flew towards the east 4) Vakshu, 5) Sita, 6) Sindhu flew towards
the west and the seventh stream followed the route, as instructed by Bhagiratha, and hence was
called 7) Bhagirathi. Ultimately all the sixty thousand sons of Sagar were liberated by the sprinkle
of the water of the Ganga. Since then Ganga is sanctifying the mankind with her divine waters.
http://explorableindia.com/
8
b) There are many versions of stories regarding the origin of Ganges. In another story the sage
Valmiki of Ramayana, Ganges was the daughter of 'Himalaya' and 'Maina'. The deities abducted
her and took her to heaven and from then onwards, 'Ganga' started living inside the 'Karmandala'
(a spout shaped vessel). According to Kritivas Ramayana the deities had taken 'Ganga' to Lord
Shiva to get her married with him. When 'Maina' did not find her in the house, she cursed to attain
the form of water.
c) Along the banks on Ganga there are many cities but among them two are famous and these are
Haridwar and Allahabad. The reason behind this is they host worlds largest festival known
as Kumbh Mela. Ganga has far more importance than just a sources of water for millions of
people around the world who worship her as a mother who provides salvation from this world and
cleans reaction of their past misdeeds. She is not a river she is our beloved mother who take care
of our basic needs.
GANGA BASIN
Background
The Himalayas are the source of three major Indian rivers namely the Indus, the Ganga and the
Brahmaputra. Ganga drains a basin of extraordinary variation in altitude, climate, land use, flora
and fauna, social and cultural life. Ganga has been a cradle of human civilization since time
immemorial. Millions depend on this great river for physical and spiritual sustenance.
http://www.mahakumbhfestival.com/http://www.mahakumbhfestival.com/
9
People have immense faith in the powers of healing and regeneration of the Ganga. It is one of
the most sacred rivers in the world and is deeply revered by the people of this country. The River
plays a vital role in religious ceremonies and rituals. To bathe in Ganga is a lifelong ambition of
many who congregate in large numbers for several river centered festivals such as Kumbh Mela
and numerous Snan (bath) festivals.
Salient Features of River Ganga Total length 2525 kms
Length in Uttarakhand 450 kms
Length in Uttar Pradesh 1000 kms
Length in Bihar 405 kms
Jharkhand 40 kms
West Bengal 520 kms
Sharing length between UP & Bihar 110 kms
Catchment Area Ganga Basin 861404 sq. km
Annual discharge Average 493400 million cubic meter
Main Tributaries Yamuna, Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara,
Gandak, Damodar, Kosi & Kali-East
Demography (Riparian States along Ganga River) State / UT Persons Density (persons
per km2)
Urban Population
Uttarakhand 10,116,752 190/km2 30,91,169 (30.55%)
Uttar Pradesh 199,581,477 828/km2 4,44,70,455(22.28%
)
Bihar 103,804,637 1,102/km2 1,17,29,609
(11.30%)
Jharkhand 1,150,038 720/km2 79,29,292
West Bengal 91,347,736 1,029/km2 2,91,34,060
(31.89%)
Total 437,816,840(43.78 Crore) 96,354,585 (9.63 Crore)
(22% )
State Wise Distribution of Drainage Area of the Ganga
River in India
10
Developments in Ganga basin
Total Surface water resource of Ganga River has been assessed as 33 X 107 cusec out of which 7
X 107 cusec of surface water has been put to use. In addition, the annual groundwater potential
for irrigation, domestic and industrial usage in the Ganga basin has been assessed at 11 X 107
cusec and out of which 7 X 107 cusec of groundwater is being used as per records of Central
Ground Water Board.
Due to large scale developments in the Ganga Basin, the river ecosystem is being affected
adversely. To understand the present scenario in the Ganga basin, the river Ganga can be
classified into three reaches.
Upper Ganga Reach
The river Ganga, in the upper reaches flows on a steep and narrow bed, mostly rocks and
boulders. This reach is considered to have immense potential for harnessing hydropower. A line
diagram showing hydro power projects on Ganga River from Gaumukh to Haridwar
11
There are two types of projects on river Ganga- Hydropower projects in the upper reaches
planned and implemented by various Central and State agencies viz. Uttrakhand Jal Vidyut
Nigam Limited (UJVVNL) and the irrigation (canal system) projects in the downstream middle
reaches constructed by the State Irrigation Departments of Uttrakhand/Uttar Pradesh.
The hydropower projects in Uttrakhand are mostly run of the river (ROR) type except the Tehri
Dam Project which is a storage project for hydropower development and augments the non-
monsoon river flows due to storage of flood water in monsoon period. Besides, there are six
existing (ROR type) hydro projects in operation and seven (ROR types) projects under
construction.
SL. NO. NAME OF
THEPROJEC
T
CAPACITY
IN MW
NAME OF
CO.
DISTRICT RIVER
A. UNDER OPERATION (Existing)
1 Tehri Dam 1000 THDC Tehri Bhagirathi
2 Visnuprayag
HEP
400 JPVL Chamoli Alaknanda
3 Koteshwar
HEP
400 THDC Tehri Bhagirathi
4 Maneri Bhali-
I HEP
90 UJVNL Uttarkashi Bhagirathi
5 Maneri Bhali-
II HEP
304 UJVNL Uttarkashi Bhagirathi
6 Chilla HEP 144 UJVNL Pauri Ganga
12
7 Bhilangana 22.5 Swasti
Power
Tehri Bhilangana
B. UNDER CONSTRUCTION
1 Tapovan
Vishnugad
HEP
520 NTPC Chamoli Dhauliganga
2 Tehri-psp
(stage-II)
1000 THDC Tehri Bhagirathi
3 Phata Byung
HEP
76 LANCO Rudrapraya
g
Mandakini
4 Singoli
Bhatwari HEP
99 L & T Rudrapraya
g
Mandakini
5 Vishnugad
Pipalkoti HEP
444 THDC Chamoli Alakananda
6 Alaknanda
HEP
300 GMR Chamoli Alakananda
7 Srinagar HEP 330 GVK Pauri Alakananda
C. DPR PREPARED / SUBMITTED
1 Kotli Bhel I
A HEP
195 NHPC Tehri Bhagirathi
2 Kotli Bhel I
B HEP
320 NHPC Pauri Alakananda
3 Kotli Bhel II
HEP
530 NHPC Pauri Ganga
4 Bowla
Nandprayag
HEP
300 UJNVL Chamoli Alakananda
5 Nandprayag
Langasu HEP
100 UJNVL Chamoli Alakananda
D. PROJECTS UNDER INVESTIGATION
1 Karmoli
HEP
140 THDC Uttarkashi Jadhganga
2 Gohana Tal
HEP
60 THDC Chamoli Birahigana
ga
3 Jadhganga
HEP
50 THDC Uttarkashi Jadhganga
4 Malarijelam
HEP
114 THDC Chamoli Dhauligan
ga
5 Tamak Lata
HEP
280 UJNVL Chamoli Dhauligan
ga
6 Rishi Ganga
I HEP
70 UJNVL Chamoli Rishigang
a
13
7 Rishi Ganga
II HEP
35 UJNVL Chamoli Rishigang
a
8 Bhilanganga
- II HEP
11 UJNVL Tehri Bhilangan
a
9 Bhilanganga
III HEP
25 Polyplex Tehri Bhagirathi
10 Jalandhariga
d HEP
11.8 Hausil
Hydro
Uttarkashi Bhagirathi
11 Byundergan
ga HEP
24.3 Super
Hydro
Chamoli Bhyunderg
anga
12 Melkhet
HEP
15 Melkhet
Power
Chamoli Pinder
13 Rambara
HEP
76 LANCO Rudraprayag Mandakini
14 Gaurikund
HEP
24 LANCO Rudraprayag Mandakini
Middle Ganga Reach: The river in the middle reach enters and flows in plains, meandering mostly on a bed of fine
sand. The river has a wide bed and flood plain. Substantial portion of the river flow is diverted to
support agricultural activities through a system of Canals. The Uttar Pradesh Irrigation
Department (UPID) is primarily responsible for managing these irrigation projects.
The first significant irrigation projects, with head works at Bhimgoda barrage located at
Haridwar was constructed more than a century ago. It has a canal system called Upper Ganga
Canal having a main canal of 10500 cusec capacity. Another project, known as Eastern Ganga
Canal, having canal of 5800 cusec capacity was commissioned in early seventies, mainly for
irrigation during Khariff season when there is a lot of water in the river and some irrigation in
other seasons, when water is available from releases from Tehri. The next significant irrigation
project is located near Bijnore. It has a canal system called Middle Ganga Canal having a
capacity of 10,260 cusec. The Narora barrage constructed mainly for the water supply to Atomic
Power Plant and from this barrage, Lower Ganga Canal system of capacity 9000 cusec was
constructed in early eighties. A parallel canal system of 4600 cusec was added later by the state
of UP. These three irrigation canal systems divert fresh water from the river for irrigation which
affects the flows downstream of Narora particularly up to Allahabad.
Substantial amount of flow, conveyed through a feeder canal originating from the barrage at
Kalagarh on the river Ramganga, is introduced into the river Ganga just downstream of
Garhmukteshwar to ensure sufficient quantities of water for Narora Atomic Power Plant. A
Schematic diagram showing the major canal systems is depicted in fig.
14
The confluence of Ramganga at Kusumkher, Kali at Kannauj and Yamuna at Allahabad augment
the flow in the river. However, these rivers, particularly Ramganga and Kali also bring a lot of
domestic/ industrial pollution load. In addition, several towns, industries and agricultural
activities contribute to the point and non-point pollution load in this reach. Significant being the
leather tanneries at Kanpur. Thus, river flow and water quality are the key concerns in this reach.
Excessive use of ground water, by farmers, is depleting the ground water aquifers. At a number
of places water is pumped out from the river or riverside wells to grow sugarcane and other
cropsIn addition, general degradation of river system is visible due to encroachment of river bed,
indiscriminate gravel/ sand mining, riverbed farming, active netting of fish, open defecation, etc.
In many places, dumping of solid wastes including floral offerings and other materials used for
religious purposes, washing of clothes, wallowing of animals, throwing un-burnt/ partially burnt
dead bodies adversely affect aesthetics, water quality and aquatic life. Many important small,
large and mega religious congragations are a part of socio-cultural dimensions of the riverine
system at several places, the most important being at Haridwar, Allahabad and Varanasi. Rapid
urbanization along the river banks puts tremendous pressure on the scarce water resources.
Lower Ganga Reach: The river in the third reach is wide and considerable changes in the sediment transport and
deposition is observed which eventually leads to frequent change in the river course and wide
spread flooding.
15
In this reach, the river Ganga receives water from three categories of rivers. In the first category
are perennial rivers that originate in Himalayas and carry snow fed flows with significant
discharge in the non-monsoon season. This includes Kosi, Gandak, Karnali (Ghaghra) and
Mahakali (Sharda) river systems. In the second category are the rivers like Mechi, Kankalm,
kamla, Bagmati, West Rapti and Babai rivers which are fed by precipitation as well as ground
water recharge and springs. Although these rivers are also perennial, they are commonly
characterized by wide seasonal fluctuations in discharge. The third category of river systems
includes a large number of small rivers in the terrain which originate from the southern Shivalik
range of hills. These rivers are seasonal with little flows during the dry season but characterized
by flash floods during the monsoon.
Many important small, large and mega religious congregations are a part of socio-cultural
dimensions of the riverine system at several places, the most important being at Ganga Sagar
where the river merges into the sea.
HYDROLOGY OF GANGA BASIN
Rainfall, subsurface flows and snow melt from glaciers are the main sources of water in river
Ganga. Surface water resources of Ganga have been assessed at 525 billion cubic meter (BCM).
Out of its 17 main tributaries Yamuna, Sone, Ghagra and Kosi contribute over half of the annual
water yield of the Ganga. These tributaries meet the Ganga at Allahabad and further downstream.
The river has a problem of low flows between the Haridwar - Allahabad stretch, as may be seen
from Figures shown. December to May are the months of lean flow in the Ganga. The lean flow
during these months, at some important towns along the river Ganga, is shown in Figure.
16
17
On an average, each square km of the Ganga basin receives a million cubic meter (MCM) of
water as rainfall. 30% of this is lost as evaporation, 20%seeps to the subsurface and the
remaining 50% is available as surface runoff. The deep channel of the river bounded by high
banks facilitates the passage of ground water as base flow. Annual flooding is the characteristic
of all rivers in the Ganga basin. The Ganga rises during the monsoon but the high banks restrict
the flood water from spreading. The flood plain is usually 0.5 to 2 km wide. This active flood
plain is flooded every year. There are many structures on the Ganga which divert its discharge.
18
19
Pollution In August 2009, the Union government re-launched the Ganga Action Plan with a reconstituted
National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA). Under the notification, dated February 20,
2009, the government gave the river the Current state, why it is so, and the way ahead. The
Ganga Action Plan (GAP-I) had selected 25 towns located along the river in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar
and West Bengal. In 1993, the second phase (GAP-II) continued the programme, but included
work on four tributaries of the river status of a National River. The objective was to ensure
abatement of pollution and conservation of the river. The key difference between the first Ganga
Action Programme and now, is the recognition that the entire basin of the river has to be the
basis for planning and implementation. It is not enough to plan for one citys pollution, without
considering the impact of the pollution on the downstream area. It is accepted that the plan for
pollution control must take into account the need for adequate water in the river its ecological
flow.
How polluted is the river? The challenge of pollution remains grim. According to July 2013 estimates of the Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB), fecal coliform levels in the mainstream of the river some
2,500 km from Gangotri to Diamond Harbor remain above the acceptable level in all stretches,
other than its upper reaches.
20
But even in these reaches, there are worrying signs as fecal coliform levels are increasing in
places like Rudraprayag and Devprayag, suggesting that there is inadequate flow for dilution
even in these highly oxygenated stretches.
The pollution levels are a cause of worry in the hotspots the mega and fast growing cities
along the river. According to the CPCBs monitoring data, biological oxygen demand (BOD)
levels are high downstream of Haridwar, Kannauj and Kanpur and peak at Varanasi. But what is
worrying is that in all the stretches, pollution is getting worse. This is not surprising given that all
along this heavily populated stretch, freshwater intake from the river is increasing.
In this way, water is drawn for agriculture, industry and cities but what is returned is only waste.
Funds have been used up to create infrastructure, without much attention paid to the use and
efficacy of this hardware. But with all this done, the cities are still losing the battle with the
amount of infrastructure that has yet to be built to convey the sewage and then of course, to treat
it and dispose of it.
Sewage generation is underestimated and hence the treatment capacity needed is much higher.
The actual gap between generation and treatment is grossly underestimated. The problem lies in
the manner in which governments estimate pollution load and plan for sewage treatment. The
estimation of sewage generation is based on the quantum of water supplied. The assumption is
that 80 per cent of the water supplied is returned as wastewater. But as cities do not know how
much water is lost in distribution and how much groundwater is used within their boundaries, the
waste generation estimate could be wide off the mark
The actual measured discharge of wastewater into Ganga is 6,087 MLD which is 123 per cent
higher than the estimated discharge of wastewater. In other Words, the gap between treated and
untreated waste is not 55 per cent, but 80 per cent.
According to this, the estimation is that the BOD load is 1,000 tonne/day in the mainstream of
the river.
Classification of Industrial Units with respect to
products
Industrial units are classified in following sectors.
Chemicals: which mainly include fertilizer, petro-chemical, pesticides and pharmaceuticals.
Dairy, Food & Beverage
Pulp and Paper
Tannery
Textile, Bleaching & Dyeing
Other (Cement, Slaughter house, Ordinance, Packaging & printing, Paint, Electronics&
Electrical,
Thermal, Kattha kachh, Electroplating, Metallurgical, automobile etc.
21
Sector wise distribution of industries
There are 764 industries in the main stem of Ganga and referred tributaries Kali (E) and
Ramganga. Out of which 687 industrial units are in Uttar Pradesh followed by 42 in
Uttarakhand. Sector wise distribution of industrial units is given in figure. It is observed from the
figure that number wise tanneries are dominant industries followed by sugar, pulp & paper and
Textile, dyeing and bleach
Status of Water Consumption and Wastewater
Generation
Total water consumption in the industries is 1123 MLD and waste water generation is 501 MLD.
Uttar Pradesh is the dominating states with respect to water consumption (62 % of total water
consumed) and wastewater generation (45% of total wastewater generated) followed by
Uttarakhand. This is summarized in table-8.1 and percentage wise consumption and generation is
depicted in figures.
STATE WISE STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL UNIT, WATER
CONSUMPTION AND WASTE WATER GENERATION
STATE NO. OF
INDUSTRY
WATER
CONSUMPTION(MLD)
WASTE WATER
GENERATION(MLD)
Uttarakhand 42 224 127
22
Bihar 13 91 17
Jharkhand 0 0 0
UP 687 693 269
West Bengal 22 116 87
TOTAL 764 1123 501
Close examination to the table and figure-it is observed Wastewater generation is nearly 45% in terms of total water consumption.
In terms of water consumption industries in Uttar Pradesh consumes maximum water followed
by Uttarakhand and West Bengal. But wastewater generation with respect to water consumption
is enhanced in Uttarakhand and West Bengal.
Sector wise water consumption and wastewater
generation is given in table reveals from the stated table Maximum water consumed and generated by Pulp and Paper industries. The consumption is
followed by sugar industries while generation is followed by chemical industries. Table-8.2: Status of sector specific industrial water consumption
23
STATUS OF SECTOR SPECIFIC INDUSTRIAL
WATER CONSUMPTION AND WASTE WATER
GENERATION
TYPE OF INDUSTRY TOTA
L
UNIT
S
WATER
CONSUMPTION(M
LD)
WASTEWATER
GENERATION(M
LD)
CHEMICAL 27 210.9 97.8
DISTILLERY 33 78.8 37
FOOD,DAIRY,BEVERA
GES
22 11.2 6.5
PULP AND PAPER 67 306.3 201.4
SUGAR 67 304 96
TEXTILE,BLEACHING
& DYEING
63 14.1 11.3
TANNERY 444 28 22
OTHER 41 168 28.6
TOTAL 764 1123 501
Percentage wise water consumption and wastewater generation in various categories of industrial
sectors is given in figure -8.4&8.5 and it is observed from the figures that
Sugar, pulp and paper and chemical are the three major sectors which consume approx 73%
water and generate 79% of total wastewater.
24
FIG. Status of state wise water consumption and wastewater generation from grossly Polluting industries
25
UTTARAKHAND
Number of grossly polluting industries located in Uttarakhand is 42. Out of which, 7 industries are
Discharging in the main stem of Ganga and located in the region of Dehradun and rest are located in the
sub basin of Ranmganga in the region of Kashipur and Udham Singh Nagar. In Uttarakhand category
wise only three types of industries are located; these arepulp and paper, sugar and distillery. The status of
water consumption and wastewater generation by these industries is stated in table.
It is observed from the table that 96% wastewater generated is discharged in Ramganga riverine system,
which ultimately leads to the main stem of River Ganga at Kannauj Upstream (Uttar Pradesh). Pulp and
paper industry is the sector which generates 90% of total waste water; this is illustrated in the figure.
26
UTTAR PRADESH
The category wise and water body wise wastewater generation in the state of Uttar Pradesh is
depicted in table. It is observed from the table that there are 687 industries of grossly polluting
status discharging
269 MLD wastewater. The Sugar, Pulp and Paper and Chemical are the major industrial sector
which discharged 70% of total wastewater generated in the state. Out of 688 industries 594 are
located in the main stem of Ganga River. It is also observed that 442 industries are tannery.
Volume wise highest wastewater 85.7 MLD is coming from sugar industry.
This indicates that the tannery although have a higher number of industries but discharging less
volume of wastewater.
With respect to River Kali-East sugar, distillery and pulp & paper are the major industrial sectors
which are discharging in to the river. In comparison to the number of the industries with respect
to Ganga is small (53) but discharging 71.4 MLD wastewater. Pulp & paper is discharging 36.8
MLD wastewater, which is 52% of the total wastewater discharged into the river Kali-East by
grossly polluting industries. Next to Pulp & paper is Sugar industry (15) and discharging 14.8
MLD.
It is pertinent to mention that Ramganga which houses 44 industries but discharging 106 MLD
wastewater and major of them are sugar industries which are discharging 50% of total
wastewater discharged into the river Ramganga in UP.
The percentage wise wastewater generation in these three riverine systems and sector specific
wastewater generation in Uttar Pradesh is given in figure-8.7 &8.8 respectively. The status of
sector specific water consumption and wastewater generation in Uttar Pradesh and in the three
riverine systems in Uttar Pradesh is given in table respectively.
27
28
BIHAR
In the state of Bihar, discharge from grossly polluting industries is not so prominent in
comparison to other states with respect to river Ganga. The total discharge from industries is
17.3 MLD, out of which 7 MLD is from Barauni refinery. The information regarding wastewater
from various type of industries is summarized in Table.
29
West Bengal
In the stretch of West Bengal the river Hooghly (Ganga is named as Hoogly here) receives 87
MLD wastewater from 22 grossly polluting industries. It is pertinent to note that various
categories of industries are housed on the banks of Hooghly, this is summarized in table-8.9. It is
observed that chemical industry discharges 70% of total wastewater generated, followed by Pulp
& paper which 20% is. This is a deviation from the trend in Upper and middle Ganga.
30
Comparison of industrial wastewater discharges among
three riverine system: Kali- East, Ramganga & main stem of
Ganga
A comparison of wastewater discharged in river Ganga, Kali-East and Ramganga in Uttarakhand
and Uttar Pradesh (up to Kannauj Downstream) all together is shown in table-8.10 and
31
percentage discharged by grossly polluting industries in these rivers at Uttarakhand and Uttar
Pradesh is depicted in figure.
It is observed from the figure-10 that wastewater discharged by grossly polluting industries
from
Uttarakhand to Uttar Pradesh upto Kannauj downstream all together in river Ramganga is 69%
followed
by Kali-East (22%) and River Ganga (9%).
32
However if we take the whole stretch of River Ganga the percentage of total wastewater
discharged to river Ramganga is 46% followed by Ganaga (40%) and Kali-East (14%). This is
depicted in figure.
CONCLUSION
There are 764 grossly polluting industries discharging wastewater to main stem of River Ganga (either directly or through drains) and its two important tributaries Kali-east and
Ramganga in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and west Bengal. Out of 764 industries,
687 are located in Uttar Pradesh.
The water consumed by grossly polluting industries is 1123 MLD.
Total wastewater generated by grossly polluting industries is 501 MLD. This is 45% (approx.) of total water consumed.
In terms of number of industrial units, tannery sector is dominating where as in terms of wastewater generation Pulp & paper sectors dominate followed by chemical and sugar
sector.
It is observed that GPI in Bihar generate minimum wastewater (19%) in terms of water consumed whereas GPI in West Bengal generate maximum wastewater 75.5% in terms of
water consumed this followed by Uttarakhand (56.7%) and Uttar Pradesh (39%%).
In the riverine system Ramganga carries maximum industrial wastewater followed by main stream of river Ganga and Kali-East respectively.
33
Case Studies using Papers & Journals:
VARANASI
The Ganga flows through Varanasi touching its western bank. This is the city Hindus come to, to
worship and to cremate the dead. This is the city of Gods. But the river millions worship is still
polluted. But not because there has been no attempt to clean it up.
The citys tryst with pollution control started way back in 1954, when the state government started
a sewage utilization scheme, building sewage pumping stations on different Ghats to intercept the
sewage for diversion to a sewage farm located at the far end of the city in Dinapur. Pumping
stations were built at the Harishchandra Ghat, Ghora Ghat (renamed Dr Rajendra Prasad Ghat),
Jalasen Ghat and Trichlochan Ghat. This infrastructure was completed by the
1970s and handed over to the Jal Sansthan (the citys water agency) for operation.
But little was done beyond this. The works became defunct very soon. In 1986, with the launch of
the Ganga Action Plan these projects were revised. More money was sanctioned and spent to
refurbish the pumping stations and build and repair drains. In addition, three sewage treatment
plants with a combined capacity of 101.8 MLD were built: 9.8 MLD at Bhagwanpur; 80 MLD at
Dinapur; and 12 MLD at the Diesel Locomotive Works.
Then hectic parleys began to spend more money on building new sewage hardware. In March
2001, the National River Conservation Directorate sanctioned another Rs416 crore for more trunk
sewers and interception drains. Tendering started in earnest. But in September 2001 the Supreme
Court, listening to a public interest matter on river pollution, halted the process and asked for a
review of the plan. In 2002, however, the apex court vacated its earlier order. The plan was ready
and cleared for implementation. Everyone forgot the city was already out of money to run the
existing plants.
This is when as early as 1997 a city-based group, the Sankat Mochan Foundation, had suggested
an affordable variation on the expensive pollution scheme. The city could build watertight
interceptors along the ghats that worked on the principle of gravity, so cutting electricity (pumping)
costs. Some 5 km downstream of the city, in Sota, the sewage could be treated in advanced
integrated oxidation ponds with the help of bacteria and algae. The capital cost of this alternative
was projected at Rs 150 crore.
But Varanasis public water works department has rejected this proposal saying that it is not
feasible for it would disrupt pilgrims and damage the historical Ghats during excavation.
With the re-launch of the Ganga action programme, the city has sensed a new opportunity. The
National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency
have agreed to fund another Rs524 crore worth of projects for beautification of the Assi ghats and
sewage infrastructure. By June 2013, for which the last progress reports are available on the
NGRBA site, some 12 per cent work had been completed. It is difficult to say if this plan will be
any different from the rest as it does more of the same sewage treatment plants; infrastructure;
drains and pumps and pipes. All that has not worked till date in this cash and energy-starved city.
Clearly, when there is money to send down the river, cleaning it is not the issue at all.
34
Current status The city has a heap of problems:
First, its current and upgraded sewage networkis grossly inadequate. According to the City Sanitation Plan, commissioned by the Union ministry of urban development, the 400
km sewerage network mainly exists in the old city and the ghats area. However, even this
is over 100 years old and extremely dilapidated. According to the UP government, over
80 per cent of the city remains un-sewered.
Second, one third of the city lives in slums, with little access to any sanitation and sewerage facilities. The City Sanitation Plan notes that 15 per cent of the city does not
have access to toilets and resorts to open defecation.
35
36
Third, because of lack of sewerage, many parts of the city (particularly the peripheral areas) depend on septic tanks. But there is no formalized sewage management and tanks
overflow into open drains and floods low-lying areas.
Fourth, there is virtually no solid waste management in the city and therefore, this waste also ends up clogging drains and fouls up the river.
In this situation, it is not enough to plan for upgrading the sewage network or building more
sewage treatment plants.
Current sewage treatment plants
The official sewage generation of the city is estimated to be 233 MLD. This is based on the
calculation that 80 per cent of the water supplied by the water utility (Jal Nigam) is returned as
sewage.
However, this is a gross underestimate, because it does not take into account the groundwater
usage or the flow of water into the drains from other sources. The CPCBs 2013 measurement of
drain outfall shows that the city discharges 410 MLD double the official sewage estimate.
The current sewage treatment capacity is 101.8 MLD. In other words, only 25 per cent of the
waste generated can even be treated and 75 per cent is discharged without treatment into the
river. The Jal Nigam maintains that the treated waste of Dinapur and Bhagwanpur STPs is used
for irrigation.
Now the city is adding 260 MLD treatment capacity, but the question is if this will provide the
solution that is so desperately needed? The question still remains if the city will be able to
intercept the waste to take to the treatment plants, without a sewage network. Then, the quantum
of discharge from the drains is still much higher and will probably increase over this period as
population grows. Therefore, the increased capacity in STP will still not be sufficient.
The question also is what will happen to the treated effluent and if it will be mixed with
untreated waste in the open drains that discharge into the river.
Finally and most critically, where will the city get its electricity and finances to run these plants?
This is why the city needs to a relook at its current sewage treatment strategy. According to
CPCB (2013), the city has three key drains Rajghat, Nagwa, Ramnagar and two rivers (also
termed as drains because of their quality) Varuna and Assi. The question is how the waste of
these drains can be best intercepted and taken to sewage treatment facilities and then reused and
recycled.
Two drains are critical because of the high BOD load Nagwa drain (BOD load is 4,000
kg/day) and Varuna drain (BOD load is 3,888 kg/day).
It is also critical that the drains are developed as in situ treatment zones.According to the City
Sanitation Plan the wastewater in the drains is diluted because of flow from household septic
tanks and therefore, it is possible to clean these drains and to develop them as open treatment
facilities.
It is important that the solid waste and sanitation services in the city are vastly improved. In all
this the financial strategy will be critical. The Ganga at Varanasi can only be cleaned if the city is
cleaned.
37
Excerpt from paper
International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering
ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 04, No. 04, August 2011, pp. 698-711
Assessment of Water Quality of River Ganga along
Ghats in Varanasi City, U. P., India Assessment of water quality was done in holy River Ganga district of Varanasi, (U.P.) India in 2009.
Water samples were collected from five different sites namely (S1)-Samne Ghat, (S2)-Assi Ghat, (S3)-
Harishchandra Ghat, (S4) Dasaswamedh Ghat, (S5)- Dr.Rajendra Prashad Ghat.
S1- Samne Ghat
S2- Assi Ghat
S3- Harishchandra Ghat
S4- Dashashwamegh Ghat
S5- Dr. Rajendra Prashad Ghat
Results and Discussion: pH values: As depicted in the table 5 and figure 1, the pH values were found to be significant due to
Ghats/Ganges and different days of intervals. Alkaline range of pH in most of the water sample
may be due to the general alkaline nature of the effluents being released into sampling
sites/locations. This pH values having higher concentration as compared to BIS standards
recommended. The different Ghats/Ganges was slightly above neutral making its not safe for
drinking and other purposes.
38
39
40
HARIDWAR:
INTRODUCTION Pollution of a river first affects its chemical quality and then systematically destroys the
community disrupting the delicate food web. Diverse uses of the rivers are seriously impaired
due to pollution and even the polluters like industry suffer due to increased pollution of the
rivers. River pollution has several dimensions and effective monitoring and control of river
pollution requires the expertise from various disciplines1.Pollution of river is a global problem.
In India it is reported that about 70% of the available water is polluted. The chief source of
pollution is identified as sewage constituting 84 to 92 percent of the waste water. Industrial waste
water comprised 8 to 16 percent.
Study Area
EXPERIMENTAL A total of 90 water samples were collected from five different spots during different seasons over
a period of two years (November 2006 to October 2008). The samples were taken in BOD bottles
41
and plastic jerry canes and brought to the laboratory with necessary precautions. All samples were
labeled properly. Some parameters like temperature, velocity, pH and dissolved oxygen were
measured on site. Grab sampling was generally applied during the sampling. Water samples were
analysed by standard methods .The samples were analyzed for following physicochemical
parameters:
Water Temperature (C), velocity(m/s), pH, hardness (mg/l), turbidity (JTU), total dissolved solids (mg/l), total suspended solids (mg/l), electrical conductivity (mho/cm),
free CO2(mg/l), dissolved oxygen (mg/l), B.O.D. (mg/l), C.O.D. (mg/l), alkalinity (mg/l),
chloride (mg/l), calcium (mg/l), magnesium (mg/l), sodium (mg/l), potassium
(mg/l),carbonate (mg/l), bicarbonate (mg/l) and sulphate (mg/l).
Eleven parameters were taken for calculation of water quality index: Ca, Mg, Na, K, NO
3
-
, SO4
2-, Cl
-, hardness, TDSD, B.O.D. and total alkalinity.
It is an established fact that the more harmful a given pollutant is, the smaller is its standard
permissible value recommended for drinking water. Therefore, the Weights for various water
quality characteristics are assumed to be inversely proportional to the recommended standards for
the corresponding parameters (Tiwari and Ali). That is,
Wi= K\S
i
Where Wi is the unit weight and Si is the recommended standard for the ith parameter P
i. The
constant of proportionality K in equation can be determined from the condition
Wi=K(1\ S
i)
The quality rating qi for the ith parameter P
i is calculated from the following equation:
qi=100(V
i/ S
i)
Where Vi is the observed value. The subindex S
i for the the parameter P
i is given by
(Si)=(q
iw
i)
The overall WQI can be calculated by aggregating the quality rating (qi) or subindices, linearly,
and taking their weighted mean, i.e.
WQI=[(qiw
i/w
i)]
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results indicate that the quality of water varies considerably from location to location. A
summary of the findings is given below:
The water temperature of the Ganga at Hardwar ranged between 10.18 C to 19.73 C. The maximum water temperature started decreasing due to the melting of snow at the peaks of
the Himalaya. The water temperature showed an upward trend from winter season to
summer season followed by a downward trend from rainy season onwards.
The velocity was found to be directly proportional to the flood level and also with gradient of the river stretch. The water level and its velocity started increasing from winter season
onwards due to melting of snow at the place of origin of the river. The maximum velocity
2.18 m/s of the Ganga at Haridwar was recorded in monsoon season and the minimum
velocity 0.39m/s was observed in winter season.
42
The conductivity of water is affected by the suspended impurities and also depends upon the amount of ions in the water. The highest conductivity 415.66mho/cm of the Ganga
water was observed in monsoon season. From monsoon season onwards the conductivity
decreased and minimum conductivity 95.89mho/cm was observed in winter season.
The turbidity in the river Ganga at Haridwar was lowest during winter season. From summer season onwards the water became turbid due to melting of snow and rains. The
maximum turbidity 608.15 JTU was observed in monsoon season and minimum 19.15 JTU
was observed in winter season.
Total solids may affect water quality. Water with high total solids generally is of inferior potability. Total dissolved solids were observed maximum 540.68 mg/l in rainy season and
minimum 42.58 mg/l in winter season. Total suspended solids were recorded maximum
3125.76mg/l in monsoon season and minimum 110.28 mg/l.
The pH of the Ganga river at Haridwar was slightly alkaline. It ranged from 7.06 to 8.35. The Ganga water contained highest dissolved oxygen during winter season, followed by a
gradual decrease to its lowest values during monsoon season.
The higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen during winter season was probably due to low water temperature, no turbidity and increased photosynthetic activity of the green algae
found on the submerged stones and pebbles. The maximum 11.71 mg/l oxygen content of
water was recorded in winter season and minimum 7.08 mg/l in rainy season. From
monsoon season the water of Ganga starts becoming turbid which reduces the
photosynthetic activity of the algae and thus decreases oxygen concentration.
Free carbon dioxide in the Ganga water was invariably present throughout the year. It fluctuated from 1.15mg/l in winter season to 5.39 mg/l in rainy season. The free carbon
dioxide was found to be maximum in monsoon season and minimum in winter season.
43
Assessment of bacterial indicators and physicochemical parameters to
investigate pollution status of Gangetic river system of Uttarakhand (India)
Materials and methods The Gangetic river system of Uttarakhand was intensively surveyed to select different sites for sample
collection. The study area was divided into three different stretches, i.e. upper, middle and lower stretch.
While Bhagirathi and Alaknanda both comprised upper and middle stretches, one in each tributary, the
lower stretch was predominantly of Ganga, i.e. downstream to Devprayag (Sangam) till Haridwar The
total stretch covered in this study was 440 km, out of which Alaknanda comprised a stretch of 200 km,
Bhagirathi comprised a stretch of 170 km and lower Ganga comprised a stretch of 70 km. The samples
were carefully collected in triplicate from 32 different sites in sterile containers, and were transported on
ice to the laboratory. Samples were collected in three seasons, i.e. summer, rainy and winter from all
selected sites.
The bacterial population in different samples was estimated by inoculating nutrient agar (HiMedia) plates
with 0.1 ml of suitable dilutions. The pH of medium and incubation temperatures was adjusted according
to the pH and temperature of respective sites, unless mentioned otherwise. The results were expressed as
colony forming units (cfu) per unit volume, enumerated after 48 h of incubation. However, the plates
were incubated in refrigerator where the native temperature of sample was below 0 8C. Isolates having
different cell morphology and colony characteristics were selected and stored on nutrient agar slants at
48C or 28C as and when required. All trials were performed in triplicate.
Discussion In present study, all sites were found to have high TVC. In fact, the water of Ganga is used for drinking
(Aachman) as part of rituals in this region. Although the higher TVC values suggest that this practice
should be avoided. The TVC values were relatively higher in holy places like Haridwar and Rishikesh
which may be attributed to the presence of large population residing at the banks. These sites witness holy
dip and mass bathing by a large number of pilgrims as an old age ritual in India, which is a constant
source of contamination of water bodies (Semwal and Akolkar, 2006).
The total coliform count was relatively higher in rainy season than summer and winter, which suggest
role of precipitation on the sources and extent of microbial pollution. As a matter of fact, the banks of
Alaknanda are more densely populated and face heavy anthropological activity as compared to
Bhagirathi. Earlier, Fokmare and Musaddiq (2001) have correlated high content of MPN in surface and
ground water Of Akola, Maharashtra with the population density. Also the fact that the number of sub-
tributaries falling in Alaknanda is more than Bhagirathi may be responsible for the higher coliform count.
Kulshrestha and Sharma (2006) reported increase in coliform count of Ganga at Haridwar during
Ardhkumbh and suggested that the water becomes unfit for drinking as well as bathing purpose because
ofmass bathing. Significant change in water quality of Ganga at Haudeshwarnath (Pratapgarh) has been
reported by Sinha et al. (1991). There was no definite pattern of FC count in different stretch of study
area, which is not in accordance to the findings of Baghel et al. (2005) who observed that the TC and FC
counts are higher in summer followed by rainy and winter. The absence of FC and FS in most of the sites
of study area during winter may be attributed to the fact that the pilgrimage to these sites is suspended
because of harsh climatic conditions.
44
Kistemann et al. (2002) observed that in the case of rainfall, the microbial loads of running water
suddenly increase and reach reservoir bodies very quickly. FC/FS ratio was obtained highest in the rainy
season and was negligible in winter season, which may be because the relative frequency of FC from
human sources increases in rainfall. These findings are in accordance to those observed by Baghel et al.
(2005) who have reported high bacterial counts in these regions. However, they selected only 16 sites in
present study area, in contrast to 32 selected in this study. Baghel et al. (2005) concluded that large
number of animals used by pilgrims in upper stretch of
Gangetic river system increase FS load. In rainy season, due to runoff of water having animal excreta
from upper stretch to lower stretch leads to the high counts of FS in the lower stretch. Kistemann et al.
(2002) observed that in the case of rainfall, the microbial loads of running water suddenly increase and
reach reservoir bodies very quickly. These observations explain the reason of increase of bacterial
contamination from upper stretch to lower stretch.
45
RISHIKESH (UTTARAKHAND)
The present study was intended to calculate water quality index (WQI) for National river (Ganga) of India
at Rishikesh for drinking, recreation and other purpose by using eight water quality parameters:
turbidity, DO, BOD, COD, Free CO2, TS, TSS and TDS.
Ganga Action Plan program launched by Government of India in April 1985 in order to reduce the
pollution load on the river Ganga, but it failed to decrease the pollution level in the river, after spending
more than 9 billion rupees over a period of 15 years It is well known that clean water is absolutely essential for several purposes for healthy living (Mandalam
et al., 2009). Rivers are the most important natural resource for human development but it is being
polluted by indiscriminate disposal of sewage, industrial waste and plethora of human activities, which
affects its physicochemical and microbiological quality. Increasing problem of deterioration of river water
quality, it is necessary to monitoring of water quality to evaluate the production capacity (Mishra et al.,
2009).
The river Ganga is subjected to multiple uses for community water supply, irrigation, bathing, and
disposal of sewage and industrial effluents. According to WHO organization, about 80% of all the
diseases in human beings are caused by water. Ganga is the National river of India, runs its course of over
2500 kms from Gangotri (Uttarakhand) in the Himalayas to Ganga Sagar in the Bay of Bengal through 29
cities with population over 1,00,000, 23 cities with population between 50,000 and 1,00,000, and about
48 towns. It is a river with which the people of India are attached spiritually and emotionally.
Study Area: The present study has been carried out in Rishikesh to evaluate water quality of river Ganga for drinking
purpose, located in newly carved state of Uttarakhand. Rishikesh is extended from latitude H3007 in the
north to longitude 7819 in the east. H It has an average elevation of 372 meters. Rishikesh had a
population of 59,671 as per 2001 census of India. For present study three sites were selected along the
river Ganga in Rishikesh namely, Lakshman Jhula Pramarth Niketan and Triveni Ghat.
Site-1(Lakshman Jhula) is located at 30o 7' 34'' N to 78o 19' 49'' E. Hanging walking bridge with the eastern part of the town, where most of religious ashram are located.
Site-2 site was selected at Parmarth Niketa for present study and 307' 2" N 7818' 41" E. Parmarth Niketan one of the oldest ashram in Rishikesh.
Site 3 was selected in Triveni Ghat for present study. This site situated between 30 6' 10" Nand 7817' 57" E.
46
Showing the selected sampling sites for river Ganga at Rishikesh, Uttarakhand
The water samples from river Ganga were collected at interval of 30 days as per the standard method of
APHA (2005). In this study, for the calculation of water quality index, eight important parameters were
chosen. The WQI has been calculated by using the standard of drinking water quality recommended by
the World Health Organization (WHO). The water samples were collected on monthly basis from Jan
2007 to Dec 2008.
Eight water parameter were considered for calculation of water quality index
(Harkins, 1974; Tiwari et al., 1986; Tiwari and Manzor, 1988; Mohanta and Patra, 2000, Kesharwani et
al., 2004; Padmanabha and Belagalli, 2005)
Water Quality Index (WQI) = qiwi
Where qi (water quality rating) = 100 X (Va-Vi) / (Vs-Vi),
When Va = actual value present in the water sample Vi = ideal value (0 for all parameters except pH and
DO which are 7.0 and 14.6 mg l-1 respectively).
Vs = standard value.
If quality rating qi =0 means complete absence of pollutants,
While 0 < qi < 100 implies that, the pollutants are within the prescribed standard.
Where K (constant) =
1/Vs1 + 1/Vs2 + 1/Vs3 + 1/Vs4.. + 1/Vsn
Sn = n number of standard values.
According to Sinha et al. (2004), if, water quality index (WQI) is less than 50 such water is slightly
polluted and fit for human consumption, WQI between 51 - 80 moderately polluted, WQI between 50 -
100-excessively polluted and WQI-Severely polluted.
Result and Discussion: The turbidity in the river Ganga was lowest during winter season. From summer onwards the
water became turbid due to rapid melting of snow and rains. The maximum turbidity 510.07 JTU
was observed in monsoon season (July 2007) at site 1 and minimum 0.00 JTU was observed in
47
winter season (January 2008) at site 1. The turbidity value obtained at all selected there sites was
found to be above standard permissible limits of WHO. This could be attributed due to presence
of organic matter pollution, runoff and heavy rainfall (UNESCO/WHO/UNEP, 2001). The Ganga water contained highest dissolved oxygen during winter season, followed by a gradual
decrease to its lowest values during monsoon season. The higher concentrations of DO was
recorded during winter season mainly due to low turbidity and increased photosynthetic activity
of the green algae found on the submerged stones and pebbles (Joshi et al., 2009). The maximum
12.10 mg/L oxygen content of water was recorded in winter season (Jan 2007) at site 3 and
minimum 7.14 mg/L at site 2 during monsoon season (July 2008).
The BOD ranged from 1.43 mg/L (Nov 2008) at site 3 to 3.79 mg/L (June 2007) at site 3. The COD ranged from 2.71 mg/L (Nov 2007) at site 1 to 9.72 mg/L (July 2008) at site 2.
Free carbon dioxide in the Ganga water was invariably present throughout the year. The free carbon dioxide was found to be maximum in monsoon season and minimum during winter
season.
Water quality index (WQI) is the most effective way to communicate water quality. Water quality index (WQI) = 0 means complete absence of pollutants. When 0< 100, indicates the water is
under consideration and fit for human use and WQI > 100 reflects its unsuitability for human use
(Bahera et al., 2004). At site 1, the minimum and maximum value of WQI observed 13.87 (Jan
2008) and 1714.76 (July 2007), While at site 2 minimum and maximum value of WQI observed
as 14.59 (Feb. 2008) and 1386.00 (Sept. 2008). However in the case of site 3, minimum and
maximum value was observed as 27.29 (Jan 2008) and 1077.90 (Aug. 2008).
WEST BENGAL
STUDY AREA Here study area is limited to the river Ganga in the geographical area of the State of West Bengal as
shown. Study has covered a total stretch between generally the discharge of untreated and partially treated
Jangipur to Uluberia (around 387.5 km). Data Collections and Analytical Methods: In this study, the large
and medium scale industries based along the river path in the study area were listed. The small scale
industries are listed in cluster. Pollution load was assessed based on the Primary data, as in drains
discharging wastewater in river Ganga were identified by physical survey along east and west bank of
river Ganga between Jangipur and Uluberia (387.5 km.) and Secondary data, as in qualitative assessment
of river Ganga from the data taken from Government organizations like West Bengal Pollution Control Board, Central Pollution Control Board.
48
Study Area : River course In West Bengal
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Wastewaters getting discharged in river Ganga through outfall drains were analyzed for
both right bank. The total discharge is shown in Table 1. The over a l l was t e water flow
into the river through different outlets on both the left and right banks were As far as
possible, during the survey the wastewater flow categorized as shown in Table 2.The
contribution of BOD and COD from exclusively its domestic wastewater along both left and
right bank of river Ganga has been found as 17,583.33 kg/day and 43,208.21 kg/day
respectively. The total BOD and COD load has been load getting discharged through
outfalls drains along left and right bank of river Ganga has been assessed as 97 MT/day and
318 MT/day as samples were collected in two sets from different stations highlighted in
Table 3 and 4.The category A has contributed around 64.87% from both left and right
bank river Ganga whereas about 17.56% has fallen under the category B classified based on
flow. The domestic waste water has been found around 77% based on population contributing
to pollution. Thus per capita BOD contribution is 6.23 gm per capita per day which is less than
3 gm/capita/day. It may also be noted that per capita average wastewater is discharged usually
100 L conductivity, whereas 30 mg/L of BOD can be discharged into the river Ganga so far
the CPCB standard i.e. 3 gm/capita/day (30 mg/L x 100 L).
The maximum and minimum Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform of river Ganga along
both left and right bank canals have been highlighted in table 5 and categorized A, B, C, D. : Extent of Organic Pollution (Outfall category wise): BOD
49
River
Bank
Outfall category
A (kg/day)
Outfall category
B (kg/day)
Outfall category
C (kg/day)
Outfall category
D (kg/day)
Outfall category
E (kg/day)
Total
(A+B+C+D+
E) LEFT 53733.41 14466.15 2043.55 1900
.86
2221.25 74365.22
RIGHT 9112.95 2544.38 7745
.95
3099
.72
10.48 22513.48
TOTA
L
62846.36 17010.53 9789
.50
5000
.58
2231.73 96878.70
% 64.87 17.56 10.10 5.16 2.30 100
: Extent of Chemical Pollution (Outfall category wise): COD
River
Bank
Outfall
category A
(kg/day)
Outfall
category B
(kg/day)
Outfall
category C
(kg/day)
Outfall
category D
(kg/day)
Outfall
category E
(kg/day)
Total
(A+B+C+
D+E)
LEFT 196354.24 41322.40 5876.836 3926
.16
3315.25 250794.
886
RIGH
T
42432.68 8244.10 8698
.62
5359
.32
2588.00 67322.7
2
TOTA
L
238786.92 49566.50 14575.46 9285
.48
5903.25 318117.
61
% 75 15 4.5 2.92 1.9 100
KANPUR (UTTAR PRADESH) Where nothing has worked
Kanpur has had a long and rather unsuccessful history of cleaning the river that flows in its
midst. It all started in 1985 when under the Ganga Action Plan (GAP-I), it cleaned its drains,
expanded its drainage system, built a 130-MLD STP and another 36-MLD plant for treating
50
wastewater from tanneries. It took 18 years to complete the works under GAP I; meanwhile,
GAP II was started in 1993. This time the focus was on treatment of the remaining 224 MLD, for
which a 200-MLD treatment plant was planned. According to the report of the IIT-Consortiums
for the National Ganga River Basin Authority, the schemes under GAP II are still incomplete,
some 15 years after the plan lapsed. In addition, the city has also got funds from the Jawaharlal
Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) for drainage and sewage works. If all these
funds are put together, the city got the following:
GAP I: Rs 73 crore
GAP II: Rs 87 crore
JNNURM: Rs 370 crore
But the end result is not very encouraging. Pollution is the name of the game in Kanpur. The
problems are as follows:
1. The sewerage network does not exist in large parts of the city and so waste is not conveyed to
the treatment plants.
2. Under the Ganga Action Plan, the objective was to intercept waste from the open drains and to
divert it to STPs. But this did not happen as well because all of the 23 drains of Kanpur were not
tapped and so waste still flows into the Ganga.
3. In this period, the city expanded and new growth happened without drainage and pollution
control. So, even as some drains were intercepted, waste continued to increase and treatment
lagged behind.
4. In 1985, Kanpur generated 200 MLD of waste and had an installed capacity of 171 MLD. By
2013, its 10 drains discharged 600 MLD of waste into Ganga. Its treatment capacity remains the
same as in 1985. It has set up two USB technology based plants in Jajmau of 5 MLD and 36
MLD. In addition it has another 130 MLD plant, which is based on ASP technology.
5. The municipality cannot afford to even run the plants, let alone repair and refurbish the old
sewage system of the city. There is extensive load-shedding, with hours of power cut the waste is
simply bypassed and discharged directly into the river.
As a result, the city with 217 MLD of installed capacity still treats only 100 MLD as the plant
does not work or the sewage does not reach the plant. The official estimate of sewage generation
is roughly 400 MLD, while the actual measured outfall is 600 MLD. In other words, anywhere
between 300-500 MLD of sewage is discharged into the river.
Its biggest and most polluting drain Sisamau has now caught the attention of planners and
there are many proposals to handle its waste from trapping the waste upstream to changing its
course so that it discharges into the Pandu River and not the Ganga. Then the waste will be
treated and wastewater provided to farmers. But for now, all this is on paper. The river continues
to suffer and bleed.
51
POLLUTION REMEDIATION For the protection of the Ganga many schemes have been setup which aim at the remediation of
the pollution and harm that has been done
2 major Schemes are discussed in detail below namely:
National Mission for Clean Ganga GAP (GANGA ACTION PLAN)
GAP I
GAP II
National Mission for Clean Ganga
Introduction The proposal is aimed to assess nature and extent of pollution control needed at various locations
in the water bodies; to evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in place; to
plan rational pollution control strategies and their prioritization; to evaluate water quality trend
over a period of time; to assess and use assimilative capacity of a water body and thereby
reducing cost on pollution control; to understand the environmental fate of different pollutants;
to assess the fitness of water for different uses and to achieve an overall improvement of the
water quality of River Ganga and its tributaries and the proposal would enable a solution for
achieving the very purpose of NGRBA.
The expected output and the outcome of the proposal shall be as follows:
52
Real time (Automatic) monitoring stations at 113 locations
Quality Assurance service for the Real time water quality monitoring system
Bio monitoring at all the real time monitoring locations
Community supported Monitoring at remote locations
Background of Executing Agency The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), a statutory organization, was constituted in
September, 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Further,
CPCB was entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981.
It serves as a field formation and also provides technical services to the Ministry of Environment
and Forests of the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Objectives Water quality implies physical, chemical characteristic that ensure, support and sustain the
biological system in order to attain the wholesomeness of the water body under study. Water
quality monitoring therefore consists of periodic and systematic observations to enable its
assessment covering physical, chemical and biological parameters.
Water Quality Monitoring Network (WQMN) is therefore, a programme consisting of three key
components:
Where to observe (Sampling stations)
How frequent to observe (Frequency of samplings)
What to observe (Parameters)
The WQMN therefore designed to fulfill the objective. The Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) performs the water quality monitoring with the objectives mentioned below.
To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed at various locations in the water
bodies;
To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in place;
To plan rational pollution control strategies and their prioritization;
To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time;
To assess and use assimilative capacity of a water body and thereby reducing cost on pollution
control;
To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants;
To assess the fitness of water for different uses
Scope of Work In the Ganges system, there are a number of types of water quality monitoring that would need to
be addressed over time. These include:
Ambient Water Quality (automatic and manual methods; quality assurance)
Upstream and downstream of major urban areas and investments
Along Main stem and in Major tributaries
At Sensitive locations
Major Wastewater inflows (major Nallah mapping and monitoring for polluted stretches)
53
Industrial effluents (strengthening Env. Regulators)
Solid Waste (studies of polluted stretches)
Non-point sources (studies e.g. agro-chemicals)
Bio-monitoring & Ecological monitoring (special studies)
Sediment/Benthic monitoring (special studies)
Groundwater quality monitoring (data integration)
Locations of WQM stations Selection of sites of real time monitoring locations is dependent on variation of observations and
agglomeration of industries and urban city waste water discharge. Therefore, the stations are
proposed at key locations, for example, upstream and downstream of cities, at water supply
intake points, at bathing ghats, downstream of wastewater treatment plants on the main stem of
River Ganga across the 5 basin states to provide a state-of-the-art for a real-time picture of the
water quality of the river. The Bio-monitoring will also be conducted at the same locations.
However, locations for community monitoring across the basin will be finalised in consultation
with the community particularly for inaccessible stretches of the river.
Works Proposed For Real time monitoring network: Considering the complexity of establishing real-time monitoring stations and the lack of
experience in India, the data service contract is proposed to be implemented in two packages
(split based on geographical spread) and the stations will be established by the service provider
in two phases. This provides the CPCB, the flexibility of changing the monitoring stations and
parameters based on the experience of first phase implementation.
Real time data will be collected with the interval of fifteen minutes, hourly or daily basis depending on the parameters from the various stations over the Ganga basin.
The real time data collected will be transferred to the Central Repository / Data Server / RDBMS though the GSM/GPRS telemetry link.
54
The Data Server will be supported with the mechanism to feed raw data and processed data. The dataset will be able to monitor manually also through a properly designed calibrated
system.
The filtered and calibrated data will be analyzed and process in the desired form to feed in the NGRBA Ganga Knowledge Center Portal and also other Websites/ Portals/ Mobile
Applications.
Real time monitoring parameters: Real time data will be collected with the interval of fifteen minutes, hourly or daily basis
depending on the parameters from the various stations over the Ganga basin. Sensors are
available to monitored 21 parameters through real time system from which the following 18
parameters have been selected for the proposed real time network.
Implementation Schedule: Considering the complexity of establishing real-time monitoring stations and the lack of
experience in India, the data service contract is proposed to be implemented in two packages
(split based on geographical spread) and the stations will be established by the service provider
in two phases.
55
56
Procurement plan: Procurement of Goods, Works, consulting and non-consulting services for the project shall be
aligned with the implementation schedule. Accordingly, NGRBA Cell of CPCB need to prepare
a procurement plan for every financial year in accordance to the respective procurement
guidelines / manual laid down in the NGRBA programme frame work.
Risk analysis and mechanism CPCB introduced automatic water quality monitoring stations in the year 1989-90 for analyzing
water quality of River Ganga. Only two stations were developed and it was analyser based for 5
parameters i.e DO, temperature, Conductivity, Nitrate and Phosphate. However, due to
unavailability of components and O & M problem it could not be run for long time. Later on
57
during the year 1991-96 CPCB had installed 5 real time water quality stations which run on solar
power system in floating boats. The parameters were Turbidity, Conductivity, pH, DO and
temperature. The results for DO reported not reliable and far from the actual value noticed from
manual monitoring. Operation & Maintenance problem was the major drawbacks for both
phases. Considering the above experience CPCB is now in advance stage of implementing 10
real time monitoring stations under hydrology project covering 10 parameters.. O & M issue has
been incorporated in the procedure of procurement itself incorporating all the safeguards.
To avoid further complication for instrumentation or implementation problems CPCB has
proposed data purchase concept. In this mechanism data will provided by farm and only
validated and third party audited data will be accepted and allowed for payment based on agreed
terms of reference of both the party.
Conclusions Real time data networks for water management are becoming standard practice around
the world. Traditional sampling and analysis techniques result in delays of days to weeks
for analytical results to be available, and results in a real loss of high frequency
information content that can greatly enhance understanding the water quality behavior of
the river. Fluctuations can only be detected through high frequency real time
continuous measurements, with a sampling frequency of typically 15 minutes, that
have the capability to capture most natural variability and measure sporadic
concentration peaks. It is therefore, necessary to support the automatic WQ monitoring
by manual WQMN. The manual WQMN will also help as a quality assurance of the
performance of the automatic monitoring stations and vice-versa.
The benefits of real time systems have been realized over time to include an overall reduction in monitoring system costs, provision of better spatial coverage and long-term
trends in fluctuations of pollutant concentrations, and a vastly improved understanding
of the natural river processes and conditions. Improved data quality and quantity results
in an improved ability to conduct more accurate mathematical modeling of water quality
trends at local, watershed and regional scales. In addition, the greatly enhanced rapid
detection of hydrologic variability is critical for early warning and rapid response to
harmful events.
The real-time, automated, collection of water quality data will greatly assist the advancement of obtaining a secure, safe and sustainable quality of water to those who
rely on it. The automated collection of water quality data collection is just a first step in
developing an efficient repository of information that can be used by stakeholders, such
as regulatory agencies, industry, education, research, communities, as well as the public
in general.
58
GANGA ACTION PLAN
To prevent the pollution of river Ganga and to improve its water quality, an Action Plan known
as Ganga Action Plan was formulated in the year 1984 on the basis of a comprehensive survey of
the Ganga Basin carried out by the Central Pollution Control Board under "Assessment and
Development Study of River Basin Series (ADSORB).
OBJECTIVES OF GAP: The objective, at the time of launching the Ganga Action Plan in 1985, was to improve the water
quality of Ganga to acceptable standards by preventing the pollution load from reaching the
river. Later, in 1987, on the recommendations of the Monitoring Committee of GAP, the
objective of the Plan was modified to restoring the river water quality to the Designated Best Use
class of Ganga, which is Bathing Class (Class B). The standards of water quality for Class B
are given in the following box.
APPROACH OF GANGA ACTION PLAN (GAP)
Studies undertaken before the formulation of the Ganga Action Plan indicated that a large
proportion of pollution load in the river came from the municipal wastewater generated in 25
Class I towns located on the banks of the Ganga, each with a population exceeding one lakh.
Therefore, the emphasis under the Plan was on interception and diversion of wastewater and its
treatment in Sewage Treatment Plants, before discharge into river or on land. In addition, works
were also undertaken to prevent pollution of the river from non-point sources, improving
aesthetics, and promoting public participation. The various types of schemes taken up under
GAP are categorized into core and non-core schemes.
59
Core Schemes: Interception and diversion (I&D) of sewage, reaching the Ganga River.
Installing treatment facilities to treat the intercepted sewage.
Non-Core Schemes: Providing facilities of Low Cost Sanitation (LCS) at community and individual levels at
identified locations.
Installation of Crematoria (electric as well as wood based improved crematoria).
River Front Development (RFD) including bathing Ghats.
Afforestation
Public awareness and participation.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS An apex body, namely the Central Ganga Authority, (CGA) was set up under the Chairmanship
of the Prime Minister to finalize the policy framework and to coordinate and oversee the
implementation of the Action Plan.
A Steering Committee was constituted with Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests as
Chairman to consider approval of schemes, allocation of funds and to review progress. A
Monitoring Committee was also constituted to monitor progress of implementation of schemes.
The Ganga Project Directorate (GPD), with the necessary financial and administrative powers,
was set up as a part of the Ministry of Environment and Forests to implement the Action Plan.
GAP II was merged with the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) in 1996. The NRCP
presently covers polluted stretches of 36 rivers spread over 165 towns in 20 States.
GANGA ACTION PLAN PHASEI (GAPI) Under GAP I, pollution abatement schemes were taken up in 25 Class-I towns in three States of
U.P., Bihar and West Bengal. GAP I was declared complete on 31.03.2000 with an expenditure
of Rs. 452 crore. The details are given below:
States Covered 3 (UP, Bihar and West Bengal)
Towns Covered 25 (UP-6, Bihar-4 and West Bengal-15)
Schemes Sanctioned 261
Schemes Completed 260
Interception and Diversion 88
Sewage Treatment Plants 34
Low Cost Sanitation 43
Crematoria 28
River Front Development 35
Others(afforestation) 32
Sewage Treatment Capacity to be Created 882 MLD(35 STPs)
Sewage Treatment Capacity Created 869 MLD(34 STPs)
Total Expenditure Incurred Rs. 452 Crores
60
GANGA ACTION PLAN PHASEII (GAPII) As GAP I addressed only a part of the pollution load of Ganga, GAP II was launched in stages
between 1993 and 1996. 59 towns along the main stem of river Ganga in five States of
Uttarakhand, U.P., Jharkhand, Bihar and West Bengal are covered under the Plan. The salient
features of the Plan are as under:
States Covered 5 (Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and
West Bengal)
Towns Covered 59 (Uttarakhand-10, UP-12, Bihar-13,
Jharkhand-1 and West Bengal-23)
Schemes Sanctioned 319
Schemes Completed 200
Sewage Treatment Capacity to be Created 277.28 MLD( 37 STPs )
Sewage Treatment Capacity Created 129.77 MLD( 18 STPs)
INDUSTRIALPOLLUTION
Though industrial pollution constitutes around 20% of the total pollution load by volume, its
contribution to polluting the river Ganga is much greater, due to the higher concentration of
pollutants. This problem was sought to be addressed by focusing on Grossly Polluting Industries.
Any industrial unit, discharging into the river effluent having BOD load of 100 kg/day or more
and/or is involved in the manufacture and use of hazardous substances, is classified as grossly
polluting. Such units were identified and asked to install Effluent Treatment Plants.
Presently, 154 grossly polluting industrial units are identified on the main stem of River Ganga.
Of these, 94 units have Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) operating satisfactorily, 22 have ETPs
but they do not operate satisfactorily and 38 Units have closed down. The total number of
grossly polluting units along river Ganga and its tributaries is