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Einfuhrung in die Pragmatik und Diskurs:Vorlesung 2: Common Ground. Collaboration.
Grounding mechnisms
Volha Petukhova & Nikolina Koleva & Christine Ankener
Universitat des Saarlandes
Sommersemester 2015
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Overview for today
Introduction: Language as collaboration
Common ground
Establishing common ground
Communicative Intention/Kommunikative Intention
Basic reading: Clark, H. H., and Brennan, S. A. (1991). Groundingin communication. In L.B. Resnick, J.M. Levine, & S.D. Teasley(Eds.). Perspectives on socially shared cognition. Washington: APABooks (online)
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Collaboration in language
speaking and listening are collaborative processes
conversing is collective activity
any successful communicative act requires participants tocoordinate with one another
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Collaboration in language
speaking and listening are collaborative processes
conversing is collective activity
any successful communicative act requires participants tocoordinate with one another
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Collaboration in language
speaking and listening are collaborative processes
conversing is collective activity
any successful communicative act requires participants tocoordinate with one another
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Having a discourse = collective activity
Collective performance = individuals doing their parts andadjusting to one another
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Having a discourse = collective activity
Collective performance = individuals doing their parts andadjusting to one another
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Examples
A. Did you go to the store?B. Yes, I got the milk.
A. Did you go the store?B. Excuse me?A. Did you go to the store this morning?B. Yes, I got the milk.
A. Did you go the store?B. The grocery store?A. Yes.B. Yes, I got the milk.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Examples
A. Did you go to the store?B. Yes, I got the milk.
A. Did you go the store?B. Excuse me?A. Did you go to the store this morning?B. Yes, I got the milk.
A. Did you go the store?B. The grocery store?A. Yes.B. Yes, I got the milk.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Examples
A. Did you go to the store?B. Yes, I got the milk.
A. Did you go the store?B. Excuse me?A. Did you go to the store this morning?B. Yes, I got the milk.
A. Did you go the store?B. The grocery store?A. Yes.B. Yes, I got the milk.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
The collaborative theory
assumption
communication is adding to ‘common ground’, the sharedknowledge.contributing to common ground is contributing to discourse.
principle of mutual responsibility
establish the mutual belief having understood what the othermeant
grounding process
provide a basis for correct understandingcontribution
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding in Conversation
In order to have an effective conversation, the participantsneed to understand each other
Real spoken conversation is very messy
incomplete sentences;overlapping turns;pauses;noisy voice data / unintelligible utterances
To do this they need to ground their communication
Listener has to notice that something was said (pay attention)Listener has to hear what was said (perceive)Listener has to understand what was said (interpret)Listener has to understand what was meant (evaluate)Listener has to perform adequate further action(-s) (execute)
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding in Conversation
In order to have an effective conversation, the participantsneed to understand each other
Real spoken conversation is very messy
incomplete sentences;overlapping turns;pauses;noisy voice data / unintelligible utterances
To do this they need to ground their communication
Listener has to notice that something was said (pay attention)Listener has to hear what was said (perceive)Listener has to understand what was said (interpret)Listener has to understand what was meant (evaluate)Listener has to perform adequate further action(-s) (execute)
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding in Conversation
In order to have an effective conversation, the participantsneed to understand each other
Real spoken conversation is very messy
incomplete sentences;overlapping turns;pauses;noisy voice data / unintelligible utterances
To do this they need to ground their communication
Listener has to notice that something was said (pay attention)Listener has to hear what was said (perceive)Listener has to understand what was said (interpret)Listener has to understand what was meant (evaluate)Listener has to perform adequate further action(-s) (execute)
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding in Conversation
So what is grounding?
Making sure that the listener understand what the speakersaid
Making sure the speaker knows the listener understood
Making sure the listener knows the speaker knows the listenerunderstood, etc.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding in Conversation
So what is grounding?
Making sure that the listener understand what the speakersaid
Making sure the speaker knows the listener understood
Making sure the listener knows the speaker knows the listenerunderstood, etc.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding in Conversation
So what is grounding?
Making sure that the listener understand what the speakersaid
Making sure the speaker knows the listener understood
Making sure the listener knows the speaker knows the listenerunderstood, etc.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding in Conversation
So what is grounding?
Making sure that the listener understand what the speakersaid
Making sure the speaker knows the listener understood
Making sure the listener knows the speaker knows the listenerunderstood, etc.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
So then what is common ground?
Information that participants know that they all know:
Common cultural and social historyPublic history of the interactionCurrent public state of the interaction
Common ground accumulates as the interaction continues
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
So then what is common ground?
Information that participants know that they all know:
Common cultural and social history
Public history of the interactionCurrent public state of the interaction
Common ground accumulates as the interaction continues
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
So then what is common ground?
Information that participants know that they all know:
Common cultural and social historyPublic history of the interaction
Current public state of the interaction
Common ground accumulates as the interaction continues
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
So then what is common ground?
Information that participants know that they all know:
Common cultural and social historyPublic history of the interactionCurrent public state of the interaction
Common ground accumulates as the interaction continues
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
So then what is common ground?
Information that participants know that they all know:
Common cultural and social historyPublic history of the interactionCurrent public state of the interaction
Common ground accumulates as the interaction continues
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Evidence in Grounding
Speakers attempt to make sure they were understood bylisteners
To do this, they look for evidence of understanding
Speakers can look for both positive and negative evidence
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding a contribution
presentation phaseA. Did you go to the store?
acceptance phaseB. Yes, I got the milk
refashion
presentation 1.: A. Did you go the store?presentation 2.: B. The grocery store?accept 1 / presentation 3.: A. Yes.accept 2 / presentation 4.: B. Yes, I got the milk.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding a contribution
presentation phaseA. Did you go to the store?
acceptance phaseB. Yes, I got the milk
refashion
presentation 1.: A. Did you go the store?presentation 2.: B. The grocery store?accept 1 / presentation 3.: A. Yes.accept 2 / presentation 4.: B. Yes, I got the milk.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding a contribution
presentation phaseA. Did you go to the store?
acceptance phaseB. Yes, I got the milk
refashion
presentation 1.: A. Did you go the store?presentation 2.: B. The grocery store?accept 1 / presentation 3.: A. Yes.accept 2 / presentation 4.: B. Yes, I got the milk.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding a contribution
presentation phaseA. Did you go to the store?
acceptance phaseB. Yes, I got the milk
refashionpresentation 1.: A. Did you go the store?
presentation 2.: B. The grocery store?accept 1 / presentation 3.: A. Yes.accept 2 / presentation 4.: B. Yes, I got the milk.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding a contribution
presentation phaseA. Did you go to the store?
acceptance phaseB. Yes, I got the milk
refashionpresentation 1.: A. Did you go the store?presentation 2.: B. The grocery store?
accept 1 / presentation 3.: A. Yes.accept 2 / presentation 4.: B. Yes, I got the milk.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding a contribution
presentation phaseA. Did you go to the store?
acceptance phaseB. Yes, I got the milk
refashionpresentation 1.: A. Did you go the store?presentation 2.: B. The grocery store?accept 1 / presentation 3.: A. Yes.
accept 2 / presentation 4.: B. Yes, I got the milk.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding a contribution
presentation phaseA. Did you go to the store?
acceptance phaseB. Yes, I got the milk
refashionpresentation 1.: A. Did you go the store?presentation 2.: B. The grocery store?accept 1 / presentation 3.: A. Yes.accept 2 / presentation 4.: B. Yes, I got the milk.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding a question
Elementary exchangeA. Did you go to the store?B. Yes, I got the milk
ExpansionA. Did you go to the store?B. Excuse me?A. Did you go to the store this morning?B. Yes, I got the milk.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding a question
Elementary exchangeA. Did you go to the store?B. Yes, I got the milk
ExpansionA. Did you go to the store?B. Excuse me?A. Did you go to the store this morning?B. Yes, I got the milk.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding a question- II
CompletionA. Did you go the ... uhh ...?B. Store?A. Yes.B. Yes, I got the milk.
ContinuationA. Did you go the store?B. to get milk and eggs?A. Yes.B. Yes.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding a question- II
CompletionA. Did you go the ... uhh ...?B. Store?A. Yes.B. Yes, I got the milk.
ContinuationA. Did you go the store?B. to get milk and eggs?A. Yes.B. Yes.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Negative feedback
Involves a new communicative action on the part of the listener
repetition
A. Did you go to the store?B. A store?A. Yes, a grocery store
fill-in-the-blank
A. Did you go to the store?B. Go to where?A. To the store
clarification questions
A. Did you go to the store?B. Which store you mean?A. Grocery store
and many other methods
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Negative feedback
Involves a new communicative action on the part of the listener
repetition
A. Did you go to the store?B. A store?A. Yes, a grocery store
fill-in-the-blank
A. Did you go to the store?B. Go to where?A. To the store
clarification questions
A. Did you go to the store?B. Which store you mean?A. Grocery store
and many other methods
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Negative feedback
Involves a new communicative action on the part of the listener
repetition
A. Did you go to the store?B. A store?A. Yes, a grocery store
fill-in-the-blank
A. Did you go to the store?B. Go to where?A. To the store
clarification questions
A. Did you go to the store?B. Which store you mean?A. Grocery store
and many other methods
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Negative feedback
Involves a new communicative action on the part of the listener
repetition
A. Did you go to the store?B. A store?A. Yes, a grocery store
fill-in-the-blank
A. Did you go to the store?B. Go to where?A. To the store
clarification questions
A. Did you go to the store?B. Which store you mean?A. Grocery store
and many other methods
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Negative feedback
Involves a new communicative action on the part of the listener
repetition
A. Did you go to the store?B. A store?A. Yes, a grocery store
fill-in-the-blank
A. Did you go to the store?B. Go to where?A. To the store
clarification questions
A. Did you go to the store?B. Which store you mean?A. Grocery store
and many other methods
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Negative feedback
Involves a new communicative action on the part of the listener
repetition
A. Did you go to the store?B. A store?A. Yes, a grocery store
fill-in-the-blank
A. Did you go to the store?B. Go to where?A. To the store
clarification questions
A. Did you go to the store?B. Which store you mean?A. Grocery store
and many other methods
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Negative feedback
Involves a new communicative action on the part of the listener
repetition
A. Did you go to the store?B. A store?A. Yes, a grocery store
fill-in-the-blank
A. Did you go to the store?B. Go to where?A. To the store
clarification questions
A. Did you go to the store?B. Which store you mean?A. Grocery store
and many other methods
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Negative feedback
Involves a new communicative action on the part of the listener
repetition
A. Did you go to the store?B. A store?A. Yes, a grocery store
fill-in-the-blank
A. Did you go to the store?B. Go to where?A. To the store
clarification questions
A. Did you go to the store?B. Which store you mean?A. Grocery store
and many other methods
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Positive feedback
continuers: *yeah*, mmhm, etc.
relevant next turns: i.e., something that makes sense incontext and continues the conversation
A: I am hungryB: There are some sandwiches in the fridge
continued attention: HELLO! ANYONE AWAKE OUTTHERE?
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Positive feedback
continuers: *yeah*, mmhm, etc.
relevant next turns: i.e., something that makes sense incontext and continues the conversation
A: I am hungryB: There are some sandwiches in the fridge
continued attention: HELLO! ANYONE AWAKE OUTTHERE?
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Positive feedback
continuers: *yeah*, mmhm, etc.
relevant next turns: i.e., something that makes sense incontext and continues the conversation
A: I am hungryB: There are some sandwiches in the fridge
continued attention: HELLO! ANYONE AWAKE OUTTHERE?
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Positive feedback
continuers: *yeah*, mmhm, etc.
relevant next turns: i.e., something that makes sense incontext and continues the conversation
A: I am hungryB: There are some sandwiches in the fridge
continued attention: HELLO! ANYONE AWAKE OUTTHERE?
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding Changes With Purpose
Participants alter their grounding methods according to situationand content
Alternative descriptionsAdding more detail to ensure grounding
Indicative gesturesPointing, other gestures
Referential installmentsBreaking a description into understandable chunks, e.g.123...45..6789
Trial referencesSpeaker puts out a tentative reference; listener ratifies orrejects it
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding Changes With Purpose
Participants alter their grounding methods according to situationand content
Alternative descriptionsAdding more detail to ensure grounding
Indicative gesturesPointing, other gestures
Referential installmentsBreaking a description into understandable chunks, e.g.123...45..6789
Trial referencesSpeaker puts out a tentative reference; listener ratifies orrejects it
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding Changes With Purpose
Participants alter their grounding methods according to situationand content
Alternative descriptionsAdding more detail to ensure grounding
Indicative gesturesPointing, other gestures
Referential installmentsBreaking a description into understandable chunks, e.g.123...45..6789
Trial referencesSpeaker puts out a tentative reference; listener ratifies orrejects it
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding Changes With Purpose
Participants alter their grounding methods according to situationand content
Alternative descriptionsAdding more detail to ensure grounding
Indicative gesturesPointing, other gestures
Referential installmentsBreaking a description into understandable chunks, e.g.123...45..6789
Trial referencesSpeaker puts out a tentative reference; listener ratifies orrejects it
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Grounding Changes With Purpose
Participants alter their grounding methods according to situationand content
Alternative descriptionsAdding more detail to ensure grounding
Indicative gesturesPointing, other gestures
Referential installmentsBreaking a description into understandable chunks, e.g.123...45..6789
Trial referencesSpeaker puts out a tentative reference; listener ratifies orrejects it
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Individual goals and collaborative activities
Not everyone seeks perfect understanding
Some goals dictate perfect understanding (high criteria)
Question:How do participants’ goals affect the nature and extent of theircollaboration?
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Individual goals and collaborative activities
Not everyone seeks perfect understanding
Some goals dictate perfect understanding (high criteria)
Question:How do participants’ goals affect the nature and extent of theircollaboration?
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Experiment ’City-tour’
high vs low criteria
‘paired’ and ‘impaired’ people
result 1: goal affects collaborationresult 2: no effect for role: contributor vs addresseeresult 3. elementary presentations most frequentresult 4. collaborate, but minimize effort
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Experiment ’City-tour’
high vs low criteria
‘paired’ and ‘impaired’ people
result 1: goal affects collaborationresult 2: no effect for role: contributor vs addresseeresult 3. elementary presentations most frequentresult 4. collaborate, but minimize effort
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Individual and shared knowledge
Question: does knowledge affect collaboration?
Experiments withexperts and novicesTask: Expert directors describe postcards to novice matchersA. number 3 is the church on this plainB. Oh yes, Ludwigskirche
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Individual and shared knowledge
Question: does knowledge affect collaboration? Experiments withexperts and novicesTask: Expert directors describe postcards to novice matchersA. number 3 is the church on this plainB. Oh yes, Ludwigskirche
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Collaboration and cognition
different perspectives - accommodationIf unsuccessful - refashionCommon ground may be qualitatively different
Example:A. so I see you in Dialogue Lab in C 7.4B. Perfect, it’s a building at the edge of forestA. uhm... you mean MMCE building?B. Wait. MMCE building? I mean the Coli new building behind C7.1 and 7.2 building, the last one before forest beginsA. Yes, that’s right, this is one.
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Features of communication
Copresence: participants are near each other, and can point atobjects in common ground
Visibility: participants can see each other; allows gestures,facial expressions
Audibility: participants can hear each other, and use naturallanguage
Cotemporality: participants can expect to receive a timelyreply; interruptions or delays are significant
Simultaneity: participants can send and receive at the sametime; allows interruption, backchannel feedback
Sequentiality: participants contributions are strictly ordered,and cannot get out of order
Reviewability: participants can look at the past history of theconversation
Revisability: participants have the option of editing theircontributions before they commit to them
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Features of communication
Copresence: participants are near each other, and can point atobjects in common ground
Visibility: participants can see each other; allows gestures,facial expressions
Audibility: participants can hear each other, and use naturallanguage
Cotemporality: participants can expect to receive a timelyreply; interruptions or delays are significant
Simultaneity: participants can send and receive at the sametime; allows interruption, backchannel feedback
Sequentiality: participants contributions are strictly ordered,and cannot get out of order
Reviewability: participants can look at the past history of theconversation
Revisability: participants have the option of editing theircontributions before they commit to them
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Features of communication
Copresence: participants are near each other, and can point atobjects in common ground
Visibility: participants can see each other; allows gestures,facial expressions
Audibility: participants can hear each other, and use naturallanguage
Cotemporality: participants can expect to receive a timelyreply; interruptions or delays are significant
Simultaneity: participants can send and receive at the sametime; allows interruption, backchannel feedback
Sequentiality: participants contributions are strictly ordered,and cannot get out of order
Reviewability: participants can look at the past history of theconversation
Revisability: participants have the option of editing theircontributions before they commit to them
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Features of communication
Copresence: participants are near each other, and can point atobjects in common ground
Visibility: participants can see each other; allows gestures,facial expressions
Audibility: participants can hear each other, and use naturallanguage
Cotemporality: participants can expect to receive a timelyreply; interruptions or delays are significant
Simultaneity: participants can send and receive at the sametime; allows interruption, backchannel feedback
Sequentiality: participants contributions are strictly ordered,and cannot get out of order
Reviewability: participants can look at the past history of theconversation
Revisability: participants have the option of editing theircontributions before they commit to them
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Features of communication
Copresence: participants are near each other, and can point atobjects in common ground
Visibility: participants can see each other; allows gestures,facial expressions
Audibility: participants can hear each other, and use naturallanguage
Cotemporality: participants can expect to receive a timelyreply; interruptions or delays are significant
Simultaneity: participants can send and receive at the sametime; allows interruption, backchannel feedback
Sequentiality: participants contributions are strictly ordered,and cannot get out of order
Reviewability: participants can look at the past history of theconversation
Revisability: participants have the option of editing theircontributions before they commit to them
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Features of communication
Copresence: participants are near each other, and can point atobjects in common ground
Visibility: participants can see each other; allows gestures,facial expressions
Audibility: participants can hear each other, and use naturallanguage
Cotemporality: participants can expect to receive a timelyreply; interruptions or delays are significant
Simultaneity: participants can send and receive at the sametime; allows interruption, backchannel feedback
Sequentiality: participants contributions are strictly ordered,and cannot get out of order
Reviewability: participants can look at the past history of theconversation
Revisability: participants have the option of editing theircontributions before they commit to them
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Features of communication
Copresence: participants are near each other, and can point atobjects in common ground
Visibility: participants can see each other; allows gestures,facial expressions
Audibility: participants can hear each other, and use naturallanguage
Cotemporality: participants can expect to receive a timelyreply; interruptions or delays are significant
Simultaneity: participants can send and receive at the sametime; allows interruption, backchannel feedback
Sequentiality: participants contributions are strictly ordered,and cannot get out of order
Reviewability: participants can look at the past history of theconversation
Revisability: participants have the option of editing theircontributions before they commit to them
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Features of communication
Copresence: participants are near each other, and can point atobjects in common ground
Visibility: participants can see each other; allows gestures,facial expressions
Audibility: participants can hear each other, and use naturallanguage
Cotemporality: participants can expect to receive a timelyreply; interruptions or delays are significant
Simultaneity: participants can send and receive at the sametime; allows interruption, backchannel feedback
Sequentiality: participants contributions are strictly ordered,and cannot get out of order
Reviewability: participants can look at the past history of theconversation
Revisability: participants have the option of editing theircontributions before they commit to them
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Comparison: face-to-face v. chat
?
new media
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Comparison: face-to-face v. chat
?new media
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Conclusions
Grounding is essential to communication
Communication is a collaborative activity
Content and task affect grounding
Medium affects grounding
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Conclusions
Grounding is essential to communication
Communication is a collaborative activity
Content and task affect grounding
Medium affects grounding
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Conclusions
Grounding is essential to communication
Communication is a collaborative activity
Content and task affect grounding
Medium affects grounding
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015
Conclusions
Grounding is essential to communication
Communication is a collaborative activity
Content and task affect grounding
Medium affects grounding
V. Petukhova & N. Koleva& C.Ankener Pragmatik & Diskurs: Einfuhrung .../04/2015