rJIACHI1K WYMAPCKOr cDAKYJITETA,EEC?f'Pi\.g, 2002,_~p. 85,C1'p.7-23

BIBLlD: 0353-4537, (2002), 85, P 7-23

AJlCKCaH)lap TYl.\OBI10

,[J,paraH Kapaunh

UDK: 620.222:581.431Ilpernezuut pan

EIIOJIOrMJA 3AlllTIITE lllYMCKOr J];PBEliA: IbEHM3AJ];AUM II IlEPCIlEKTMBE

M3BOJl: Y pany ce H3HOCH crparernja 6HoilorHje 3aIlITHTC iuyucxor npucha y UpH­P0)JUHM pecypcnva in situ Hex situ. Buonon-ja 3aIUTHTe npHpO)lUHX pecypcajc HO­sa 06J1aCT 6HOilOUlKHX HCTpa)l(J1SaIba.

KJbY'IHe pe-ru: npuponu» pccypcu, 6oilecTH, WTCTO'lHUe, cncuujcxa U YUYTaplJpCUasapHja6HJlHOCT

BIOLOGY OF FOREST TREE PROTECTION: ITS TASKS ANDPERSPECTIVES

Abstract: The strategy of the biology of forest tree protection in natural resourcesin situ and ex situ has been dealt with. Biology of natural resources protection is anew field of biological research.

Key words: natural resources, diseases, pests, specific and intraspccies variability

1. YB0Jl:

Bnonoraja 3aW1'I11'C npseha nonpxana KBaJIl11'a1'l1BHY 11 KBaH1'l11'a1'HI3HY pasnoap­CHOC1' spcra, OHa je cneunjanuaoaaua )JI1Cl.\l1nJIl1l1a onurre 3aW1'I11'e, onpenersena je aa4l1C1'O reopnjcxa 11 npnaen.eaa I1C1'pa)I{llI3alLa. Flo-rea OJ( 80-Tl1X ro)JI1Ha 11 IIa )JoMal1l1M11 MefjyHapO)lHI1M cKynOBI1Ma (CaBC1'Ol3ali>C "TCXHI1'IKa xyrrrypa y 3aUlTl1Tl1 11 ynanpehe­lby )!(I1B01'He cpe)JI1HC", Eeorpan 1988. rO)JI1IlC, Mehynaponua xonqiepeuunja "CYluelbeuiyva", Eeorpan 1990. ron., Illyaapcrso 6p. 2-3, Tpehn jyroCJIOBeHCKI1 Konrpec 0 saur­1'111'11 611JbaKa, ozipxcax on 2-7. oxrofipa 1994. ronnue y Bpn.auxoj 6alhl1 11 np.), 3aW1'l11'l1uryaa, cacrojnaa, crafiana, npe)Jc1'aBHI1Ka OJ(pCfjCIII1X 1'aKCOIIOMCKI1X xareropnja, nOCBe­hyje ce nocefiua nasosa, Enonoraja 3aW1'I11'e, ouysau.a 11 yuanpehen,a reuorpouna npseha

op Anercauoap TY!I06Uh . peooeuu npoibecop, Illysiapcxu diaxynmem Ynucepsumema y Eeoepaoy

op Ilpaean Kapauuh, peooeuu npotbecop, Illyuapceu qiaxynmem Ynueepsumema y Beoepaoy

7

Anexcaunap TYllOBIfO, )J,parall Kapaunh

BeOMa je unrpoxa 06JIaCT, KaO 11 cava 6110JIomja. OHa KOPI1CTI1 pe3yJITaTC 11 MCTO.l.\e CaB­

peMeHI1X 6110JIOllIKI1X ill1Cl\l1nJII1Ha Oil MOJIeKyJIapHe, nonynaunone no eBOJIyUl1oHe 6110­

noruje, a ycaepeaaje aajeznmn np06JICM na 3allITI1TI1 cacrojuua npseha. Mehy cneuaja­JII1CTI1Ma I1Ma 6110JIora, 60TaHI1LJapa, 300JIOra, qJl1TOnaTOJIOra, CHTOMOJIOra, CKOJIOra, re­HeTI1LJapa, OnJIeMCfhl1BaLJa npseha, UI1TOJIOra, 6110XCMWIapa 11 npyrnx excrtepara 113 06­

JIaCTI1 osyaarsa 3aWTI1Te 11 yaanpehersa npHpOilHI1X pecypca npseha. 3aWTl1Ta npupozt­HI1X pecypca I1Ma ilyry I1CTOPl1jy, KaKO npl1pO,IIJbaLJKI1X (8 mit h R.L., 1976) TaKO H r!JH­

JI030r!JCKHX pacnpana - zmcxycaja (P a s m 0 r C J., 1974,8 i n g e r M.e. et al., 1978,11 np.),

Hosex ce anrasccaao na 3aWTI1TI1 npupone jour Oil npestena Auioxa (OKO250 roil. no H.C.).

HaYLJHI1UI1 CBHX cncUl1jaJIHOCTI1 aHra)KBaHI1 cy nanac na 3aWTI1TI1 lllYMCKI1X cacrojnaaOil nocnennua caeofiyxaarue aKTI1SHOCTI1 LJOSeKa (Homo sapiens). EC3 06311pa ua JII1Te­

paTypHo HaCJIeilCTSO, MI1 csiarpaao, na je 6110JIorl1ja 3aWTI1Te npnponnux pecypca noaa06JIaCT 6110JIOllIKI1X I1CTaJKI1Safha npaeha.

2. TIPIIPO,l(HII PECYPCII OEJEKTII EIIOJIOiliKE 3AIlITIITE,l(PBEliA

,ZJ;psene xapaxrepmne BI1COKa CJIQ)KeHOCT OpraIII13aUl1jc, ilyroBC'IIIOCT, 113Y3CTHO

BeJII1Ka nOTeHUl1jaJIHa npOMCHJbl1S0CT, BI1COKa ailanTI1BHOCT na ± CKCTpCMHC (jJaKTOpC

cpenuue y OilHOCY na aehnny npyrnx BacKyJIapHI1X 611JbaKa (G ran t v., 1977). ,ZJ;allacje

npaehe LJeCTO yrpOJKCHO Oil crpane LJOBCKa xao SpCTC, a MHorc BpCTC npscha ce HaJIa3C y

Tafiena 1. 06J1I1UIfsaumrrc npnpozntax pccypca ztpueha - MOilIH!llflwBallo npeva Hcajcny If capan,(11 Caj eBB. et al., 1997)

Table 1. Forms of protection of natural tree resources - modified after Isajev and collab. (l s a­j ev V. et al., 1997)

!r3aIIlTIITa n pll POilHIIXI;~~yp~'~i~~it~ :"~;I;t1~;I;p;;~~;o;P;~IIX caCTOj 1111 aProtection of natural resources in situ - conservation of mature stands

____~~~ ~ .. • ._ _ • M' " .. _

Ilpnpomur peaepsarnPeraonanna napxoan

IHauaonannn napxonnCeaencse cacrojnueTpyne crafiana (excrpeano If nojennua-ma cTa6J1a)Ceuencxa cTa6J1a (nnyc If emrrna)

Ilpnponne perxocrn-.fuJ",t:1\1"t:I:IC~~l:l(;_llilLC!il§_J1(l__._____ ._ _ .3alIlTIITa reHocjloHila ex situ - nOilll3albeM cneunjanaaoaauux icyrrrypaProtection of~'!~J)Q.0lll.!_~it,u:estl!l,Jlish!Jl~'!t,()f.s.pecia IiS~~I1tl~~e.~Ap60pCTyMIf)KIfBIf apxaaaCeaeacxe unarrraxe (KJlOHCKC If reneparnnne)

TCCTOBIf npaaennjenuajaTCCTOBIf nOTOMCTaBa

8

Eaonoraja 3UIllTI1Te tuyxtcxor ,1lPBC)I<a: IbCHI1 sanaun 11 rrepCrrCKTI1BC

±HeBOJbIi (Map n u xo a ah IT., 1987, MapHHKoBHn IT.etal., 1990, Kap au n li n.,1987, 1989, urn.). MH CMO nnp. CBeAOUH 6HOJIOWKe KpH3e AOManHx BpCTa eapoasajcxax

upaux TOnOJIay JyroCJIaBHjH, xoja no pasaepava HeMa npnxepa y nauroj neanpoqmopu.Y apceuany 3aWTHTe npseha KJbY4HO MeCTO 3ay3HMajy Ben H3ABojeHH npl1pOAHH pecyp­

CH in situ H ex situ (Ta6eJIa 1). ITPI1POAHH pecypcn in situ noronnuja cy aa o-iynan,e 11

3awTHTY, a pecypcH ex situ aa ± ycvepeny rpanctpopuaunjy renorponna npseha (Ty­

UOBHn A., 1987, 1990, Ty u o a Hn A. et al., 1992, 1994). ITpH TOMe rpefia 11MaTH y BI1­

AY na ce 6110JIOWKl1 pecypcn ex situ reHeTW!KH 11 eKOJIOWKH ocerno paannxyjy OA npn­

pOAHHX pecypca in situ, C 063HpOM na cyxceise reuorponna H na ce OCHI1Bajy ua CTaHHW­

THMa H3BaH npHpoAHHX apeana rajeuux BpCTa (Grant v., 1981, Mayr E., 1965, 1970,1972, Ty U 0 B H n A., 1990, A HAP e A.IT., M Ii T p o B Hn )I{., 1996, HTA.). ,ll,yroTpaj ua aa­WTHTa H3ABojeHHx 6HOJIOWKHX pecypca in situ Ii ex situ 3aXTeBa npeaaannaxeu,e TpaAH­

Ul10HanHHX rpanaua HayLIHHx AI1CUHnJIHHa y myaapcrsy 11 KOHnJIeKCHa - mrrerpanuapeureu,a. Hay-rna ncrpaxorean,a y pecypcHMa noronyjy nojanu I10BHX nneja sa osyaan,e11 ynanpehen,e 6HJbHe np0l13BOAlbC y uryaapcrsy, OHa cy opajenrucana ua 6YAyne nOT­

pe6e npyurrsa. 3a ycneumy 3awTHTy BpCTa 'rpefia n03HaBaTH MHore acnexre lhHXOBe

6HOJIOmje.

}(a

}(a

I Ilpojeicruu napaMCT[H1Caojcraa, Ba,lma aa npojcscronan.e I Project parametersProperties significant for projects I .N!.--l P~3~~pa -1- ~o~~~:lIa nucrpufiyrurjn

~cl c _- L _Scal~~_L Desired distribution-----.' .._--!-_. ",------.-. ----- --1-- ---- ..~--_ .••. _-

BCnl1KI1 I_~~_~I~:_ IBCJIl1KI1 I Kpynua !

i l~~n;~~l Kpynna l~a-~+ -I---~---~--

BCJll1I(l1! Kpyrnra I l(a

.1 ""/,,H+ ~p:~ml- -:: ----- ------.--III ---t -I-I BCnl1KI1 I-j----+--+------ --

_I ~C~~KI1+ __ / ~ )~a _

!§~~l~~t~~~ .::

Tafiena 2. Cacramre KOMflOHCIlTC nnanupan,a o6jclmru 6110Jl0L!1KC 3UlllTl1TCTable 2. Components of planning biological protection!T::'::":":~-'. :.c=:,:--:::.,-. c:·-=_:·:·'-~.:'=:·_:_- -'::-:.:::-::- ----..~--_.------ --".-'---..•..,----

I.=~c,,-_"~c,_==c,~~EOnCCTI1Diseases

- .,-----",_ ..._--_...- --. -------

Illrero-mne (H1ICeKTI1)Jl.e_sts (i~.s.e~.s.}____

Cneusjcxa npOMCHJhl1BOCTSpt:.(;ie.s.va..ri[l~ility_

Ynyrapspcna npOMCHJhI1BOCTII1t~llspe~ifi(;v~ill~ility ..

HEKOJ'Omja 3aje,1l11l111aCommunity ecologyHsonouaue sajennnue (Manc)

Us_ol1ltec!.c()ITlmunitie.s.(.s.~all) ... _I Hcrpazcaaas KH noreuuajan~t:.s.t:..ar~ P_()t.e.!1!illL_ ._ITonl1TI1Ka, eKOHOMl1jal'.oJi(;YL(;(;onol11X _ .PexpeauujaRecreation

-----------,,- -- --- ....------

Ijf;tP~::c

9

0,0260.612tl.0250,0130,0820,0000.0170.0060.098

Anexcannap TYI.10Bl1h, ;QparaJl Kapaunh

2.1. KOMeHTapH 0 rrpojexronaisy II rasnonarsy npHpoAIIHM pccypcasra

TIPHJlHKOM 6HOJlOWKC 3aW1'H1'C Ma xor oojexra, 3aW1'HnCHH CHC1'CM in situ IIJlH ex

situ MO)l(e 6111'11 oxapaxrepncan nocpencrsoa TpH napauerpa: IberOBHM 6pOjCM, BeJlWIH­

HOM Y xexrapnua, OLlHOCHO, reHeTCKOM 6J1HCKOWl1y H reorpadicxou HJlH eKOJlOWKOM pas­

HOBpCHOWl1y. Y OLlHOCY na 6poj H LlHMeH3Hje 6HOJlOWKHX pecypca, HUjBcl1H 6poj HCTpa­

)l(HBa'la HC1'H4e na npHpO.I:UIH pecypcn rpefia na 6YLlY W1'O BCI1H no nOBplJJl1I1H H 6pojy

reHOTl1nOBa. D;PYrl1 sacrynajy MHWJbe~bena HX rpefia auure, UJIH MaJbHX no pU3Mcp3Ma.

Ilopen OBHX nocroje H npyrn 3cnCKTH H {1>aKTopH KOjH yruny HU npojcKT0I33IbC H r33.I:1O­

san,e 6HOJlOWKHM PCCypCHM3, H3PO'IHTO H3 K3TCropHjC ex situ: 2.1.1. bOJICCTH; 2.1.2.

IJJ1'e1'olIHHe; 2.1.3. CncUHjcKH LlHBcp3H1'eT H ynyrapspcna npOMeHJbHBOCT; 2.1.4. EKO­

nornja BCJlHKHX Ii MaJJHX aajennnua: 2. I .5.TIOJlHTliKa Ii exouovuja; 2.1.6. Oprannsaunja

pecypca Ii ofipaaosan.e, pexpeaunja.

Y .rafienn 2 cy YKJbY'ICHC nauie npencrase 0 nO)KeJbllliM paanepaua H 6pojy pe­

cypca, a raxohe H n.nxosa Mcfjyc06Ha ynan.euocr; To je ynpourheua npcncrana, lLelloM

aHaJJli30M Y04aBaMo na ca OBHX acnekara OIlH rpefia LlU 6YLlY MHor06pojllH, «pynnn H (aa

aehnuy) LlHCTpH6yHpaJIH y eKOJlOWKH PU3J1H'IHTHM cpcnunava (pacejauu).

Tafiena 3, Byuer 11 nepconan IJaI.1110IlaJllII1X napxona lICKl1X 3CiYIaJh<l (iYIO­

Jll1<!ll1KOBaliO npcua An 0 n y rn 0 us, (977)Table 3. Budget and personnel in National Parks in some countries (modi-

fied after An 0 m 0 us. 1977)

~1--3~~Jbe i US$ ua 100011(/ Epo] nepcouunu ua 1000 IraL=ocE~u~tri~sl . IJS$ per 1000 hu Number of staff P~El000 h a

I

HII.LlYCTPl1iCK.I.1..paa..BI..1.jCHe 3eMJhCIndustrially developed countries

I AycTpUill1ja 433,0 i 0,042I Kanana 48,S . 135I Janan 975,0, 0.350iICA,q 4239,0 I 0,350II Ilpa3l1.11 3782,0 ' 3,500II IlPoceqllo 1895,0 . 0,877Ii 3eMJhC y paanojy:'. Developing countries

If' Konro 39,0 iII)l~;a ...1 6Ill,OJI~~~~~~r:-ja j;~:~+-IICeHerUili_ 311,01II Taj.l1UlI,1j -i 48,0 I,

II~r.•.••.a.r~.••~.I.~.J.·.a.......•.•.••·.~t }n:~jttnpocequ() .=1. 180,0' .....'=='=C."'"

IO

DHOJlol'Hja 3alliTHTC uryvcxor npncxca: IhClIH sanaun H nCpCnCKTHBC

Bnonoruja 3aWTI1Te, CTpOrO y3eBWI1, He yxn.ysyje rnrran,e eKOHOMI1KC, ann KaKO

je npnxasano y rafena 3, paaanjeae 3CMJbC onnajajy 11 ,Il,eCCT nyra Bl1IJJC 1I0Bua H ,Il,eCCTO­

CTpyKO 6POjHI1jl1 xanap aa je,UHHHUH nOBpwHHC npl1p0I(Hl1X pecypca nero 3eMJbe y pas­nojy, One paannxe CBC,Il,OlJe 0 KpynHI1M HeI(OCTaUHMa y cdiepn 3aWTI1Te npHpOI(C, npnlJeMy ce npofineu ycnoxosaea THMe WTO je y MHOfHM Hepa3Bl1jeHHM 3eMJ6al\Ja (pI1HaHCI1­

parse xpaja.e HeOnXOI(HO, HapO'lI1TO TaMO rne ce nosehasajy paaue (jlOpMC YHHWTaBaiba

npnpone C063HpOM na je nay-ina H TCXHlI'lKa excneprma 61'IOJIOIJJKllX pecypca y KOHa'l­

HOM 6eCMHcneHa, aKO HCMa HOBuasa OCTBapHBalbC nponopyxa TaKBC CKCnepTl13e.

1.1.1. bOJICCnt

360r 60nccTH y nocnenn.m« neuenajaaa I1ClJe3nC cy MHorc npcre npseha ua 31Ja­

THI1M nOBpWI1HaMa. Y 60nCCTl1 npseha, KOjC npencraan.ajy peanny onaCHOCT, yopajawoofioneu.a xoje 113a3l1Bajy fipojue apcre naTorCHHXrJbHBa, 6aKTepllja, nupyca, nuuiajesa 11

en. (Ka p a u a h A., 1983,1987, 1989/a, 2000, KapaUI111)J,. et al., 1990,2000,2001,

2002, JI a s ap e a B., 2001, I1T,U.). 3Ha'Iaj 611JbflHX 60JleCTI1 (nocefino MHKo3a)je BpJlO Be­

nnxn jep npoyapoxyjy orpovne eKOHOMCKC WTeTe, a WTO ce uajfio.n,e l\lQ)KC carnenaru 113

HeKOJlI1KO cnenehnx npustepa. Ilaroreua rJbI1Ba Phytophthora infestans yuera jc 113 AMe­

paxe Y Espony cpeLlUHOM XIX BCKa, y TOKy 1844 H 1845. ron, nornyno jc ymuurunaxpovnup y HpCKOj H 113a3BaJla MacoBHy man (OKO 200.000 Jl'YAHje 360r iJlaWI CTpaAaJlO,

a OKO 2.500.000 ce I1ceJlI1JlO Y CeBepHY AMepI1KY). Endothia parasitica, npoyspoxcaa-r60JleCTI1 n03HaT non Ha3l1BOM "eHAOTl103a nl1TOMOr xecreua'', yneuieaa je 1904. ron. Y

CAA (aeposarno H3 HCTOlJHC A3I1jC) H norrrnyno yanumoia aMepwlKH KeCTeH (Cas­tanea dentata); 113 Cenepue AMepHKe npenera je y Enpony, npsn nyr KOHCTaTOBaHa

1938. ronnae, a nauac seh npCTI1 6HOJlOUlKOM YHHUlTClhY enponcxor mrrouor KCCTeHa

(Castanea sativa). Ceratostomella ulmi (npoyspoxosa-i xorianncxe 60J1CCTl1 fipecra) je

npBI1 nyr KOHCTaTOBaHa y Eaponn 1919. ron, (sepoaaruo yueureua 113 Hero-me A3Hje) H

YHI1WTHJla je npaKTI1'IHO 6peCT xao exouovcxy spcry ,Il,pBcn. Ilapaaurna rn.uaa Dothi­ehiza populea jaarsa ce y CTanHI1M enl1(jlHTOUl1jaMa H 113a3HBa BeJlI1KC UlTCTC ua eypoave­pH1IKI1M TOnOJlaMa. DOCJlC,Il,~bHX rO,Il,I1IJa CMO CBe,Il,OUI1 MaCOBllor cyureisa KIITIhaKa na ue­noj reparopnju Cpfinje rne ce OBa npcra xpacra jaun.a, a MCt]y MHorHM (!JaKTopHMa KOjI1

yruuy ua CYUlClbC CBaKaKO na 1l0MI1lWIITHO MCCTO 3ay3HMajy rJbI1BC npoyapoxoaa-in 60­

JleCTI1 n03HaTI1X non Ha311BOM "TpaxcoMllK03e" (M a p HHK0 BII n D. et al.. 1990). Ilaro­rene rJbI1Be l.ophodermium spp., Mycosphaerella pini, Sphaeropsis sapinea, Cenangiumferruginosum 11 np, 113u311Bajy BCnl1KC UlTeTC y pacazununora 11 «ynrypava Pinus spcra 11

aa HeKI1M JlOKaJlI1TeTI1Ma ce jasrsajy y CTanHI1M enadnrrouajai« (JI a 3ape B B., 1980,

Ka p a u a h A., 1986,1997, Mu n aj a tu e a a h T., 2000). Ilapaaurua rn.naa Heteroba­sidion annosum yrpoxcaaa oncrauax npl1pO,Il,HHX cacrojnaa cMp4e n jene y llUIJll1M nna­HI1HCKI1M perHOHI1Ma - KOnaOHI1K, AypMI1TOP, Fonnja 11 npyre (M a p 1111J( 0 B II h D.,

ill M 11 T C; 1978, Ka p a uH 11 A., A III) en u h M., 2002). "DOJleCT KOpC 6YK13C", y3pOKO­saaa ca Cryptoeoeeusfagisuga 11 Neetria coccinea, yanurruna je BHUlC 02125% cacrojn­aa 6yKBe y Eapona, npe ,Il,Ba,Il,eCCTaK ronana npBI1 nyr je yuetueua y Cpfinjy, a Bell I1MaMO

11

Anexcaunap TYllOBl1n, )J,parall Kapaunh

noztarxe 0 CYWClhY 6yKBC aa nonpynjy Majnanne-rxe .uOMCIIa 11 HIT "ncpD,un" (M a p 11 H­

xo s ah IT., Kap au nh ~., 1985). Ilpeua nOCnCD,IbI1M nOD,UUI1Ma If npOUCHaMa cxrarpa

ce na ce CBaKc ronane y uryvaaa H WyMCKHM croaapnurraaa ry6lf 30% D,pBHC Macc yc­

nea aKTHBHOCTlf rJbHBa npoyspoxoaaaa TpynC)KH npsera (K a p UU H1'1 ~., A II fj c­

nlf h M., 2002). CBI1 OBH rrpauepn yKa3yjy aa BcnHKC WTCTC KOjC Mory D,a nauecy WyM­

CKOj rtpaapenu, 60nccTI1 113a3aBaHC napu3HTHHM rJbI1BaMa YKOJII1KO ce HC npl1MCHC onro­

sapajyhe MCpC 3aWTHTC.

Kao npaBI1J10, 6110nowKI1 pCCypCH ztpseha in situ H ex situ, OKPY)KCIII1 cy paann­

tIHTHM npHpOD,HI1M H ± KyJlTYpHHM-rajcHI1M aajennauaua npneha, a OHC Mory 6HTI1 cran­

I1H H3BOP ofionesan,a, ann H ornopnocrn ayToxToHI1X apcra npnha. Mane 11 H30nOBaIIC

nonynauaje HMajy TCHD,CHUHjy rCHCTJ1lIKC npOMCHJbHBOCTH, lIlTO ofiyxnara H rCHC OT­

nopaocrn, WTO MO)KC D,OBCCTH D,O pacTa npHjcMtIJbHBOCTH xa 60nCCTHMU. 360r Tora IIl1jC

onpaanano 3a.up)KaBaTH CBe HHD,HBHD,ye BpCTa y jCD,HOM ex situ pecypcy, 6C3 063Hpa na

n.eroae D,lfMeH3Hje. Hsyseraxje, xana y OKBI1PY jCD,HOr pecypca npneha HMaMO lICKonHKO

lf30nOBaHHX nonynaunja, He rpefia aaneraapaaaru H suasaj ne-rypaxa (MI1KpOrJbHBa) y

MeD,HUHHH H y ncxpann, jep OHC npencrann.ajy HCOnXOD,alI D,OD,UTaK MIJOrl1M xynnaap­

CKHM cnCUl1janHTeTI1Ma (K ap a UHn ~., 1995, I1TD,.).

1.1.2. WTCTOqHHC - HHCCKTlf

Cneuajcxa, yHyTapBpcHa KBaJlI1TaTI1BHa 11 KBaHTI1TaTl1BlIU npOMCIIJhl1BOCT uuce­

xara y TCCHOj je Be311 ca )KI1BOTHI1M norenunjanoa D,pBCnU, OD,HOClIO, IbCroUI1M pUCTOM,

pasaaheu, anarrrnnaourhy H D,y)KI1HOM )KI1BOTa. OUU XHnOTC3a rrorsphena je pC3ynTuTH­

Ma 6pOjHHXHCTpa)KHBatIa (8 ac I1n K., 1969, 1975, 8 ac Hn K. et al., 1980, To M 11 n ~.,

1986, TOMHh ~. et al., 1990, 1994,)l{ I1BOj 11 HOB I1h ~., ]963, I1TD,.). Oncycrso ourre­hea,a, a y npncycrsy HHCCKaTa, OD, ana-rajajc sa H3YlIaBUlbC rCIICTlIKC oTnOpHOCTI1 L\PBC­

ha, On anaxaja je H OD,HOC lfHCCKaTa OnpaWI1Ba'Ia H ztpseha, ~UHUC jc yCIlOjCIJO aa jc on­

paurnsan,e HHCCKTHMa MHOro CJlmKCHl1ja nojasa Hero WTO ce TO 0611'1110 npaxaayje H

3aXTeBa neran.anja, npBeHCTBeHO CKCnepl1MeHTaJlHa I1CTpmKI1BaIba CBI1X IbClIl1X KOMno­

HeHTH. Y Ta6cnH 4 eUI1L\eHTHpaHo je 7 KOMnOIICIITI1 11 20 <jJaKTopu On31IU'Iaju3U ± yCMC­

peuo onpaumsaa,e npseha, xoje onpauryjy IlIICeKTH. Y OCHOBUMa 6110nomjc I1HCCKaTa H

npseha rrezce jour Hen03HaTa, ann necyua.nao <jJYlI,aaMcHTunHu csojcraa xoja cy npncyr­

na y )KHBHM CHCTeMHMa. I1HTeH3HBHo MynTH,aI1CUHnnI1HapHO npoy-ranan.e, OnHCI1BUlbe

If xopmuheise OBlfXcsojcraaa Hl1jeneno nanexe 6yD,ynHocTIf.

1.1.3. Cneunjcrca ynyTapBpcHa npOMCHJbHBOCT

EpOjHOCT spcra HlfH,alfBlfD,ya je jCD,Ha OD, OCHOBa 6110norlfjc. HCCYMILlfBO, KUKO no

Ba)KHOCTH, TaKO If aa pa3BHTaK 6110norlfjc, xao 11 sa npaxcy, paasoj nonynaunoue If MlfK­

poeaonyunoae finonoruje IfMa xpynaa ana-raj: TO cy rpane 6HOnOrHjc,KOjC cy 06C36c,aHne

csoje MCCTO y caspeveaoj ClfCTCTCKOj reopnjn enoriyuuje (M a y r E., J 970, G run t v.,

12

Eaonornja 3aLlITI1TC iuyacxor JlpBC>Ka: ILCIII1 saztaun 11 nCpCnCKTI1BC

UBETAlhEIlepuon UBCTaIbaCI1IIXPOIll13aI\l1ja TOKOM 24 -racaVII rrCII311TCT onanau,a uucronaMOP()lOJIOWKa CIlOjCTlJa ()lYUKUI10HaJlUI1X nneroua

fEHETl14KH YCJlOBJhEHA )],l1XOfAMH.rAI1I1TCPllaJI pasnaaian,a nononaPa3i-\BajaILC nonoaa TOKOM 24 xacaIlpenoxpanan.e nepnozta onpaunrnan.a MyUII(J1X II>KCIIIIl:IIX l\IlCTOlJa

fEHETH4KH YCJ10BlbEHA XETEPOCTl1J1H.lA)],IIMOp()maTPI1MOp()lHa

nYUAlhE nPAIUHI1KA H l1CnA)],AlhE nOJIEHATpajan,e nepnozra pacnnan,a nOJIClIa y nonynauaju I1nlI crafianuTpajau.e nparuen.a I10jCJ\I1IHIX l\BCTOIJa ua crafinyOCl1naILC I10JlCIIa TOKOM 24 -iacaTpajan,e ()1113110JIOUII<C ()lYUKllI10II,1JIIIOCTI1 llOJIClIa

I1HCEKTH nPEI-IOCI10Ul1 nOJlElIAHJ\CH1w)lI1Kaul1ja IJpCTaBapajafiunuocr yuymp IlpCTC

AKTI1BHOCT nPEHOCHOIJ,A nOJ1EHAMaKCI1MaJlaH 11 ()lYHKl\110IlaJIau i-\OMCT oupnmnuauaCC30llcKa aKTI1IJIlOCTAKTI1IJIIOCT TOKOM 24 -raca

nPHJEM4HBOCT CEMEHl1X 3AMElAKA - )l{HfOBAI I1UTCpBaJI 113MCt)y nojcnnna-nurx l\BCTOIJaL=_c=I!Pc~cll(;K<lll~!1<lMI1Ka TOKOM 24 -iaca

Ta6eJIa 4. OCHOBIIC KOMnOHCIITC 11 ()laIITOPI1 OnpaWI1BaH,a zrpaeha 11 >1<6yu,aI1lIccKTI1Ma(TY1\OBl1h A., Max aj n o au h Jb., 1994)

Table4. Main components and factors oftree and shrub pollination by insectsc o v i c A., Mi lo v i c

cc_c,,--.-,_c,~·c=. .-,'c 'Co,"~ _,.. ·'.e=, ._,c_cc,·~= c= =~,====c,' "_,,,,=e,,- .c==,--

1981, I1T!-I.). Cneuujcxa 11 yHyTapBpclla npOMCHJbI1BOCT, na xojy jc ycuepen iurrcpec

6110JJomje saurrure npseha, rtpencranrsa jenny 0)), OCHOBa I1HTcrpmmje opraucxor CBe­

ra, 113a311Ba lJyl)elbe lllTO y MHOrl1M HayllIll1M nporpavaua HI1BO ynyrapnpcne npouea­

JbI1BOCTl1lJeCTO ce 3anOCTaBJba (VI Caj eBB. et 01., 1997, 1998, 1999, 111')),., VI Caj e B 8.,2001). Ilpoysaaan,e ynyrapapcne npOMeHJbI1BOCTI1 CBI1X oprauusava, a 11 npseha, xao

cerveara name qJJJope joui ysex je He)),OBOJbHO 11 rperia ra I1HTeH3I1Bl-JpaTI1, uapo-nrro aa

eKCnepl-JMeHTaJJHI1M OCHOBaMa.

KO!-l MaJJI1X nonynannja, ca 2-50 (100) I1H)),I1Bl-J)),ya, unp, onronapajyha BpCTa MO­

)Ke crpanaru 0)), CMatbelba a)),anTI1BHOCTI1 11 oceruor YMaIbeH,a eBOJJyUHoHor nOTeHUI1­

jaJJa, OC06l-JTO ce TO O)),HOCH 11 na npsehe (Ta6eJJa 5).

YMalbelbe 6poja I1H)),I1BI1)),ya npneha y yp6aHI1M yCJJOBI1Ma, nnp. )),OBO)),11 )),0 113­

paaceae I1H6pl-J)),l-JHr-)),enpeCl1je, O)),HOCHO )),0 ncnorsauan.a 6pojHI1X a6110pMaJJHOCTI1 y

IbI1XOBI1M nOTOMCTBI1Ma. BeJJI1I<H pecypcn, HanpOTI1B, noronyjy onpxauan.y reueru-nce

13

Anexcaanap TYIlOBldl, Zlparau Kapauuh

Tafiena 5. Hexe a61l0pMaJIHe OC0611IlC (T31l. l'CIlCTCKH xtcptccpu] CI3HJ\CIITl1paIlC y I10TO~ICTI3Y I1POC­

TOpIlO 1130Jl013aIlHX HJIII cawoortnonunx crafiana myvcxor H yKpaCIIOl' .tpnchn (Ty LI 0­

BHh A., CTHJIHIlOIlHIl C, 1981)Table 5. Somc abnormal properties, genetic markers. recorded in the progeny of spatially isolated

or autogamous forest trees and ornamental trees (Tu eo vic A.. S til i nov i c S., 1981)

BpCTa apneha H 0311aKa eeunenrupaucPCUCCIIBlle OCOOIHIC

II Tree species and the recorded recessive

It.. ......charactersIITilia parvifolia« Tilia argenteai I,2, 12)I[POPUlus nigra (2,3 ..12)"Ulmus effusat I ,2,3,12)ill Betula verucosa n Betula papyrij'era(2,3)IAcer colhicum (2,7.9, 10,12)jlLiqiudambar styracifluai) ,2,3,5.7,9)ilQuercusrobur(2,3,6,7,9,IO)I[Quercus alba H Quercus macranthera',(1,2,3.6,7.9.10)iiSalixcaprea (1,2,3,5,8)ilAlnus gliainosa H Alnus incana (2.3,5)1,IAlbizziajulibrissin( I ,2)IIPinus halepensis H Pinus contortat 1,12)[[Pinus heldreichii( 11 12)

AUIIOP~I:1Jllla ocofiuna (u.cua 0311aKa

nara y anrpanu) "Abnormal character (its sign in the brackctsj]

,

«I) A6I1opMUJlIIOeT ccxrcnn I1!1H lIJI0l10lla :1

1(2) CTepHJIIlOCT ccxrcna II1,(3) Jlcranuocr KJIHjallauu I'I(4) Bl1l3Hllapl1ju '

1(5) rIomlKOTI1JIHja

;(6) Ilonncuripuoueja1(7) IiallH3UM

1(8) Mmcpodinnnja II(9) AJl6HIIJ13UM' 1,'1(10) Flauaurnnanocr JIlICTOlla, (~d bovaricg.rrum;aurcovaricgntum. albo u aurcomaruinauun IITll.) Ii(II) CcporunujaI(12) Ilapreuoxapnaja 01111. naprcnocncpuuja

pa3HOBpCHOCTH O,UHOCHO, ouynaisy pa3JlH4HTHX KOM611HauHja pCTKHX anena y nOJlIIMOP­

</lHHM JlOKycHMa.

3a pasnaxy O,U ,UCH,UPO(!JJlOPC H (!JayHC, KOjC npecran.n.ajy cxyn BpCTa no CP0lJ,HH'I­

KOM-reHCTH4KOM npnnuany, sajenunue cy nOBC3,HIC CKOJlOUJl(llM OlJ,1I0CHMa, one cy crpy­

KTypHa H nponyxuaona OCHOBa CKOCIICTCMa. I-Ia nunoy Jyrocnasnje CBlIJICHTllpallO je

479 sajenuaua, pasupcraunx y 157 CBC3a, 63 pcna H 32 KmlCC. Oaaicuy IXl3IlOBIJeIlOCT

HMa MaJJH 6poj 3aMaJba Espone, na ce oryaa M())KC pasyaern suauaj noairauan.a CKOJIO­

ruje aajenunua. lIHu,ellHua je na cy CKOpO CBH npnxtapuu 06JJHllll scrcraueje Jyrocna­suje aenocpenao HJlH nocpenno yrpOJKcHII HJlH zta cy rennenunje nporacua uerarunue

(C r-e Ba II 0 B Hh B. et al., 1995). Illyucke sajenunue xao l\CJllIIIC, cacrojc ce OJl nonsa­

jennnua xoje ce noaaarsajy H uumeaanajy YCJleJl rora, nOIlUBJl,aIbC cyfinorrynaunja YIlY­

Tap rajeunx pecypca (MCTanonyJlaUHOHa xouuenunja npn OCHHBalhY CCMClICKHX nJIaH­

raxca npaeha) HMa npCllHOCTH npn ovysarsy rClIOl!JOH,Ua nojClJ,IIHIIX npcra npneha (Ty­

U 0 BHn A. et al., 1991). lIaK jenna ± yjenua-reua sajennana 3aXTCBa BHlUC Y30paKa ca

jenner HJlH anure recrpadicxnx nonpysja 3eMJbC. YKOJllIKO jc aajenunua MaJIa.rana 'tCCTO

KJlHMaTCKH H reOJlOWKH nopevehaja, a raxohe H rtoscap Mory IlCJI0uarn noryfino no fbY.

TIPH npojexroaan.y H ra3JlOBaIbY npHpOJlHllM pecypcuva rpcfia IIMaTl1 y niuty II najnehe

14

Eaonoruja 3alllTI1TC uryjacxor ztpncsca: IbClIH sananu 11 nCpCIJCKTI1BC

nopevehaje. 3a uayxaaan,e exonornje sajenuaua neonxonun cy xpynuujn pecypcn. CaMOna 3HaTHHM nospumnaaa Moryne je H36aJIallCHpall0 KOM611110Baibe cyKuecHBHHX CTanH­jyua, HeonXOnHHX aa npezcaan.aaau,e MlIorHX BpCTa npseha, rn.una H )KI1I30THIba (HIIce­

xara), Bpanaa H3yMHpal-ba y KpymIHM aajennnuava oceTIIOjc HmKaon MaJlI1X, WTO je ap­ryaenr y KOpHCT xpynnnx HH CHTy 6HOJlOlllKHX pecypca. Ilopen rora, y KPYlllIIIM pccyp­CHMa HMaH anure spcra. YKOJIHKO je 6P3Hl13 yvupau.a BpJlO mICKa, rana je Moryna OpH­

jenraunja na auuie MaJlHX, nonyisyjylinx pecypca. DpOCTopHa (reorpatpcxa HJlII CKO­JlOWKa) 6J1HCKOCT aajennuua je uaacua.jep npn TOMe ynehasa Hpaaueny rena Mel)y IhllMa.

2.1.5. nOJHtTHKa Ii etcouo srnja

DHOJlOWKa 3aWTHTa npaeha ocrnapyje ce OpraHI130BallO ua smue 1II1[30a opraun­aauuje, Y Ta6eJlH 6 npaxasan je pacnopen neJlaTHOCTII 11 nnnoa OpraHH3<1LUljc ua Kojl1Mace ocrsapyjy, WTO ce He MO)\(e peanusouaru ca MaJlI1M CpenCTlHIMa.

Heonxonno je YKJbYlll1BaTI1 y cdiepy 6110JlOWKe 3aUlTl1Te npneha CBe III1Boe: HIIBOMel)yHaponHI1X sajennaua, HI1BO np)Kelle, HI1I30 oprannsaunja II IIIIBOIIcrpmKIIBa'13, rIOT­

pefina je npaBI1J1Ua crpareruja (rafiena 7), ycnojcna on CIlCTCKC IIJIII McljyllaPOLlllIlX 3a­jenauua, npacase, HOBaL~ 11 aelu: 6poj ncrpaaoma-ra. Ilocroje nne OCIlOlllIC crparernjc 113­

aere y Ta6eJll1 7 aa OCTBapl1BaIne 6HOJlOlllKe 3aWTIITe npneha: 1) lIaCHBHa Kp03 (IHI3I1'IKy3awnITY pecypca 11 npeztauhan.a 6Ylly11110CTlI, 11 2) asrunua-diynunouanna, «oja ce CBO­

nH na peuraaaise np06J1eMa. Ca paaeojev npywTBa 11 CBe Be1101\1 cseuihy H 6pI1rol\1 sa na­uaunse 11 nacrynajyhe reaepaunje npneha, CTaJIIIO pacre norpeoa sa OCTBapl113aIheM± ycvepeue penponyxunje npaeha. ,l.l;pyWTBO )KeJlI1 na peiuana np06J1eMe 6110JIOllJKC pe­

nponyxunje no csaxy ueuy, aJIl1 nmKeJbHI1 eK0l\10HCKH acnexru CBaKaKO ysehaeajy ony

peanusaunjy.

Tafiena 6. Pacnopen ):(cnaTlIOCTlI 11 1Il1BOH 11£1 KOjHMa cc 01111 onnnjajy

Table 6. Activities and their levels

HI1BOHLevels

CI3ETCKA VlJiJ;f ME'nY!-IAI'q:I,HA3A.JE)J,IIVlL(A

World or international community)J,P)I{ABACountry

orrAHJ;f3AUVlJA__ OrganisationVlCTPA)I{VlBAlJ

Researcher

JlEJIATllOCTllActivities

llpOTOKOJIH.IICKJIaP,lI\1IjC

Protocols, dcclarations

C'rpaTCIllKH UI1J(,CBII, 3aKOIlI1, IIPOIIlICH 11 nopue

Stratcgic_aims, laws, regulations, standards)J,yropoclIlH 11 KpaTKOIXl'IIl11 :1,UI<lIIH

L()ng~tcrm and short-term tasksKpaTKopo'11Il1 3aIWIII1

Anannsa pexoxuinuauuonor ClICTCMa

Ouena CHUba 6110JIOIllKC pcuponyxuujc npnehaShort-term tasks

Analysis of recombination systemAssessment of tree biological reproduction.

15

AJICKCaHJlap Tyuoanh, ~parml Kapauuh

AKTHBAHActive

HAllHH PA~A

Method

ITIl'EBEHTI1BA

iPrevention

YTBPJlHTH najuounje cran.e CnCI\HjcKc H

ynyrapnpcue npOMClIJI,HIlOCTH

Yn03IIUTH npouuce H CIlpOBCCTH HX Y

onronapajyhnu oprannaauujaxra. 3aMclIa nucuuudaKTHlllIOM 6HOJlOWI(()M3aIUTHTOM.

TIPE~I3I11)AlhA

Predictions- JC)IHllHI\a KOPHlII!,\clba rClIO(]IOlI)(a 6HOJIOlIlKHX

pecypca jc rClIO(!IOIIJ\ IlpCTC npncha, rJbma,

HliCCIGlTa

- OnpCJlCJIHTH ce aa CKOHOMCKH .nrauajue IJpCTC

- YTIlPJlHTH IICIITpC OTIlOPIlOCTH sa I'JbHIlWlIIC

60JICCTI1

- YTIlPJlI1TH I(CIITPC OTIlOPIlOCTH aa ourrchcn.a 0)(

111ICCKaTa H CJI.

Y'rnpJlHTH KOpHCIICIlpCTC rn.una- YTBPJ(HTH JlCKOBHTC CYIlCTaIIIIC, I1T)(.

113y'IHTI1 PCKOM6H1IaIIHOliH CHCTCM IIpC'U xaocrpcrcrnjy ± yCMCpClIC IlpmICIUbIIBOCTH

15I10flOIllKO-EKOHOMCKA ~ObVlTI Biologic-economic gain

I bI10JlOUJI(H pccypcu IIC oficsfiehyjy Jl0611T. ~OEI1T CEI CTI3APA 31-IAlbEM. ~()6HT je ua] ncha aKOjc J"n""__ iI

iJl,OMA·liE.

Tafiena 7. Pa3JIHKa H3MC1)y nacauuor H aKTHBllOr (~)YHKUHolIaJIllOr) upnnasa y pcmanan.y npofi­JIeMa 6HOJIOWKC 3aWTHTe npueha

Table 7. Difference between passive and active (functional) approach in the solution of problemsof tree biological protection

r~-~ --Il--- nACHBAH

I

Passive

C~;U~;C~H'JlHBep3HTeT

Yuyrapcneunjcxa IlPOMCHJbHBOCT

<I>H3H'-IKa 3aWTHTa H3J1BOjCIIHX H

npH3HaTHx 6HOJIOlUKHX pecypcain situ!H ex situHEMA EKOHOMCKE ~05I1TI1

INo economic gain

Y Ta6eJUI 8 npaxasan je, unp, 6poj l1CTpmKI1Ba'!a no POAOlll1Ma npneha, Hay'llll1Maanaunaa 11 BmKHl1jl1M perHOHI1Ma CAA, KOjl1 nanexo npenaaanase 6poj l1CTmKlllla'!a yaauroj 3eMJbI1, Ma,na je 11 Halla 3eMJba n03HaTa no 60raTcTBy nereraunje 11 eKOHOMCKl1

3Ha'mjHHX BpCTa npseha.

Ilocefian CHCTeM sa OCTBapHBaJ1>e KBallHTCTa 6110110WKe perrponyxnnje ofiesfiehy­je T3B. peKOM6HHauHOHH CHCTeM (Ty U0 BHfi A. et al., 1994). )J,e(!lHHHCaIbe pCKoM6HHa­

UHOHHX ¢aKTopa 11 uanoa pCKoM611HauHoHor Cl1CTCMa aa nojcnnnc BpCTC npneha (rafie­na 9) HMafie sennx sua-raj aa OCTBapI1Bal1>e ± ycvepeae npOl13BOAI1>C ceMCIICKor H canner

MaTepHjMa npseha, a nonaaehu OA L\oMafiHX 6HOJlOWKHX pecypca in situ 11 ex situ. )J,ony­fbaBal-beM Mo,nena peKoM611HauHoHor CI1CTeMa ovoryhaaa ce nornyuo HOB MOL\ell aa yn­paarsaise KBMHTeTOM OA HAcje AO n.erone ynorpefie. To 3Ha'IH Aa CBC nocrojehe, KaO 11

16

Encnoraja 3alIITHTC lIlYMCKOr npnexra: IhCIiH sanaun H m:pCI1CKTHBC

Ba)l\lIl1jll peruouuMajor regions

BalKlllljll lIay'lIIl1 aanaunMajor economic tasks

Acer

Po.u

Genus

Caryaj -

,.+~-..~.Alnus

! Betula

4

1338

2

171

Tafiena 8. Ilpernen 6poja HCTpUlKHBa'la IlO POllOBHMa npneha, nay'lIlllM aanaunxra H llUlKllHjHM PC­

rHOHHMa CA)J, (KpHC6Jl, npcxra Ty u o u n h A" 1990)Table 8. Number of researchers pCI' tree genera, scientific tasks and major regions in USA (Kricbl,

1990)

I-L . ~~J.__~IBapajafinnuocr, CKOc!JI13110m- IIraja, cenexunja, illCIiTpaJIIIH, jyroHCTO<1I111

tp a 3Mll o lKa Ba a lh e ~----

Bapl1ja611JlIIOCT, CCJlCK[\Hja lLI,cIITpaJilIH,3anHilIiH

InO~YJIaUI101Ia npY'IaBaIbU,' iCCBCPH~-UCIITP~lllI1IOIlJlaMClhHBalhc !C:CllCPIIO IICTO'IlIH

'XH6pH.uH3aLIH,ja, BcrC'laTHBHO 'ICCBCpliO nCTO'1I1l1

ip'a3MIIOlKaBUI),c 1 _

! XH6pH.uH3,nIHja, PC3HCTCIITllD- ,Castanea ' . ICCBCPIIO H lyrollCTOClliH

t

o ICT ua 60JlCCTH !'

1 •. = Celtis [PC3HCTciiTllocr un 60JICCTH_=rle:CBCPIlO LIClrrpaJlIlH

2 ----1'- Fagus ICCJlcKUHja ._._ ..... ,JyroHcTo'IIIH

, IfIOl1yJIaUHOlICl npoy-raaan,a I' 'I Fraxynus ICCJlCK1IHja. ' ... tCCBCPIiO UClITpaJIIIlI,J)TOHCTO'IIlH

-, --.J I ICCJlCKLlHja, OIlJICMClhHBaIhC,- IL"'l" ,,-- ..____J 9__ J ~g ans ._I.cr30IC, x'H6pHJIH3a IIHja __ : CIiTpaJIlIH

3~ ~~~~iO~~lldrO~-l~;~:j::c~~I~~CT'CCJlCKLIHja'J::~~~~~I~,r~~::'~~aJIIIII31 I L 'd. b 1·.CCJlCKUHja, TCCTOBH, CCMCIICKC I.JyroHcTo'IIIH,, yqtu am ar' 0-.. --+ -'j{~I~I~j':~JlI!OCT' XH6PH.uH3UI(W!IJ,YlKIIH, IICIITPClJlIIII

46 I Populus I[a, IlOIlYJIaUHOIIa HCI1HTHllaIha, IC'y)KIIII, LlCIiTpaJIHllI " , , CBCpIIO, LlCll'qXUIHll-.rl nOJIIIIlJlOHJIHJCl, xynrypa TKHB~lj.

I Prunus II.l.a.p.H. .i a. 6HJIIIOCT, CCJICKU._.Hja. _.. lJ YI.llHCTO'I.IIII,.C.'C.'IlCPIICHICTO'IIIH,Quercus IBapHja6HJlIIOCT, CCJlCI<Ullj<l. __ .1)')1(1111, LlC11'rpaJll111

i 11 BapHja6HmIOCT. ccncxuuja, iI Robinia . . . [Llcurpanuu

---i. !IlCrCTaTHBIiO pa3MII())IWBaIhC .1 .Ir--..... _1_ _..__~___ Salix_.,!)c3HCTCIiTIIOCT na fion. .... _ CCBCPIiO-LICIiTpaJI II II

8 I UlmusJ~:~;~:~~~~;~~;~ ua fion., .. _I ~~~~~~~~::~;rrpaJlJIH32

--- ~'II--"- I BapHja6HJlIIOCT, CCJlCKuHja, I .Platanus, . . IJYlKHH H iyroncrouu»

i CCMCllCKe IUIaHTCllKC .

nnaaapaae Mepe Mopajy 6111'11 uay-mo jacno ll,erpl1HI1CaHC, I1HTerpaJIlIO (CKOCI1C1'eMCKI1)carnenane 11, llI1'O je HajBa)l{Hl1je, eqlHlwcHO peanmoaaue. Taxohe, nonpasyveaa ce na 1-/,11­XOBO .uerpl1HI1Calhe 11 peannaaunja Mopajy retia CI1I1XPOHI130B<1110 II xorrnurynpaao, 6e306311pa.ua JlH ce pann 0 KpaTKOpOLJHHM 11JI11 .uyroPOlIIIHM MepaMa KOjC ce MeI)yco6110 npo­)l{HMajy 11 ycnoan.asajy, TOKOM HapeWH1X BeKOB<1, nauru nOTOMLlI1 he Hac 11J111 XBaSIHTH

17

II

IV

III

AJIeKCaH.L\ap Tyuoaah, )],paraH Kapaunh

MJUI npoxnmsara, y 3aBHCHOCTH ca KOnHKO ycnexa CMO OCTBapIUlH aKTHIlHY ± ycuepeay

6HonolllKy penponyxunjy zrpseha.

):(a6H CMO H36erJJH nOnHTHQKe KOHepnHKTe, KOjH ce Ol\HOCe na craryc 6HOJIOIIIKHX

pecypca, HeOnXOl\HO je CBeCTH aa MHHliMyM cysotin.anan,a pa3nHclHTHX mrrepeca. Jenaa

on Y3pOKa cyxofirsaaan,a je H y npananeronatrov crarycy 6I10noUJKl1x pecypca in situ 11

ex situ y peruotnma, rae cy noxanne IlnaCTI1 aamrrepecosaae sa n.nxony I1HTeH3I1IlHHjy

excnnoarauajy. Oryna cnezm, UJTO je 60Jba nOnHTI1Ka mapa je II Mpe)Ka 611onolllKI1x pe­

cypca. Mana pecypca oCHI1Bajy ce naxure, jedrraanje, ann je fbl1XOIlO onpxcaaas,e HCCyM­

fbl1BO cxynrse aa nnannpaaov mmoy 11 o.npel)eHoM epesreny. Cyxuecuja sajeznuma II tbl1­

XOBa nerpanaua]a, raxohe, je noaesaaa ca pasvepaaa pecypca.

Tafiena 9. Xnjepapxajcxa HHBOIf If perynaropnn {~aKTOpH pexoxifinnnuuouor CHCTeMa npueha IflK6Ylba, npexraGran t-y (1984) ca nonynaxa H1I3MellaMa

Table 9. Hierarchical levels and regulatory factors of tree and shrub recombination system, afterGrant (1984) amended and modified

rf:::'j~-~ ~-~--=~_~=-=o--_ pe~(~~~;;;1;~~;~fH __~=-~- =_=_1EPOJ 11 KOJI11411HA KOM13V1HAL(VlJA fEHA TOKOM MYIJ lKE VI )KEI [eKE: MEJ03E I

_____ Num~er and gua1"!t~of gcn~c~mb~nati()llsduring_lll<lle and female meiosis I1.Epoj XpoMo30Ma i2.Epoj E-XpoMo30Ma I3.lJecTIfHa xpocnnroaepa I

4.Epoj MyWKIfX If lKellCKIfX rauera I5.CTepIfJlHocT cnopa !

-----+----=E=Pc::Oc::J~11"KOJlM4HHA KOMEHI-IAIJ,l1JA fEHA-:Y I3PEME-(j{UIO'I'lElhA -jl_________~.\lmber~I1(Lgllantityo(gcne (;()ll1Q!n_[jtio l1s dL,ringlc.rtili~ati()I1__11

6.CIfCTCM onpaunruan,a II7.ClfcTeM yxpurran.a "I8.CcJleKUlfja 31frOTa, evfipuoua i9.Epoj cevena If xapaicrep KJlHjalba !10. nOTcHUHjaJl pacnpocrpan.en.a I

11. BCJlWIHHa nonynaunja I12. Kapaxrep ycneumocru yxpnrran.a

~ 1L <::_I1..Q..JbalUlblf 1f30!la~If{)IIlfl'vlcxaHH3rvtl1

KOJlI111I1HA KOMEI1HAl(I1.JA fEHOTl1nOBA .1£)],1 IE rEHEPAl (I1JAf---__~---_---Q.LIa..11.tity of_~l1otype eombinatiOl,siflon~gcll(:r<l!i()n

14. CTCplfJlHOeT nOTOMaKa15. )],YlKlflla lKHBOTa reuepauajc

nPE)I{~~JhPj3Al~YE~~.f~hOBATJ.«PACXOBi1116Bt1Xj(OMEI1IIAUH.IA~;I___________ .. __ g~()type survivaI,J..~Il.-C2"_combinations I

17. OTBOpCHC 3aje.L\Hlfue I18. Orpana-ieno OTBopeHC 3ajC.L\IlHUC ij

L==== 1~.__ __c2~;rIl.9~}:lc3a.ie.L\III;1HS=,====~- .1

18

EHOJlOmja 3alllTHTC myxcxor npneaca: ILCIIH 3UJ\m\H H nCpCneI(THnC

2.1.6. Oprauaaaun]a pecypca, otipaaoaan,e II pexpeaunja

0l10JIOWKI1 pecypc11 in situ H ex situ pa3McwTcHH rro uenoj ,ll,p)KanH nHWC cy noc­T)'rrH11 noceraua Jby,ll,11 H nonpnaoce ofipasoaatsy 11 pexpeaunjn Jby,ll,l1. Y1cTpmKI1BalbC yOBUM 06JIaCTI1Ma rrOKa3aJIO je HC,ll,OCTaTaK nytinnxaunja KOjC 06pal)yjy osy H3BaHpC,ll,HOBa)KHY MaTepHjy. Pe3YJITaTH cy capcranu y TpHrpyne: a) Tpa,ll,Hl.\HoHaJIHH HaClHH 06pa30­san.a (cpemse WKOJIC, Q>aKyJITCTH, nOCJlC,ll,l1rrJIOMCKa nacrasa, nrn.), 6) HCTpa,ll,HUHOHaJI­HH 06JII1UH ofipascaan,a (ceaauapn, cHMno3HjyMH, xonrpecn, KypCCBH, H CJI.) 11 B) pas­MeHa acxycrasa Kp03 JIll'IHe KOHTaKTe. 3Halhe II CBeCHOCT npyurraa ce pasnaja ca pa3BO­jeM 6110JIOWKOr casnan,a, Ma,ll,a nocrojn 3HaTH11 pacxopax y 6P3HHH Tor pa3B11TKa.

3. 3AKJbyqIJ:II

113 06aBJbeHe xparxe aHaJIH3e xparepajyaa 0 nnannpan.y H rasnoaan.y npnpon­HHM pecypcava in situ H ex situ (pasvepa, 6pojy HH,ll,HBH,ll,ya, pa3MewTajy ofijexara, 60­JIeCTHMa, WTeTO'lHHaMa, cneunjcsoj Hyayrapapcaoj npOMeHJbHnOCTH, CKOJI0rI1j11 sajen­uaua, rrOJIHTIIl.\II, eKOHOMHUH, pexpeauuia, opraansaunja ncrpaaoraan,a), xoja ce O,ll,HOCena aKTIIBHY 6IIOJIOWKy 3awTHT)' npneha, cnena JIOrI1'1aH 3aKJbY'laK: 6HOJlOWKH pecypcnnpseha in situ H ex situ rpetiajy 6HTH KpyI1IlH, paaaoapcnn H paaueurreun reorparpcsu HeKOJIOWKH (MHOro6pojHH) no '-1HTaBoj Llp)KaBII. lbuxos 6poj 3anHCH on HaIllIIX MorynHo­CTH. Ha rrOcIeTKY oaor CTOJIena ocraje lIaM napana aKTIIBHe (CPYIIKIlHOHaJlHC) CTpaTCrI1je3aIllTHTe 6HOJIOmje npseha, OC0611TO eH,ll,eMCKHX H peJlHKTHI1X npcra. DpCMaTOMe, 6110­Jl03HMa xoje 3aHHMa 3aIllTHTa 6110JIOIllKHX pecypca npseha IICOrrXO,ll,HO je na BCn cana IIC­norse CBOj yruuaj na peurasan,e OBHX rnrrarsa (oprauasaunjn axrnsue 3aIllTHTe, ycne­penoj 6HOJlOWKoj penpozryxnnja, CKOHOMCKI1 sna-rajmrx BpCTa H CJI.). Y1IITeIl3HBaH pas­BOj 6HOJIOWKe 3aIllTHTe npseha onanja ce y pa3BHjelll1M 3eMJbaMa CBeTa, nox 3eMJbe y pas­sojy noxyurasajy na cnene rpeun y sehoj 11JlI1 Malboj MepH, y 3arHICIIOCTI1 on MaTepHjaJI­HHX MOrynHOCTH, KYJIT)'pe H CTaBa npxcaauor pyxoaoncraa.

OHOJlOIllKa 3aIllTI1Ta npseha je OTBOpeHO HOBO, npno IllHpOKO nonpysje nan-ax 11C­rpaxasau.a y H3,ll,BojeHI1M npHpO,ll,HI1M 6I10JlOWK11M pecypcnva in situ 11 ex situ. aBO jeHOBa 06JIaCT ucrpaxasan,a xoja HeMa BeJlI1KY rpanuuajy. Ilopen nay-me npC,ll,1l0CTH OBa­xsor npanasa norpetiaa je H eKOIIOMCKa cruxrynauaja aa CHCTeMCKO 11 CHCTCMaTCKO pe­urasaa,e ± ycuepene penponyxnnje npneha. 06HM 11 KOMnJlCKCHOCT one 06JIaCTI1 11CTpa­)KHnalba uawehy norpeoy sa ,ll,aJbHM auraacoaan.nraa H Hayclllo-HcTpmKHl3a'lI<HM panouseher 6poja TI1MOBa, on KOjHX 611 HCKH MOrJIH na 6y,ll,y nonpscann on uryuapcxe CTpyKC 11npyurrsa Y UCJIHHH.

YBol)clbeM MO,ll,eJIa PCKOM6I11lal.\HOHOr CHCTCMa ovoryhana ce rtornyno HOB npn­JIa3 aaynpasrsan.e KBaJII1TeTOM CYKl.\CCHBHHX renepaunja npseha. To 3H(1'II1,ll,a cue rrOCTO­jehe, xao H nnanapane Mepey MOneJIy Mopajy 6HTI1 naysno jacuo ,ll,eqJI11H1CaHe, nnrerpa­JIHO (eKoc11CTeMCKI1) carnenaae 11, WTO je uajaasourje, eqJI1KaCHO peaJIH30nUHe. Taxohe,nonpasyaeaa ce na IhHxono ,ll,eQ>HHHcalbe 11 peanuaaunja Mopajy TenH CHHXpOll1130naHO

19

Anexcanaap TYUOBl1n, ,T"{parall Kapauuh

H KOHTHHyHpaHo, 6e3 063Hpa na lUI ce paAI1 0 KpaTKOpO<IHlIM I1JlH ayropo-nmu MepaMaxoje ce npo)l(HMajy H ycnoan.aaajy

JIHTEPATYPA

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BH Can (327-333)

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K ap au Hh )J,. (1989/6): Hajueiuhe ensuaey xynmypaua apuuta. tieso: (iopc 11M()jI1lJ(e ua Konaonu­KY, 3aWTHTa 6l1Jba, Vol. 40(3) (189,309-317)

Kap au uh ,T"{. (1995): Fn.uce Hauuonanuoe naptca j(ypMUI110p, 11<1I1HOII<1I11I11 napx ")Ka6Jl"IK" l1lllyuapcxn (!mI<YJlTCT YHl1BC3HTeTa y Ecorpany, Eeorpan (1-270)

K ap a u l1h )J,. (1997): Mycosphaerella pini E. Rostrup apud Munk: pacnpocmpau.en.e, enuocstuo­noeuja. suava] u cysbujan.e. UJyMapCTBO 4-5, CJ;JTUIHlI)l" Bcorpazt (3-21)

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IIUX cjJaKmOpay OOYM1IPWbY U(VMa 11 uoeyhuocmu aa ce na IbliX ymunc, lllyuapcruo2-3, CHTIlll1n,T"{, Eeorpan (39-52)

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20

El1oJlomja 3aIIlTHTC llIyMcKor npneaca: IhCIlH 3anaLU1 11 nCpCnCKT1lIle

Ka p au a h .[{., AII1)cJll1h M. (2001): HOJleCI71U Y UlYMCKU.M pacaouuuusta, CaBc3 Fopana llpnerope, Ilonropaua (1-99)

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uaua U UlyMCKUM cmocapuuunuua. Lleurap sa 3alllTHTY Hynanpchen.c InyMa IIpueFope, Ilonropnua (1-154+ 32 crpauc (llOTOllpHJlOra)

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uena Od 60Jlecmu 11 ucmemouuna, Ccsmuap "Caxyn.n.an,c, zrcpana 11 YCKJlanHII1TC­the uryxrcxor ceveaa y J.rI. Cpfinjauryue", Tapa, 26-28. oxrofiap

M H n uj a 1lI e B 11 Ii T. (2000): RpOY1WGWbe tiuocronoeuje ensuce Sphaeropsis sapinea Dyko & Sut­

ton - npoyspoxocaua nponaoau.a Pinus cpcma y yptiauus« CpedWIC/o1W U npupoouusipesepcamuua, )lOKTOpcKa W1CCpTaIll1ja y pyxonucy, l1lY~IapCKI1IIl<lKYIlTeT YIIHBCp­3l1TCTa y Eeorpaay, Eeorpan

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(Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) It sesusouepuu (Geomctridac) llemuincunctce neuoiape,

".[{cJlI16paJlaTCKI1 necax" 36oPIll1K panona VI, Flan-rcao (4X9-4%)

21

Anexcaaaap Tyuosah, ,lJ,parall Kapaunh

Ty U0 BIin A. (1987): Ilpotineuu ouycausa U ytianpehensa eeuoqiouoa nctcocumoe opceha U :J/c6y­

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maxca opeeha, CaBeTOBaIbC "rIPOIllJlOCT Ii 6YllynllocT cpncxor myuapcrna xao <IIi­

unoua pasaoja Cpfiaje", CI1TWl1rI,lJ" Beorpan (315-391)

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Ty U0 BIin A., 11 Caj eBB. (1994): PmMIIO;J/ca6G1be, xujepapxujcxu 1I1WOU U peeyanmopini rjJaK­

mopu peKOM6uHaljUOIIOZ cucmesia yxpacuoe opeeha II »cbyu,«, 360pnHK panoea,,3eJleIIHJlO Ii ypfiauucru-nca peuicu,a Bcorpana". J)COI'PaJI (265-336)

Ty U0 BIih A., 11 Caj eBB. (1994): 3mumuma eenodiouoa opeeha U ;J/c6Ylba 1I «ounoneume peKO­

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necka, 3alllTliTa 6liJha 7, Beorpan

Aleksandar TucovicDragan Karadzic

BIOLOGY OF FOREST TREE PROTECTION: ITS TASKS AND PERSPECTIVES

Summary

The logical conclusion of the short analysis of criteria on natural resource planning andmanagement in situ and ex situ (scale, number, intraspecific variability, ecology of communities,policy, economy, organisation of research, recreation), referring to active biological protection of

22

Bnonoraja 3aUITI1Te uryvcxor ztpaezca: IbeHH saaaua H nepcneicnme

trees, is as foIlows: biological resources of trees in situ and ex situ should be large, diverse and ge­ographicaIly and ecologically distributed throughout the country. Their number and scale dependon our potentials. At the beginning of the new century, we have to create an active (functional) strat­egy of the protection of tree biology, especiaIly endemic and relic species. Accordingly, the biolo­gists interested in tree resource protection should already exercise their influence in solving theseissues (organisation of active protection, more or less directed reproduction, of economicallysignificant species, etc.). The biological protection of trees has an intensive development in the de­veloped countries of the world, while the developing countries are trying to follow the trend, de­pending on their material sources, culture and attitude of their state government.

Biological protection of trees is an open, new, and very wide area of further research in al­ready set aside natural resources in situ and ex situ. This is a new field of research, without a longtradition. Along with the scientific value of this approach of the systematic and systemic solutionof more or less directed tree reproduction, we also need an economic stimulation. The scope andthe complexity of this field of research requires further scientific work of a greater number ofteams, some of which should be supported by forestry profession and thc society in general.

The introduction of the model of tree recombination system enables a completely new ap­proach to quality control of the successive generations of trees. This means that all current andplanned measures in the model must be clearly scientifically defined, integrally (ecosystem) un­derstood and, most importantly, efficiently realized. Also, their definition and realisation must besynchronised and continual both in case of short-term and long-term measures, which are interde­pendent and inter-conditioned.

23