EIG K Energy Efficiency

8/8/2019 EIG K Energy Efficiency

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/eig-k-energy-efficiency 1/36Schneider Electric - Electrical installation guide 2009

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Chapter KEnergy E ciency in electricaldistribution

Contents

Introduction K2

Energy e ciency and electricity K32.1 Regulation is pushing energy e ciency worldwide K3

2.2 How to achieve Energy E ciency K4

Diagnosis through electrical measurement K7 3.1 Physical value acquisition K7

3.2 Electrical data or real objectives K8

3.3 Measurement starts with the "stand alone product" solution K10

Energy saving solutions k 3 4.1 Motor systems and replacement K13

4.2 Pumps, ans and variable speed drives K14

4.3 Lighting K18

4.4 Load management strategies K20

4.5 Power actor correction K22

4.6 Harmonic ltering K22

4.7 Other measures K23

4.8 Communication and In ormation System K23

4.9 Mapping o solutions K30

How to value energy savings K3

5.1 Introduction to IPMVP and EVO K315.2 Principles and options o IPMVP K31

5.3 Six qualities o IPMVP K32

5.4 IPMVP'S options K32

5.5 Fundamental points o an M&V plan K33

From returns on investment to sustained per ormance K34 6.1 Technical support services K34

6.2 Operational support services K35

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K - Energy E ciency in electrical installations

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Introduction

While there are a number o actors infuencing the attitudes and opinions towardsenergy e ciency – most notably the increasing cost o energy and a rising socialconscience – it is likely to be legislative drivers that have the greatest impact on

changing behaviours and practices. Respective governments internationally areintroducing energy saving targets and e ecting regulations to ensure they are met.Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a global target set at the Earth Summit inKyoto in 1997 and nally rati ed by 169 countries in December 2006 enabling theAgreement’s enactment in February 2005.Under the Kyoto Protocol industrialised countries have agreed to reduce theircollective emissions o greenhouse gases by 5.2% by 2008-2012 compared to theyear 1990 (however, compared to the emissions levels expected by 2012 prior tothe Protocol, this limitation represents a 29% cut). The target in Europe is an 8%reduction overall with a target or CO 2 emissions to all by 20% by 2020.

O the six greenhouse gases listed by Kyoto, one o the most signi cant by volumeo emissions is carbon dioxide (CO 2) and it is gas that is mainly emitted as a resulto electricity generation and use, as well as direct thermal losses in, or example,heating.

Up to 50% o CO 2 emissions attributable to residential and commercial buildingsis rom electricity consumption. Moreover, as domestic appliances, computers andentertainment systems proli erate; and other equipment such as air conditioning andventilation systems increase in use, electricity consumption is rising at a higher ratethan other energy usage.The ability to meet targets by simply persuading people to act di erently or deploynew energy saving or energy e cient technology is unlikely to succeed. Justconsidering construction and the built environment, new construction is ar less than2% o existing stock. I newly constructed buildings per orm exactly as existing stockthe result by 2020 will be an increase in electricity consumption o 22%. On the otherhand, i all new construction has energy consumption o 50% less than existingstock, the result is still an increase o 18%.In order to reach a all in consumption o 20% by 2020 the olllowing has to happen:b All new buildings constructed to consume 50% less energyb 1 in 10 existing buildings reduce consumption by 30% each year

(see Fig.K ).Signi cantly, by 2020 in most countries 80% o all buildings will have already beenbuilt. The re urbishment o existing building stock and improving energy managementis vital in meeting emission reduction targets. Given that in the west, most buildingshave already undergone thermal insulation upgrades such as cavity wall insulation,lo t insulation and glazing, the only potential or urther savings is by reducing theamount o energy consumed.

Action on existing built environment will almost certainly become compulsory to meettargets xed or the coming years.

As a result, governments are applying pressures to meet the ambitious targets. It isalmost certain that ever more demanding regulations will be en orced to address allenergy uses, including existing buildings and, naturally, industry. At the same timeenergy prices are rising as natural resources become exhausted and the electricalin rastructure in some countries struggles to cope with increasing demand.

Technology exists to help tackle energy e ciency on many levels rom reducingelectrical consumption to controlling other energy sources more e ciently. Strongregulatory measures may be required to ensure these technologies are adoptedquickly enough to impact on the 2020 targets.The most important ingredient however, lies with the ability o those in control oindustry, business and government to concentrate their hearts and minds on makingenergy e ciency a critical target. Otherwise, it might not be just the Kyoto targets onwhich the lights go out.

The message to heed is that i those empowered to save energy don’t do sowillingly now, they will be compelled under legal threat to do so in the uture.

Fig. K1 : How to reach a all in consumption o 20% by 2020

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A minimum renovation o 0% per year o existing stock iscompulsory to reach less 20%

Renovation = 70% o the savingsNew = 30% o the savings




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2. Regulation is pushing Energy E ciencyworldwideKyoto Protocol was the start o xing quantitative targets and agenda in CO 2 emissions reduction with clear government's commitments.

Beyond Kyoto commitment (which covers only the period up to 2012) manycountries have xed longer time rame and targets in line with the last GIEECrecommendations to UNFCC to stabilise the CO 2 concentration at a level o 450 ppm(this should require a division by 2 be ore 2050 o the CO 2 emission level based on1990).European Union is a good example and rm commitment with a target o Iess20% be ore 2020 has been taken by heads o EU member states in March 2007(known as the 3x20: it includes reduction o 20% o CO 2 emission, Improvement o20% o the Energy E ciency level and reaching 20% o the energy produced romrenewable).This commitment o Iess 20% in 2020 couId be extended to less 30% in2020 in case o post Kyoto international agreement.

Some European Countries are planning commitment or the 2050 with level oreduction up to 50%. All o this illustrates that Energy E ciency Iandscape andpolicies will be present in a long time rame.

Reaching these targets wiII require real change and regulations, legislation,standardisation are enablers governments are re in orcing everyday.

All over the world Régulation/Législation is strengthening stakeholdersobligations and putting in place nancial & scal schemes

b In USv Energy Policy Act o 2005v Building Codesv Energy Codes (10CFR434)v State Energy prograrn (10CFR420)v Energy Conservation or Consumer Goods (10CFR430)b In European Unionv EU Emission Trading Schemev

Energy Per ormance o Building Directivev Energy Using Product Directivev End use o energy & energy services directiveb In Chinav China Energy Conservation Lawv China Architecture law (EE in Building)v China Renewable Energy Lawv Top 1000 Industrial Energy Conservation Program

Various legislative and nancial- scal incentives schemes are developed atnational and regional levels such as:b Auditing & assessment schemesb Per ormance labelling schemesb Building Codesb Energy Per ormance Certi catesb Obligation to energy sellers to have their clients making energy savingsb Voluntary agreements in Industryb Financial-market mechanism (tax credit, accelerated depreciation, whitecerti cates,...)b Taxation and incentive schemes

2 Energy e ciency and electricity

Fig. K2 : EE Dedicated directives

BuildingEnergyPerformance

EEDedicateddirectives

Dec 02EPB

2002/91

EmissionTradingScheme

Oct 03ETS

2003/87

CombinedHeat &Power

Feb 04CHP

2004/8

EnergyUsingProducts

July 05Eco Design

2005/32

End use ofEnergy &Energy Services

April 06EUE & ES

2006/32

EnergyLabelling ofDomesticAppliances

Jul 03ELDA

2003/66




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All sectors are concerned and regulations impact not only new constructionand installation but as well the existing buildings in industrial or in rastructureenvironment.

In parallel Standardisation work has started with a lot o new standards beingissued or in progress.

In building all energy use are concerned:b Lightingb Ventilationb Heatingb Cooling and AC

For industries as well as commercial companies Energy Management Systemsstandards ( in Iine with the well known ISO 9001 or quality and ISO 14001 orenvironment) are under process in Standardisation Bodies. Energy E ciencyServices standards are as well at work.

2.2 How to achieve Energy E ciency

b Efficient devices and efficient installation (10 to 15%)Low consumption devices, insulated building...

b Optimized usage of installation and devices (5 to 15%)Turn off devices when not needed, regulate motors orheating at the optimized level…

b Permanent monitoring and improvement program (2 to 8%)Rigorous maintenance program, measureand react in case of deviation

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30% savings are available through existing EE solutions, but to really understandwhere these opportunities are, let’s understand rst the main di erences betweenPassive and Active EE.

Passive EE is regarded as the installation o countermeasures against thermallosses, the use o low consumption equipment and so orth. Active Energy E ciencyis de ned as e ecting permanent change through measurement, monitoring andcontrol o energy usage. It is vital, but insu cient, to make use o energy savingequipment and devices such as low energy lighting. Without proper control, thesemeasures o ten merely militate against energy losses rather than make a realreduction in energy consumed and in the way it is used.

Everything that consumes power – rom direct electricity consumption throughlighting, heating and most signi cantly electric motors, but also in HVAC control,boiler control and so orth – must be addressed actively i sustained gains are to bemade. This includes changing the culture and mindsets o groups o individuals,resulting in behavioural shi ts at work and at home, but clearly, this need is reducedby greater use o technical controls.b 10 to 15% savings are achievable through passive EE measures such as installinglow consumption devices, insulating building, etc.b 5 to 15% can be achieved through such as optimizing usage o installation anddevices, turn o devices when not needed, regulating motors or heating at the

optimized level…v Up to 40% o the potential savings or a motor system are realized by the Drive &Automationv Up to 30% o the potential or savings in a building lighting system can be realizedvia the lighting control system

Fig. K2 : 30% Savings are available today…





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b And a urther 2 to 8% can also be achieved through active EE measures such asputting in place a permanent monitoring and improvement programBut savings can be lost quickly i there is:b Unplanned, unmanaged shutdowns o equipment and processesb Lack o automation and regulation (motors, heating)b No continuity o behaviors

Fig. K4 : The 4 sustainability steps

Energy E ciency : it's easy, just ollow the 4 sustainability steps

b Energy metersb Power quality meters

Measure

2 Fix the basics b Low consumption devicesb Insulation materialb Power qualityb Power reliabilit y

b Building management systemsb Lighting control systemsb Motor control systemsb Home control systemsb Variable speed drive

b Energy management so twareb Remote monitoring systems

3 Automate

4 Monitor and Improve

Energy E ciency is not di erent orm other disciplines and we take a very rationalapproach to it, very similar to the 6Sigma DMAIC (De ne, Measure, Analyze,Improve and Control) approach.

As always, the rst thing that we need to do is to measure in order to understand

where are the main consumptions, what is the consumption pattern, etc. This initialmeasurement, together with some benchmarking in ormation, will allow us see howgood or bad we are doing, to de ne the main improvement axis and an estimationo what can be expected in terms o gains. We can not improve what we can notmeasure.Then, we need to x the basics or what is called passive EE. Change old endusedevices by Low consumption ones (bulbs, motors, etc), Improve the Insulation oyour installations, and assure power quality reliability in order to be able to work in astable environment where the gains are going to sustainable over time.

A ter that, we are ready to enter into the automation phase or Active Energye ciency. As already highlighted, everything that consumes power must beaddressed actively i sustained gains are to be made.

Active Energy E ciency can be achieved not only when energy saving devicesand equipment are installed, but with all kind o end-use devices. It is this aspect ocontrol that is critical to achieving the maximum e ciency. As an example, consider alow consumption bulb that is le t on in an empty room. All that is achieved is that lessenergy is wasted compared to using an ordinary bulb, but energy is still wasted!Responsible equipment manu acturers are continually developing more e cientproducts. However, while or the most part the e ciency o the equipment is a airrepresentation o its energy saving potential - say, in the example o a domesticwashing machine or re rigerator - it is not always the case in industrial andcommercial equipment. In many cases the overall energy per ormance o the systemis what really counts. Put simply, i an energy saving device is le t permanentlyon stand-by it can be less e cient than a higher consuming device that is alwaysswitched o when not in use.Summarizing, managing energy is the key to maximizing its use ulness andeconomizing on its waste. While there are increasing numbers o products that arenow more energy e cient than their predecessors, controlling switching or reducingsettings o variables such as temperature or speed, makes the greatest impact.





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The key to sustainable savings

Fig. K5 : Control and monitoring technologies will sustain the savings

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Monitoring & Maintenance

b Up to 8% per year is lost withoutmonitoring and maintenance programb Up to 12% per year is lost withoutregulation and control systems

As you could see, 30% energy saving are available and quite easily achievabletoday but up to 8% per year can be lost without proper maintenance and diligentmonitoring o your key indicators. In ormation is key to sustaining the energy savings.You cannot manage what you cannot measure and there ore metering andmonitoring devices coupled with proper analysis provide the tools required to take onthat challenge success ully.

Li ecycle approach to Energy E ciency

Fig. K6 : Li ecycle solutions or Energy E ciency

Energy Audit& Measure

building, industrialprocess…

Low consumptiondevices,Insulation materialPower factorcorrection…

Fix the basics

PassiveEnergy Efficiency

ActiveEnergy Efficiency

Optimize throughAutomation andregulation

HVAC control,lighting control,variable speed

drives…

Monitor,maintain,improve

ControlImprove

Meters installationMonitoring servicesEE analysis software

Energy E ciency needs a structured approach in order to provide signi cant andsustainable savings. Schneider Electric take a customer li ecycle approach to tackleit. It starts with a diagnosis or audit on buildings and industrial processes… This willprovide us an indication o the situation and the main avenues to pursue savings. Butis not enough, it is just the beginning, what really counts is getting the results. Onlycompanies having the means to be active in the whole process can be there withtheir customers up to the real savings and results.

Then, we will x the basics, automate and nally monitor, maintain and improve.Then we are ready to start again and continue the virtuous cycle.

Energy E ciency is an issue where a risk sharing and a win-win relation shall beestablished to reach the goal.As targets are xed over long time rame (less 20% in 2020 , less 50% in 2050),

or most o our customers EE programs are not one-shot initiatives and permanentimprovement over the time is key. There ore, rame services contracts is the idealway to deal with these customer needs.





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The energy e ciency per ormance in terms o electricity can only be expressed interms o undamental physical measurements – voltage, current, harmonics, etc.These physical measurements are then reprocessed to become digital data and then

in ormation.In the raw orm, data are o little use. Un ortunately, some energy managers becometotally immersed in data and see data collection and collation as their primary task.To gain value rom data they must be trans ormed into in ormation (used to supportthe knowledge development o all those managing energy) and understanding (usedto action energy savings).The operational cycle is based on our processes: data collection; data analysis;communication; and action (see Fig. K7 ). These elements apply to any in ormationsystem. The cycle works under condition that an adequate communication networkhas been set up.

The data processing level results in in ormation that can be understood by therecipient pro le: the ability to interpret the data by the user remains a considerablechallenge in terms o decision making.The data is then directly linked to loads that consume electricity – industrial process,lighting, air conditioning, etc. – and the service that these loads provide or thecompany – quantity o products manu actured, com ort o visitors to a supermarket,ambient temperature in a re rigerated room, etc.The in ormation system is then ready to be used on a day to day basis by users toachieve energy e ciency objectives set by senior managers in the company.

3. Physical value acquisition

The quality o data starts with the measurement itsel : at the right place, the righttime and just the right amount.

Basically, electrical measurement is based on voltage and current going through theconductors. These values lead to all the others: power, energy, power actor, etc.

Firstly we will ensure consistency o the precision class o current trans ormers,voltage trans ormers and the precision o the measurement devices themselves. Theprecision class will be lower or higher voltages: an error in the measurement o highvoltage or example represents a very large amount o energy.

The total error is the quadratic sum o each error.

of error = error error ... error 2 2 2+ + +∑Example:a device with an error o 2% connected on a CT ’s with an error o 2% that means:

of error = 2,828%2 22 2( ) + ( ) =∑That could mean a loss o 2,828 kWh or 100,000 kWh o consumption.

3 Diagnosis through electricalmeasurement

Fig. K7 : The operational cycle

Data analysis(data to information)

Action(understanding

to results)

Communication

(information tounderstanding)

Data collection

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Voltage measurementIn low voltage, the voltage measurement is directly made by the measurementdevice. When the voltage level becomes incompatible with the device capacity, or

example in medium voltage, we have to put in voltage trans ormers.A VT (Voltage trans ormer) is de ned by:b its primary voltage and secondary voltageb its apparent powerb its precision class

Current measurementCurrent measurement is made by split or closed-core CT’s placed around the phaseand neutral conductors as appropriate.According to the required precision or measurement, the CT used or the protectionrelay also allows current measurement under normal conditions.

Energy measurement

To measure energy, we consider two objectives:b A contractual billing objective, e.g. between an electricity company and its clientor even between an airport manager (sub-billing) and stores renting airpor t sur aceareas. In this case IEC 62053-21 or Classes 1 and 2 and IEC 62053-22 or Classes0.5S and 0.2S become applicable to measure active energy.The ull measurement chain – CT, VT and measurement unit – can reach a precisionclass Cl o 1 in low voltage, Cl 0.5 in medium voltage and 0.2 in high voltage, or even0.1 in the uture.b An internal cost allocation objective or the company, e.g. to break-down the costo electricity or each product produced in a speci c workshop. In this case o aprecision class between 1 and 2 or the whole chain (CT, VT and measurementstation) is su cient.It is recommended to match the ull measurement chain precision with actualmeasurement requirements: there is no one single universal solution, but a goodtechnical and economic compromise according to the requirement to be satis ed.Note that the measurement precision also has a cost, to be compared with the returnon investment that we are expecting.

Generally gains in terms o energy e ciency are even greater when the electricalnetwork has not been equipped in this way until this point. In addition, permanentmodi cations o the electrical network, according to the company’s activity, mainlycause us to search or signi cant and immediate optimizations straight away.

Example:A class 1 analogue ammeter, rated 100 A, will display a measurement o +/-1 Aat 100 A. However i it displays 2 A, the measurement is correct to within 1 A andthere ore there is uncertainty o 50%.A class 1 energy measurement station such as PM710 – like all other PowerMeter and Circuit Monitor Measurement Units – is accurate to 1% throughout themeasurement range as described in IEC standards 62053.Other physical measurements considerably enhance the data:b on/o , open/closed operating position o devices, etc.b energy metering impulseb trans ormer, motor temperatureb operation hours, quantity o switching operationsb motor loadb UPS battery loadb event logged equipment ailuresb etc.

3.2 Electrical data or real objectives

Electrical data is trans ormed into in ormation that is usually intended to satis yseveral objectives:b It can modi y the behaviour o users to manage energy wisely and nally lowersoverall energy costsb It can contribute to eld sta e ciency increaseb It can contribute to decrease the cost o Energyb It can contribute to save energy by understanding how it is used and how assetsand process can be optimized to be more energy e cient

A CT is de ned by: b trans ormation ratio. For example: 50/5Ab precision class Cl. Example: Cl=0.5 b precision power in VA to supply power to the measurement devices on the secondary.Example: 1.25 VAb limit precision actor indicated as a actor applied to In be ore saturation.Example: FLP (or Fs) =10 or measurement devices with a precision power that is in con ormity.

PM700 measurement unit





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b It may help in optimizing and increasing the li e duration o the assets associated tothe electrical networkb And nally it may be a master piece in increasing the productivity o the associated

process (industrial process or even o ce, building management), by preventing, orreducing downtime, or insuring higher quality energy to the loads.

Facility utility costs parallel the visualization o an iceberg (see Fig. K ). Whilean iceberg seems large above the sur ace, the size is completely overwhelmingbeneath the sur ace. Similarly, electrical bills are brought to the sur ace each monthwhen your power provider sends you a bill. Savings in this area are importantand can be considerable enough to be the only justi cation needed or a powermonitoring system. However, there are other less obvious yet more signi cantsavings opportunities to be ound below the sur ace i you have the right tools at yourdisposal.

Modi y the behaviour o energy usersUsing cost allocation reports, you can veri y utility billing accuracy, distribute billsinternally by department, make e ective act-based energy decisions and driveaccountability in every level o your organization. Then providing ownership oelectricity costs to the appropriate level in an organization, you modi y the behaviouro users to manage energy wisely and nally lowers overall energy costs.

Increase eld sta e ciencyOne o the big challenges o eld sta in charge o the electrical network is to makethe right decision and operate in the minimum time.The rst need o such people is then to better know what happens on the network,and possibly to be in ormed everywhere on the concerned site.This site-wise transparency is a key eature that enables a eld sta to:b Understand the electrical energy fows – check that the network is correctly set-up,balanced, what are the main consumers, at what period o the day, or the week…b Understand the network behaviour – a trip on a eeder is easier to understandwhen you have access to in ormation rom downstream loads.b Be spontaneously in ormed on events, even outside the concerned site by usingtoday’s mobile communicationb Going straight orward to the right location on the site with the right spare part, andwith the understanding o the complete pictureb Initiate a maintenance action taking into account the real usage o a device, not tooearly and not too lateb There ore, providing to the electrician a way to monitor the electrical network canappear as a power ul mean to optimize and in certain case drastically reduce thecost o power.

Here are some examples o the main usage o the simplest monitoring systems:b Benchmark between zones to detect abnormal consumption.b Track unexpected consumption.b Ensure that power consumption is not higher that your competitors.b Choose the right Power delivery contract with the Power Utility.b Set-up simple load-shedding just ocusing on optimizing manageable loads suchas lights.b Be in a position to ask or damage compensation due to non-quality delivery

rom the Power Utilities – " The process has been stopped because o a sag on thenetworks".

Implementing energy e ciency projectsThe Power monitoring system will deliver in ormation that support a completeenergy audit o a actility. Such audit can be the way to cover not only electricitybut also Water, Air, Gas and Steam. Measures, benchmark and normalized energyconsumption in ormation will tell how e cient the industrial acilities and processare. Appropriate action plans can then be put in place. Their scope can be as wideas setting up control lighting, Building automation systems, variable speed drive,process automation, etc.

Optimizing the assetsOne increasing act is that electrical network evolves more and more and then arecurrent question occurs : Will my network support this new evolution?This is typically where a Monitoring system can help the network owner in makingthe right decision.By its logging activity, it can archive the real use o the assets and then evaluatequite accurately the spare capacity o a network, or a switchboard, a trans ormer…A better use o an asset may increase its li e duration.Monitoring systems can provide accurate in ormation o the exact use o an assetand then the maintenance team can decide the appropriate maintenance operation,not too late, or not too early.In some cases also, the monitoring o harmonics can be a positive actor or the li eduration o some assets (such as motors or trans ormers).

Fig. K8 : Facility utility costs parallel the visualisation o an iceberg





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Increasing the productivity by reducing the downtimeDowntime is the nightmare o any people in charge o an electrical network. It maycause dramatic loss or the company, and the pressure or powering up again in the

minimum time – and the associated stress or the operator – is very high.A monitoring and control system can help reducing the downtime very e ciently.Without speaking o a remote control system which are the most sophisticatedsystem and which may be necessary or the most demanding application, a simplemonitoring system can already provide relevant in ormation that will highly contributein reducing the downtime:b Making the operator spontaneously in ormed, even remote, even out o theconcerned site (Using the mobile communication such as DECT network or GSM/ SMS)b Providing a global view o the whole network statusb Helping the identi cation o the aulty zoneb Having remotely the detailed in ormation attached to each event caught by the elddevices (reason or trip or example)

Then remote control o a device is a must but not necessary mandatory. In manycases, a visit o the aulty zone is necessary where local actions are possible.

Increasing the productivity by improving the Energy QualitySome loads can be very sensitive to electricity quality, and operators may aceunexpected situations i the Energy quality is not under control.Monitoring the Energy quality is then an appropriate way to prevent such event and / or to x speci c issue.

3.3 Measurement starts with the “stand aloneproduct” solutionThe choice o measurement products in electrical equipment is made according toyour energy e ciency priorities and also current technological advances:b measurement and protection unctions o the LV or MV electrical network areintegrated in the same device,Example: Sepam metering and protection relays, Micrologic tripping unit or CompactNSX and Masterpact, TeSys U motor controller, NRC12 capacitor bank controller,Galaxy UPSsb the measurement unction is in the device, separate rom the protection unction,e.g. built on board the LV circuit breaker.Example: PowerLogic ION 6200 metering unitThe progress made in real time industrial electronics and IT are used in a singledevice:b to meet requirements or simpli cation o switchboardsb to reduce acquisition costs and reduce the number o devicesb to acilitate product developments by so tware upgrade procedures

TeSys U motor controller ION 6200 metering unit

Compact NSX with Micrologic trip unit





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Example o solutions or a medium-sized site:Analysesample Ltd. is a company specialized in analyzing industrial samples romregional actories: metals, plastics, etc., to certi y their chemical characteristics.

The company wants to carry out better control o its electrical consumption or theexisting electrical urnaces, its air conditioning system and to ensure quality oelectrical supply or high-precision electronic devices used to analyze the samples.

Electrical network protected and monitored via the Intranet siteThe solution implemented involves recovering power data via metering units thatalso allows measurement o basic electrical parameters as well as veri cation oenergy power quality. Connected to a web server, an Internet browser allows to usethem very simply and export data in a Microso t Excel™ type spreadsheet. Powercurves can be plotted in real time by the spreadsheet (see Fig. K ).

There ore no IT investment, either in so tware or hardware, is necessary to use thedata.For example to reduce the electricity bill and limit consumption during nighttimeand weekends, we have to study trend curves supplied by the measurement units(see Fig. K 0 ).

Fig. K10 : A Test to stop all lighting B Test to stop air conditioning Here consumption during non-working hours seems excessive, consequently two decisions were taken: b reducing night time lighting b stopping air conditioning during weekends The new curve obtained shows a signi cant drop in consumption.

Fig. K9 : Example o electrical network protected and monitored via the Intranet site




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Measurement units MV protection andmeasurement relays

LV protection andmeasurement relays

Capacitor bank regulators

Insulation monitors

Examples Power Meter, CircuitMonitor

Sepam Masterpact &Compact Micrologictrip units

Varlogic Vigilohm System

Keep control over power consumption

Power, inst., max., min. b b b b -

Energy, reset capability b b b - -

Power actor, inst. b b b - -

Cos φ inst. - - - b -

Improve power supply availability

Current, inst., max., min., unbalance b b b b -

Current, wave orm capture b b b - -

Voltage, inst., max., min., unbalance b b b b -

Voltage, wave orm capture b b b - -

Device status b b b b -

Faults history b b b - -

Frequency, inst., max., min. b b b - -

THDu, THDi b b b b -

Manage electrical installation better

Load temperature, load and devicethermal state

b b - b -

Insulating resistance - - - - b

Motor controllers LV variable speeddrives

LV so tstarters MV so tstarters UPSs

Examples TeSys U ATV.1 ATS.8 Motorpact RVSS Galaxy

Keep control over power consumption

Power, inst., max., min. - b - b b

Energy, reset capability - b b b -

Power actor, inst. - - b b b

Improve power supply availability

Current, inst., max., min., unbalance b b b b b

Current, wave orm capture - - - b b

Device status b b b b b

Faults history b b b b -

THDu, THDi - b - - -

Manage electrical installation better

Load temperature, load and device

thermal state b b b b b

Motor running hours - b b b -

Battery ollow up - - - - b

Fig. K11 : Examples o measurements available via Modbus, RS485 or Ethernet

Below we give examples o measurements available via Modbus, RS485 or Ethernet(see Fig. K ):




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Based on the reports collected by the power monitoring system or energyin ormation system, appropriate energy e ciency projects can be selected. Thereare various strategies or choosing which projects to implement:

b O ten organizations like to get started with relatively low-cost, easy projects togenerate some quick wins be ore making larger investments.b The simple payback period (the length o time the project will take to pay or itsel )is a popular method to rank and choose projects. Its advantage is simplicity o theanalysis. The disadvantage is that this method may not take into account the ulllong-term impact o the project.b Other more complex methods such as net present value or internal rate o returncan also be used. Additional e ort is required to make the analysis, but a truerindication o the ull project bene ts is obtained.

Energy savings can be achieved in a number o ways:b Energy reduction measures that either use less energy to achieve the sameresults, or reduce energy consumption by ensuring that energy is not over-usedbeyond the real requirements. An example o the ormer is using high-e ciencylamps to provide the same illumination at lower energy cost. An example o the latteris reducing the number o lamps in over-illuminated areas to reduce lighting levels tothe required level.b Energy cost saving measures that do not reduce the total energy consumed, butreduce the per-unit cost. An example is scheduling some activities at night to takeadvantage o time-o -day electricity tari s. Peak demand avoidance and demandresponse schemes are other examples.b Energy reliability measures that not only contribute to operational e ciency byavoiding downtime, but which also avoid the energy losses associated with restartsor reworking spoiled batches.

4 Energy saving solutions

Fig. K12 : Comprehensive Energy strategy

ComprehensiveEnergy Strategy

ReduceConsumption

OptimizeUtilityCosts

ImproveReliability &Availability

4. Motor systems and replacement

Since in industry, 60% o consumed electricity is used to run motors, there is a highlikelihood that motor systems will appear strongly among the identi ed opportunities.Two reasons to consider replacing motors and thereby improve passive energye ciency are:b to take advantage o new high-e ciency motor designsb to address oversizingDepending on horsepower, high e ciency motors operate between 1% and 10%more e ciently than standard motors. Motors that operate or long periods may begood candidates or replacement with high e ciency motors, especially i the existingmotor needs rewinding. Note that rewound motors are usually 3% – 4% less e cientthan the original motor. However, i the motor receives low to moderate use (e.g.under 3000 hours per year), replacement o standard e ciency motors (particularlythose that have not yet been re-wound) with high e ciency motors may not beeconomical. Also, it is important to ensure the critical per ormance characteristics(such as speed) o the new motor are equivalent to those o the existing motor.

Fig. K13 : De nition o energy e ciency classes or LV motors established by the European Commission and CEMEP (European Committee o Manu acturers o Electrical Machines and Power Electronics)

95

90

85

80

75

701 15 90

Rated Power (kW)

E f f i c i e n c y

( % )

EFF 3EFF 2

EFF 14 pole

2 pole 2 & 4pole




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Motors are most e cient when operated between about 60% and 100% o their ull-rated load. E ciency alls sharply when loading is below 50%. Historically, designershave tended to oversize motors by a signi cant sa ety margin in order to eliminate

any risk o ailure even under extremely unlikely conditions. Facility studies show thatabout one-third o motors are severely oversized and generally are running below50% o rated load (1). Average loading o motors is around 60% (2). Oversized motorsare not only ine cient but have higher initial purchase cost than correctly-sized units.Larger motors can also contribute to lower power actor, which may lead to reactivepower charges on the electricity bill. Replacement considerations should take thisinto account along with the remaining use ul li e o the motor. In addition, note thatsome motors may be oversized but still be so lightly loaded or in requently used thatthey do not consume enough electricity to make it cost-e ective to install a di erentmotor.Clearly, wherever appropriate the two approaches should be combined to replaceover-sized standard motors with high-e ciency motors sized suitably or theapplication.Other tactics which can be applied to motor systems include:b Improve active energy e ciency by simply turn o motors when they are notrequired. This may require improvements in automatic control, or education,monitoring and perhaps incentives or operators. I the operator o the motor is notaccountable or its energy consumption, they are more likely to leave it running evenwhen not in use.b Check and i necessary correct sha t alignment, starting with the largest motors.Misaligned motor couplings waste energy and eventually lead to coupling ailure anddowntime. An angular o set o 0.6 mm in a pin coupling can result in a power loss oas much as 8%.

4.2 Pumps, ans and variable speed drives

63% o energy used by motors is or fuid applications such as pumps and ans.Many o these applications run the motor at ull speed even when lower levels o foware required. To obtain the level o fow needed, ine cient methods such as valves,dampers and throttles are o ten used. In a car, these methods would be equivalentto using the brake to control speed while keeping the gas or accelerator pedal ullydepressed. These are still some o the most common control methods used inindustry. Given that motors are the leading energy-consuming device, and pumpsand ans are the largest category o motor-driven equipment, these applications are

requently among the top-ranked energy saving opportunities.

An Altivar variable speed drive is an active EE approach that can provide the meansto obtain the variable output required rom the an or pump along with signi cantenergy savings and other bene ts. Well-chosen projects can result in simple paybackperiods as short as ten months, with many use ul projects in the range o paybacksup to three years. Variable speed drives (VSD) can be use ul in many applications,including air compressors, plastic injection moulding machines, and other machines.

(1) Operations and Maintenance Manual or Energy Management - James E. Piper (2) US Department o Energy act sheet

Fig. K14 : Examples o centri ugal pump and an which can bene t rom variable speed control





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Most pumps are required either to move fuids between a source and a destination(e.g. lling a reservoir at a higher level) or to circulate liquid in a system (e.g.to trans er heat). Fans are required to move air or other gases, or to maintain a

pressure di erential. To make the liquid or air fow at the required rate, pressure isrequired. Many pumping or ventilation systems require the fow or pressure to varyrom time to time.

To change the fow or pressure in the system, there are a number o possiblemethods. The suitability will depend on the design o the an or pump, e.g. whethera pump is a positive displacement pump or rotodynamic pump, whether a an is acentri ugal an or axial an.b Multiple pumps or ans: This leads to step increase when additional pumps or ansare switched in, making ne control di cult. Usually there are e ciency losses asthe real needs are somewhere between the possible steps.b Stop/start control: This is only practical where intermittent fow is acceptable.b Flow control valve: This uses a valve to reduce the fow by increased rictionalresistance to the output o the pump. This wastes energy since the pump isproducing a fow which is then cut back by the valve. In addition, pumps have apre erred operating range, and increasing the resistance by this method can orcethe pump to operate in a range where its e ciency is lower (wasting even moreenergy) and where its reliability is reduced.b Damper: Similar in e ect to a fow control valve in a pumping system, this reducesthe fow by obstructing the output o the an. This wastes energy since the an isproducing a fow which is then cut back by the damper.b Bypass control: This technique keeps the pump running at ull power and routessurplus fuid output rom the pump back to the source. It allows a low value o fowto be achieved without risk o increasing the output pressure, but ine ciency is veryhigh since the energy used to pump the surplus fuid is entirely wasted.b Spillage valve: Similar in e ect to a bypass control valve in a pumping system, thistechnique keeps the an running at ull power and vents surplus fow. Ine ciency isvery high since the energy used to move the vented air or gas is entirely wasted.b Variable pitch: Some an designs allow the angle o the blades to be adapted tochange the output.b Inlet guide vane: these are structures using ns to improve or disrupt the routingo air or gas into a an. In this way they increase or decrease the airfow going in andhence increase or decrease the output.

Wherever a an or a pump has been installed or a range o required fow rates orpressure levels, it will have been sized to meet the greatest output demand. It willthere ore usually be oversized, and will be operating ine ciently or other duties.Combining this with the ine ciency o the control methods listed above means thatthere is generally an opportunity to achieve an energy cost saving by using controlmethods which reduce the power to drive the pump or an during the periods oreduced demand. However, a an or pump that is not required to per orm variableduties may be running at ull speed without any o the above control methods, orwith those control methods present but unused (e.g. valves or dampers set to ullyopen). In this case the device will be operating at or close to its best e ciency and avariable requency drive will not bring any improvement.

Fig. K15 : Fan and pump control: in theory

motor

fixedshaft speed

100% of nominaloutput

100% ofnominal

reduced output50% of nominal

motor

variableshaft speed

50% of nominal

output50% ofnominal

unchanged output50% of nominal

VSD

powerconsumed12.5% ofnominal

fan orpump

sensoractuator

fan orpump

damperor valve

open

sensor




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For those ans and pumps which are required to generate varying levels o output,a variable requency drive reduces the speed o the pump or an and the power itconsumes. Among ans, e ectiveness will vary depending on the design. Centri ugal

ans o er good potential, both with orward curved and backward curved impellers.Axial ans have a greater intrinsic e ciency and normally do not o er enougheconomic potential or a VSD application. In pumps, the e ectiveness will varydepending on a number o actors, including the ‘static head’ o the system (thee ects o a di erence in height between the source and destination o the fuid) and‘ riction head’ (the e ects o the liquid moving in the pipes, valves and equipment).The variable requency drive should always be matched with the sa e operatingrange o the pump. Generally, variable speed drives bring greater bene ts in systemswhere the riction head is the dominant e ect. In some cases, replacing the an orpump with a more e cient design may bring greater bene ts than retro t o a VSD.A an or pump that is in requently used, even i it is ine cient, may not generateenough savings to make replacement or VSD retro t cost-e ective. However notethat fow control by speed regulation is always more e cient than by control valve orbypass control.Fan and pump applications are governed by the a nity laws:

b Flow is proportional to sha t speedv Hal the sha t speed gives you hal the fowb Pressure or head is proportional to the square o sha t speedv Hal the sha t speed gives you quarter the pressureb Power is proportional to the cube o sha t speedv Hal the sha t speed uses one–eighth o the powerv Hence hal the fow uses one-eighth o the power

There ore, i you don’t need the an or pump to run at 100% fow or pressure output,you can reduce the power consumed by the an, and the amount o the reduction canbe very substantial or moderate changes in fow. Un ortunately in practice, e ciencylosses in the various components render the theoretical values not achievable.

Fig. K16 : Theoretical power saving with a an running at hal speed

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Q (%)

P (%)

Fig. K17 : Power versus fow rate or the di erent an control methods: downstream damper, inlet vanes, and variable speed (top to bottom).

0

P (W)

0 Q (m 3 /s)





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The actual achievable savings depend on the design o the an or pump, its inherente ciency pro le, the size o the motor, the number o hours used per year, and thelocal cost o electricity. These savings can be estimated using a tool such as ECO8,

or can be accurately orecast by installing temporary metering and analyzing thedata obtained in the context o the appropriate curve.The drive can be integrated into a variety o possible control methods:b Control by xing pressure but varying fow: This uses a pressure sensor connectedto the VSD which in turn varies the speed allowing the an or pump to increase ordecrease the fow required by the system. This is a common method in water supplyschemes where constant pressure is required but water is required at di erentfows dependant on the number o users at any given time. This is also common oncentralised cooling and distribution systems and in irrigation where a varying numbero spray heads or irrigation sections are involved.b Heating system control: In heating and cooling systems there is a requirement orfow to vary based on temperature. The VSD is controlled by a temperature sensor,which increases or decreases the fow o hot or cold liquid or air based on the actualtemperature required by the process. This is similar to pressure control, where thefow also varies, but a constant temperature requirement rom a temperature sensorreplaces that rom a pressure sensor.b Control by xing fow but varying pressure: Constant fow may be required inirrigation and water supply systems. Since the water levels both upstream anddownstream o the pumping station can change, the pressure will be variable. Alsomany cooling, chiller, spraying and washing applications require a speci c volume owater to be supplied even i the suction and delivery conditions vary. Typically suctionconditions vary when the height o a suction reservoir or tank drops and deliverypressure can change i lters blind or i system resistance increases occur throughblockages etc. A fowmeter is used to keep the fow rate constant, normally installedin the discharge line.The bene ts achieved include:b Reduced energy consumption and hence cost savings by replacing ine cientcontrol methods or other obsolete components such as two-speed motorsb Better control and accuracy in achieving required fow and pressureb Reduced noise and vibration, as the inverter allows ne adjustment o the speedsand so prevents the equipment running at a resonant requency o the pipes orductworkb Increased li ecycle and improved reliability, or example, pumps that are operatedin a throttled condition usually su er rom reduced use ul li eb Simpli ed pipe or duct systems (elimination o dampers, control valves & by-passlines)b So t start & stop creates less risk o transient e ects in the electrical network ormechanical stress on the rotating parts o the pump or an. This also reduces waterhammer in pumps, because the drive provides smooth acceleration and decelerationinstead o abrupt speed variationsb Reduced maintenance

Additionally, signi cant energy savings can be o ten be made simply by changingpulley sizes, to ensure a an or pump runs at a more appropriate duty point. Thisdoesn’t provide the fexibility o variable speed control but costs very little, canprobably be done within the maintenance budget and doesn’t require capitalapproval.


Without VSD With VSD Reduction % savingsAverage poweruse (2 motorsper an)

104 kW permotor

40 kW per motor 64 kW per motor 62%

Electricity costper an

£68.66 pertonne output



CO 2 rate 459,000 kg / year

175,541 kg / year

283,459 kg / year

Annual runningcost

£34,884 £13,341 £21,542

Payback period 10 months with local capital allowances claimed14 months without local capital allowances

Fig. K18 : Example o savings or variable speed driven pumps




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4.3 LightingLighting can represent over 35% o energy consumption in buildings depending on

the business. Lighting control is one o the easiest ways to save energy costs or lowinvestment and is one o the most common energy saving measures.

Lamps and ballastsLighting design or commercial buildings is governed by standards, regulations andbuilding codes. Lighting not only needs to be unctional but must meet occupationalhealth and sa ety requirements and be t or purpose. In many instances, o celighting is over-illuminated, and substantial energy savings are possible by passive EE: replacing ine cient, old technology lamps with high e ciency, low wattagelamps in conjunction with electronic ballasts.This is especially appropriate in areas where lighting is required constantly or orlong periods, because in such places there is less opportunity to save energy byturning lights o . Simple payback periods vary but many projects have paybacks oaround two years.Depending on the needs, type and age o your lighting installation, more e cientlamps may be available. For example, 40-watt T12 fuorescent lamps may bereplaced by newer 32-watt T8 fuorescent lamps. (T designates a tubular lamp. Thenumber is the diameter in eights o an inch. T12 lamps are there ore 1.5 inches indiameter. Standards vary between countries.) Changing the lamp will also requirechanging the ballast.Fluorescent lamps contain gases that emit ultraviolet light when excited by electricity.The phosphor coating o the lamp converts the ultraviolet light into the visiblespectrum. I the electricity entering the lamp is not regulated, the light will continueto gain in intensity. A ballast supplies the initial electricity to create the light and thenregulates the current therea ter to maintain the correct light level. Ballasts are alsoused with arc lamps or mercury vapor lamps. New designs o electronic ballastsdeliver considerable savings compared with older electromagnetic ballast designs.T8 lamps with electronic ballasts will use rom 32% to 40% less electricity than T12lamps with electromagnetic ballasts.Electronic ballasts do have a disadvantage compared to magnetic ballasts. Magneticballasts operate at line requency (50 or 60 Hz), but electronic ballasts operateat 20,000 to 60,000 Hz and can introduce harmonic distortion or noise into theelectrical network. This can contribute to overheating or reduced li e o trans ormers,motors, neutral lines, overvoltage trips and damage to electronics.Usually this is not a problem apart rom acilities with heavy lighting loads and a largenumber o electronic ballasts. Most makes o electronic ballasts integrate passive

ltering within the ballast to keep the total harmonic distortion to less than 20 percento undamental current.I the acility has strict needs or power quality, (e.g. hospitals, sensitivemanu acturing environments, etc) electronic ballasts are available having totalharmonic distortion o ve percent or less.Other types o lighting are also available and may be suitable depending on therequirements o the acility. An assessment o lighting needs will include evaluationo the activities taking place and the required degree o illumination and colourrendering. Many older lighting systems were designed to provide more light thancurrent standards require. Savings can be made by redesigning a system to providethe minimum necessary illumination.The use o high e ciency lamps in conjunction with electronic ballasts have anumber o advantages, rstly energy and cost savings can be easily quali ed,modern lamps and electronic ballasts are more reliable leading to reducedmaintenance costs, lighting levels are restored to more appropriate levels oro ce space, whilst complying with relevant building codes, practices and lightingstandards, the incidence o ‘ requency beat” o ten associated with migraines andeye strain disappears and the color rendering o modern lamps produces a moreconducive working environment.

RefectorsA less common passive EE recommendation, but one which should be consideredalong with changing lamps and ballasts, is to replace refectors. The refector ina luminaire (light xture) directs light rom the lamps towards the area where itis intended to all. Advances in materials and design have resulted in improvedrefector designs which can be retro tted to existing luminaires. This results inincreased usable light, and may allow lamps to be removed, this saving energy whilemaintaining the needed level o lighting.





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A KW2 high e ciency refector has a spectral e ciency o over 90%. This means twolamps may be replaced by a single lamp. In this way it is possible to reduce energycosts attributed to lighting by 50% or more. Existing luminaires may be retro tted

with the space age technology refector, whilst maintaining spatial distance betweenluminaires, making retro tting easy and cost e ective, with minimal disruption to theexisting ceiling design.

Lighting controlImproved lighting control is another method o increasing e ciency in lighting. Suchrecommendations are less common, but the simple payback period is typicallyshorter, between six and twelve months. By itsel , passive EE rom lamps, ballastsand refectors does not maximize savings, since an energy e cient lamp will stillwaste energy i le t on when not required. Although users can be sensitized toswitch o lights, in practice lapses are common, and automatic control is muchmore e ective in obtaining and sustaining e ciency. The objective o lightingcontrol schemes is to provide the com ort and fexibility that users require, whilesimultaneously ensuring active EE, minimizing costs by ensuring lights are turnedo promptly whenever they are not needed. The sophistication o such schemes can

vary considerably.Some o the simplest methods include:b Timer switches to turn o lights a ter a xed period has passed. Timers are bestdeployed in areas where occupancy is well de ned (e.g. in hotel corridors where thetime or a person to pass through is predictable).b Occupancy sensors / movement detectors to turn o lights when no movement hasbeen detected or a certain period. Occupancy sensors are best deployed in o ces,storerooms, stairwells, kitchens and bathrooms where the use o the acilities cannotbe predicted with a high degree o accuracy during the day.b Photoelectric cells / daylight harvesting sensors to control lights near windows.When bright exterior light is available, lamps are turned o or dimmed.b Programmable timers to switch lights on and o at predetermined times (e.g. shop

ronts, ensure o ce lights are turned o at nights and weekends).b Dimmable lights to maintain a low level o illumination at o -peak periods (e.g. acar parking lot which needs to be ully illuminated during peak use, perhaps untilmidnight, but which can have lower ambient illumination rom midnight until dawn)b Voltage regulators to optimize the power consumed. Ballasts per orm this unctionon fuorescent lighting. Voltage regulators are also available or other lighting typessuch as high pressure sodium lamps.


+ +

Above : Around 70% of a fluorescent tube's light is directedsideways and upwards to the light fittings surfaces;Below: KW/2's silver surface is shaped to reflect the maximumamount of light downward.

+

Fig. K19 : Overview on KW/2 principle

Fig. K20 : Examples o lighting control devices: timers, light detectors, movement detectors,...

US Dept o Energy Industrial Assessment Centers database




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Methods may be combined, e.g. the ability to dim lights in the parking lot may becombined with movement detectors or override switches with a timer to increaseillumination when needed i a user requires access outside normal hours.

More sophisticated and customizable schemes can be implemented with integratedlighting control systems. Aesthetic requirements can be incorporated, such as usingprogrammable lighting panels to record a variety o lighting setups which can bereproduced at the touch o a button (e.g. or boardrooms requiring di erent lightarrangements or meetings, presentations, demonstrations, etc). Wireless technologycan make retro t applications simple and economical.Lighting control systems such as C-Bus and KNX o er the additional advantagethat they can be networked and integrated with the building management system,

or greater fexibility o control, central monitoring and control unction as well ascombination o lighting controls with other building services such as HVAC or evengreater energy savings.Lighting controls have the potential to realize energy savings o 30% but thisdepends very much on application. A lighting survey and energy audit can helpde ne the best lighting solution or the premises and activities per ormed as wellas identi y areas or energy and cost savings. In addition to o ce space, Schneider

o ers solutions or exterior, car parking and landscape lighting or optimum lightingand energy savings.

4.4 Load management strategies

Since electricity has to be generated in response to immediate needs, and cannoteconomically be stored, suppliers are obliged to size their generating capacityaccording to peak needs, which may occur in requently. At other times, that capacityis surplus and represents capital tied up in acilities and equipment that are idle andunused. Suppliers are there ore motivated to smooth out peaks in electricity demand.Load management requires an active EE approach, since even high-e ciencydevices will contribute to peak needs.

Peak demand avoidanceOne way utilities encourage users to avoid peaks is by trans erring the cost omaintaining the peak production capacity to those users who contribute most tothe peaks. Utilities structure their billing with various components. One is alwaysthe actual consumption in the billing period, but another component (the demandcharge) is normally based on the peak usage at some point during the precedingperiod, which could be twelve months or another period such as a season. Thedemand charge is a premium that large users pay each month or the utility to havethe extra generation capacity and in rastructure required to meet their peak demandlevels whenever they need it – even i they don’t use it very o ten. I a customercan avoid setting peaks in their energy usage, they can minimize the par t o theirenergy bill driven by the peak consumption, even i their total consumption remainsthe same. Note that setting a new peak has a continuing economic impact, becauseit determines the demand charge not only or that month, but or each subsequentmonth during the period de ned by the tari , which may be as much as a year. Thismeans that a single short event that spikes consumption or as little as a ew minutescan have a continuing e ect on the electricity bill.

Fig. K21 : Example o load management strategy

kW

Time

Shaved PeakDemand

Peak Demand

Peak Usagerescheduledto fit underlower threshold





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Peak demand avoidance applications are PLC controlled automatic electricaldistribution control systems. A demand interval is de ned as a particular level oconsumption in a period o time (e.g. kWh in a 15 minute period). The objective is

to keep the total energy consumed in each period below the limit. I the customeris consuming a large amount o power in a given period, the system will detect thata peak is approaching. An alarm is activated, and unless an operator overrides thesystem, it will begin to shed non-essential loads in a predetermined order, until thealarm condition is cleared, or the demand interval ends. All loads in a acility arede ned in one o three categories: critical, essential, and non-essential loads. Usuallyonly non-essential loads are shed, and the order o shedding can be con gured.

Providing the customer has enough non-essential loads to be able to impact their

peak consumption, it may be possible to reduce the demand charge by as much as10% to 30%. Demand charge can be up to 60% o the bill. The application usuallypays or itsel in one year or less.

Load schedulingUtilities o ten have di erent rates that apply or di erent times o the day. Duringnormal daily business hours, the rates are the highest. Many users shi t, orreschedule loads to take advantage o lower rates. These are loads that are not timesensitive or critical.

Demand response (curtailment)Another tactic is demand response (also known as demand curtailment). Demandresponse is a means to manage the demand rom customers taking supplyconditions into account. Utilities may o er nancial incentives to customers toreduce load during periods when the utility does not have the distribution capacity to

handle the total demand. Typically this will be during the hottest months o the year,when consumer and business needs or cooling and ventilation are high and drawa lot o electricity in addition to normal requirements. In some countries, third-partyaggregators may manage schemes that monitor the network capacity and the real-time price o electricity on the network. Participants in the scheme receive incentivesto shed load, creating capacity which the aggregator can sell into the network.In each case, the utility or aggregator o ers a contract including an agreement romthe customer to reduce the kW consumption at their site down to a predeterminedlevel when noti ed. These contracts may contain both emergency curtailments (whenthe participants in the scheme must comply or ace penalties) and opt-in curtailments(where participants can evaluate the speci c conditions or that particular curtailmentand decide whether or not to accept). Usually the contract limits the duration o thecurtailment (e.g. 2 to 6 hours) and the number o times per year the curtailmentcan be activated (3 to 5). Industrial customers tend to have more opportunity toparticipate, since building managers are less likely to be able to drop substantial

loads without impacting the building occupants’ com ort.


kW

1 2 3 4 5

Peak during month 2

The peak set during month 2 willdictate the demand charge or thenext 12 months (or some other peirodset by the tari ).

The bill or month 4 will be based onthe consumption (green) and the peakset during month 2 (red line).

Fig. K22 : Impact o peak demand on electricity bill




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A curtailment is activated ollowing a noti cation by phone or via a signal outputrom the utility revenue meter. Typically there is 30 to 60 minutes advance notice.

The customer systematically reduces load until the curtailment level is obtained,

either by manually reducing or shutting o loads or by an automated PLC controlledsystem. The utility or aggregator then signals the start o the curtailment period. A terthe curtailment period is complete, the utility or aggregator signals the end o thecurtailment period. The customer may then re-establish normal acility loading andproduction.The return on investment rom demand response schemes will vary depending onlocal tari rates and electricity market. The incentive generally takes the orm o acredit or the demand reduction during the response period. I the customer hasenough non-essential loads to be able to impact peak consumption, he may be ableto bene t rom incentives that in e ect reduce the cost per unit by as much as 30%.Automated demand response control applications usually pay or themselves in oneyear or less. Without such a scheme, loads have to be turned o manually, with asigni cant chance o ailure, or example, i a human operator does not act quicklyenough. Failing to comply with a curtailment brings nancial penalties, and so anautomated application which can support both peak demand avoidance and demandcurtailment can be a very good investment.Together with the control applications, a demand response portal can makeparticipation in a demand response scheme much more convenient. Such a portalprovides a means or a utility or aggregator to noti y the participants o emergencyor opt-in events. Participants can evaluate the conditions o an opt-in and view theircurrent consumption and what they would have to do in order to comply with therequest be ore accepting or rejecting the event. The portal also supports auditing orcompleted events to demonstrate compliance with the conditions.

On-site generationOn-site generation increases the fexibility available to acility operators. Instead oshedding loads, on-site generation can provide the power required to keep runningduring a period o peak avoidance or demand curtailment. The automated controlsystem can be extended to integrate control o on-site generation acilities into thescheme. I the customer is buying electricity rom a supplier at a time-o -use rate,

the control system can be con gured to continuously monitor the current cost oelectricity rom the supplier and compare it to the cost o energy generated on siteusing another uel source. When the cost o electricity rises above the cost o usingthe generator (replacing the uel), the control scheme automatically shi ts load to theon-site generation. When the cost alls, load is shi ted back to the supply utility.However, in many places the local authorities only permit diesel generators to beused or a certain maximum number o hours per year, in order to limit emissions.This has to be taken into account as it limits the opportunities to make use o thegenerator.

4.5 Power actor correction

I the electricity supplier charges penalties or reactive power, implementing poweractor correction has the potential to bring signi cant savings on the electricity bill.

Power actor correction solutions are typically passive EE measures that operatetransparently once installed, and don’t require any changes to existing procedures orbehaviour o sta . Simple payback periods can be less than a year.Power actor correction is treated in detail in chapter L.

4.6 Harmonic ltering

Many solutions to improve e cient use o electricity can have side e ects, bringharmonics into the electrical network. High-e ciency motors, variable speed drives,electronic ballasts or fuorescent lights, and computers can all generate electricalpollution which can have signi cant e ects. Harmonics can create transient over-voltage conditions that cause protection relays to trip and result in productiondowntime. They increase heat and vibration and thereby decrease e ciency and

shorten li e o neutral conductors, trans ormers, motors and generators. Power actorcorrection capacitors may magni y harmonics, and can su er rom overloading andpremature aging.Management o harmonics is treated in detail in chapter M.





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4.7 Other measures

Outside the scope o the electrical installation, other energy savings measuresmay be available depending on the activities present on the site. Productivityenhancements in production such as reducing bottlenecks, eliminating de ectsand reducing materials can generate urther savings. Combustion systems (suchas urnaces, ovens, boilers) and thermal systems (such as steam systems, heatgeneration, containment and recovery, cooling towers, chillers, re rigerators, dryers)may also provide opportunities.

4. Communication and In ormation SystemMost organisations will already have some level o energy in ormation system, eveni it is not identi ed or managed as one. It should be appreciated that in a changingworking world, any in ormation system will need to develop to meet its primeobjective - supporting management decision making: a key point is to make theenergy in ormation visible at any level o the organization through the communicationin rastructure.Energy data is important data, it is one o the company’s assets. The company hasIT managers who are already in charge o managing its other IT systems. Theseare important players in the power monitoring system and above all in that or dataexchange within the corporate organization.

Communication network at product, equipment and site levelThe day-to-day working o the energy in ormation system can be illustrated by aclosed loop diagram (see Fig. K23 ).


Fig. K23 : System hierarchy

Data

Information

Understanding

* Communication network

M o d b u s *

I n t r a n e t

*

Energy information systems

C o m m u n i c a t i n

g

m e a s u r e m e n t d e v i c e

*

Various resources are used to send data rom metering and protection devicesinstalled in the user’s electrical cabinets, e.g. via Schneider ElectricTransparentReady™.




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The Modbus communication protocolModbus is an industrial messaging protocol between equipment that isinterconnected via a physical transmission link e.g. RS 485 or Ethernet (via TCP/IP)

or modem (GSM, Radio etc). This protocol is very widely implemented on meteringand protection products or electrical networks.Initially created by Schneider Electric, Modbus is now a public resource managedby an independent organization Modbus-IDA – enabling total opening up o itsspeci cation. An industrial standard since 1979, Modbus allows millions o productsto communicate with one another.The IETF, international authority managing the Internet, has approved the creationo a port (502) or products connected to the Internet/Intranet and using the EthernetModbus TCP/IP communication protocol.

Modbus is a query/reply process between two pieces o equipment based on datareading and writing services ( unction codes).The query is emitted by a single “master”, the reply is sent only by the “slave”equipment identi ed in the query (see Fig. K24 ).Each “slave” product connected to the Modbus network is set by the user with an IDnumber, called the Modbus address, between 1 and 247.

The “master” – or example a web server included in an electrical cabinet– simultaneously queries all o the products with a message comprising its target’saddress, unction code, memory location in the product and quantity o in ormation,at most 253 octets.Only a product set with the corresponding address answers the request or data.Exchange is only carried out on the initiative o the master (here the web server): thisis the master-slave Modbus operating procedure.This query procedure ollowed by a reply, implies that the master will have all o thedata available in a product when it is queried.The “master” manages all o the transaction queries successively i they are intended

or the same product. This arrangement leads to the calculation o a maximumnumber o products connected to the master to optimize an acceptable responsetime or the query initiator, particularly when it is a low rate RS485 link.

Your Intranet network

Data exchange rom industrial data basically uses web technologies implementedpermanently on the corporate communication network, and more particularly on itsIntranet.The IT in rastructure manages the cohabitation o so tware applications: thecompany uses it to operate applications or the o ce, printing, data backup, or thecorporate IT system, accounting, purchasing, ERP, production acility control, API,MES, etc. The cohabitation o data on the same communication network does notpose any particular technological problem.

When several PC’s, printers and servers are connected to one another in thecompany’s buildings, very probably using the Ethernet local network and webservices: this company is then immediately eligible to have energy e ciency datadelivered by its electrical cabinets. Without any so tware development, all they needis an Internet browser.

Fig. K24 : The unction codes allow writing or reading o data.A transmission error so tware detection mechanism called CRC16 allows a message with an error to be repeated and only the product concerned to respond.





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The data rom these applications cross the local broadband Ethernet network up to1 Gb/s: the communication media generally used in this world is copper or optic ber,which allows connection everywhere, in commercial or industrial buildings and in

electrical premises.I the company also has an internal Intranet communication network or emailingand sharing web servers data, it uses an extremely common standardizedcommunication protocol: TCP/IP.

The TCP/IP communication protocol is designed or widely used web services suchas HTTP to access web pages, SMTP or electronic messaging between otherservices.

Applications SNMP NTP RTPS DHCP TFTP FTP HTTP SMTP Modbus

Transport UDP TCP

Link IP

Physical Ethernet 802.3 and Ethernet II

Electrical data recorded in industrial web servers installed in electrical cabinets aresent using the same standardized TCP/IP protocol in order to limit the recurrent ITmaintenance costs that are intrinsic in an IT network. This is the operating principleo Schneider Electric Transparent Ready TM or communication o data on energye ciency. The electrical cabinet is autonomous without the need or any additional ITsystem on a PC, all o the data related to energy e ciency is recorded and can becirculated in the usual way via the intranet, GSM, xed telephone link, etc.

SecurityEmployees are well in ormed, more e cient and working in complete electricalsa ety: they no longer need to go into electrical rooms or make standard checkson electrical devices - they just have to consult data. Under these conditions,

communicative systems give the company’s employees immediate and signi cantgains and avoid worrying about making mistakes.It becomes possible or electricians, maintenance or production technicians, on-siteor visiting managers to work together in complete sa ety.According to the sensitivity o data, the IT manager will simply give users theappropriate access rights.

Marginal impact on local network maintenanceThe company’s IT manager has technical resources to add and monitor equipmentto the local company network.Based on standard web services including the Modbus protocol on TCP/IP, anddue to the low level o bandwidth requirement characteristic in electrical networkmonitoring systems as well as the use o technologies that are not impacted byviruses and worldwide IT standards, the IT manager does not have to make anyspeci c investment to preserve the local network per ormance level or to protectagainst any additional security problems (virus, hacking, etc.).

Empowering external partnersAccording to the company’s security policy, it becomes possible to use supportservices o the usual partners in the electrical sector: contractors, utilities managers,panelbuilders, systems integrators or Schneider Electric Services can provideremote assistance and electrical data analysis to the company consuming electricity.The messaging web service can regularly send data by email or web pages can beremotely consulted using the appropriate techniques.




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From Network Monitoring and Control System to IntelligentPower EquipmentTraditionally and or years, monitoring and control systems have been centralizedand based on SCADA (Supervisory, Control and Data acquisition) automationsystems.Deciding on investing in such system – noted ( 3) in Figure K25 – was reallyreserved or high demanding installation, because either they were big powerconsumers, or their process was very sensitive to Power non quality.Based on automation technology, such systems were very o ten designed,customised by a system integrator, and then delivered on site. However the initialcost, the skills needed to correctly operate such system, and the cost o upgrades to

ollow the evolutions o the network may have discouraged potential users to invest.Then based on a dedicated solution or electrician, the other approach noted ( 2)is much more tting the electrical network speci c needs and really increases thepayback o such system. However, due to its centralised architecture, the level costo such solution may still appear high.

On some sites Type ( 2) and ( 3) can cohabit, providing the most accurate in ormationto the electrician when needed.Nowadays, a new concept o intelligent Power equipment – noted ( ) – has come.considered as an entering step or going to level 2 or 3, due the ability o thesesolutions to co-exist on a site.

Specialisedmonitoringsuch asPower LogicION-Entreprise

Wstandard

eb browser

PowerEquipment

Otherutilities Process

Eqt gateway

1

2

3

IntelligentPowerEquipment

Otherutilities

Eqt server

PowerEquipment

Eqt gateway

Generalpurposesitemonitoring

Functionlevels

Specialisednetworkmonitoring

Basicmonitoring

Standard network Sensitive electrical networks High demanding sites

Systemcomplexity

Generalpurposemonitoringsystem

Fig. K26 : Monitoring system positioning





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b Level

Intelligent equipment based architecture (see Fig. K26)

This new architecture has appeared recently due to Web technology capabilities, andcan really be positioned as an entry point into monitoring systems.Based on Web technologies it takes the maximum bene ts o standardcommunication services and protocols, and license- ree so tware.The access to electricity in ormation can be done rom everywhere in the site, andelectrical sta can gain a lot in e ciency.Openness to the Internet is also o ered or out o the site services.

b Level 2

Electrician specialized centralised architecture (see Fig. K27)Dedicated to electrician, this architecture is based on a speci c supervisioncentralised mean that ully match the needs or monitoring an electrical network.Then it o ers naturally a lower level o skill to set up and maintain it – all ElectricalDistribution devices are already present in a dedicated library. Finally its purchasecost is really minimized, due the low level o system integrator e ort.

Meter 11 2 3

Circuit breakers

Meter 2 Meter 3

Equipment serverGateway

Modbus

Intelligence Power Equipment

Standard remoteWeb browser

Standard localWeb browser

Intranet (Ethernet/IP)

Internet

Fig. K26 : Intelligent equipment architecture

Fig. K27 : ED specialist monitoring system

Meter 1 Meter 2 Meter 3

Gateway

Modbus

Communicating Power Equipment

Dedicated supervisorfor electrician

Modbus (SL or Ethernet/IP)

Circuit breakers

1 2 3




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b Level 3

Conventional general purpose centralised architecture (see Fig. K2 )

Here is a typical architecture based on standard automation pieces such as SCADAsystems, and gateways.This architecture is typically used or high demanding installation which requires highavailability o electricity.In such case, real time per ormance is key, either to be achieved automatically orthrough 24/7 operation team on site.In order to comply with very high availability constraint, such system very o tenrequests to support transparently (i.e with no visible impact) a rst ault o systemlevel components such as the SCADA itsel , the communication in rastructure, ...Energy e ciency is also an important matter, and such solution should o er all themean to clearly master the energy consumption and quality on site. Electrical assetsprotection is then the 3d main matter, and such solution should o er a mean toprevent any damage o these very expensive electrical and process assets.Connectivity with the Process control system is also required, especially throughthe remote control o the operating mode o motors (MV and LV). Solutions such asPowerLogic SCADA (Modbus or IEC 61850 based) appear the most appropriate.

e-Support becomes accessibleThe setting up o an in ormation system to support a global energy e ciencyapproach very quickly leads to economic gains, in general with an ROI o less than2 years or electricity.An additional bene t, that is still underestimated today, is the leverage that this leadsto in terms o in ormation technologies in the electrical sector. The electrical networkcan be analyzed rom time to time by third parties – in par ticular using externalcompetencies via the internet or very speci c issues:b Electricity supply contracts. Changing o supplier at a given point in time, e.g.permanent economic analysis o the costs related to consumption becomes possiblewithout having to wait or an annual review.b Total management o electrical data – via internet – to trans orm it into relevantin ormation that is ed back via a personalized web portal. Consumer usagein ormation is now a value-added commodity, available to a wide range o users. It'seasy to post customer usage data on the Internet – making it use ul to the users isanother matter.b Complex electrical ault diagnosis to call in an electrotechnical expert, a rareresource that is easily accessible on the web.b Monitoring o consumption and generating alerts in the case o abnormalconsumption peaks.b A maintenance service that is no more than necessary to meet pressure onoverheads via acility management services.

Fig. K28 : Real-time conventional monitoring and control system

Meter 1 Meter 2 Meter 3

Gateway

Modbus

Conventionalsupervisor

Modbus (SL or Ethernet/IP)

Communicating Power Equipment

Circuit breakers

1 2 3





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Energy e ciency is no longer an issue that the company has to ace on its own,many e-partners can back up the approach as necessary – in particular when themeasurement and decision making assistance stage is reached, on condition that

the electrical network is metered and communicative via internet.Implementation can be gradual starting by making a ew key pieces o equipmentcommunicative and gradually extending the system so as to be more accurate or togive wider coverage o the installation.The company can choose its policy: ask one or more par tners to analyze the data,do it itsel or combine these options.The company may decide to manage its electrical energy itsel , or ask a partner tomonitor the quality to ensure active monitoring o per ormances in terms o aging.

Example: Schneider Electric proposes e-Services that o ers load data visualization and analysis application in ASP mode. It simpli es processes or tenants with geographically diverse locations by providing convenient integrated billing and usage in ormation or all locations combined.The system turns customer usage data into use ul in ormation, easily accessible to all internal

users. It helps control costs by showing customers how their organizations use power.A wide range o unctionality serves the needs o sta rom the same plat orm: Data Access and Analysis , Historical and Estimated Bills, Rate Comparison, What-i Analysis - Assess the impact o operational changes, such as shi ting energy between time periods or reducing usage by xed amounts or percentages, Automatic Alarming, Memorized Reports,Benchmarking - Benchmark usage data rom multiple acilities by applying normalization actors such as square ootage, operating hours, and units o production. Multiple Commodities - Access usage data or gas and water as well as electricity etc.

Reports ODBC

XML

ElectricityWater & Gas

Power Quality

Ethernet/VPN Ethernet/VPN

New York Chicago Los Angeles Seattle

Stores data including:- Occupancy rates- Square footage- Other parameters

Normalize data using:- Temperature- Occupancy rates- Rooms- Other parameters

Energy CostAnalysis

WEB

CorporateDatabase

Weather info

Utility tariffs & rates

Real-time pricingWEB

Fig. K29 : Typical solution example




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4. Mapping o solutions:

Energy savings Cost optimizat ion Availabi lity &Reliability

Variable speed drives

High e ciency motorsand trans ormers

MV motor supply

Power actor correction

Harmonic management

Con guration o circuits

Back-up generators

UPS (see page N )

So t starters

Protection coordination

iMCC

Intelligent Equipmentbased architectureLevel

Electrician specializedcentralised architectureLevel 2

Conventional generalpurpose centralisedarchitectureLevel 3


Fig. K31 : Mapping o solutions



K - Energy E ciency in electrical distribution

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5. Introduction to IPMVP and EVOToday, the interest in energy e ciency project, or whatever purpose, industrial or

public, has never been greater. It is noticed that one o the most important barriersto a widespread implementation o energy e ciency projects is the lack o reliableand commercially-viable nancing result. The more we invest or a project, the biggerthe need or a reliable proo is. There ore, there is a continuing need or standardmethods to quanti y the results o energy e ciency investments.That’s why E ciency Valuation Organization (EVO) published IPMVP: InternationalPer ormance Measurement and Veri cation Protocol, a guidance documentdescribing common practice in measuring, computing and reporting savingsachieved by energy e ciency projects at end user acilities.The rst edition o IPMVP was published in March 1996 and the second in 2004.Until now, EVO has published three volumes o IPMVP:b Volume I : Concepts and Options or Determining Energy and Water Savingsb Volume II : Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Issuesb Volume III : ApplicationsThe rst volume is used by Schneider Electric in energy e ciency projects.This publication provides methods, with di erent levels o cost and accuracy, ordetermining savings either or the whole acility or or the energy e ciency actiononly.IPMVP also speci es the contents o a Measurement and Veri cation Plan(M&V Plan) which de nes all activities necessary to demonstrate the short-termper ormance o an industrial retro t project and its result.

5.2 Principles and options o IPMVP

Principle o IPMVP

5 How to value energy savings

Fig. K31 : Principle o baseline de nition

IPMVP (International Per ormance Measurement & Veri cation Protocol) is a methodology to value the energetic savings.Certain in ormation in this chapter is taken rom the IPMVP guide volume 1 published by EVO www.evo-world.org

EnergyUse

Baselineenergy

Inreasedproduction

Adjustedbaselineenergy

Savings

Solutioninstallation

Reporting periodMeasured energy

Reporting periodBaseline period

Time

Be ore the installation o energy e ciency solution, a certain time interval is studiedto determine the relationship between energy use and conditions o production,this period is called baseline. We can do the measurement during this time ormore simply use the energy bill o the plant. Following the installation, this baselinerelationship was used to estimate how much energy the plant would have used ithere had been no solution (called the “adjusted-baseline energy”). The savingsis the di erence between the adjusted-baseline energy and the energy that wasactually metered during the reporting period.

Savings = (Adjusted Baseline Period Use or Demand - Reporting-Period Use orDemand)Or

Savings = Baseline Period Use or Demand - Reporting-Period Use or Demand± Adjustments




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5.3 Six qualities o IPMVPWhen an M&V plan is drawn up or an IPMVP action, it must guarantee six

principles:b Accurate: M&V reports should be as accurate as the M&V budget will allow. M&Vcosts should normally be small relative to the monetary value o the savings beingevaluated.b Complete: The reporting o energy savings should consider all e ects o a project.b Conservative: Where judgements are made about uncertain quantities, M&Vprocedures should be designed to under-estimate savings.b Consistent: The reporting o a project’s energy e ectiveness should be consistentbetween:v di erent types o energy e ciency projects;v di erent energy management pro essionals or any one project;v di erent periods o time or the same project;v and energy e ciency projects and new energy supply projects.b Relevant: The determination o savings should measure the per ormanceparameters o concern, or least well known, while other less critical or predictableparameters may be estimated.b Transparent: All M&V activities should be clearly and ully disclosed.

5.4 IPMVP’s options

Option A Option B Option C Option D

De nition Retro t isolation: keyparameter measurement

Retro t isolation: all parametermeasurement

Whole acility Calibrated simulation

Description Savings are determined byeld measurement o the key

per ormance parameter(s)

which de ne the energy useo the system a ected by theenergy e ciency solution.Parameters not selected

or eld measurement areestimated.

Savings are determined by eldmeasurement o the energyuse o the system a ected by

the solution.

Savings are determined bymeasuring energy use atthe whole acility or sub-

acility level. Continuousmeasurements o the entireacility’s energy use are taken

throughout the reporting period.

Savings are determinedthrough simulation o theenergy use o the whole acility,

or o a sub- acility. Simulationroutines are demonstratedto adequately model actualenergy per ormance measuredin the acility.

Calculation o savings Engineering calculation obaseline and reporting periodenergy rom:- short-term or continuousmeasurements o key operatingparameter(s); and- estimated values.

Short-term or continuousmeasurements o baseline andreporting period energy

Analysis o whole acilitybaseline and reporting perioddata.Routine adjustments arerequired, using techniquessuch as simple comparison orregression analysis.

Energy use simulation,calibrated with hourly ormonthly utility billing data.

When use this option? On one hand, this option cangive a result with considerableuncertainty because o theestimation o some parameters.On the other hand, it is notexpensive compared to theoption B.

Option B is less cheap thanoption A as all parameters aremeasured. But i a customerasks or a high precision level,it would be a good choice.

When there is a multi acetedenergy management programa ecting many systems in a

acility, a choice o option C canhelp in saving money and work.

Option D is used only whenthe baseline data is missed.Example: a acility where nometer existed be ore solution’sinstallation and the measure othe baseline period takes toomuch time and money.





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Fig. K32 : Option selection process

5.5 Fundamental points o an M&V planb Energy e ciency project’s intentb

Selected IPMVP option and measurement boundaryb Baseline: period, energy and conditionsb Reporting period : duration and conditionb Basis or adjustmentb Analysis procedure: the data analysis procedures, algorithms and assumptions tobe used.b Energy pricesb Meter speci cationsb Monitoring responsibilitiesb Expected accuracyb Budget or IPMVP activitiesb Report ormatb Quality assurance

Our services with IPMVP

Option selection process

Start

Measure facility orECM performance?

Facilityperformance

ECMperformance

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Able to isolateECM withmeter(s)?

Need fullperfomance

demonstration?

Install isolationmeters for all

parameters andassess interactive

effects

Install isolation metersfor key parameters

assess interactive effects,and estimate well know

parameters

Need toseparately assess

each ECM?Analysis ofmain meter

data

Simulatesystem or

facilityObtain

calibrationdata

Calibratesimulation

Simulate with andwithout ECM(s)

Missing baselineor reporting period

data?

Missing baselineor reporting period

data?

Option BRetrofit isolation:

All parametermeasurement

Option ARetrofit isolation:Key parametermeasurement

Option CWhole facility

Option DCalibratedsimulation

Expectedsavings >10%?

Sign theenergeticperformancecontract

Establishan M&Vplan

Collect thebaselineinformation

Projectinstallation

Measure the reporting,report information andcalculate the savings




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Once energy audits have been conducted and energy savings measures are putin place with quanti ed return, it is imperative to implement ollow up actions tosustain per ormance. Without an ongoing cycle o continuous improvement, energy

per ormance tends to revert to a level close to that be ore the implementation osavings measures.

6 From returns on investment tosustained per ormance

The continuous improvement cycle requires the existence, productive use andmaintenance o a power monitoring system. Such system will be used or pro-active on-going analysis o site energy usage, as well as recommendations orimprovements to the electrical distribution system. In order to ensure optimalper ormance o such system and the best use o the collected data, it is industrycommon practice to per orm the technical and operational services described below.Schneider Electric experts can deliver such services upon request.

6. Technical support servicesPower Monitoring systems which are not actively maintained tend to deteriorate or avariety o reasons.b The so tware can lose communications with devices resulting in lost data.b During the li e o any so tware product upgrades, service packs and patches arereleased to address issues such as: uncovered bugs, operating system so twareupdates, new hardware product support etc.b Databases which are not maintained can become very large, unwieldy and evencorrupt.b The electrical distribution system itsel may be changing so that the powermonitoring system no longer matches it.b Firmware updates or hardware devices are released periodically to address bugs

or provide improved or additional unctionality.

Remote servicesSupport is provided by email, telephone and VPN or other remote connection romthe support center to the customer’s server. Typical services available include:b Toll ree hotline or troubleshooting assistanceb Senior support representative assigned to siteb Free so tware upgrades during the contract validityb Periodic remote system checks, maintenance and reportingb Remote so tware upgradesb 24/7 telephonic support

Energy Performance Curve

EnergyConservation

Measures

ServicesContact

Savings with On-going Services

Savings without proper O&M

Energy Audit& Consulting




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On site servicesMonthly, quarterly, biannual or annual (as agreed) site visits or system maintenance.Typical services provided are:b Install all PowerLogic so tware upgradesb Per orm rmware upgrades to all PowerLogic monitoring devicesb System troubleshooting to the device levelb Modi cation o graphic screens per customer inputb Modi cation o alarms and data logs per customer inputb Recon guration o system to match changes to the electrical distribution system

6.2 Operational support servicesThese contracts are designed to meet the need or energy analysis and improvementrecommendations.

Hosted systems

In this scenario the user’s usage data is pushed to a Schneider Electric hostedserver. The user accesses his in ormation via a web browser. Typical in ormationmade available is the ollowing:b Energy consumption datab Carbon emissions datab Degree day analysisb Normalized per ormance indicatorsb Regression analysisb CUSUM analysis (Cumulative Sum)

On site systemsHere the user has a server at one or multiple sites. Di erent so tware packages canbe in use depending on the need. The services include all the reports o ered in thehosted system plus the ollowing:b An up ront site energy audit with improvement recommendationsb Direct line to an energy consultantb Periodic data analysis, reporting and recommendations (monthly, quarterly,biannual or annual as required)b Consolidated data rom multiple acilitiesb Load pro lesb Power quality reporting

6 From returns on investment tosustained per ormance


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EIG K Energy Efficiency