ekonomika da biznesi · ekonomika da biznesi noemberi-dekemberi NOVEMBER-DECEMBER ... doebisaTvis sasurvel mdgomareobaze orientireba Ca-nacvlebulia ZiriTad Rirebulebebze orientaciiT

ekonomika

da biznesi

noemberi-dekemberi

NOVEMBER-DECEMBERНОЯБРЬ-ДЕКАБРЬ

2013

ECONOMICS aND BUSINESSÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ È ÁÈÇÍÅÑ

ISSN 1987-5789

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso referirebadi

da recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli JurnaliÌåæäóíàðîäíûé

ðåôåð

International refereed and reviewed scientific and practical journal of the Faculty of Economics and Business,

Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåôåðèðóåìûé è ðåöåíçèðóåìûé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêèé æóðíàë ôàêóëüòåòà Ýêîíîìèêè è Áèçíåñà Òáèëèññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èìåíè Èâ.

Äæàâàõèøâèëè

gamodis 2008 wlis ianvridan, or TveSi erTxelPublished since January, 2008 once in two monthÂûõîäèò ñ ßíâàðÿ 2008 ãîäà ðàç â äâà ìåñÿöà

redaqciis misamarTi: Tbilisi, universitetis q., #1, Tsu maRlivi korpusi, me-13 sarT.,

tel. 230-36-68, 599-10-38-16; 599 24-77-47.e-mail: [email protected]

3

saredaqcio kolegia

revaz gogoxia – mTavari redaqtori,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis akademikosebi,

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: vladimer papava, avTandil silagaZe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori leo Ciqava.

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: iuri ananiaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, Temur beriZe, giorgi RaRaniZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani, nugzar Todua, irakli kovzanaZe, naTela lacabiZe, eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maia margvelaSvili, qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia, daviT narmania, nugzar paiWaZe, sergo sanaZe, irakli saRareiSvili, demur siWinava, mirian tuxaSvili, eTer xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe, roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki xelaZe, Temur Sengelia, emzar jgerenaia.

EDITORIaL BOaRDRevaz Gogokhia – Editor-in-chief, Doctor of Economic sciences, professor.Academicians of National Academy of Sciences of Georgia, Doctors Of

Economics Sciences, professors: Vladimir Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, correspond-ing member of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doctor of Economic Sci-ences, professor Leo Chikava.

Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abe-sadze, Temur Beridze, Giorgi Gaganidze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Natela Latsabidze, Eka Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, David Narmania, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Irakli Sagareishvili, Demur Sichinava, Mirian Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, Nodar Khaduri, Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.

ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈß

Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ – ãëàâíèé ðåäàêòîð, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð.

Академики Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè, äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, чëåí-êîððåñïîíäåíò Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð Ëåî ×èêàâà.

Äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Òåìóð Бериäçå, Георгий Гаганидзе, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Натела Лацабидзе, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìåñõèÿ, Давид Нармания, Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Серго Санадзе, Иракли Сагареишвили, Демур Сичинава, Ìèðèàí Òóõàøâèëè, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Акаки Хеладзе, Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ.

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saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.

volfgang vengi – berlinis (germania) universite-tis profesori, harald kunci – branderburgis (ger-mania) universitetis ekonomikuri Teoriis kaTedris gamge, pilipenko e.v. emd. ruseTis mecnierebaTa aka-demiis uralis ganyofilebis ekonomikis institutis kurganis filialis direqtori. kim taqsiri – ruse-Tis mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, jozef xasi-di – pireusis (saberZneTi) universitetis ekonomikuri fakultetis dekani, profesori, tomas haldma – tartus (estoneTi) universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis ad-ministrirebis fakultetis dekani, profesori.

FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:

Wolfgang Weng – Professor at Berlin University (Germany), Harald Kunz – Head of department of Economic theory at Brander-burg University (Germany), Pilipenko E.V. Economical doctor in science, economic branch in Kurgan unstityte, region of Ural, Rus-sia. Kim Taksir – Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Joseph Hassid - Dean of the Faculty of Economics Piraeus Uni-versity (Greece), Professor, Toomas Haldma – Tartu University’s Dean Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, profes-sor (Estonia).

ÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:

Âîëôãàíã Âåíã - Ïðîôåññîð Áåðëèíñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êóíö Ãàðàëä – çàâ. êàôåäðîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òåîðèè Áðàíäåðáóðãñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Пилипенко Е.В. Д.Э.Н. - Директор Курганского филиала ИЭ УрО РАН, Êèì Òàêñèð – Àêàäåìèê Ðîññèéñêîé Àêàäåìèè Íàóê, Äæîçåô Õàññèä – äåêàí ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà Ïèðåéññêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãðåöèÿ), Òîîìàñ Õàëäìà - äåêàí ôàêóëüòåòà ýêîíîìèêè è àäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèÿ áèçíåñà Óíèâåðñèòåòà Òàðòó (Ýñòîíèÿ), ïðîôåññîð.

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sarCevi

ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika

revaz gvelesiani. Tanamimdevruli da etapobrivi

reformebis socialuri teqnika ...........................................................10

ЕВГЕНИй МНыХ. Научная составляющая экономическихинноваций…..................................................................................................... ……………………… avTandil CuTlaSvili. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi

tendenciebi ............................................................................................................. 31

inga balarjiSvili. racionaluri arCevanis problema

postsabWoTa politikur bazrebze ............................................... 49

mikro-makroekonomika

Tengiz verulava. samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis

sistema _ jandacvis efeqtiani dafinansebis meqanizmi...65

ТАТЬЯНА ОМЕЛЬЯНЕНКО. Производственные приоритеты и процесс разработки производственной стратегии предприятия…...............................................................................……………………………………………nona gelitaSvili. Tanamedrove sapensio reformis

miznebi da strategia saqarTvelosTvis .................................... 103

menejmenti. marketingi. turizmi

giorgi RaRaniZe. qarTuli sasoflo-sameurneo

produqciis konkurentunarianoba da saeqsporto

strategiis formirebis sakiTxebi evrokavSiris

bazarze ..................................................................................................................... 113

................. 23…

.................................. 91…

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leila qadagiSvili. organizaciuli kulturis

formirebis sakiTxisaTvis ............................................................... 127

daviT niJaraZe. kulturuli Tavseburebebis gavlena

komunikaciis procesze saerTaSoriso firmebSi ........141

finansebi da sabanko saqme

maia gogoxia. fulis Tanamedrove Teoriebis

zogierTi aqtualuri sakiTxi .........................................

eka grigalaSvili. sagadasaxado politikis

srulyofisa da efeqtianobis amaRlebis

sakiTxisaTvis ................................................................................................. 179

Cveni iubilarebi

Rirseul iubilars - Rirseuli jildo ............................ 192

Jurnal „ekonomika da biznesis”, 2013 wlis #1-5-is

Sinaarsi ............................................................................................................... 195

JurnalSi _ „ekonomika da biznesi”, samecniero

statiebis warmodgenisa da gamoqveynebis wesi ....... 202

................. 153

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CONTENTS

ECONOMIC THEORY aND ECONOMIC POLICY

REVaZ GVELESIaNI. Social Techniques of Successive and Gradual Reforms ........................................................................... 10ЕVGENI МNIKH . Scientific component of economic innovations .................................................................................... 23aVTaNDIL CHUTLaSHVILI. The Main Indicators of EconomicDevelopment for the USA ................................................. 31INGa BaLaRjISHVILI. The Problem of Rational Choice on the Postsoviet Political Markets .......................................................... 49

MICRO – MaCROECONOMICS

TENGIZ VERULaVa. Medical Savings Accounts: Effective mechanism for financing health care ............................................. 65TATIANA OMELIANENKO. Production priorities and the process of developing production strategy of the company ....................... 91NONa GELITaSHVILI. Objectives and strategy of modern pension reform for Georgia ..........................................................103

MANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISM

GIORGI GaGaNIDZE. Competitiveness of Georgian Agro products and creation of the export strategies on the EU marke .113

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LEILA KADAGISHVILI. The Issue of Organizational Culture Formation ......................................................................................... 127DaVID NIZHaRaDZE. The characteristics of the cultural impact on communication process in the international firms ...... 141

FINaNCIaL ECONOMICS

MaYa GOGOKHIA. Some Actual Questions of the Modern Monetary Theories ...................................................................... 153EKA GRIGALASHVILI. For the Question of improvement of Tax Policy and Heighten its Effectiveness .................................... 179

BIRTHDaY aNNIVERSaRIES

Deserved gift for the hero of an anniversary ............................. 192

Contents of “economics and business” #1-5, 2013 ...........................195In magazine “Economic and Business” , Presentation of scientific articles and submission rule ……..............................................….. 202

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С О Д Е Р ж А Н И Е

ЭКОНОМИчЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ И ЭКОНОМИчЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА

РЕВАз ГВЕЛЕСИАНИ. Социальная техника последователь-ных и этапных реформ ............................................................ 10ЕВГЕНИй МНыХ. Научная составляющая экономических инноваций ................................................................................ 23АВТАНДИЛ чУТЛАшВИЛИ. Основные тенденции социально-экономического развития СшА ..........................31ИНГА БАЛАРДжИшВИЛИ. Проблема реального выбора на постсоветском политическом рынке ..................................... 49

МИКРО-МАКРОЭКОНОМИКА

ТЕНГИз ВЕРУЛАВА. Система медицинского сберегательно-го вклада – эфективний механизм финансирования здравоох-ранения .................................................................................... 65ТАТЬЯНА ОМЕЛЬЯНЕНКО. Производственные приоритеты и процесс разработки производственной стратегии предприя-тия ............................................................................................. 91НОНА ГЕЛИТАшВИЛИ. Цели и стратегия современной пен-сионной реформы для Грузии ...............................................103

МЕНЕДжМЕНТ. МАРКЕТИНГ.ТУРИзМ

ГЕОРГИй ГАГАНИДзЕ. Конкурентноспособность грузин-ской сельскохозяйственной продукции и вопросы формирова-ния экспортной стратегии на рынках Евросоюза ................113

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ЛЕйЛА КАДАГИшВИЛИ. К вопросу формирования органи-зационной культуры .............................................................. 127ДАВИД НИжАРАДзЕ. Влияние культурных особенностей на процесс коммуникаций в международных фирмах ...........141

ФИНАНСы И БАНКОВСКОЕ ДЕЛО

МАйЯ ГОГОХИЯ. Некоторые актуальные вопросы совре-менных денежных теорий ..................................................... 153ЭКА ГРИГАЛАшВИЛИ. К вопросу совершенствования и по-вышения эффективности налоговой политики ..................179

НАшИ юБИЛЯРы

Достойному юбиляру – достойная награда ....................... 192

Содержание журнала «Экономика и бизнес» за 2013 г. №1-5. ...................................................................... 195Правила представления и опубликования научных статей в журнале «Экономика и бизнес»........................................... 202

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Tanamimdevruli da etapobrivi

reformebis socialuri teqnika

revaz gvelesiani

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwi-fo universitetis sruli profesori, ekonomikuri

politikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli, ekonomikuri poli-tikis qarTul-germanuli institutis direqtori

ekonomikuri politikis problemebis gadaWris SesaZleblobaTa araracionalur SefasebasTan mx-olod maSin gvaqvs saqme, roca ugulvebelyofilia gad-awyvetilebis miRebis sazRvrebi. isic unda gaviTval-iswinoT, rom problemis gadawyvetisas arsebuli codna unda gamoviyenoT, romelic aseTi codnis sazRvrebis codnasac gulisxmobs [1, gv. 64].

SemecnebiTi informaciis (codnis) sazRvrebis Ses-axeb codna Semdegi moTxovnis winaSe gvayenebs:

• sazogadoebrivi progresis interesebidan gamom-dinare nebismieri lokaluri cvlileba maqsimalurad sistemurad unda gaviazroT da

• rogorc gadawyvetilebis momzadebis procesis organizeba, ise masze orientirebuli mTeli Zalisxmeva, faqtobrivi mdgomareobis analizsa da mis Sesaxeb in-formaciis mopovebis SesaZleblobebs unda daemyaros.

am postulatis pirvel nawilSi nagulisxmevi procedura yvelaze damajereblad Tanmimdevruli re-formebis socialuri teqnikis formulirebiT poperma [2, gv.64] Camoayaliba. meore mxare zemoaRniSnuli so-cialuri teqnikis praqtikul gamoyenebas exeba. igive mcdelobad unda miviCnioT lindblomis [3, gv.301] mier

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revaz gvelesiani

SemoTavazebuli meTodi. romelic erTmaneTisagan izo-lirebul, TandaTanobiT cvlilebebs gulisxmobs.

Tanmimdevruli reformebis gatarebis social-uri teqnika arsebul SesaZleblobebs emyareba. „ daugegmavi moqmedebis“ politika ver iyenebs yvela Sanss, romelsac miuxedavad misi SezRudulobisa, ra-cionaluri procedura gvaZlevs. adamianuri codnis SezRu¬dulobis gacnobiereba Rrma eWvs badebs imasTan damoki¬debulebaSi, rasac poperi [2, gv.157] utopiur so-cialur teqnikas uwodebs. saqme exeba im konstruqtiv-istul pozicias, romelic jer kidev platonisTvis iyo cnobili da romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebrivi idea-lis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia mxolod globaluri gegmis saSualebiT. am poziciis mimarT arsebuli eWvi ar aris damokidebuli im warmodgenebze, romlebsac amgvari socialuri teqnikis warmomadgeneli idealuri sazogadoebis Sesaxeb flobs. poperis TvalsazrisiT arsebiTia [2, gv.158] is, rom:

• idealis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi, gabatonebul nak-lovanebebTan SedarebiT, Znelad gasagebi da Sesafase-belia;

• yovel SemTxvevaSi bundovania arsebobs Tu ara iseTi sazogadoeba, romelsac idealurad miiCnevs ara marto axlandeli Taoba, aramed momavali Taobebic da am mxriv maTi bedi winaswar aris gansazRvruli;

• sazogadoebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis veli im-denad kompleqsuria, rom SeuZlebeli xdeba imis Se-faseba, Tu ramdenad realizebadia misi globaluri da mravalmxrivi cvlilebis gegma;

• ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli situaciis gaum-jobeseba, ras unda movelodeT am gegmis ganxorcielebi-dan da ra xarjebTanaa igi dakavSirebuli.

misgan gansxvavebiT Tanmimdevruli reformebis socialuri teqnika gulisxmobs, rom:

• sazogadoebrivi naklovanebebis dadgena ufro

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advilia, vidre misi idealuri mdgomareobis gansazRvra. es ase xdeba, vinaidan arseboben sazogadoebis iseTi wevrebi, romlebic am naklovanebaTa gamo itanjebian da iseTebic, romlebic praqtikulad adastureben, rom ar ZaluZT tanjul wevrebs Caenacvlon;

• ufro advilia konkretuli naklovanebis aR-mosafxvrelad organizeba, vidre imis dadgena, Tu rogori unda iyos momavlis sazogadoeba da misi re-alizebis mizniT gaerTianeba;

• nawilobrivi cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi ufro ad-vilia gverdiTi Sedegebis Sefaseba da saTanado te-qnologiis Sesaxeb codnis SeZena;

• ufro advilia maTi ganwyobis Sefaseba, viszec konkretulma SezRudulma cvlilebebma pozitiuri an negatiuri zemoqmedeba moaxdina;

• politikuri ideebis formirebis decentralize-buli da demokratiuli procesi ufro met Sanss gva-Zlevs imisaTvis, rom uamrav SefasebaTa Soris kompro-miss mivaRwioT. agreTve aucilebelia progresirebadi cvlilebebis mniSvnelobis Tanmimdevruli aRiareba;

• Tu aRmovaCenT, rom SezRuduli cvlilebebis Se-degebi mcdarad aris Sefasebuli, maTze danakargebic Semcirdeba;

• ufro advilia SezRuduli cvlilebis SesaZlo marcxis mizezebis gageba da misi aRmofxvrisaTvis sa-Tanado damxmare saSualebebis mobilizeba, vidre es mo-qmedebis globaluri programis Cavardnis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli;

• bolo ori mizezidan gamomdinare SezRuduli cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba bevrad ufro nakleb risk-Tan aris dakavSirebuli;

• miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi ufro naklebad ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs da arc demokratiuli me-Todebi irRveva.

ekonomikur politikasTan damokidebulebaSi aseTi

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revaz gvelesiani

socialuri teqnika imas niSnavs, rom miznad dasaxulia sawyisi mdgomareobis nawilobrivi, magram sagrZnobi gaumjobeseba. niSandoblivia iseTi samizneebis arse-boba, rogoricaa magaliTad, inflaciis donis SezRudva, sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebSi sasuqebis Setanis Semcireba, damokidebuli dasaqmebidan TviTdasaqmebaze gadasvlis xelSewyoba, vaWrobis arasatarifo SezRud-vebis gauqmeba, jandacvis sistemasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis Semcireba da a.S. praqtikul RonisZiebebT-an dakavSirebuli samizneebi ar gamoricxavs progra-mulad gansazRvrul grZelvadian miznebs, rogoricaa mag., fasebis stabiluroba, garemos gaumjobeseba, an socialuri usafrTxoebis xarjebis Semcireba. praq-tikuli proceduris SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba iseTi cv-lilebebis dagegmvas, romlebic aradamakmayofilebeli situaciidan gamoyvanas da ara „saboloo miznebamde“ miyvanas gvpirdeba.

Tanmimdevruli reformebis socialuri teqnika racionaluri ekonomikuri politikis modelicaa. mar-Talia, es teqnika poperma utopiuri poziciis sawinaaRm-degod Camoayaliba, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom glo-baluri da kompleqsuri cvlilebebi absoluturad arasasurveli iyos. piriqiT, codnasTan dakavSirebul SesaZle¬blobaTa gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT maTi da-pirispireba cxadhyofs, rom aseTi cvlilebebis mxolod fragmentulad ganWvreta da mizandasaxulobis mxolod mimarTulebis dadgenaa SesaZlebeli. amasTan, sazoga-doebisaTvis sasurvel mdgomareobaze orientireba Ca-nacvlebulia ZiriTad Rirebulebebze orientaciiT da gasaqani Tavisufal ganviTarebas eZleva.

etapobrivi reformebis SemTxvevaSi ar cdiloben arsebuli mdgomareobisa da im SesaZlo cvlilebebis Sefasebas, romlebmac sazogadoebrivi keTildReoba unda Seqmnas. piriqiT, mis adgils ikavebs „analizisa da Sefasebis socialuri fragmentireba“ [4, gv.104; 235].

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es niSnavs, rom rogorc gadawyvetilebis velis Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba da damuSaveba, ise ekonomikur–politikuri gadawyvetilebis momzadeba decentral-izebul proce¬durebs warmoadgens. es ki ekonomikur politikaSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis mTeli procesis gamoyenebas gulisxobs.

demokratiuli meTodebisa da etapobrivi re-formebis sazRvrebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. wanamZRvrad unda aviRoT interesTa iseTi harmonia, romlis drosac gamoricxulia Sexedulebebsa da ineteresebs Soris gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegoba [5, gv.63]. amitom aseTi so-cialuri teqnika yvelaze ukeT im sazogadoebebs miesad-ageba, romlebSic konsensusi sufevs, rogorc ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis arsebiTi Sinaarsis, ise miznad dasax-uli socialuri cvlilebebis zogadi mimarTulebis Sesaxeb [3, gv.30]. ekonomikuri politikis TvalsazrisiT es niSnavs, rom arsebobs koncefcia, romelsac SeuZlia umravlesobis mxardaWeris mopoveba. aqedan gamomdinare cxadia, rom socialuri teqnika ar aris dezorientire-buli. aseTi koncefcia arc uryev sazogadoebriv ide-alzea orientirebuli, romelic nacvlad uzarmazari naxtomisa, patar-patara nabijebiT miiRweva. aRniSnuli koncefcia cvlilebas ganicdis, amitom am SemTxvevaSi nagulsxmevi wesrigis politika mudmiv amocanad rCe-ba.

ramdenadac etapobrivi reformebis Sansi poli-tikuri praqtikis safuZvelze mcirdeba, amdenad maTi koreqtura yovelTvis socialuri teqnikis amocanas warmoadens. problemaTa gadawyveta damokidebulia demokratiul proceduraTa wesebis mudmiv gaumjobese-baze da ara axali da ukeTesi kadrebis Ziebaze. isic cnobilia, rom problemis gadawyvetis adamianuri Sesa-Zleblobebi erTob SezRudulia. saqme exeba iseTi in-stituciuri RonisZiebebis gatarebas, ra drosac Su-aleduri donis gadawyvetilebis mimRebi mxolod umn-

16

revaz gvelesiani

iSvnelo da advilad gamosworebad Secdomas uSvebs. amave dros ar arsebobs absoluturad sando insti-tutebi. maTi funqcionirebis unari damokidebulia im adamianebis profesionalizmsa da pirovnul Tvisebebze, romlebic am institutebs ayalibeben [1, gv. 66].

Tanmimdevruli da etapobrivi reformebis so-cialur teqnikas xSirad akritikeben ara marto uto-piuri socialuri teqnikis momxreebi, aramed sazoga-doebis sxva radikaluri reformatorebic. saqme exeba mis kritikas im aspeqtiT, rac gulisxmobs sazogadoe-bis gardaqmnas demokratiuli meTodebiTa da special-urad am mizniT Seqmnili institutebis saSualebiT. amasTan imasac ,,amtkiceben”, rom aseTi socialuri te-qnika TiTqosda: „Sinaganad icavs sistemas“, aferxebs progress, amarTlebs ekonomikuri politikis sixistes da mxars uWers „koncefciis arqonis koncefcias“. amg-vari kritikis sawinaaRmdegod unda aRiniSnos, rom:

• sazogadoebrivi progresi demokratiis safuZvelze SedarebiT swrafad miiRweva. vinaidan SezRuduli cvlilebebis gamo gardaqmnis procesi ufro xangrZlivdeba. aman SesaZloa ziani gamoiwvios. etapobrivi reformebis momxreni amgvar zians angar-iSs uweven da globaluri cvlilebebisaTvis safrTxis Semcvel gauTvaliswinebel xarjebad miiCneven;

• SezRuduli cvlilebebi ar aris yovelTvis umn-iSvnelo. marTalia, isini orientirebulia sistemis ra-Rac nawilze, magram am sferos SigniT SesaZloa, glo-balurobiTa da kompleqsurobiT xasiaTdebodes. aseT qvesistemaSi masStabur urTierkavSirs ki ufro nak-lebi masStabis reformebi upirispirdeba;

• cvlilebebi yovelTvis ar aris sazogadoebrivi progresis tolfasi. Tanmimdevruli da etapobrivi re-formebis socialuri teqnika sistemuri teqnologiis codnis SeZenis saSualebas gvaZlevs. es ki daxmarebas gviwevs im debulebebis Camoyalibebis procesSi, rom-

17


lebic kargad gaazrebuli cvlilebebis sargebelsa da xarjebs Soris damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. cvli-lebaTa mimzidvelobis warmosaCenad gaweuli xarjebi ekonomikuri politikis sixistis gamoxatuleba rodia, ufro metad igi aqtiurobisagan gansxvavebuli racion-alurobaa. amasTan erTad aRsaniSnavia, rom reformebze uaris Tqmac aucileblad reaqcioneruli qceva rodia, zogjer es savsebiT reformistuli movlenaa;

• Tanmimdevruli da etapobrivi reformebis winaaRmdeg wamoyenebuli sayveduri, TiTqosda isini xels uwyoben „sistemis SenarCunebas,“ gulisxmobs di-agnozs, romlis mixedviTac yvela SemCneuli nakli re-alizebul sistemas miewereba. igi rekomendacias gva-Zlevs naklovanebebisagan Tavisufal axal sistemaze gadasasvlelad, magram amave dros gamoricxavs ufro masStaburi reformebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblo-bas, romlebic gamoasworebda SemCneul naklovanebebs;

• SezRuduli reformebi marTalia, orientire-bulia konkretul naklovanebebze, magram SeuZlebelia isini koncefciis gareSe iyos. piriqiT, isini ise unda iyos Sedgenili, rom koordinaciis proceduraTa adrin-del gamocdilebebsa da Sefasebebs Seesabamebodes. cen-tralizebulad regulirebuli Tu decentralizebu-lad sabazro koordinaciis meqanizmebiT funqcionire-bis sxva wanamZRvrebTan erTad, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom ar SeiZleba meTodis Secvla romelime konkretuli problemis gadaWris mizniT. ekonomikuri politikis koncefciebi swored imas adgens Tu ram-denad Seesabameba meTodebi da procedurebi ZiriTa-di sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadawyvetis amocanas. agreTve, ra SesaZlebloba arsebobs imisaTvis, rom ZiriTadi sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis realizeba moxdes;

• Tanmimdevruli da etapobrivi reformebis so-cialuri teqnika swored imis sawindaria, rom ekonomiku-

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revaz gvelesiani

ri politika diletantebma borotad ar gamoiyenon. ekonomikuri politikis formirebaSi diletantebis aq-tivoba sazogadoebrivi progresis blokirebas iwvevs da koncefciis gareSe moqmedebis gamarTlebas uwyobs xels. Tu amgvar socialur teqnikas uarvyofT, maSin sakiTxi daismeba misi alternativis Sesaxeb. Tu pasuxis Ziebas utopiur socialur teqnikaSi ar daviwyebT, maSin rudunebiT da TandaTanobiT unda SevecadoT Tavidan aviciloT etapobrivi reformebis socialuri teqnikis borotad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi [6, gv.407–408].

reformatoruli tendenciis mqone argumentebi SezRuduli cvlilebebis sasargeblod im SemTxveva-Si iqneba damajerebeli, rodesac arsebul ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv wesrigTan damokidebulebaSi prin-cipuli pirobebi ar aris wamoyenebuli. arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom saqme exeba garkveuli normatiuli po-ziciis dacvas, romelic kritikul racionalizms See-sabameba. SeiZleba Semogvedavon, rom SezRuduli cv-lilebebi, romlebic gulisxmobs: konsolidaciis fun-qciis gaZlierebas, dabal da maRalSemosavlian momx-marebelTa sakuTrebis warmoSobisaTvis xelSewyobas, garemos dacvis mizniT emisiis gadasaxadsa da sxva progresul saqmianobas, saboloo jamSi igive Sedegebs mogvcems. magram amave dros ar unda daviviwyoT, rom es CamonaTvali mxolod STamagonebeli reformatoruli programis fantomia.

xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi aseTi programa imas gamox-atavs, rasac mecnieri buldingi [7, gv.9] xarjebisa da sargebelis saerTo analizis eTikas uwodebs. miswrafe-bis, Semosavlisa da xarjebis rudunebiT gaangariSeba gvibiZgebs, rom orientacia iseT rameze aviRoT, razec xeli migviwvdeba. calkeul SemTxvevaSi aseTi orienta-cia mkafiod, magram aradamakmayofileblad dakonkrete-buli idealis realizaciis saSualebas ar mogvcems. idealebiT gatacebuli, moazrovne adamianebisaTvis es

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SeiZleba saSineli merkantiluri cnobierebis nimuSia, magram zemoaRniSnuli eTikis TvalsazrisiT, Soreuli idealisaTvis gaRebuli msxverpli metismetad maRali danaxarjia. danaxarji ki maSin aris gamarTlebuli, roca mas konkretuli da didi sargebeli moaqvs. Seu-Zlebelia meocnebe da STamagonebeli gegmebis morigeba eqsperimentul nabijebsa da fxizel pragmatizmTan. ma-gram iqneb swored idealistur swrafvasa da mozomil qcevas Soris winaaRmdegobaa sazogadoebrivi ganvi-Tarebis mamoZravebeli Zala.

codnis SezRudulobis aucilebeli Sedegi is aris, rom reformebma SesaZlebelia kraxi ganicados. ami-tom racionaluri politika moiTxovs, rom cdomilebis SesaZlebloba Tavidanve iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. es im moTxovnis marTebulobasac mowmobs, romlis mixedvi-Tac mxolod SezRuduli, Tanmimdevruli cvlilebebia gamarTlebuli. igi saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom marcxis SemTxvevaSi misi mizezebis Sesaxeb saTanado daskvnebi gamovitanoT. amgvari codna aucilebelia warmatebuli koreqtirebis gansaxorcieleblad. misi SeZena ki Sesa-Zlebelia Sedegebis mudmivi da dawvrilebiTi kontro-lis safuZvelze. es ki gulisxmobs mzadyofnas imisa-Tvis, rom Secdomebi veZeboT da Secdomebze viswavloT. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanmimdevruli reformebis social-uri teqnika cdisa da Secdomis gasworebis meTodTan [1, gv.87] msgavsebas adasturebs.

sazogadoebis reformireba evoluciur wina-pirobebs gulisxmobs. amitom SeuZlebelia maTi gan-meoreba anda gadasinjva, ise Tu gadawyvetilebis veli (reformis zegavleniT) nawilobriv mainc ar Seicvala. amiT ki reformebis socialuri teqnikis gamocdileba aucileblad izRudeba. es gansakuTrebiT maSin xdeba, roca erTdroulad ramdenime gadawyvetilebis miRebas cdiloben. am aspeqtiT ekonomikuri politikis sfero-Si SesamCnevia federalizmTan dakavSierebuli (Tumc

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revaz gvelesiani

sakmarisad SezRuduli) sargebeli.zogadad reformebi ar aris orientirebuli

sazogadoebis im wevrebze, romlebic maTze meqanikurad reagireben. piriqiT, es subieqtebi cdiloben winaswar gamoicnon reformaTa politikuri Sedegebebi da Tu mizanSewonilad miiCneven TavianT gegmebSi gaiTval-iswinon. politikasa da subieqtebs Soris urTierToba, romelic Zalze waagavs TamaSs, ekonomikuri politikis SemTxvevaSi tendenciuri racionaluri molodinis dasabuTebas warmoadgens. igi amave dros marTvasTan dakavSirebuli Taviseburi problemebis mizezicaa. SeuZlebelia ekonomikuri politikis sferoSi arag-onivrulma moqmedebam im adaminebSi eWvis zrda ar gamowvios, visac am sferoSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi exeba. ekonomikuri politikis aspeqtiT aseTi eWvi ar-asasurvel reaqciebs iwvevs, rac aZnelebs ekonomikur– politikuri gamocdilebis Secnobas. gamocdilebis dagrovebis mcdelobas isic aZnelebs, rom realobaSi erTmaneTisagan arasakmarisad damoukidebel sxvadasx-va politikur velze erTdroulad uamravi cvlileba xorcieldeba, rac ganyenebuli mizezebis Ziebis proc-ess zRudavs [8, gv.248].

imisaTvis, rom reformebi gamocdilebis Sesa-bamisad ganxorcieldes aucilebelia sakmarisad grZel-vadiani politikuri mxardaWera. realobaSi aseTi mx-ardaWeris uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebelia. amomrCevelTa mouTmenloba, Sedegebze pasuxismgeblobis aRebasTan dakavSirebuli siZneleebi, oportunistulad ganwyobi-li saparlamento opozicia (an xelisufleba) swored is faqtorebia, romlebic reformebis droze adre Sewy-vetas an modificirebas ganapirobebs.

Tanmimdevruli reformebi ar hgavs sabunebismety-velo mecnierul eqsperimentebs. is mizezebi, romlebic maT erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs sazogadoebis mar-Tvis sazRvrebsac cxadyofs, romlebSic ierarqiulad

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yvelaze maRal safexurze politikuri da ekonomikuri Tavisuflebebi da uflebebi dgas. amitom Sedegi ra-cionalurobis postulatis amocana ar aris. piriqiT, saqme exeba Tanmimdevruli reformebis politikis kon-trolisa da dacvis damatebiTi demokratiuli meTodeb-iT uzurunvelyofas. es xorcieldeba imisaTvis, rom ar dairRves marTvis SesaZleblobaTa sazRvrebi. winaaRm-deg SemTxvevaSi efemeruli kanonmdeblobis Sedegad ganxorcildeboda saxelmwifos mxridan intervenciaTa seria da daikargeboda Tavisufleba. ZiriTadi sazoga-doebrivi Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiTac faqtobrivi progresis miRweva sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia.

Social Techniques of Successive and Gradual Reforms R. Gvelesiani

Social techniques of successive reforms simultaneously repre-sent the model of rational economic policy. Although Pauper formed these techniques opposite to the Utopian position, it does not mean that global and complex changes are absolutely undesirable. On contrary, their cross comparison according to the use of knowledge-related op-portunities makes it evident, that these changes are only fragmentarily foreseeable and only a direction of their purpose can be identified. In addition, orientation to the socially desirable conditions is replaced with the orientation to the main values and free development is given space for action.

In case of gradual reforms there are no efforts to evaluate current conditions and the possible changes, which can bring social welfare. On the contrary, they are replaced by “the social fragmentation of the analysis and assessment”. It means, that obtaining and processing in-formation about the decision field as well as the preparation of the eco-nomic and political decision, represent decentralized procedures. The latter involves full application of the decision making process in the economic policy.

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revaz gvelesiani

Social techniques of successive and gradual reforms does provide guarantee, that economic policy abuse by dilettantes will be avoided. Activity of dilettantes in the economic policy formation blocks social progress and provides grounds for justifying action without concep-tion. If such social techniques are rejected, then the question of find-ing alternative for it will be raised. If we do not start to search for the answer in the Utopian social techniques, then we should try to step-by-step and carefully exclude the abuses of the social techniques of gradual reforms.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. POPPER, K.R (1957a), The Poverty of Historicism, 6. Aufl., Neudruck, London 1999. Ubersetzt in: KIESEWETTER, H. (Hrsg.), Gesammelte Werke 4, Das Elend des Historizismus, 7. durchges. u. erg. Aufl., Tuebingen 2003.

2. POPPER, K.R. (1945), The Open Society and its Enemies, Vol. 1 – The Spell of Plato, Golden Jubilee Edition, London 1995.

3. LIDBLOM, CH. E. (1958), Policy Analysis. American Eco-nomic Review 48, S.298-312.

4. BRAYBROOKE, D. und CH.E. LINDBLOM (1963), A Strat-egy of Decision – Policy Evaluation as a Social Process, London.

5. JOCHIMSEN, R. (1967), Strategie der wirtschaftspolitischen Entscheidung. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 99 (1967/II), S.52-78.

6. Streit, M. E. (2005), Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, 6. Auflage, Stuttgart, 2005.

7. BOULDING, K.E. (1969), Economics as a Moral Science. American Economic Review 59, S. 1-12.

8. r. gvelesiani, i. gogoriSvili, ZiriTad sazoga-doebriv RirebulebebTan ekonomikur-politikuri gad-awyvetilebebis Sesabamisoba, Tb., 2012.

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ЕвгЕний Мных докт. экон. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой

финансового анализа и контроля Киевского на ционального торгово-экономического

университета (г. Киев)

Актуальность темы исследования. Инновационный путь развития является определяющим не только для прогресса произ-водительных сил любой страны в целом, но и для систем государ-ственного управления и корпоративного менеджмента в частности. Длительные поиски оптимальных моделей и механизмов такого управления связаны не только с недостаточным познанием его объективной природы, специфики условий реализации, эволюции общественного мнения и т.п., но и с жестким переплетением поли-тических, экономических, социальных и других интересов, где лю-бые аналоги, стандарты, регламенты не могут быть приемлемыми. Необходимы системные научные исследования в проектировании таких макро- и микроуровневых систем управления экономикой, соответствующие критериям развития цивилизации глобального признания.

В то же время исследования показывают, что в Украине лю-бые новшества в контексте совершенствования экономического управления принимаются на 60-65% по политической необходи-мости, на 20-25% – за зарубежными аналогами как дань эволюции, и только на 10-15% исходя из реальных условий и практической

нАУЧнАЯ СОСТАвЛЯЮЩАЯ ЭКОнОМиЧЕСКих иннОвАЦий

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ЕвгЕний Мных

эффективности. Очень призрачной в этом контексте остается гар-мония национальных, корпоративных и личных интересов. Если учесть, что за счет инноваций в Украине достигается не более 7-9% прироста валового общественного продукта, а из многочисленных государственных программ экономического реформирования прак-тически не была выполнена ни одна, то возникает острый вопрос научного обоснования любых экономических инноваций.

Изложение основного материала. Повышение наукоемко-сти любых решений, в том числе и экономических, предполагает системный подход к этому процессу, начиная от его проектирова-ния до конечного внедрения при соответствующем кадровом, орга-низационном, финансовом и других видах обеспечения. Переход к рыночной экономике дал огромный толчок для научных экономи-ческих исследований специфики переходного периода, путей и мо-делей такого перехода, наработки соответствующих механизмов, организационных систем, стандартов и инструментов управления экономикой в рыночных условиях. Инновационная составляющая этого процесса огромная – от формирования нового понимания сущности и природы экономических отношений до их практиче-ской реализации в каждом конкретном случае. Только категори-альный аппарат экономической науки обновился почти наполо-вину, главным образом за счет введения иностранных терминов. зачастую их содержание не менялось, но форма выражения стала другой (не внутрихозяйственное управление, а менеджмент, не снабжение и сбыт, а логистика, не налогообложение, а фискальная политика и т.п.). Экономический словарь обновлен почти на 60-70%. Естественно, что для быстрого достижения успехов рыноч-ных преобразований была попытка повсеместного реформирова-ния с внедрением зарубежных аналогов. Но в разных странах этот результат получился различный. Если в Польше, Венгрии, частич-но в странах Прибалтики этот процесс происходил более успешно,

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то в Украине и многих других странах он не был столь удачным. Причин этому много, в т.ч. и политических, социальных, истори-ческих, но главный вывод все-таки был сделан в пользу рыночных преобразований и демократизации общества.

Главной проблемой осталась реализация научной состав-ляющей в этих экономических инновациях. Для этого необходимо изменить менталитет научных изысканий и создать реальные усло-вия для их внедрения. Для начала необходимо оценить результат научных поисков в экономике за период рыночных преобразова-ний в Украине. При всей сложности количественного соизмерения в структурном плане этот результат может быть представлен в та-ком соотношении:

исследования теории рынка и рыночных преобразований - – 30-35%;

изучение зарубежного опыта и возможностей его адапта-- ции – 40-50%;

изучение национальной специфики, стратегии и тактики - рыночных преобразований – 20-30%.

Если проследить результат научных изысканий, то он име-ет несколько характеристик. Во-первых, перевод и интерпретация известных в мире результатов научных экономических исследо-ваний был представлен как инновация практических действий по совершенствованию хозяйственного механизма. Конкретной ре-зультативности этих новшеств не требовалось и они многомерно подавались при изменении философии экономического мышления политического руководства. Единого понимания рыночных преоб-разований ни в теоретическом, ни в практическом планах так и не было достигнуто. И до настоящего времени превалирует свободная интерпретация сущности рыночных экономических отношений и причинно-следственных связей их изменения.

Во-вторых, резкое увеличение работников с научными сте-

26

ЕвгЕний Мных пенями кандидата и доктора экономических наук. Только за пери-од с 2000 г. по 2012 г. количество ученых экономических специ-альностей (кандидатов и докторов наук) возросло в 3 раза. Но это существенно не повлияло на уровень признания научных результа-тов в Украине и в мире.

В-третьих, это резкий спад активности зарубежных ученых в Украине и уменьшение количества получаемых гратдов на про-ведение научных экономических исследований.

Обмен научным опытом часто превращался в частный ту-ризм.

Самой высокой наукоемкостью отличается подготовка науч-ных экономических кадров. Степень кандидата и доктора экономи-ческих наук имеет 47% состава политического и хозяйственного руководства страны. И этот процесс становится все более интенсив-ным. Но при всем реформировании научной аттестации, повыше-нии требований к результатам научного поиска конъюнктура этого процесса не изменяется. Естественно, можно говорить о недофи-нансировании научных исследований, о потере государственного протекционизма относительно внедрения научных результатов, о недобросовестной конкуренции на научно-образовательном рынке и о других недостатках, которые снижают наукоемкость экономи-ческих инноваций. Но, прежде всего, необходимо изменить фило-софию научного поиска и его внедрения. что касается уровня тео-ретических обоснований, то следует выделить два аспекта:

а) степень разработки проблемы отечественными и зару-бежными учеными и не в контексте обзора изданий с акцентом на приближенных ученых, а на наиболее признанных в теории раз-работок. На практике превалирует более прагматичный подход – ссылка на 3-4 ученых отечественных и на 1-2 зарубежных не зависимо от признания их научных достижений. На этом основа-нии делается вывод о недостаточности теоретической разработки

27


конкретной экономической проблемы. Так, в авторефератах за-щиты кандидатских и докторских диссертаций наибольшая дань научным достижениям отдается тем ученым, которые являются членами ученых советов по защите диссертаций с включением фа-милий общеизвестных ученых, которые часто никакого отношения к исследованию данной проблемы не имели. При получении заказа на выполнение научных исследований за счет корпоративного фи-нансирования дань отдается интеллекту заказчика. Естественно, не принимаются во внимание теоретические разработки более высо-кого уровня. Сделанные научные выводы часто имеют вид личных соображений. но научный вывод это не столько следствие на-учных рассуждений, сколько итог научных доказательств, ко-торые имеют характеристики системного подхода;

б) доказательство наличия практической проблемы, из-за нерешенности которой наносится ущерб или недополучается ре-альная выгода. Только системный анализ исследуемого объекта на реальной информационной основе может служить базой для доказательства необходимости и возможности решения проблем совершенствования экономических механизмов. Но ввиду чрез-мерной засекреченности и значительной искаженности информа-ции дать реальные и обоснованные аналитические выводы очень сложно. Так за данными Министерства доходов и сборов Украи-ны до 95% всей информации о доходах и расходах искажается. По экспертным оценкам уровень конфиденциальности экономической информации в Украине в 2-3 раза выше, чем в развитых странах мира (кроме стандартной публичной отчетности). В значительной степени это наследие тоталитарной политической системы. Но в современных условиях информатизации общества желание до-стичь абсолютной конфиденциальности связано с большим риском неоправданных расходов. Вместе с тем, повышается степень недо-верия относительно прагматизма делового сотрудничества. Если

28

ЕвгЕний Мных

учесть уровень «теневой» экономики, то макроэкономический анализ системных экономических изменений практически невоз-можен. Соответственно превалирует формальный признак практи-ческих доказательств.

Решение проблемы научных доказательств может быть опре-деляющим фактором проектирования действенных механизмов нормативно-правового регулирования экономических процессов и реальных программ и планов стратегического и тактического уров-ней. Такие механизмы и инструменты обосновываются исходя из реальных условий деятельности с учетом динамики общественно-го прогресса в целом, накопительного опыта, неминуемой эволю-ции со всей гаммой доказательств, возможностей и приоритетов. Многокритериальные оценки, рейтинг вариантов достижения целей, оптимизационные расчеты являются наиболее прагма-тической доказательной базой любых экономических реше-ний. Тем более, что современные информационные технологии позволяют получать такие расчеты с минимальными затратами в определенные сроки.

Более сложной является проблема реализации научных раз-работок. Для этого, прежде всего, должен быть заказчик и соот-ветствующее финансирование. Если за счет государственного бюджета финансируется внедрение фундаментальных разрабо-ток, то частные заказы и их стоимостные оценки сталкиваются с многочисленными проблемами, главная из которых – сиюминут-ная выгода. Для аргументации целесообразности финансирования тех или иных научных разработок по совершенствованию эконо-мических механизмов нужны невероятные усилия, но побеждает «плоский прагматизм». Поэтому такие разработки занимают очень небольшой удельный вес. А предоставляемые акты о внедрении на-учных разработок при защите диссертации надуманные и ни кого ни к чему не обязывают. Научными исследованиями за государ-

29


ственный счет занимается 45 главных распорядителей бюджетных средств. На развитие научных исследований в 2012 году было рас-ходовано более 9 млрд. грн., но они рассредоточены по различным институтам – от Национальной Академии наук до Национальной службы посредничества и примирения, Инспекции контроля за це-нами и других. Результаты научных исследований государствен-ные структуры практически не контролируют и не координируют.

В этом смысле поучительным является опыт Белоруссии, где тема докторской диссертации по экономическим наукам рас-сматривается на заседании Кабинета Министров и утверждается, если на эту тему есть конкретный заказчик и соответствующее фи-нансирование. Аналогичными должны быть государственные ре-гуляторы повышения наукоемкости экономических инноваций во всех сферах деятельности страны.

чрезвычайно важным является построение прозрачных схем признания актуальности и приоритетности финансирования на-учных исследований стратегического и тактического измерений. Предлагаемые схемы бальной оценки и неопределенность экс-пертной характеристики по конъюнктурным соображениям вносят хаос и пренебрежение к проведению научных исследований. Ввиду отсутствия мотивации постоянно уменьшается количество желаю-щих заниматься настоящими глубокими научными исследованиями экономических процессов. Конкурс в аспирантуру и докторантуру практически отсутствует. Абсолютно креативная тематика иссле-дований составляет не более 5%, постоянно увеличивается плагиат и угодничество. При таком прагматизме научной деятельности в сфере экономических отношений серьезных результатов ожидать не приходится.

Выводы. Радикальные экономические реформы, без кото-рых в настоящее время обеспечить общественный прогресс невоз-можно, следует проводить системно, на базе глубоких научных ис-

30

ЕвгЕний Мных следований стратегии экономического роста в реальных условиях мирового сотрудничества и расстановки сил внутри страны, воз-можностей активизации производительных сил и формирования новой философии экономического мышления. Новая этика эко-номических отношений на всех уровнях единого хозяйственного механизма может стать мощным импульсом деловой активности, уверенности в успешном бизнесе, гарантии прав и свобод предпри-нимательства.

Scientific component of economic innovations

E. Mnikh

In article problems of low level of innovative development of economy of Ukraine are considered. It is proved that new programs, projects, practical actions, are carried out not proceeding from scientific knowledge of the objective nature and specifics of economic processes, but on political expediency and on unconditional loan of foreign experience. The directions of improvement of economic management regarding more evidential interpretation of economic innovations, improvement of quality of scientific certification of heads, improvement of financing of scientific development behind transparent schemes of recognition of relevance and priority are allocated.

31


amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

ZiriTadi tendenciebi

avTandil CuTlaSvili

ivane javaxiSvili saxelobis Tsu-is

asocirebuli profesori

uaxloesma istoriam aCvena, rom socialur-ekono-

mikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis dasavluri (an-

glo-saqsonuri) modeli yvelaze efeqtiani aRmoCnda.

aRniSnulma modelma pirovnul Tavisuflebasa da ga-

rantiebze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebrivi sistema war-

moSva, romlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia: nebisyofis

maragi, dauSreteli energia, dauokebeli iniciativa, ab-

soluturi moTmineba, damoukideblobis grZnoba, Zleva-

mosili aqtiuroba, udreki religiuri grZnobebi, myari

zneoba, valdebulebebis mkafio warmodgena, jansaRi az-

rovneba, saRi damokidebuleba faqtebis mimarT, zomiere-

ba zogadi ideebis mimarT, codna imisa, Tu ras iTxovs

misgan samSoblo, ojaxi da rwmena, optimizmi da a.S.

civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg e.w. Tavisuflebis

kavSiri gaizarda da gafarTovda. axali demokratiis

qveynebis mTavrobebma, demokratiul mmarTvelobasTan

erTad, mosaxleobas cxovrebis axali wesic SesTava-

za (bevrisaTvis kargad daviwyebuli, xolo zogisTvis

ucnobi an saerTod miuRebelic), ramac mosaxleobisa

da mTavrobebis danaxarjebisa da danazogebis struq-

turis cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. zogierT qveynis biujeti

deficituri gaxda, gaizarda maTi saSinao da sagareo

32

avTandil CuTlaSvili

vali, xolo centraluri bankis sacavebi Seivso aSS-is

saxazino valdebulebebis TamasuqebiTa da banknote-

biT. gaizarda mosaxleobis moxmarebis done da kul-

tura. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aSS-is axalma mokavSireebma

da partniorebma enTuziazmiT miiRes TamaSis axali

wesebi. samarTlianobisaTvis unda aRvniSnoT, rom ze-

moT naxseneb cxovrebis axali wesebs, sul cota, ori

mxare gaaCnia - dadebiTi da naklebad dadebiTi. xar-

jebis daubalansebeli zrda biujetebis deficits

iwvevs, rasac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo valis zrda

mosdevs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba gadaizardos

fiskalur da monetarul krizisSi da a.S.

amasTan, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom uaxloes period-

Si aSS-is axal da Zvel mokavSireebsa da partniorebs

Soris mZafri dapirispireba mosalodneli jer ar aris.

Cven yvelam erTad unda gavimarjvoT msoflio teror-

izmTan brZolaSi (erayi, avRaneTi da a.S.), Tavisulebis

principebi gasamyarebelia arabeTis qveynebSi (arabe-

Tis gazafxuli), win aziis ramdenime odiozuri diqta-

toruli reJimi da afrikis Suaguli gvelis. yovelive

amas ramdenime aTeuli weli dasWirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi,

albaT, geometriuli progresiis principi ufro imoq-

medebs. sagulisxmoa, rom civma omma 40 welze naklebi

dro waiRo, berlinis kedlis dangrevidan mxolod 20

weli gavida. Cveni azriT, zemoT aRniSnuli problemeb-

is mosagvareblad msoflios didi dro ar dasWirdeba,

radganac mokavSireTa da partniorTa banaki izrdeba.

msoflios did nawilSi movlenebi metad mSvid da

megobrul garemoSi viTardeba. movlenaTa zedapirze

harmoniuli da TiTqos Tbili urTierTobebia, rac, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, marTlac, asea, magram msoflio ekonomikaSi

kvlav SeimCneva krizisuli movlenebis tendenciebi,

romelic sxvadasxva formiT gamoixateba: ipoTekuri,

33


sabanko da finansuri krizisebi; ekonomikuri recesia;

evrozonis problemebi (irlandia, portugalia, saber-

ZneTi, kiprosi da a.S.); biujetis mudmivi deficitiT

warmoCenili problemebi da sxva.

meti dakvirvebisa da analizis Sedegad irkveva,

rom aSS-is Zveli konkurentebi da partniorebi aRar

arian Tanaxma, aiTvison yvela is saqoneli da mom-

saxureba, rasac amerikuli korporaciebi sTavazoben.

ufro metic, bevrma maTganma TviTon daiwyo TavisTvis

saWiro produqciis warmoeba, riTac Seaviwrova Tavisi

amerikeli konkurentebi, ara marto Siga da regionul

bazrebze, aramed msoflio masStabiTac (germaniisa

da iaponiis avtoindustriis magaliTi). viTareba am

mimarTulebiT mZafrdeba, radganac postkomunistur

sivreceSi moqmedi aSS da zogierTi sxva qveynis kor-

poraciebi awydeba ufro da ufro Zlier konkurencias

adgilobrivi biznes-elitebidan, romlebic imagreben

poziciebs Siga da regionul bazrebze da xSir SemTx-

vevaSi globaluri bazrebis aTvisebis strategiebzec

fiqroben.

ekonomikurad warmatebuli bevri qveynis mTavro-

ba uars acxadebs, pirdapir miiRos mravalmiliardiani

sesxebi, romlis Tavisufali gankargvis ufleba maT-

Tvis xSir SemTxvevaSi SezRudulia. bevrma maTganma

Sinagani resursebisa (bunebrivi, adamianuri da a.S.)

da sxva faqtorebis ukeT gamoyenebis meSveobiT mniS-

vnelovnad gaimyara poziciebi msoflio ekonomikaSi.

marto CineTis, indoeTis, braziliis, ruseTis, samxreT

afrikis magaliTebic sakmarisi unda iyos.

unda aRiniSnos, rom bevri qveyana, sxvadasaxva ga-

remoebis gamo, nebayoflobiT aRmoCnda aSS-is ekonomi-

kis mxardamWerTa rigebSi. ase, magaliTad, CineTi aSS-

is saxazino valdebulebebis erT-erTi umsxvilesi

34

avTandil CuTlaSvili

mepatronea, mis centralur banks aSS fasiani qaRal-

debis seriozuli maragebi gaaCnia. amgvar viTarebaSi

bevri qveyanaa, romelTa samrewvelo-safinanso jgufebs

ekonomikasa da finansebSi konkurentuli brZola aqvT

gamarTuli TavianT amerikel partniorebTan.

sxva faqtorebTan erTad zemoT aRniSnuli gare-

moebac xels uwyobs imas, rom aSS-Si moxmarebis done

xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi maRal niSnulze

iyos SenarCunebuli, Tumca, aSS-is realuri ekonomikis

xvedriTi wona msoflio ekonomikaSi Semcirebis ten-

denciebiT xasiaTdeba. aSS-Si moxmarebis donis Senar-

Cuneba mmarTveli wreebis realuri interesia, romel-

ic met-naklebad warmatebiT xorcieldeba, rogorc

demokratiuli, aseve respublikuri administraciebisa

da kongresis sxvadasxva mowvevis mier. yovelive sxva-

dasxva gziTa da meTodiT miiRweva (ekonomikuri, finan-

suri, politikuri, samxedro, kulturuli da a.S.), romlis

Seswavla ar warmoadgens winamdebare kvlevis mizans.

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom aseT viTarebaSi problema

ikveTeba da igi ufro meti simwvaviT Seaxsenebs Tavs,

rogorc amerikel momxmareblebs, aseve sxva qveynebis

mosaxleobas. realurad, axali midgomis Camoyalibebi-

sa da Tanmimdevrulad gatarebisaTvis msoflios sul

ufro cota dro rCeba.

Tu davsvamT kiTxvas - ra iqneba momavalSi, rogo-

ri ekonomikuri da finansuri wesrigia saWiro? - pasuxi,

albaT, mTavaridan, anu aSS-is ekonomikidan unda da-

viwyoT, ramdenadac igi, rogorc samxedro-politikuri,

aseve ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT msoflios upirvele-

si qveyanaa.

albaT, sadavo araa is, rom dRes aSS-is erT-erTi

mTavari problema mzardi federaluri valia. bolo 50

wlis ganmavlobaSi (analizi moicavs 1961-2010 wlebs)

35


aSS-is federaluri valis moculoba mTlian Siga

produqtTan (mSp-Tan) mimarTebiT icvleboda. yvelaze

dabali maCvenebeli 1981 wels dafiqsirda, rodesac igi

mSp-is 32,6% iyo. (2010 wels aRniSnulma maCvenebelma

93,2%-s miaRwia). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom valis moculoba

1981 wels imdenad umniSvnelo iyo (994.8 mlrd dolari),

rom igi seriozul zegavlenas ver axdenda erovnuli

valutis myidvelobiTunarianobaze [1]. imave 1981 wels

aSS-is mSp-is xvedriTi wona msoflio mSp-Si 28,6% iyo.

marTalia, 1961 welTan SedarebiT aRniSnuli maCvene-

beli 45,6%-dan 28,6%-mde Semcirda, magram aSS-is ekono-

mika pirvelobas myarad inarCunebda.

Semdegi 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi aSS-is ekonomika

sakmaod dinamikurad viTardeboda. misi mSp 1981 wels

3.057 trln dolari iyo, xolo 2010 wels - 14.508 trln

dolari dafiqsirda, anu igi 4.7-jer gaizarda [1].

aRniSnulze mravalma faqtorma imoqmeda. am

aspeqtiT, uwinaresad, sainteresoa aSS-is mSp-is Semad-

geneli komponentebi, rogorc produqciisa da momsax-

urebis, aseve danaxarjebis aspeqtiT. aSS-is preziden-

tis 2011 wlis ekonomikuri angariSis mixedviT[2] mSp-

Si yvelaze didi wili - 60-70%-is farglebSi indi-

vidualur samomxmareblo xarjebze modis. aRniSnuli

maCvenebeli Tanmimdevrulad izrdeboda. ase, magaliTad,

Tu 1962 wels igi mxolod 62.0 % iyo, 2010 wels 70.6%-s

miaRwia, rac erT-erTi yvelaze maRalia aSS istoriaSi.

maqsimaluri maCvenebeli 2009 wels dafiqsirda, rode-

sac moxmarebis done mSp-is 70.8 % iyo, rac absolutur

maCveneblebSi 10,001.3 mlrd dolaria, xolo minimaluri

- 1967 wels dafiqsirda, rodesac igi mSp-is 61.0%, anu

507.8 mlrd dolari iyo. 1967 da 2009 wlebs Soris mox-

marebis wilis sxvaobam mxolod 9.8% Seadgina, Tumca

moxmarebis sidide, sul cota, 19-jer gaizarda.

36

avTandil CuTlaSvili

mSp-is meore komponenti samTavrobo xarjebia, rom-

lis maqsimaluri wili mSp-Si 1967 wels dafiqsirda

-23.1%, xolo minimaluri - 1998 wels - 17.35%. 2010 wels

mTavrobis xarjebma 3002.3 mlrd dolars miaRwia, rac

mSp-is 20.5 %-ia.

mSp-is struqturaSi seriozuli cvlileba gani-

cada investiciebma. ase, magaliTad, maqsimalur niSnuls,

19.2 %, man 1979 wels miaRwia, xolo minimaluri zRvari

2009 wels dafiqsirda - 11.3. 2010 wels ki - 12.4 % iyo.

aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, rom absoluturi maCveneblebis

mixedviT yvelaze meti investicia 2006 wels ganxor-

cielda - 2327.2 mlrd dolari.

sainteresoa eqsport-importis maCveneblebis ana-

lizi. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom eqsport-

importis operaciebis uaryofiTi saldo myarad dam-

kvidrda aSS realobaSi 1976 wlidan, xolo 1989-2006

wlebSi Tanmivdevrulad izrdeboda. maqsimums man 769.3

mlrd dolariT 2006 wels miaRwia. 2010 wels aRniS-

nuli maCvenebeli 515.5 mlrd dolari (3.5%) iyo.

analiziT irkveva, rom 1962-1969 ww. samomxmareblo

xarjebSi saqonlis xvedriTi wona meti iyo, vidre mom-

saxurebis. kerZod, 1962 – 52.0%; 1963 – 51.8%; 1964 -51.6%;

1965 – 51.8%; 1966 – 51.9%; 1967 – 51.0%; 1968 – 51.0%; 1969

– 50.4%. 1970 wlidan aRniSnuli Tanafardoba icvleba.

man Tanmimdevrulad, sapirispiro mimarTulebiT dai-

wyo zrda da 2008 wlisaTvis momsaxurebis wili sa-

momxmareblo xarjebis saerTo maCvenebelSi 2-jer meti

gaxda da 6,725.0 mlrd dolari Seadgina, rac aSS-is

mSp-is 46.8%-ia. momdevno wlebSi sxvaoba kidev ufro

gaizarda momsaxurebis xarjebis sasargeblod.

zemoT aRniSnulidan is daskvna gamodis, rom

aSS-Si bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi moxmarebis done

mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, rogorc absolutur, aseve

37


SefardebiT maCveneblebSi. warmoeba moxmarebisaTvis

ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda, vidre - samomavlo inve-

stirebisTvis.

Cveni analizis gagrZelebis mizniT davubrun-

deT aSS-is federaluri valis sakiTxs. rogorc ze-

moT aRiniSna, misi moculoba bolo ramdenime aTeuli

weli Tanmimdevrulad izrdeboda, xolo mzardi indi-

vidualuri moxmareba ifareboda biujetis xarjviTi

nawilisa da valis zrdis xarjze. moxmarebis mkveTri

zrda faqtorTa erTobliobam ganapiroba. SevCerdebiT

ramdenime maTganze.

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi dafiqsirda

mravali amerikuli kompaniis Semosavlebisa da mogebis

zrda, rac msoflio bazarze xelsayreli koniunqturis

Sedegic iyo. aRniSnul process arajerovnad Sefaseb-

uli aqtivebis Sesyidvamac Seuwyo xeli, rac socialis-

turi sistemis daSlis Sedegad warmoiSva msoflioSi.

mSp-is zrdas xels uwyobda axali bazrebis aTvise-

bac, romelic sabWouri blokis daSlis Semdeg gaCnda.

axali bazrebi mzad iyo aeTvisebina (eyida) TiTqmis

yvelaferi, rasac ki SesTavazebdnen, raSic saqonelze

meti wili modioda, vidre momsaxurebaze. aRniSnulma

procesma xeli Seuwyo aSS-Si egreT wodebul ’’ samomx-

mareblo bums.’’

moxmarebis maRalma donem daamkvidra ufro maR-

ali cxovrebis standartebi. aRniSnulis SenarCuneba

niSnavs, sul cota, moxmarebis donis ucvlelad datove-

bas, xolo zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, mis etapobriv zrdas.

aq unda iTqvas, rom aSS-Si moxmarebis (xarjebis) done

igive darCa (yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar Semcirebula), xolo

Semosavlebis (warmoebis) - mcirdeba. amavdroulad

sagulisxmoa, rom msoflio bazarze Zalas ikrefen da

Zlierdebian aSS-is axali da tradiciuli konkuren-

38

avTandil CuTlaSvili

tebi. aSS-is ekonomikis pirveloba jer kidev damajer-

ebelia, Tumca misi xvedriTi wona msoflio ekonimikaSi

mcirdeba. ase, magaliTad, aSS-is mSp-is xvedriTi wona

msoflio ekonomnikaSi 2010 wels 22,9% Seadgina (winas-

wari gaangariSebiT), igive maCvenebeli 1961 wels 45,6%,

xolo 1981 wels 28,6% iyo.

sakiTxis zemoT aRniSnul aspeqtiT ganxilvisas

sainteresoa is faqti, rom civi omis dasrulebisa da

socialisturi sistemis daSlis Semdeg, aSS-s warmoeS-

va e.w. ”zemogeba”, romlis gaTvaliswinebiT igegmeboda

maTi momavali aqtiuroba, maT Soris, xarjviT sferoSic.

aSS-Si nel-nela nCndeba imis gageba, rom aRniSnuli ”ze-

mogeba” droebiTi fenomenia da ara mudmivi Semosavali.

ukve aRvniSneT, Tu ratom mcirdeba, xolo momavalSi ki

saerTod gaqreba aRniSnuli ”zemogeba”. amas emateba is,

rom e.w. mesame samyaros (da ara marto) qveynebSi gaCn-

da sakuTari warmoeba, romelic aviwrovebs aSS-is me-

warmeebs adgilobriv da regionul bazrebze. amerikul

korporaciebs uWirT mxlod ekonomikuri meTodebiT

awarmoon konkurentuli brZola im qveynebis mwarmoe-

blebTan, sadac iafi muSaxeli da nedleulia. amitom

aSS-is kompaniebi axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebiTa da

inovaciuri produqciis SeTavazebiT cdiloben dinami-

kurad ganviTarebad bazrebze poziciebis SenarCunebas,

rac Zalze Zviria da mas Tavisi specifika gaaCnia [14].

yovelive amas, sul cota, unda mohyoloda koreq-

tivebi aSS-is xarjviT politikaSi, rac ganxorcielda

kidevac da realurad xarjebis SemcirebiT ki ara,

aramed zrdiT gamoixata. amas aSS-is federaluri va-

lis zrda da dolaris gaufasureba mohyva. ase, magali-

Tad, aSS-is Sromis saministros (United State Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics) monacemebis mixedviT, 1961

wels 1000 dolariT SeZenil produqciaSi 2013 wlis

39


dasawyisisaTvis 7810.90 dolars ixdidnen, 2001 wels -

5923.08 dolars, 1991 wels - 4555.18 dolars, 1981 wels -

3040.13 dolars, xolo 1971 wels - 1354.52 dolars [5].

saanalizo periodis ganmavlobaSi sainteresod

viTardeboda aSS-is mSp-is moculoba mosaxleobis erT

sulze gaangariSebiT (GDP per capita). ase, magaliTad, Tu

1961 wels aSS-s am maCvenebliT 2852 dolariT udavo

pirveli adgili ekava, 1973 wels msoflios pirveli

xuTeuli ase gamoiyureboda: arabeTis gaerTianebuli

saemiroebi - 7527 dolari, luqsemburgi - 7373 dolari,

Sceicaria - 7007 dolari, SvedeTi - 6716 dolari, aSS

6338 - dolari. 1975 wels liderTa jgufs daemata nor-

vegia (8127 dolari) da dania (7825 dolari). 2010 wels

am maCvenebliT aSS (47 200 dolari) pirveli aTeulis

zRvarze imyofeba [13].

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom aSS-is mSp-Si bolo wleb-

Si izrdeboda moxmarebis wili investiciebisa da eqs-

portis Semcirebis xarjze. savaraudoa, rom investicie-

bis Semcireba danazogebis SemcirebiT aris gamowveu-

li. amaze miuTiTebs saerTaSoriso monetaruli fon-

dis (IMF) monacemebis safuZvelze ”ekonomi votC” (Econo-my Watch) mier Sedgenili cxrili mTliani erovnuli

danazogis (Gross National Savings) Taobaze mSp-Si [8]. ase,

magaliTad, Tu es maCvenebeli aSS-saTviT 1981 wels 20.66

% iyo, 2010 wels man mSp-is 11.58 % Seadgina.

aRniSnulidan ar unda Seiqmnas STabeWdileba,

rom amerikelebi TiTqos cotas muSaoben. realurad

sapirispiro suraTia. ase, magaliTad, harvardis univer-

sitetis profesori juliet skori (Juliet B. Schor) jer

kidev 1991 wels Tavis gamokvlevaSi [9] aRniSnavda, rom

gasuli 20 wlis manZilze amerikelebis mier samsax-

urSi gatarebuli dro ganuxrelad izrdeboda da zr-

dam 9 saaTs Seadgenda. Semdgom wlebSi aRniSnuli ten-

40

avTandil CuTlaSvili

dencia gagrZelda. aSS-is Sromis saministros (United State Department of Labor) 2006 wlis angariSis mixedviT

(Chartbook of International Labor Comparisons) amerikelebi 2004

wels samsaxurSi saSualod 1824 saaTs atarebdnen [10]

da amiT mxolod koreelebsa (2380 sT.) da meqsikelebs

(1848 sT.) CamorCebodnen, maSin roca evropul qveynebSi

es maCvenebeli gacilebiT naklebi iyo (niderlandeb-

Si 1357 sT., norvegiaSi 1363 sT., safrangeTSi 1441 sT.,

germaniaSi 1443 sT.). 2010 wlis analogiurma angariS-

ma (Section 2 “Labor Market”, Chart 2.9) aCvena, rom 2008 wlis

mixedviT amerikelebi samsaxurSi saSualod 1792 saaTs

atarebdnen. maT koreelebi (2316 sT.), meqsikelebi (1893

sT.) da italielebi (1802 sT.) uswrebdnen. saSualod,

amerikeli wlis ganmavlobaSi 250 saaTiT mets muSaobs,

vidre frangi, 360 saaTze mets, vidre germaneli, 370 saa-

Tze mets, vidre norvegieli da 403 saaTiT mets, vidre

holandieli.

logikuria vivaraudoT, rom, Tu adamiani bevrs da

nayofierad muSaobs, misi Semosavali izrdeba, rac met

finansur SesaZleblobebs uCens mas. yovelive ki kidev

ufro aviTarebs aSS-is legendarul samomxmareblo

bazars, rac momxmareblisTvis namdvili samoTxea. igi

uamrav da sxvadasxva stilisa da modelis, fasisa da ge-

movnebis saqonelsa da momsaxurebas sTavazobs yvelas.

Camoyalibda moxmarebaze orientirebuli sazogadoeba,

romlmac raRac periodis Semdeg imaze metis xarjva

daiwyo, vidre realur Rirebulebas hqmnida. SeiZleba

vivaraudoT, rom Camoyalibda e.w. virtualuri samyaro,

romelic nel-nela distancirdeba realurisgan [15, gv.

5-16].

yovelive aRniSnulis Semdeg upriania, SevCerdeT

zogierT im araekonomikur Sedegeze, romelic bolo

ramdenime aTeuli weliwadi fiqsirdeba aSS-is real-

41


obaSi. mivubrundeT harvardis universitetis profe-

sors juliet skoris (Juliet B. Schor) wigns [9, gv.2], romel-

Sic jer kidev 1991 wels aRniSnulia, rom amerikelTa

Tavisufali dro Semcirda erTi mesamediT 1970 welTan

SedarebiT (Nationwide, people report their leisure time has declined by as much as one third since the early 1970s). mkvlevaris azriT

[9, gv. 3-4], gazrdili samuSao datvirTvebi (the rising

workload) warmoSobs mTel rig socialur problemas.

ase, magaliTad, amerikelTa 30% aRniSnavda, rom TiTqmis

yoveldRe ganicdian stress, romelmac gamoiwvia sx-

vadasxva daavadebis zrda, gansakuTrebiT, qalbatonebs

Soris. daZabuli muSaobis ganrigi aviTarebs gulis

daavadebebs, kuW-nawlavis problemebs, depresias, hiper-

teonias da a.S.

problemebi ikveTeba ZilTan dakavSirebiT. gamokv-

levebis Tanaxmad, amerikelebi „Zilis deficits“ (“sleep deficit”) ganicdian. maT umravlesobas Rame 60-90 wuTiT

naklebi sZinavT, vidre saWiroa janmrTelobisTvis (a majority of whom are currently getting between 60 and 90 minutes less a night than they should for optimum health and performance).

kidev erTi problema ikveTeba samsaxursa da

ojaxs Soris drois optimalur ganawilebaSi. qveynis

mosaxleobis naxevari miiCnevs, rom maT ojaxisaTvis

Zalian cota dro rCebaT (Half the population now says they have too little time for their families)[9, gv. 3]. yovelive es ara

marto janmrTelobasa da ojaxebis simtkices uqmnis

problemebs, aramed iribad axalgazrda Taobebis aRz-

rda-ganaTlebazec seriozul zegavlenas axdens. ase,

magaliTad, berkleli sociologi arli xoSCaildi

(arlie Hochschild) aRniSnavs, rom samsaxurs, bavSvebsa da qorwinebas Soris arCevanis gakeTebisas ukanaskneli

zaraldeba (When job, children, and marriage have to be attended to, it’s often the marriage that is neglected). ekonomisti silvia

42

avTandil CuTlaSvili

xevleti (Sylvia Hewlett) Tvlis, rom mTavari problemaa

is, rom bavSvebi sul ufro da ufro martoni rCebi-

an, rodesac maTi mSoblebi muSaoben (A major problem is that children are increasingly left alone, to fend for themselves while their parents are at work)[10]. kidev erTma ekonomistma vik-

tor fuqsma (Victor Fuchs) daafiqsira, rom 1960-1986 wleb-

Si mSoblebis mier SvilebTan gatarebuli dro davida

kviraSi 10 saaTamde TeTrkanianebisaTvis da 12 saaTamde

- afroamerikelebisaTvis. aRniSnuliT warmoqmnili de-

feciti aRzrdaSi sxva uamrav problemas warmoSobs.

sxvadasxva samTavrobo da saerTaSoriso orga-

nizaciis oficialuri statistikuri monacemebis ana-

lizis safuZvelze ganvixiloT sxva parametri.

janmrTelobis msoflio organizaciis angariSe-

bis mixedviT [12] SeviswavleT aSS-Si Warbwoniano-

bis problema. 2005 wlis angariSis mixedviT, [12, gv. 23]

1999-2002 wlebSi 25.8% mozard vaJebs da 31.8% mozard

qalebs hqondaT Warbwonianobis problema, xolo 2011

wlis angariSis mixedviT [12. gv. 111], aRniSnuli maCven-

ebeli 2008 wlisaTvis gaizarda da Sesabamisad 30.2% da

33.2% gaxda. amave angariSis mixedviT (gv. 70) mSobiare

qalbatonebis sikvdilianobis koeficienti (Maternal mortality ratio) 12-dan (1990 wels) 2008 wlisaTvis 24-

mde gaizarda, maSin, roca bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi

igi Semcirda. ase, magaliTad, germaniaSi igi 13-dan 7-de,

iaponiaSi 12-dan 6-mde, safrangeTSi 13-dan 8-mde Semcir-

da. saberZneTSi aRniSnuli maCvenebeli (mSobiare qal-

batonebis sikvdilianoba 100 000 adamianze) mxolod

2-s udris.

aRniSnulis Semdeg xazi gvinda gavusvaT im ga-

remoebas, rom mxolod samuSos moculobis, intensiuro-

bisa da daZabulobis gamo rodi xdeba yvela zemoT

43


aRniSnuli movlena, magram problemebis erTobliobam

gaamwvava yovelive es da gamosavali mosaZebnia ara

marto ekonomikis sferoSi. albaT, axleburad unda

iqnes gaazrebuli rigi faseuloba (maxasiaTebeli), maT

Soris - ratom vmuSaobT Cven ase da amdens, ratom vx-

arjavT amdens da amgvarad da a.S.

ganviTarebadi qveynebi (saqarTvelo maT Soris)

dainteresebuli arian aSS-is ekonomikis sijansaRiT,

radganac is, garkveulwilad, maTi ganviTarebisa da

warmatebis sawindaricaa. saqarTvelosac aqvs dRes

problemebi, magram sxvagvari saxeobis. axla ki erT-

erT maTganze gvinda gavamaxviloT yuradReba. qveya-

nas grZelvadiani da mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis es-

aWiroeba Sinagani potenciali da Sesabamisi finansuri

resursebi. yovelive ki, upirveles yovlisa, erovnuli

danazogis moculobaSi gamoixateba. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom CvenTan aRniSnul parametrs ar eqceva saTanado

yuradReba. faqtia, rom saqarTveloSi Siga investicieb-

is resursi Zalian mwiria da aqcenti gadatanilia gare

investiciebze, arada, ganviTarebis sxvadasxva TeoriaSi

danazogebis moculobas yvelgan didi mniSvneloba eni-

Weba, radganac igi aris Siga investiciebisa da ekonomi-

kis ganviTarebis erT-erTi mZlavri wyaro.

msoflio bankis monacemebiT [16], aRniSnuli maCve-

nebeli saqarTveloSi 2008 wels mSp-is mxolod 4%-s

Seadgenda, 2009 wels - 2%-s, 2010 wels - 11%-s, 2011 wels

- 13%-s, xolo 2012 wels - 17%-s. miuxedavad amisa, Cven

jer kidev sagrZnoblad CamovrCebiT bevr mezobel

qveyanas. magaliTad: azerbaijans, somxeTs, ruseTis fed-

eracias da ase Semdeg, romelTa mTliani danazogebi

2012 wels mSp-is 41%, 21%, 41%-ia. (ixileT cxrili 1).

44

avTandil CuTlaSvili

mTliani danazogebi (% mSp-Tan) [16]

cxrili 1

wlebi

qveyana2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

saqarTvelo 4 2 11 14 18

azerbaijani 52 42 46 38 37

somxeTi 29 18 19 20 21

TurqeTi 16 13 13 14 14

rumineTi 20 21 21 27 23

bulgareTi 15 20 22 22 22

moldova 23 15 15 13 13

ukraina 21 16 16 15 10

ruseTi 32 23 27 31 30

CineTi 53 53 52 51 49

imedi imisa, rom bazari TviTregulirebas moaxdens

da aRniSnuli sakiTxi TavisiT mowesrigdeba, mTlad

gamarTlebuli ver iqneba. Tavisi wili samuSao, ga-

sakeTebeli aqvs ara marto samecniero sazogadoebas,

aramed biznesisa da saxelisuflebo wreebsac.

danazogebis zrdis ra winamZRvrebia amJamad

saqarTvelos realur seqtorSi? unda iTqvas, rom

qarTuli oficialuri statistika ar gvanebivrebs am

mimarTulebiT informaciis siWarbiT. dasawyisisTvis

ganvixiloT mosaxleobis Tviuri fuladi Semosavali

da Tviuri fuladi xarjebi. ase magaliTad, 2012 wels

Semosavlebma 715.6 mln.lari, xolo xarjma 692.8 mln

lari Seadgina, [18]. gamodis, rom Semosavlebi xarjebs

22.8 mln lariT sWarbobs, rac weliwadSi mxolod 273

mln larze odnav metia. (ixileT cxrili 2).

45


saqarTvelos socialuri indikatorebi [17 da 18]

(mln lari)

cxrili 2

wlebi 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

mosaxleobis Tvi-

uri fuladi Se-

mosavali

351.0 455.2 492.1 567.2 617.0 715.6

mosaxleobis Tvi-

uri fuladi xar-

ji

373.0 466.6 478.1 535.8 599.3 692.8

sxvaoba Semosav-

lebsa da xarjebs

Soris

-22.0 -11.4 14.0 31.4 17.7 22.8

saSualo wliuri

maCvenebeli

- - 168.0 376.8 212.4 273.6

unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo wlebSi viTareba uke-

Tesobisaken icvleba, magram dadebiTi tendenciebi jer

kidev sakmarisi araa viTarebis realuri gaumjobesebi-

saTvis. Cndeba kiTxvebi da maTze yalibdeba savaraudo

pasuxebi. magaliTad, rogor SeiZleba Sina meurneobebma

da mosaxleobam ufro meti dazogon? ra politika Sei-

Zleba gatardes erovnuli dazogvis normis gasadide-

blad?

pasuxebi, iseve rogorc kiTxvebi, mravalferovani

da saintereso SeiZleba aRmoCndes. Cven ar gvaqvs pre-

tenzia srul WeSmaritebaze. gvinda mxolod ramdenime

mosazreba davafiqsiroT. kerZod:

• danazogebis zrdas xels Seuwyobs dazogili

Semosavlebis gansxvavebuli sagadasaxado reJimiT

46

avTandil CuTlaSvili

dabegvra;

• saxelmwifo danazogebis zrda SesaZleblad mig-

vaCnia saxelmwifo biujetis deficitisa da profici-

tis ukeT regulirebis meSveobiT;

• Siga finansur brunvaSi saxelmwifosa da ker-

Zo seqtoris resuresebis CarTulobis zrda daexmare-

ba dazogili saxsrebis ganTavsebis SesaZleblobebis

gaumjobesebas da a.S.

garkveuli samuSaoebia Casatarebeli erToblivi

moxmarebis struqturis optimizaciis, sabanko seqtoris

regulirebis srulyofis, finansuri bazris Semdgomi

ganviTarebis, mosaxleobis finansuri ganaTlebis amaR-

lebis mimarTulebiT. yovelivem, sul cota, xeli unda

Seuwyos qveynis Sesatyvisi moxmarebis struqturis

formirebas, saprocento spredis Semcirebas, adminis-

traciuli da mmarTvelobiTi xarjebis optimizacias,

autsorsingis praqtikis SezRudvas, larizaciis koefi-

cientis amaRlebas, fasiani qaRaldebis bazris mraval-

ferovnebas, daexmaros Cvens Tanamoqalaqeebs, damoukide-

blad dagegmon sakuTari finansebi da marTon ojaxis

momavali da a.S.

Cveni azriT, erovnuli danazogebis normis zrda

unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc mizani, aramed rogorc

qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis saSualeba. mosax-

leobas ara marto danazogi, aramed misi usafrTxo,

momgebianad ganTavsebisa da efeqtianad gamoyenebis sa-

Sualeba unda hqondes.

The Main Indicators of Economic Development for the USA

A.Chutlashvili

Changes in the global economy conduct to the changes in the

47


savings and expenses in the structure of the world and national GDP. As a result, the public debt are grows for many countries, year by year. The review of the some economic indicators in the leading economy of the world is one of the purposes of that research.

The author examines US GDP in the last 50 years, structure of the federal debt, national savings, gross national product per capita and some social indicators. Keeping leading positions in the world economy and finance require substantial efforts from USA and it will be effec-tive only if will use different kinds of joint actions (scientific, political, military, cultural etc).

Some questions which are important for development of financial system of Georgia also are considered.

Key words: financial markets, GDP, spending, budget policy, fed-eral debt, GDP per capita, national saving, global economy.


1. Historical Tables. The Budget. Office of Management and Budget.(Table 7.1-Federal Debt at the End of Year. 1940-2018) www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals

2. 2011 Economic Report of the President, gv.188-189. Council of Economic Advisers. www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/cea/economic-report-of-the-President

3. Historical Debt Outstanding – Annual 1950-2010 www.trea-surydirect.dov/gov/reports/pd/histdebt/

4. Federal Debt www.fms.treas.gov/bulletin/ World Resources Institute. Economics, Business, and the Environment — GDP: GDP per capita, current US dollars - http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/economics-business/variable-638.html

5. aSS Sromis saministros infliaciis kalkulatori http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm

6. Development Data Group, The World Bank. 2008. 2008 World Development Indicators Online. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

48

avTandil CuTlaSvili

Available at: http://go.worldbank.org/U0FSM7AQ40.7. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,

Survey of Current Business. Web: bea.doc.gov/bea/regional/spi/. 8. United States (US, USA or America) Gross National Savings

(% of GDP) Statistics http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statis-tics/United- States/Gross_National_Savings_Percentage_of_GDP/

9. Juliet B. Schor. The Overwork American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure. www.users.ipfw.edu/reflethe/american.html

10. Chartbook of International Labor Comparisons. US Depart-ment of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www.bls.gov/fls/chartbook/chartbook2010.pdf

11. arlie Hochschild. The Second Shift12. World Health Satistics (2006-2011) http://www.who.int/

whosis/whostat/en/index.html 13. Definition of GDP – per capita (PPP) – http://www.index-

mundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=us&v=67 14.Tbilisis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo universitetis

samecniero Sromebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2009 w.;15.Tbilisis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo universitetis

samecniero Sromebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2010 w.;16.Gross savings (% of GDP)/ Data/ Table – The World Bank

data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNS.ICTR.ZS‎17.saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis 2012 wlis anga-

riSi (gv.142)

18.saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monetaruli da

sabanko statistikis biuleteni; ianvari-ivlisi, 2013w.

http://nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=352

19.World Economic outlook. April 2013. Hopes, Realities, Risks http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/pdf/text.pdf

49


inga balarjiSvili

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,

iv. javaxiSvilis sax.

Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori

postsabWoTa ekonomikebis transformaciis

procesi ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli politikur

procesebTanac. ekonomikis da politikis mWidro

kavSiri vlindeba politikur arCevanze ekonomikuri

faqtorebis gavlenasa da ekonomikaze politikuri

faqtoris ukugavlenaSi [7].

miuxedavad imisa, rom politikuri bazris Teoriis

mravali debuleba sakamaToa (magaliTad, sworia

Tu ara sazogadoebrivi, maT Soris politikuri

institutebi ganvixiloT rogorc bazari; ramdenad

determinirdeba politikuri bazris aqtorebis

moqmedeba sargeblianobis egoisturi mosazrebebiT da

ramdenad - „TamaSis wesebiT“, anu qcevis istoriulad da

kulturulad ganpirobebuli stereotipebiT, romlebic

qmnian sabazro sivrcis garemos; samarTliania Tu ara

Cikagos (g. bekeri, j.stigleri, r.qouzi, r. pozneri, s.

pelcmani da sxv.), virjiniis (j. biuqeneni, r, vainingi,

g. taloki, j. brenani da sxv.) da sxva skolebis mier

ganviTarebuli racionaluri arCevanis koncefciis

pretenzia universaluri kvleviTi paradigmis Seqmnaze),

man gaaTavisufla politikuri azri makro-istoriuli

da makro-sociologiuri determinizmisgan, xeli

Seuwyo individis „reabilitacias“, romelic mihyveba

racionaluri arCevanis problema postsabWoTa politikur bazrebze

50

inga balarjiSvili

pirad interesebs da moqmedebs politikur sivrceSi

avtonomiurad da gacnobierebulad, SesaZlebeli

gaxada politikuri bazris ZiriTadi moqmedi pirebis

- amomrCevlebis, deputatebis da Cinovnikebis qcevis

interpretireba.

politikuri bazari politikuri saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis (ideebis, programebis, marTvis stilis,

lideris imijis) warmoebisa da ganawilebis sistemaa,

romelic SedarebiT efeqtianad uzrunvelyofs

erTmaneTs Soris konkurirebadi gamyidvelebis

(partiebis, politikosebis, biurokratiis) da myidvelebis

(amomrCevlebis, moqalaqeebis) interesTa mniSvnelovani

raodenobis SeTanxmebas. politikuri bazari SeiZleba

aRmocendes mxolod warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis

pirobebSi. „liberalur demokratiaSi, - werda k. erou,

- arsebobs koleqtiuri arCevanis realizaciis ori

gza: xmis micema, romelic gamoiyeneba politikuri

xasiaTis gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad da sabazro

meqanizmi, romelic gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri xasiaTis

gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad“ [13, gv.19].

politikuri bazari - es aris sivrce, romelSic

xdeba amomrCevelTa xmebis gacvla kandidatTa

winasaarCevno dapirebebze, moqalaqeTa mxardaWeris da

loialurobisa - politikosebisa da mmarTvelebis mier

proeqtirebad gadawyvetilebebze. amasTan, politikuri

bazris yvela aqtori moqmedebs sakuTari miznebis

miRwevisaTvis [8, gv. 5]. „politikuri bazari - es

aris veli, romelzec aqtorTa Soris konkurenciul

brZolaSi ibadeba politikuri produqcia: problemebi,

programebi, koncefciebi, movlenebi, romlebidanac unda

airCion Cveulebrivma moqalaqeebma“ [1, gv. 11].

zogierTi avtori uSualod aigivebs demokratias

politikur bazarTan: „demokratias uwodeben

51


politikuri bazris an Zalauflebis bazris sistemas, an

sabazro politikas (sabazro ekonomikis analogiurad).

es aris sabazro principis pirdapiri proeqcia

politikur cxovrebaSi. kandidatebi - saqonlis

mimwodeblebi arian, amomrCevlebi - momxmareblebi.

momxmareblis Zalauflebis uzrunvelyofa xdeba

politikuri pluralizmis meSveobiT, e.i. mimwodeblebs

Soris konkurenciis arsebobiT.

postsabWoTa qveynebSi politikur aqtorTa qcevis

racionaluroba mniSvnelovnad ganpirobebulia TviT

am bazris specifikiT, kerZod: 1) politikuri bazris

mbrZaneblur-administraciuli regulireba da misi

monopolizacia, rogorc Sedegi; 2) administraciuli

resursis aqtiuri gamoyeneba winasaarCevno kampaniis

procesSi; 3) winasaarCevno kampaniis Catarebisas

opoziciis mier masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis

srulad gamoyenebis ararseboba; 4) politikuri bazris

ufro aSkara „sabazro“ xasiaTi, vidre ganviTarebul

qveynebSi, rac dakavSirebulia demokratiuli kulturis,

tradiciis da struqturebis ararsebobasTan; 5)

adamianTa cnobierebiT da qcevebiT manipulireba

masmediis saSualebebis, rogorc politikuri marketingis

instrumentis meSveobiT.

aRniSnuli Taviseburebani ganapirobebs post-

sabWoTa individis qcevis mizezebis Ziebas ara marto

racionaluri arCevanis klasikur TeoriebSi, aramed

istoriul, socialur, fsiqologiur da sxv. konteqstsac,

vinaidan klasikuri midgoma ar iTvaliswinebs

politikuri sistemis transformaciis dinamikur

process. jer erTi, varaudebi, romlebic safuZvlad

udevs politikuri bazris Teorias, ara yvela

politikosis da amomrCevlisTvisaa realuri. rogorc

gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, saarCevno gadawyvetileba Zalian

52

inga balarjiSvili

xSirad warmoadgens ara racionaluri gansjis, aramed

emocionaluri swrafvis Sedegs, rac eWvqveS ayenebs

TviT xmis micemis proceduris, rogorc demokratiuli

politikuri procesis meqanizmis, faseulobas; meore,

varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom amomrCevels ainteresebs

sajaro politikis sakiTxebi, da arCevans am safuZvelze

akeTebs, sakamaToa. aranakleb rols TamaSobs

amomrCevlis identifikacia garkveul partiasTan,

an kandidatis piradi mimzidveloba; mesame, yvela

modeli moiTxovs, rom amomrCevels SeeZlos misTvis

SeTavazebuli politikuri alternativebis ranJireba

imgvarad, rogorc es mas awyobs. es ranJireba myaria

arCevnebidan arCevnebamde. Tumca, cxovreba aCvenebs,

rom rigiTi amomrCeveli arc ise dainteresebulia

politikiT, rom hqondes myari da ucvleli upiratesobebi

sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani problemebis mimarT.

maSinac ki, Tu es upiratesobebi arsebobs, adamianebs

ara aqvT imuniteti Zlieri propagandistuli kampaniis

winaaRmdeg, ar SeuZliaT gauZlon darwmunebas. aseTi

faqtebi adasturebs, rom arCevnebi ar SeiZleba

ganvixiloT, rogorc amomrCevelTa upiratesobebis

martivi agregireba, rogorc amas ambobs pozitivisturi

mimarTuleba; meoTxe, Tanamedrove kvlevebiT ar

dasturdeba varaudi partiebisa da kandidatebis Sesaxeb

amomrCevlis sruli informirebulobis Taobaze.

informaciis miReba dakavSirebulia drois da Zalebis

danaxarjebTan. vinaidan rigiT moqalaqis individualuri

„xmis fasi“ arc ise didia, amitom politikuri

informaciis misaRebad minimalur Zalisxmevas iyenebs.

seriozuli politikuri informaciis deficitis

pirobebSi amomrCeveli gamoiyenebs im informacias,

romlis miRebac advilia - magaliTad, kandidatis

pirovnebis, xasiaTis, misi ojaxis, mxardamWerebis da a.S.

53


Sesaxeb. am pirobebSi izrdeba masobrivi informaciis

saSualebebis mniSvneloba, rac pirdapir muSaobs partiis

Tu kandidatis keTilsasurveli an arakeTilsasurveli

imijis Seqmnaze.

racionaluri qcevis problema aisaxeba e.w.

„ekonomikis konstituciis“ an, rogorc mas uwodeben,

bazris kontragentebs Soris „SeTanxmebis paketis“

specifikaSic. igi qcevis normaTa erTobliobaa, romelic

uzrunvelyofs bazarze garigebaTa ganxorcielebas

da wonasworobis miRwevas. politikuri bazrebi

postsabWoTa sivrceSi aerTianebs rogorc sabazro

ekonomikis konstituciis, aseve mbrZanebluri ekonomikis

konstituciis niSnebs (cxrili).

sabazro da mbrZanebluri ekonomikis normaTa

sistema

qcevis normebi sabazro

ekonomikaSi

qcevis normebi

mbrZaneblur ekonomikaSi

rTuli utilitarizmi martivi utilitarizmi

mizanracionaluri qceva faseulobiT-

racionaluri qceva

depersonificirebuli

ndoba

personificirebuli

ndoba

empaTia „Sen - me, me - Sen“

Tavisufleba pozitiuri

gagebiT

-------------------------------------

kanonisadmi

nebayoflobiTi

morCileba

kanonisadmi morCilebis

demonstrireba

54

inga balarjiSvili

postsabWoTa politikuri bazrebisTvis

upiratesad damaxasiaTebelia monawileTa martivi

utilitarizmi - individTa miswrafeba, moaxdinon

TavianTi sargeblianobis maqsimizeba sakuTari

produqtiuli saqmianobisgan damoukideblad (rTuli

utilitarizmisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic gulisxmobs

sargeblianobis maqsimizebas produqtiuli saqmianobis

safuZvelze). martivi utilitarizmis ilustrirebas

warmoadgens, magaliTad, ruseTis politikur bazarze

parazituli konkurenciis teqnologiebis farTod

gavrceleba, rac gulisxmobs saarCevno blokebis da

xelisuflebis calkeuli maZieblis mier putinis,

stalinis, komunisturi partiis, moZraoba „erTobis“ da

sxvaTa „savaWro markebis“ gamoyenebas, rac ar moiTxovs

Zalisxmevas axali politikuri produqtis Seqmnaze.

aqcentireba konkurentebis „antidovlaTze“ (ara j.

biuqeneniseuli gagebiT, aramed rogorc Seusrulebeli

dapirebebi, anu „uxarisxo“ politikuri saqoneli)

da misi gadaqceva sakuTar politikur dovlaTad,

aseve SeiZleba CaiTvalos martivi utilitarizmis

gamovlinebad (magaliTad, 2013 wlis saprezidento

arCevnebSi „nacionaluri moZraobis“ lozungi „qarTuli

ocnebis 84 dapirebidan 76 ar Sesrulda! ocneba ar

muSaobs!“). amomrCevelTa calkeuli segmenti, Tavis mxriv,

xSirad cvlis Tavis xmas produqtebis, wamlebis da

a.S. nakrebze imis nacvlad, rom politikuri situaciis

analizis safuZvelze gaTvalon ama Tu im politikuri

saqonlis „SeZeniT“ miRebuli mogeba.

meore kriteriumis mixedviT, postsabWoTa

individis qceva ufro metad mizanracionaluria,

vidre faseulobiT-racionaluri, e.i. gulisxmobs gare

samyaros sagnebis da sxva adamianebis gansazRvruli

qcevis molodins da am molodinis gamoyenebas

55


sakuTari racionalurad dasmuli da gaazrebuli

miznis miRwevis „saSualebad“ da „pirobad“ [3, gv. 628].

am TvalsazrisiT, arcTu usafuZvloa e. daunsis Tezisi

imis Sesaxeb, rom „partiebi ufro ayalibeben politikas

imisaTvis, rom moigon arCevnebi, da ara igeben arCevnebs

imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibon politika“ [14, gv. 27-28].

aseTi qceva gansxvavdeba mbrZanebluri ekonomikis

faseulobiT-racionaluri qcevis normisagan, sadac

bazris subieqtTa motivacia gansazRvrulia partiuli

ideologiiT, maRali faseulobebiT („mSvidoba mTel

msoflioSi“, „yvelaferi saukeTeso - bavSvebs“) da ara

marto pragmatuli interesiT.

Tanamedrove postsabWoTa politikuri bazrebis-

Tvis damaxasiaTebelia ndobis uaRresi personifikacia

(mbrZanebluri ekonomikis norma). am Teziss adasturebs

is faqti, rom partiuli siiT xmis micemis motivad

gamodis ndoba misi liderisadmi.

rac Seexeba barteruli gacvlis princips - „Sen

-me, me - Sen“, igi gamoixateba rogorc populisturi

dapirebebis „nakadSi“, aseve arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli

kandidatis mier Tavisi momxreebisaTvis politikuri

valis administraciuli Tanamdebobebis saxiT

dabrunebaSi. TandaTanobiT viTardeba empaTiis

normac, rogorc individis unari, daayenos sakuTari

Tavi kontragentis adgilze da garigebas Sexedos

misi TvaliT, gaigos misi interesebis, SegrZnebebis da

ganzraxvebis dinamika. politikuri elitis mcdeloba,

gansazRvros potenciuri „myidvelis“ damokidebuleba

Tavisi saqonlisadmi, warmatebis saimedo safuZvelia.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi amomrCevelTa ganwyoba -

„yvelas winaaRmdeg“ mTavrdeba arCevnebze gamocxadebis

dabali maCvenebliT, rac a priori gulisxmobs arCeuli

xelisuflebis legitimurobis kriziss.

56

inga balarjiSvili

kanonisadmi damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT,

postsabWoTa qveynebis politikur bazrebze aSka-

rad SeiniSneba „orazrovnebis“ problema. e.i.

sociumSi miRebuli normebisadmi erTgulebis saja-

ro demonstrireba, rac ar Seesabameba individTa

Sinagan rwmenas da vlindeba maTi saqmianobis

winaaRmdegobriobaSi.

neoinstituciuri midgomis TvalsazrisT, postsab-

WoTa politikur bazrebze racionaluri qcevis erT-

erT determinantad SeiZleba gamovyoT amomrCevlis

informirebulobis faqtori. Tanamedrove kvlevebiT

ar dasturdeba partiebisa da kandidatebis Sesaxeb

amomrCevelTa sruli informirebulobis varaudi.

amomrCevelTa umetesoba Zalian zedapiruladaa

informirebuli sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli

organoebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb. saqme exeba

amomrCevelTa mier politikuri informaciis miRebis da

gaazrebis maRal transaqciur xarjebs. swored amitom

amomrCevelTa qceva xSirad stereotipizebuli da

miTologizebulia, eqvemdebareba ideologiis gavlenas

da naklebad racionalizebulia. politikuri bazris

idealur modelSi aqtorebi floben erTnair informacias

saqonlis Sesaxeb da am informaciis safuZvelze

urTierTqmedeben. myidvelebmac da gamyidvelebmac ician,

rom politikuri saqoneli Tvisebrivi TvalsazrisiT

araerTgvarovania, ician, romeli xarisxobrivi

maxasiaTeblebi da ra raodenobiT arsebobs saqonelTa

saerTo masaSi, magram, ar ician saqonlis calkeuli

erTeulis individualuri maxasiaTeblebi. informaciis

asimetria miwodebis mxaris sasargeblod iwvevs imas,

rom myidveli politikuri saqonlis xarisxs afasebs

statistikurad, xolo gamyidvelisTvis cnobilia

saqonlis TiToeuli erTeulis xarisxi individualurad.

57


informaciis asimetriuli ganawileba iwvevs „cudi“

politikuri saqonlis mier „kargi“ politikuri

saqonlis gamoZevebas bazridan, anu „gauaresebad

SerCevas“ (adverse selection), rac kontraqtamdeli

oportunizmis erT-erTi formaa. Sedegad, garemos

araxelsayreli pirobebis gamo, potenciur partniorebad

gamodian is ekonomikuri agentebi, romlebic yvelaze

naklebad sasurvelia mocemuli subieqtisaTvis. garda

amisa, winasaarCevno kampaniis procesSi amomrCevlis

mier informaciis wyaroebis dayofa sando da arasando

informaciad, zRudavs arCevanis sazRvrebs da mas

fsevdoracionalur xasiaTs aZlevs.

informaciis asimetriasTan dakavSirebulia meore

efeqtic - arakeTilsindisierebis riski, rodesac

garigebis meore monawiles ar SeuZlia gaakontrolos

Tavisi kontragentis qceva (magaliTad, gamarjvebuli

kandidatis gawveva amomrCevelTa korpusis mier sakmaod

rTuli proceduraa). garda amisa, informaciis asimetria

SeiZleba efuZnebodes resursebis SezRudulobas -

informaciis misawvdomobis araerTnair SesaZleblobebs

(„daxuruli“, kuluaruli informaciis pirobebi), rac

aranakleb mniSvnelovani faqtoria qcevis motivebis

formirebis da sakuTari interesebis gacnobierebis

dros.

„ekonomikuri xmis micemis“ Teoriis mixedviT

(m. fiorina), arsebobs pirdapiri kavSiri ekonomikis

mdgomareobasa da arCevnebis Sedegebs Soris.

eleqtoralur qcevaSi amomrCevlebi orientirdebian

mxolod cxovrebis xarisxze mocemuli xelisuflebis

dros, da aseT qcevas agreTve SeiZleba ewodos

racionaluri. Tumca bolomde cxadi ar aris, xmis micemis

dros arCevani efuZneba amomrCevelTa mier sakuTari

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sefasebas („egocentruli

58

inga balarjiSvili

xmis micema“), Tu mTlianad qveynis ekonomikis muSaobis

Sedegebs („sociotropuli xmis micema“).

am koncefciis mixedviT Tu SevafasebT, post-

sabWoTa qveynebis politikuri bazrebi araerTgvarovania.

Tu, magaliTad, rusi amomrCevlisTvis, rogorc

aRniSnaven mkvlevarebi, damaxasiaTebelia axali

xelisuflebis warmatebis molodini (perspeqtiuli

arCevani), saqarTveloSi eleqtoraluri qcevis

motivi ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi wina

xelisuflebis saqmianobis Sedegebis Sefasebaa

(retrospeqtiuli arCevani)- („erTiani nacionaluri

moZraobis“ mxardaWera - „moqalaqeTa kavSiris

winaaRmdeg, „qarTuli ocnebis“ mxardaWera - „erTiani

nacionaluri moZraobis“ winaaRmdeg). garda amisa,

rusi amomrCevlis araracionaluroba SeiZleba aixsnas

adamianTa umravlesobis politikisadmi interesis

SezRudulobiT an ararsebobiT da qveynis politikur

cxovrebaSi monawileobisgan „TviTgamoricxviT“. moqa-

laqeTa rwmenis ararseboba arCevnebisadmi, rogorc

mmar Tveli elitis formirebis meqanizmisadmi,

mniSvnelovnad amcirebs moqalaqeTa eleqtoralur

aqtiurobas. politikuri sistemisgan, misi institutebisa

da faseulobebisgan imedgacruebis Sedegad qcevis

damaxasiaTebeli niSani xdeba politikuri frustracia,

rac warmoSobs absenteistTa did raodenobas, romel-

Ta umravlesoba uRaribesi fenis TviTgadarCenis

problemiTaa dakavebuli. Tumca, msoflioSi cotaa

demokratiuli qveynebi, sadac arCevnebSi 90%-ze meti

amomrCeveli monawileobs. magaliTad, dasavleT

evropis qveynebSi arCevnebSi monawileobis maCvenebeli

meryeobs 75-85%-s Soris intervalSi. gansakuTrebul

gulgrilobas arCevnebisadmi avlenen Sveicariis

moqalaqeebi: mag., 1984 wlis arCevnebSi monawileobda

59


amomrCevelTa mxolod 48,3%. aSS-Si amomrCevelTa

gamocxadeba ukve XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

daeca 50%-mde, 1960-ian wlebSi, raRac droiT gadaaWarba

60%-s, xolo Semdeg isev daeca 50%-mde.

absenteizmi postsabWoTa politikur bazrebze

SeiZleba orgvarad avxsnaT: erTi mxriv, naxevar saukuneze

meti xnis ganmavlobaSi gabatonebuli „aTvisebuli

umweobis“ etatisturi sindromiT, romlis arsia is,

rom „adamiani, araerTxel darwmunebuli situaciis

ukontrolobaSi, sakuTari moqmedebebiT movlenaTa

msvlelobis Secvlis SeuZleblobaSi, sabolood,

saerTod uars ambobs Ziebisgan. xdeba morCili da

Semsrulebeli“. is ver xedavs politikur procesSi

monawileobis sargeblobas. am TvalsazrisiT, msgavsi

qceva racionaluria (rational ignorance). meore

mxriv, aseTi amomrCeveli arafers „ixdis“, magram iRebs

politikur saqonels samTavrobo programebis saxiT. is

cdilobs gamoiyenos sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi ufasod

da gadaiqceva „ubileTo mgzavrad“ (free-rider), rac

sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT,

araracionaluria.

postsabWoTa qveynebis Ria politikur sistema-

ze gadasvlis erT-erTi instituciuri faqtori

mravalpartiulobaa. politikuri partiebis umravle-

sobas postsabWoTa sivrceSi ara aqvs mkveTri ide-

o logia da ar warmoadgens didi socialuri jgu-

febis interesebis gamomxatvels. xelisuflebis inici-

ativiT Seqmnili partiebis arseboba, rogorc fiqtiuri

alternativa, saprotesto eleqtoratis mizidvis

mizans emsaxureba [5, gv. 92-96]. politikuri partiebis

klasikuri ideologiuri diskursis adgils ikavebs

kvaziideologiuri diskursi [6, gv. 167] - rogorc

ideebis, simboluri saxeebis, prezentaciuli Souebis

60

inga balarjiSvili

erToblioba, rac agreTve arTulebs racionaluri

arCevanis problemas. Sou-politika, rogorc

politikuri bazris komunikaciuri elementi, Tavisi

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT - iluzoruloba, sanaxaob-

rioba, interaqtiuloba, karnavaluroba, hedonisturoba

- astimulirebs politikuri produqtis masobrivi

momxmareblis emociur kavSirs politikur brendTan.

sabolood viRebT Sou-politikis vizualur-emociuri

komponentis dominirebas racionalur-gansjiT

komponentze, rac Tanamedrove informaciuli da

samomxmareblo sazogadoebis sayovelTao tendenciaa,

magram, gansakuTrebiT kargad muSaobs transformaciul

ekonomikaSi. am tendencias gamoxatavs politikis

„simboluri sivrcis“ gafarToebac (magaliTad SeiZleba

moviyvanoT „narinjisferi revoluciis“ dReebSi

narinjisferi bafTebi kievis quCebSi). politikuri

saqonlis Seqmna simboloebis meSveobiT, rasac

mimarTaven politikuri partiebi TavianTi xarjebis

minimizirebis mizniT, aqcentis gakeTeba emociur

Semadgenelze, postsabWoTa politikuri bazrebis

erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli tendenciaa. simboloebi

iZleva informaciis warmodgenis, gaformebis da

myisieri gadacemis saSualebas, racionaluri gaazrebis

da amisTvis saWiro drois danaxarjebis gareSe.

individualuri upiratesobebiT nakarnaxevi arCevani

iluzorulia. igi ganpirobebulia TviT samomxmareblo

sazogadoebis struqturiT, romelic mniSvnelobas

aniWebs ara saqonels, aramed abstraqtul faseulobebs.

simboloebi ayalibebs adamianis cnobierebaSi

asociaciebs da stereotipul saxeebs imisa, rac

realurad ar arsebobs. moTxovnilebani iwarmoeba

im saqonelTan erTad, romelic maT akmayofilebs

(umuSevrobasTan, korufciasTan brZolis mowodebebi).

61


es ukanaskneli gadaiqceva simulaciur niSnad, rac

axdens realobis Canacvlebas da imitirebas [2, gv. 91].

amomrCevlebis mier miRebuli simbolo gansazRvravs

politikuri partiisadmi loialurobis xarisxs da

warmoadgens „kontrolirebadi grZnobebis pirobiT

refleqss“ [4, gv. 15-32]. „Zlieri xelisadmi“ swrafva, rac

damaxasiaTebelia postsabWoTa qveynebSi xelisuflebis

aRqmis mentaluri TaviseburebebisaTvis, iwvevs

amomrCevelTa orientacias personalur politikur

„brendze“ (v. putini, v. Jirinovski, v. iuSCenko, i.

timoSCenko, m. saakaSvili). simbolur mniSvnelobas

iZenen partiuli ferebic. magaliTad, cisfers iyeneben

partiebi, romlebic cdiloben daarwmunon amomrCevlebi

TavianT stabilurobaSi (magaliTad, „erTiani ruseTi“ -

ruseTSi, „regionebis partia“ - ukrainaSi).

Tanamedrove politika mniSvnelovanwilad

sa mom xma reblo sazogadoebis atributi gaxda.

moTxovnilebaTa sul ufro mzardi mravalferovneba,

misi ranJirebis aucilebloba, axal momxmarebelTa

wris mizidva, SenarCuneba da gafarToeba axali

samomxmareblo faseulobebis Seqmnisa da miwodebis

meSveobiT, agreTve masTan dakavSirebuli komunikaciebi

politikuri bazris marTvas ganapirobebs [11, gv. 176-181].

politikur bazarze amomrCeveli sargeblobs sxvadasxva

„nakarnaxeviT“, rogoricaa partiuli brendisadmi

loialuroba, jgufuri kuTvnileba, partiuli

identifikacia. magaliTad, ukanaskneli saparlamento

kampaniebis Sedegebi ruseTsa da ukrainaSi aCvenebs, rom

amomrCevlebi ufro metad orientirdebian msxvil, cnobil

politikur Zalebze, romlebsac arCevnebis momentSi

ukve aqvT garkveuli istoria da miRwevebi TavianT

saqmianobaSi da uars amboben uSualo winasaarCevno

proeqtebisadmi ndobaze, rac virtualurobis niSnebs

62

inga balarjiSvili

atarebs. damaxasiaTebelia arCevanis gakeTeba ara

winasaarCevno gamosvlebis da programebis gaaazrebis

safuZvelze, aramed iracionalurad [10, gv. 266].

gardamaval sistemaSi Zlierdeba qcevis politi-

kur-fsiqologiuri determinantebic, maT Soris, mosax-

leobis mentaluri ganwyobebis da sazogadoebaSi

dominirebadi politikuri kulturis gavlena

racionalur arCevanze. politikuri cnobiereba Sedgeba

rogorc racionaluri (codna da Sexedulebebi),

aseve iracionaluri komponentisgan (grZnobebi da

SegrZnebebi). politikuri qceva ganisazRvreba ara

mxolod gacnobierebuli motivebiT (motivebi-miznebi),

aramed aracnobieriTac. „socialuri aracnobieri“,

romelic gamoxatavs individis sociumSi yofnis

moTxovnilebas da izolaciis SiSs [12, gv. 349], xdeba

afilaciis motivi - sxvebTan yofnis miswrafeba, rac qmnis

individebisTvis daculobis da erTianobis SegrZnebas,

astimulirebs konformistul qcevas. mxolod piradi

preferenciebis safuZvelze gakeTebuli arCevanis

SemTxvevaSi, subieqtis politikuri „SenaZenis“ gareSe

darCenis safrTxe gansazRvravs politikuri saqonlis

reitingebis winaswari publikaciebis efeqtianobas da

xmis micemas motiviT - „rogorc yvela“ („dadumebis

spirali“).

amgvarad, politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis

transformaciis dinamikuri procesi ganapirobebs

politikuri bazris subieqtebis qcevis transformaciasac,

romlis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswineba demokratiuli

sazogadoebis aSenebis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa.

„sazogadoebrivi konsensusis politika moiTxovs

ara marto saqmianobis ganxorcielebas arsebuli

upiratesobebis safuZvelze, aramed socialuri

gadawyvetilebebis aTvisebasac, romelic xels

63


uwyobs individualuri upiratesobebis da normebis

ganviTarebas“ [9, gv. 278].

The Problem of Rational Choice on the Postsoviet

Political Markets I.Balarjishvili

The process of transformation of post soviet economies inextricably are linked with political process. The close relationship between economics and politics is demonstrated by the influence of economic factors on the political choice and inverse influence of political factors on the economics.

The article analyzes the peculiarities of post soviet political markets and rational behavior of political actors: absence or instability of political preferences; prospective / retrospective choice; asymmetry of information on the political market for the benefit of supply side; growing the role of short-term factors (peculiarity of the election campaign, the image candidate, content of political communication); Personification of government (orientation of support to the leader, not the political party or ideology); political frustration and absenteeism; determinants of rational political-psychological behavior; electoral conformism.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. Алтухова Н.Ю. Политический маркетинг в современной России: Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата политических наук. - Ставрополь, 2006. – С. 11.

2. Бодрийяр, Ж. К критике политической экономии знака. М. : Академический проект. 2007. С. 91.

3. Вебер М. Избранные произведения. М., 1990. C. 628. Downs A. An Economic Theorv of Democracy. – New York,

64

inga balarjiSvili

1957. P. 27–28.4. Ивановский, З. В. Партии и выборы: закономерности и

особенности правового регулирования // Латинская Америка. 2008. № 3. С. 15–32.

5. Ионова А.А. Электоральное поведение как форма поли-тического участия //Актуальные проблемы социогуманитарного знания (Сборник научных трудов). Выпуск XL. – М.: «Прометей» МПГУ, 2009. – С. 92-96.

6. Нежданов Д. В. «Политический рынок» как системообра-зующая метафора современного политологического дискурса/Д. В. Нежданов, О. Ф. Русакова // Полис: Политические исследова-ния. 2011. N 4. С. 167.

7. Нуреев Р.М. Теория общественного выбора. Курс лек-ций: Учебное пособие для вузов. М.: Изд. дом ГУ ВШЭ, 2005.

8. Политический рынок и политический маркетинг: кон-цепции, модели, технологии. – М.: «Российская политическая энциклопедия» (РОССПЭН), 1999. – С.5.

9. Сен А. Развитие как свобода. – М.: Новое изд-во, 2004. С. 278.

10. Сковиков, А. К. Политическое участие акторов в изби-рательном процессе // Вісник ЛНУ імені Тараса Шевченка. 2013. № 11 (270). Ч. І. С. 266.

11. Титова, Л. Г. Мифологизация политического процесса в контексте коммуникативного взаимодействия власти и общества // PolitBook. 2013. № 1. С. 176–181.

12. Фромм, Э. Из плена иллюзий / Душа человека. Мысли-тели XX в. – М.: Республика, 1992. С. 349.

13. Arrow K.J. Choix collectifs et preferences individuelles. – Paris, 1974. P. 19.

14. Downs A. An Economic Theorv of Democracy. – New York, 1957. P. 27–28.

65


Tengiz verulava

medicinis akademiuri doqtori,

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis

sruli profesori

didi frangi mwerlis onore de balzakis sityve-

biT: „qveynad araferia srulyofili, garda ubedure-

bisa“. idealuri da srulyofili arc araferi arse-

bobs. srulyofileba ganuwyveteli da gamudmebuli

miswrafebaa srulyofisaken, anu procesia da arasodes

rogorc arsebuli, ukve miRweuli. rogori SeiZleba

iyos jandacvis srulyofili, saukeTeso sistema? jan-

dacvis aseTi sistema gulisxmobs samedicino momsax-

urebis SeuzRudav xelmisawvdomobas, rodesac adamians

aqvs nebismieri saxeobis samedicino momsaxurebis abso-

luturad Tavisufali arCevani.

SeuzRudavi xelmisawvdomobis garda, saukeTeso

sistemis dros, pacienti daculi unda iyos samedi-

cino momsaxurebis xarjebis rogorc finansuri, aseve

fsiqologiuri tvirTisagan, anu pacienti izolirebu-

lia xarjebisagan. igi miiRweva iseT SemTxvevaSi, rode-

sac samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebs mTlianad ixdis

sadazRvevo kompania da/an saxelmwifo (5, gv. 46).

aRmoCnda, rom hipoTeturi saukeTeso sistemis

orive principi: SeuzRudavi xelmisawvdomoba da jan-

samedicino Semnaxveli

anabrebis sistema –

jandacvis efeqtiani

dafinansebis meqanizmi

66

Tengiz verulava

dacvis xarjebisagan pacientis sruli izolireba erT-

maneTTan SeuTavsebelia. Tu pacients aqvs samedicino

momsaxurebaze SeuzRudavi xelmisawvdomoba da amas-

Tan igi izolirebulia jandacvis xarjebisagan, maSin

aucileblad dadgeba samedicino momsaxurebaze moTx-

ovnis limitirebis sakiTxi (mag., saxelmwifo gansaz-

Rvravs jandacvis biujets, prioritetebs). aqedan gamom-

dinare, zogi momxmarebeli ver miiRebs misTvis sasur-

vel samedicino momsaxurebas da Sesabamisad, sistema

ar iqneba yvelasaTvis erTnairad xelmisawvdomi. faq-

tobrivad, orive principi darRveulia, rac niSnavs, rom

srulyofili jandacvis sistema ar arsebobs.

mTel msoflioSi SeiniSneba jandacvis xarjebis

zrda. aSS-Si mediqeas saxelmwifo programiT xarjebi

mTliani Siga produqtis 3%-s aRwevs, ramac 2050 wels

SeasaZloa 9%-s miaRwios [1]. mkvlevarTa azriT, jan-

dacvis xarjebis zrdis umTavresi mizezia pacientis

izolireba samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebisagan (5, gv.

48). aSS-Si jandacvis xarjebis daaxloebiT 85%-s ixdis

mesame mxare - saxelmwifo an sadazRvevo kompania.

ekonomikis sxvadasxva dargSi saqonlis warmoe-

bas, dafinansebas, da ganawilebas Tavad kerZo seqtori

axorcielebs, cxadia, saxelmwifos mcire maregulire-

beli roliT. amisagan gansxvavebiT, jandacvis seqtorSi

samedicino momsaxurebis dafinansebasa da miwodebaSi

saxelmwifo umTavresi moTamaSe gaxda. ganviTarebul

qveynebSi jandacvis xarjebSi saxelmwifo xarjebis

wili 75%-mde gaizarda, xolo aSS-Si igi 50%-s aRwevs.

garda amisa, aSS-is sadazRvevo seqtorSi saxelmwifos

SeRavaTiani gadasaxadebi aqvs dawesebuli, riTac mis

arapirdapir subsidirebas axdens. aRniSnulTan dakav-

SirebiT, milTon fridmani xazs usvamda: “reformebis

67


umetesoba rac XX saukunis meore naxevarSi ganxor-

cielda, araswori gziT midis... eqimebis, saavadmyofoe-

bis mier gaweul samedicino momsaxurebaze ixdis ixdis

ara pacientebi, aramed mesame mxare - sadazRvevo kompa-

nia an saxelmwifo” [3].Cveulebriv, rodesac bazarSi raime saqonels vy-

idulobT, mesame mxare ar ixdis Cvens magivrad, aramed

pirdapir gamyidvels vuxdiT Tanxas. jandacvis bazarze,

rodesac pacienti dazRveulia da SemTxvevis dadgomi-

sas arafers ixdis, anu xarjebisagan izolirebulia, igi

ar aris dainteresebuli efeqtianad, momWirned gaswios

mkurnalobis xarjebi. mas stimuli aqvs Warbad moix-

maros jandacvis servisebi. Tavis mxriv, eqimisTvisac

misaRebia, rom pacienti masTan mimarTvisas arafers

ixdis, xolo samedicino momsaxurebaze gaweul xarjebs,

mis magivrad, mesame mxare (saxelmwifo da/an sadazRve-

vo kompania) daafinansebs. aRniSnulis Sedegad eqimis

mier daniSnuli momsaxureba SesaZloa absoluturad

araaucilebeli da araefeqtiani aRmoCndes.

jandacvis xarjebisagan pacientebis izolire-

basTan dakavSirebuli uaryofiTi movlenebis Tavidan

asacileblad mniSvnelovania jandacvis seqtorSi Tav-

isufali bazris principebis danergvis xelSewyoba, rac

gulisxmobs pacientsa da eqims Soris Suamavlis, me-

same gadaxmdeli mxaris rolis Semcirebas da sakuTar

janmrTelobaze pirovnebis pasuxismgeblobis rolis

amaRlebas. swored am principebis ganviTarebas uwyobs

xels samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistema.

mokle istoria. samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis

Sesaxeb idea Caisaxa aSS-Si 1970-ian wlebSi. prezident

niqsonis administraciis periodSi, 1974 wels amerikis

samedicino asociaciis ekonomistma jesi hiqsonma Sei-

68

Tengiz verulava

muSava jandacvis bankebis idea. ideis mixedviT, dam-

saqmebels jandacvis Tanxebi unda Seetana daqiraveb-

ulTa individualur Semnaxvel anabrebze maTi samedi-

cino saWiroebisaTvis.

jesi hiqsonis mosazreba samedicino Semnaxveli

anabrebis Sesaxeb gaiziara cnobilma ekonomistma, no-

belis premiis laureatma milTon fridmanma. 1984 wels

singapurSi miiRes kanoni samedicino Semnaxveli anabre-

bis Sesaxeb. aSS-Si 2003 wels prezidentma jorj buSma

xeli moawera kanons samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis

sistemis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.

samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistemis Ziri-

Tadi principebi. samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebi ganix-

ileba rogorc jandacvis dafinansebis alternatiuli

meTodi. igi warmoadgens individualur Semnaxvel ana-

brebs, romlis mTavari upiratesobebia:

• personaluri pasuxismgeblobis amaRleba;

• momavalSi mosalodneli jandacvis maRali xar-

jebisaTvis Tanxebis dagrovebis xelSewyoba (person-

aluri cxovrebis ciklis drois gadanawileba);

• pacientebis mxridan jandacvis xarjebze kon-

trolis stimuli;

• jandacvis sistemaSi damatebiTi saxsrebis mobi-

lizebis stimuli;

• orientacia prevenciul jandacvaze (cxovrebis

jansaRi wesis damkvidrebis xelSewyoba).

samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis umTavresi upi-

ratesobaa pacientis personaluri pasuxismgeblobis

amaRleba. igi efuZneba personaluri cxovrebis cik-

lis drois gadanawilebis princips (Personal Life-Cycle Time Pooling), rac gulisxmobs aqtiuri cxovrebis peri-

odSi Tanxebis dagrovebas momavalSi mosalodneli

69


jandacvis maRali xarjebisaTvis (ix. nax. 1).

personaluri cxovrebis ciklis drois gadan-

awileba, Tanxebis dagroveba, individualuri dagrove-

bis moculoba da janmrTelobis xarjebi

nax. 1

samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistemisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, dazRvevis sistema efuZneba solidarobis

princips, sadac dazRveulebi TavianT risks gadascemen

saerTo fonds, romlis meSveobiT xorcieldeba riskis

gadanawileba fondSi gaerTianebul dazRveulebs So-

ris.

adamianis saSualo Semosavali da Tanxebis da-

grovebis SesaZlebloba maRalia ekonomikurad aqtiur,

anu Sromisunarian periodSi, vidre sapensio asakSi. meo-

re mxriv, jandacvis xarjebi dabalia axalgazrda asak-

Si da asakis matebasTan erTad izrdeba. ekonomikurad

aqtiur periodSi adamiani individualurad awarmoebs

Tanxebis dagrovebas, romelic SeuZlia gamoiyenos

70

Tengiz verulava

cxovrebis Semdgom periodebSi janmrTelobis mosal-

odneli xarjebis dasafaravad [4]. samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistema, anu Tanx-

ebis dagroveba momavalSi mosalodneli janmrTelo-

bis xarjebisaTvis, amcirebs dazRvevis sistemisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel riskis gadanawilebis TaobaTaSoris

tvirTs [4]. individualuri Semnaxveli anabrebi ada-

mians saSualebas aZlevs resursebi daagrovos drois

karg periodSi, rac SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes

drois Semdgom, SedarebiT arasasurvel periodSi (mag.

sibere, ekonomikuri krizisi, umuSevroba) [4] (ix. nax. 2). personaluri cxovrebis ciklis drois gadan-

awileba, Tanxebis dagroveba, individualuri dagrove-

bis moculoba da janmrTelobis xarjebi.

nax. 2

samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis umTavresi mizania

personaluri pasuxismgeblobis amaRleba. igi efuZneba im

mosazrebas, rom adamianTa umravlesoba pasuxismgebeli

unda iyos jandacvis sakuTar danaxarjebze. amisgan

gansxvavebiT, dazRvevisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

71


koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba. mdgomareobas arTulebs

is garemoeba, rom sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgomisas

dazRveuli arafers ixdis, igi izolirebulia

xarjebisagan, rac jandacvis servisebis zedmetad

moxmarebis stimulebs ganapirobebs. dazRvevisagan

gansxvavebiT, samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistemis

dros moqmedebs ekonomikuri principi - jandacvis

servisebis moTxovnaze gavlenas axdens samedicino

momsaxurebis fasi, Sesabamisad mcirdeba misi zedmetad

moxmareba, araaucilebeli samedicino momsaxurebis

Catarebis stimuli. samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis

sistemis dros pacienti dainteresebulia gaswios

jandacvis xarjebze kontroli, radgan rac ufro nakleb

Tanxas daxarjavs, miT meti daugrovdeba angariSze

da miT metad iqneba daculi momavalSi jandacvis

mosalodneli maRali xarjebisagan (ix. cxrili 1).

personaluri pasuxismgebloba iTvaliswinebs sak-

uTar janmrTelobaze zrunvas cxovrebis jansaRi wesis

damkvidrebis meSveobiT. rac ufro metad misdevs ada-

miani cxovrebis jansaR wess, miT naklebad dasWirdeba

samedicino momsaxureba da Sesabamisad, miT mets daa-

grovebs angariSze. singapurSi prevenciuli jandacvis

RonisZiebebs farTo xelSewyoba aqvs saxelmwifos

mxridan. farTod xorcieldeba erovnuli programebis

subsidireba (erovnuli imunizaciis programa, mkerdis

da saSvilosnos yelis kibos skriningi, agreTve integ-

rirebuli skriningis programa, cxovrebis jansaRi we-

sis damkvidrebis programebi) [6].

72

Tengiz verulava

samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis da dazRvevis

sistemis Sedareba

cxrili 1samedicino

Semnaxveli anabrebi

dazRvevis sistema

eTikuri saSiSroebis prevencia; jandacvis xarjebze individualuri pasuxismgeblobis xelSewyoba; saxsrebis dagrovebisken motivacia; araaucilebeli servisebis Tavidan acileba; dagrovili Tanxis gamoyeneba momavalSi jandacvis xarjebisaTvis

eqimebs da pacientebs ar aqvT xarjT-efeqturi mkurnalobis stimuli. dazRveulebi dainteresebuli arian Caitaron araaucilebeli servisebi, radgan dazRveva beneficiarebs uzrunvelyofs SemTxvevis dadgomisas ufaso momsaxurebas an Zalian dabal Tanagadaxdebs.

Semnaxveli anabrebi misdevs beneficiarebs

sadazRvevo premia ar misdevs individualur pirebs, dagrovebiT ar izrdeba droTa ganmavlobaSi, da ar faravs yvela serviss

xarjebis Semcireba xarjebis zrda

samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis dadebiTi mxar-

ea portatiuloba. fizikur pirebs, romlebic floben

jandacvis Semnaxvel angariSebs, sxva samuSao adgilze

gadasvlisas SeuZliaT gadaitanon TavianT angariSze

arsebuli balansi.

73


samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebi jandacvis sxva

servisebze, kerZod ZviradRirebuli samedicino momsax-

urebis saxeobebze damatebiTi saxsrebis mobilizebis

stimuls iZleva. samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis meS-

veobiT xorcieldeba SedarebiT dabalxarjiani samedi-

cino momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa. rac ufro nakle-

bad moixmars pacienti aseT servisebs, miT ufro meti

grovdeba Tanxa Semdgom periodSi SedarebiT ZviradRi-

rebuli samedicino momsaxurebis dasafinanseblad.

samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis administrireba

SeiZleba bankis, sadazRvevo kompaniis an sxva arasa-

banko organizaciis mier. ufro xSirad, is ganTavsdeba

sabanko dawesebulebebSi. Sedegad izrdeba finansuri

institutebis sargeblebi, rac Tavis mxriv, qveynis sa-

banko sistemis mdgradobas zrdis. samedicino Semnax-

veli anabrebze saprocento ganakveTebi, dividendebi an

kapitalis zrda ar eqvemdebareba gadasaxadebs. fizi-

kuri piris Semosavlebs emateba gadasaxadisagan Tavis-

ufali depozitebi. aSS-is Siga Semosavlebis samsaxuri

(Internal Revenue Service) samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis

gaxsnaze adgens maqsimalur limits: 3050 $ erTi pirze,

6150 $ ojaxis mocvaze. singapurSi samedicino Semnax-

veli anabrebis sistema (mediseivi), aSS-isgan gansxvave-

biT, warmoadgens savaldebulo sistemas.

singapuris mediseivis programa. mediseivi, romel-

ic singapurSi SemoRebul iqna 1984 wels, warmoadgens

savaldebulo samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis sqemas.

mediseivi savaldebulo sapensio sqemis (Central Provident Fund - CPF) erT-erTi nawilia, sadac Senatani Seadgens

xelfasis 36%-s (16% damsaqmeblis wili da 20% - daq-

iravebulis wili). Senatanebis gadaxda xorcieldeba

individualur angariSebze, sapensio da samedicino xar-

74

Tengiz verulava

jebis uzrunvelsayofad. Senatanebi Tavs iyris cen-

tralur Semnaxvel fondSi, saidanac Cveulebriv an-

gariSze gadairicxeba 26%, specialur angariSze 4%,

xolo jandacvis xarjebisaTvis mediseivis angariSze

gadairicxeba 6% (ix. nax. 3).

centralur Semnaxvel fondSi Senatanebi

nax. 3

qvemoT mocemuli cxrili 2 asaxavs centralur

Semnaxvel fondSi Senatanebis ganawilebas asakis

mixedviT. damqiravebelTa da daqiravebulTa Senatanebi

gansxvavebulia asakis mixedviT. 55 wlamde 36%-s Sead-

gens, Semdgom wlebSi mcirdeba 8.5%-mde. 55 wlamde damq-

iravebelTa Senatanebi Seadgens 16%-s, xolo daqirave-

bulTa Senatanebi Seadgens xelfasis 20%-s. 55 wlis

zeviT Senatanebis zoma sxvadasxvaa da icvleba asa-

kis matebasTan erTad. 55-60 wlamde damqiravebelTa da

daqiravebulTa Senatanebi Seadgens Sesabamisad 6 da

12.5%-s, 60-65 wlis asakSi - 3.5 da 7.5%-s, xolo 65 welze

zeviT asakSi - 3.5 da 5%-s. amasTan, sapensio nawilis

Senatanebis gadaxda wydeba 65 wlis zeviT. mediseivis

angariSze Senatanebi aseve damokidebulia asakze da

izrdeba asakis matebasTan erTad, kerZod, 35 wlamde Se-

natani Seadgens xelfasis 6%-s, 35-45 wlis asakSi - 7%-s,

45-65 wlis asakSi - 8%-s. 60 wels zeviT - 8,5%-s [12].

75


daqira

vebu

lis

as

aki

(wleb

i)

damqir

aveb

lis

Se

nata

nebi

(xel

fasi

s %)

daqira

vebu

lis

Se

nata

nebi

(xel

fasi

s %)

Senata

nebi

su

l

(xel

fasi

s %)

Cveu

leb

rivi

anga

riSi

(%)

spec

ialur

i anga

riSi

(%)

medis

eivi

s an

gar

iSi

(%)

35 da

nakleb

i16

2036

264

6

35-45

1620

3623

67

45-55

1620

3622

68

55-60

612.5

18.5

10.5

08

60-65

3.57.5

112.5

08.5

65-z

e meti

3.55

8.50

08.5

central

ur S

emnaxvel f

ond

Si

Senat

aneb

is g

anaw

ileb

a

cxril

i 2

76

Tengiz verulava

mediseivis angariSze Tanxis maqsimalur raode-

nobas gansazRvravs mediseivis Senatanebis zRvaris

(Medisave Contribution Ceiling - MCC) organizacia. 2009 wlis

monacemebiT, igi Seadgenda $37,000-s. nebismieri Senatani, romelic aRemateba dadgenil zRvars, gadatanil iqneba

55 wlamde asakis pirTa specialur angariSze, xolo

55 wels zeviT pirebisaTvis ki gadaitaneba sapensio

angariSze. rodesac 55 wlis zeviT pirs surs gavides

mediseivis sqemidan, mas angariSze unda hqondes minimum

$32,000 (2009), xolo aRniSnuli Tanxis zeviT arsebobis

SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia gaitanos mxolod am minimalurze

meti Tanxa.

mediseivi savaldebulo sistemaa. Senatanebis gad-

axda savaldebuloa rogorc dasaqmebulebisaTvis, aseve

im TviTdasaqmeulisaTvis, romlis wliuri Semosavali

aRemateba $6,000-s. faqtobrivad, mediseiviT singapuris

mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 85%-ia moculi. 2008 wlis de-

kembris monacemebiT, singapurels mediseivis angariSze

gaaCnda daaxloebiT 10,000 aSS dolari [12]. mediseiviT

finansdeba beneficiaris (agreTve ojaxis wevrTa) hos-

pitaluri da ambulatoriuli samedicino momsaxurebis

garkveuli saxeobebi (qirurgiuli procedurebi, imuni-

zacia, skriningi, ojaxis dagegmarebis servisebi, fsiqi-

atriuli momsaxureba).

katastrofuli samedicino xarjebi. individu-

aluri anabrebiT dagrovili Tanxa ar aris sakmarisi

katastrofuli samedicino xarjebisgan dasacavad (HIV/AIDS, qronikuli daavadebebi, Tirkmlis ukmarisoba...).

katastroful xarjebTan gamklaveba mxolod sxva ada-

mianebTan erTad solidarobis, anu dazRvevis umTavre-

77


si principis gaziarebiTaa SesaZlebeli. solidaroba

gulisxmobs erTi adamianis SesaZlo riskis ganawile-

bas sxva danarCenebze, anu riskebi gadanawildeba yvela

dazRveulze da maTgan anazRaurebas miiRebs mxolod

is, visac miadga zarali. dazRvevis dros adamianebi Ta-

vianT risks gadascemen saerTo fonds. rac ufro meti

adamiani uziarebs erTmaneTs risks, miT metia sargebeli,

da rac mTavaria, miT naklebia sadazRvevo premia, da Se-

sabamisad naklebia samedicino momsaxurebis xarji.

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, janmrTelobis daz-

Rveva Tavisi arsiT gansxvavdeba imisagan, rasac Cven

dRes janmrTelobis dazRvevas vuwodebT. dazRvevis

arsidan gamomdinare, janmrTelobis riski unda iyos

SemTxveviTi, moulodneli. prognozirebadi riski ar

aris dazRvevadi riski (magaliTad, fiziologiuri mSo-

biaroba, gegmuri operaciebi, eqimTan gegmuri konsul-

taciebi...), dazRvevadia mxolod araprognozirebadi

riskebi (mag. paTologiuri mSobiaroba). janmrTelobis

dazRvevam unda moicvas umTavresad iseTi daavadebebi,

rac katastroful xarjebs ganapirobebs (qronikuli

daavadebebi). araprognozirebadi, magram mcirexarjiani

riski ar aris dazRvevadi (magaliTad, mwvave bronqi-

ti).

katastrofuli samedicino xarjebisaTvis aSS-Si

moqmedebs maRali franSizis janmrTelobis sqema (High Deductible Health Plan - HDHP), xolo singapurSi - mediS-

ildis (Medishield) sqema. unda aRiniSnos, rom samedi-

cino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistemiT sargeblobisaTvis

aucilebelia katastrofuli samedicino xarjebis daz-

Rvevis sqemaSi gawevrianeba.

maRali franSizis janmrTelobis sqema. aSS-Si

maRali franSizis janmrTelobis sqema (High Deductible

78

Tengiz verulava

Health Plan - HDHP) SemoRebul iqna 2003 wels. sadazRvevo

kompaniebs, sqemis ganxorcielebis SeTxvevaSi, miecaT

grkveuli sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi. sqemaSi gasawevri-

aneblad dawesebulia minimaluri franSiza 1000 $ erTi

pirisaTvis da 2000 $ - ojaxisaTvis. 2008 wlis monace-

mebiT, am sqemiT moculia 65 wlamde asakis pirTa 8% (7

mln. piri).

franSiza aris zaralis nawili, romelic akldeba

sadazRvevo anazRaurebas da ifareba dazRveulis mier,

anu mas ar faravs sadazRvevo organizacia. rac ufro

maRalia franSiza, miT meti stimuli aqvT pacientebs

ufro Segnebulad miudgnen xarjebs samedicino momsax-

urebis misaRebad gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. aRniSnu-

li amcirebs samedicino momsaxurebis Warbad moxmare-

bas, rac, mTlianobaSi, Tanxebis ekonomiis (dagrovebis)

saSualebas iZleva. amasTan, rac ufro maRalia fran-

Siza, miT dabalia sadazRvevo premia da Sesabamisad

ufro mimzidvelia mosaxleobisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT da-

balSemosavliani mosaxleobisaTvis.

mediSildi. 1990 wels singapurSi dainerga mediS-

ildi (Medishield), romelic maRalxarjiani daavadebebis

nacionaluri sadazRvevo sqemaa (maRali franSizis

katastrofebis dazRvevis sqema). igi moicavs 70 wlamde

pirTa im qronikuli daavadebebis mniSvnelovan kompo-

nents, rac ar aris dafaruli mediseiviT. msgavsad aSS-

isa, sadac samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistemiT

yvela mosargeble gaerTianebulia katastrofuli

samedicino xarjebis dazRvevis sqemaSi, singapurSic me-

diseivis yoveli wevrs SeuZlia airCios mediSildis

sqema (mediSildiT moculia singapuris mosaxleobis

88%). mediSildisaTvis premiebi gaicema individualur

pirTa mediseivis angariSidan. Tu aSS-Si am sqemiT gam-

79


oiyeneba maRali franSiza, singapurSi SemoRebulia maR-

ali Tanagadaxdebis meqanizmebi. Tanagadaxda amcirebs

pacientebis mier samedicino momsaxurebis zedmet mox-

marebas. bolo wlebSi saxelmwifom kerZo sadazRvevo

kompaniebs neba darTo mediSildis msgavsi sqemebis

ganxorcielebaze, ris gamoc mosaxleobas aqvs arCevani

mediSildsa da kerZo sadazRvevo kompanias Soris.

dabalSemosavliani mosaxleobis samedicino mom-

saxureba. siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myof dabalSemosav-

lian mosaxleobas ar aqvs samedicino Semnaxvel ana-

brebze Tanxis dagrovebis SesaZlebloba. am problemis

aRmosafxvrelad 1993 wlidan singapurSi arsebobs

medifondis sqema. igi saxelmwifos mier dafuZnebuli

saqvelmoqmedo fondia, romelic gankuTvnilia im pirTa

samedicino momsaxurebis dasafinanseblad, romlebic

monawileoben mediseivis an mediSildis sqemebSi, ma-

gram jandacvis xarjebTan dakavSirebiT aqvT finan-

suri sirTuleebi (mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 10% sarge-

blobs). medifondiT sargeblobis kriteriumia saWiroe-

ba, romelic efuZneba pacientis finansur mdgomareobas

samedicino momsaxurebaze ganacxadis dros.

garda amisa, saxelmwifo axorcielebs miznobriv

subsidiebs maTTvis, vinc yvelaze metad saWiroebs

samedicino momsaxurebas. saxelmwifo saavadmyofoebSi

aris sxvadasxva klasis palatebi, romlebic saxelmwi-

fos mxridan gansxvavebulad finansdeba. saxelmwifo

saavadmyofoebis 80%-s saxelmwifo afinansebs (B2 da C klasis palatebi), danarCeni 20% mcired subsidirdeba

(В1 klasis palatebi), xolo a klasis sawolebi saer-

Tod ar finansdeba. pacientebs ufleba aqvT airCion

palatebi TavianTi finansuri SesaZleblobebis mixed-

viT.

80

Tengiz verulava

a klasis palatebi erTadgiliani da yvelaze

keTilmowyobilia, romelTac gaaCniaT Tavisi saabazano,

kondicioneri, televizori, internetiT uzrunvelyofa. a klasis palatebis sawolebi saerTod ar subsidird-

eba saxelmwifos mier. В1 klasis palatebi oTxadgili-

ania da saxelmwifosgan subsidirdeba 20%-iT. В2 kla-

sis palatebi 6 adgiliania, saxelmwifo axdens 60%-ze

meti TanxiT subsidirebas. C klasis palatebi 8 da

metadgiliania da saxelmwifo afinansebs 80%-ze meti

TanxiT (ix. cxrili 3).

palatebis saxeobebi da Sesabamisi subsidireba

cxrili 3

palataoTaxebis

raodenobasubsidireba

A 1 0%

B1 4 20%

B+ 5 50%

B2 6 60%-ze meti

C 8 80%-ze meti

aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifos mier subsidire-

bul palatebs mimarTaven aramarto dabalSemosavliani

singapurelebi, aramed xSirad maRalSemosavliani pire-

bic. 2005 wlis monacemebiT, jandacvis saministros

mier gavrcelebuli informaciis mixedviT, maRalSe-

mosavlian singapurelTa 22.1%-ma airCia B2 an C kla-

sis palatebSi stacionaruli samedicino momsaxureba.

2009 wlis 1 ianvridan singapurSi amoqmedda special-

uri programa, romelic dabalSemosavlian pacientebs

saxelmwifo saavadmyofoebSi stacionaruli momsax-

urebis misaRebad subsidiebiT sargeblobis met saSu-

81


alebas aZlevs, vidre maRalSemosavlianebs. subsidiebi

damokidebulia pirad Semosavalsa da sacxovrebelis

tipze. aseve, singapurSi SemuSavebul iqna “bevri damx-

mare xeli”-s koncefcia, romelic gulisxmobs sazoga-

doebis TviTorganizebas umweo adamianebis mxardasaW-

erad, maT monawileobas rogorc samedicino momsaxure-

bis miwodebaSi, aseve saqvelmoqmedo Semowirulobebis

gacemaSi. “bevri damxmare xeli”-s programas ZiriTadad

aramomgebiani organizaciebi axorcieleben, romlebsac

saxelmwifo garkveul daxmarebas uwevs. “bevri damx-

mare xelebi”-s koncefciis gasagebad SeiZleba moviy-

vanoT aRmosavluri andaza: „mieci adamians Tevzi da

mas erTi dRe eqneba sakvebi, aswavle mas Tevzis Wera

da mas mTeli sicocxle eqneba sakvebi.” igi efuZneba

im ideas, rom saxelmwifom xeli unda Seuwyos adamians,

aswavlos mas damoukideblad “Tevzis Wera”, da amiT ga-

naviTaros masSi damoukideblad Tavis gamokvebis unari,

vidre daexmaros masTan saTxovnelad misuls. aseTi

midgoma aviTarebs da aZlierebs Tavad sazogadoebas.

amgvarad, singapuris jandacva warmodgenilia „3

m“ sistemiT:

• mediseivi (Seiqmna 1984 w.) - samedicino Semnax-

veli anabrebis savaldebulo sqema dasaqmebuli mosax-

leobisaTvis;

• mediSildi (1990) - maRalxarjiani samedicino

momaxurebis sadazRvevo sqema;

• medifondi (1993) - jandacvis saqvelmoqmedo

fondi siRaribis zRvars qvemoT da dabalSemosavliani

mosaxleobisaTvis.

garda amisa, 2002 wels singapurSi SemoiRes

„elderSildi“-s (Eldershield) programa asakovan pirTa

sxvadasxva saxeobis daavadebebis dasafinanseblad.

82

Tengiz verulava

igi zemoaRniSnuli sami sqemis damatebaa. elderSildi

kerZo sadazRvevo sqemaa, romlis mizania mZime invali-

dobis SemTxvevaSi (gansakuTrebiT asakovan periodSi)

samedicino xarjebis dafinanseba.

mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili dazRveulia „inte-

grirebuli Sildis sqemiT”. igi aseve kerZo dazRvevaa.

masSi dasazRvevad aucilebelia mediSildis sqemaSi

gaerTianeba.

singapuris jandacvis sistemis mTavari element-

ebia:

• universaluri mocva;

• Sereuli, saxelmwifo-kerZo konkurentuli ba-

zari;

• Sereuli dafinansebis meTodebi (gadasaxadebi,

samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebi, dazRveva);

• kerZo da saxelmwifo sistemebs Soris arCevanis

SesaZlebloba;

• personaluri da saxelmwifo pasuxismgeblobis

optimaluri dabalanseba;

• personaluri pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebis

xelSewyoba (Tanagadaxdebis meqanizmebis danergva);

• momavalSi mosalodneli xarjebis mimarT mdgra-

doba (samedicino Semnaxveli anabrebi);

• katastroful xarjebze riskis pulingi da so-

cialuri dacva (dazRvevis sistema);

• miznobrivi subsidireba da Tanabari ganawileba

umweo da RaribTaTvis (gadasaxadi);

• saxelmwifo monawileobs standartebis da fase-

bis dadgenaSi;

• saavadmyofos sawolebis, eqimebis da maRali xar-

jis samedicino teqnologiebis gamoyenebis regulire-

ba.

83


samedicino momsaxurebis miwodebis sistema. sin-

gapurSi samedicino momsaxurebis miwodebis Sereuli

sistemaa. saxelmwifo afinansebs gadaudebeli saxelm-

wifo saavadmyofoebis palatebSi gaweuli samedicino

momsaxurebis 80%-s [12]. pirveladi jandacvis seqtorSi

samedicino momsaxurebis kerZo mimwodeblebi Seadgenen

80%-s. meddis saxlebsa da movlis centrebSi momsax-

ureobas ewevian kerZo saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi,

romelTa umravlesoba finansdeba sazogadoebrivi sax-

srebiT.

singapurSi pirveladi jandacva xorcieldeba am-

bulatoria-poliklinikebisa da kerZo samedicino praq-

tikis klinikebis meSveobiT. pirveladi jandacva war-

modgenilia 18 saxelmwifo poliklinikis (20%) da 2,400

kerZo samedicino klinikis saxiT (80%) [12] (ix. cxrili

4). pirveladi jandacvis da hospitaluri momsaxure-

bis sistema, singapuri, 2012 w.

cxrili 4

pirveladi jandacva

hospi-taluri momsa-xureba

sawolebis procen-tuli

ganawileba

saxelmwifo sistema

20% (18) 15 85%

kerZo sistema

80% (2400) 10 15%

65 wlisa da zemoT asakis moqalaqeebisaTvis,

agreTve 18 wlamde bavSvebisaTvis poliklinikebSi am-

bulatoriul konsultaciebze dawesebulia 75%-iani

SeRavaTi, sxva moqalaqeebisaTvis - 50%-iani SeRavaTi.

84

Tengiz verulava

hospitaluri servisebis gansaxorcieleblad, 2012

wlis monacemebiT, qveyanaSi funqcionirebda 25 saavad-

myofo. sawolTa raodenoba Seadgenda 10756-s (2 sawo-

li mosaxleobis 1000 sulze) [12]. sawolTa 85% Tavmoy-

rilia 15 saxelmwifo saavadmyofosa da specializebul

centrSi (sawolTa raodenoba Seadgens 185-dan 2010-

mde) da 10 kerZo saavadmyofoebSi (sawolTa raodenoba

Seadgens 20-dan 345-mde) [12]. saxelmwifos dominanturi

roli ukavia hospitaluri samedicino momsaxurebis

miwodebaSi. 15 saxelmwifo saavadmyofodan 6 zogadi

profilisaa, 1 qalTa da bavSvTa saavadmyofoa, 1 - fsiqi-

atriuli da 6 - nacionaluri centri (onkologiuri,

kardiologiuri, ofTalmologiuri, dermatologiuri,

nevrologiuri da stomatologiuri) da mravalpro-

filiani samedicino centri [12].saxelmwifo saavadmyofoebSi pacientebs SeuZli-

aT airCion palatebi. saxelmwifo saavadmyofoebis 81%

saxelmwifos mier subsidirdeba (B2 da C klasis pal-

atebi), 19% nawilobriv subsidirdeba (В1 klasis pal-

atebi), xolo a klasis palatebis sawolebi saerTod ar

finansdeba saxelmwifos mier. 2012 wlis monacemebiT,

gadaudebeli daxmarebis saxelmwifo saavadmyofoebSi

sawolze dayovnebis saSualo maCvenebeli Seadgenda

5,8 dRes, xolo datvirTvis saSualo maCvenebeli 85%-s

[12].bolo wlebSi mTavrobam moaxdina saxelmwifo

saavadmyofoebis restruqturizacia, ris Sedegad maT

miiRes marTvis avtonomia. restruqturizebuli saavad-

myofoebi kerZo saavadmyofoebisgan imiT gansxvavdeba,

rom isini saxelmwifosgan Rebuloben yovelwliur

subsidias da funqcionireben rogorc saxelmwifo sa-

85


kuTrebaSi myofi arakomerciuli (aramomgebiani) orga-

nizaciebi [12]. singapuris jandacvis sistemis ZiriTadi maCven-

eblebi. singapuris mTeli mosaxleoba moculia univer-

saluri jandacviT. dafinansebis Sereuli sistema saba-

zro meqanizmebis danergvasa da konkurenciis xelSew-

yobis saSualebas iZleva. jandacvis xarjebi mSp-is

4%-s Seadgens, rac ganviTarebuli qveynebis maCvene-

belze gacilebiT dabalia [12]. jandacvaze saxelmwifo

danaxarjebi Seadgens mTliani saxelmwifo xarjebis

7.2%-s [12] (ix. cxrili 5).

singapuris jandacvis dafinanseba

cxrili 51995 2000 2005 2010

jandacvis mTliani xarjebi (GDP %)

3.0 2.4 3.4 4.0

saxelmwifo danaxarjebi jandacvaze

(jandacvaze mTliani xarjebis %)

50.5 51.4 30.4 36.3

kerZo danaxarjebi jandacvaze

(jandacvaze mTliani xarjebis %)

49.5 48.6 69.6 63.7

saxelmwifo danaxarjebi

(jandacvaze mTliani saxelmwifo xarjebis

%)

9.4 6.2 7 8

kerZo dazRveva (jandacvaze kerZo danaxarjebis %)

0 0 11 12.6

86

Tengiz verulava

miuxedavad imisa, rom singapuris jandacvis xar-

jebi ganviTarebuli qveynebis xarjebze gacilebiT nak-

lebia, mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis maCve-

neblebi (sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba, bavSvTa

sikvdilianoba, jandacvis xelmisawvdomoba) jandacvis

msoflio organizaciis SefasebiT, erT-erTi saukeTesoa

msoflioSi. bavSvTa sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli yovel

1,000 cocxalSobilze Seadgens 3-s, rac dabalia didi

britaneTis (5.9) da aSS-Si (7.6) maCvenebelze (14). sin-gapuris jandacvis sistemiT kmayofilia singapurelTa

85%. saSualo mocdis dro qirurgiul servisebze Sead-

gens 2 kviras, xolo dayovnebis saSualo xangrZlivoba

saavadmyofoSi - 5 dRes. 2006 wels 400000 sazRvarga-

reTeli Rebulobda samedicino momsaxurebas singapur-

Si.

singapuris jandacvis sistema warmoadgens samedi-

cino momsaxurebis miwodebasa da dafinansebaSi saxelm-

wifos Carevebis da sabazro meqanizmebis gamoyenebis

kombinacias. singapuris midgoma, yvelaze TvalnaTliv,

formulirebulia „xelmisawvdomi jandacvis“ xuT

principSi, romelic 1993 wlis oqtomberSi gamoqveynda

singapuris mTavrobis angariSSi. es principebia:

• cxovrebis jansaRi wesis damkvidrebis xelSew-

yoba, prevenciul jandacvaze orientacia;

• TiToeuli moqalaqis janmrTelobis person-

aluri pasuxismgeblobis xelSewyoba. saxelmwifos

saerTo keTildReobaze da samedicino dazRvevaze zed-

metad damokidebulebis Tavidan acileba;

• yvela singapurelisaTvis xelmisawvdomi samedi-

cino momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa;

• samedicino momsaxurebis efeqtianobis amaRleba

konkurenciisa da sabazro principebis farTo gamoy-

87


enebiT;

• saxelmwifo Carevebis ganxorcieleba im SemTx-

vevaSi, rodesac bazris meSveobiT ver xerxdeba jan-

dacvis xarjebis Semcireba.

aSS-isagan gansxvavebiT, sadac pragmatizmi xSir-

ad niSnavs sazogadoebrivi azris gaTvaliswinebas

da politikur kompromisebs, singapuris pragmatizmiT

politikaSi misaRebi gadawyvetilebebi efuZneba re-

alur Sedegebs da ara maT popularobas. praqtikulad,

pragmatizmi aris utilitarizmis sinonimi [7]. Sesabam-

isad, singapuris jandacvis sistema erT-erTi yvelaze

xarjTefeqtiani jandacvis sistemaa msoflioSi.

singapuris mTavrobas ar aqvs arapopularuli

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis SiSi. xarjebis efeqtianobis

da jandacvis xarjebis Semcirebis mizniT, ZviradRire-

buli mkurnalobis meTodebze xelmisawvdomoba xSirad

SezRudulia. 1993 wels mTavrobis mier gamoqveynebul

moxsenebaSi aRniSnulia, rom “jandacvaze ganxor-

cielebulma danaxarjebma unda mogvces maqsimalurad

saukeTeso Sedegi, risTvisac saWiroa xarjT-efeqtian

mkurnalobaze meti resursebis gamoyofa” [10].medikamentebis dafarvaze gadawyvetileba miiReba

„medikamentebis standartuli siis“ safuZvelze, romel-

ic warmoadgens „klinikurad Sesabamisi da xarjT-

efeqtiani medikamentebis sias da ganixileba, rogorc

ZiriTadi samkurnalo saSualebebi, rac aucilebelia

mosaxleobis umravlesobaSi gavrcelebuli daavadeba-

Ta marTvisaTvis“ [8]. msgavsi midgoma gamoiyeneba qiru-rgiuli procedurebisaTvis. magaliTad, aortis sarqve-

lis perkutanuli (kanidan SeRweviT ganxorcielebu-

li) Canacvleba, romelic pirvelad safrangeTSi iqna

ganxorcielebuli 2002 wels, aris usafrTxo proce-

88

Tengiz verulava

dura, vidre gulis operaciamde aortis sarqvelis Ria

Canacvleba. singapurSi, aortis sarqvelis perkutanu-

li Canacvlebas sTavazoben maRali qirurgiuli ris-

kis mqone pacientebs, romlebzec ver tardeba aortis

sarqvelis Cveulebrivi Canacvleba [2]. miuxedavad amisa,

aRniSnuli operaciis xarjebs saxelmwifo ar afin-

ansebs, misi wyaro saqvelmoqmedo Semowirulebebia [9]. gulis erovnuli centri aqtiurad monawileobs aseTi

pacientebisaTvis Tanxebis Sesagroveblad specialuri

fondis meSveobiT.

singapuris jandacvis saministros 2010 wlis anga-

riSis mixedviT, “mdgradi jandacvis sistemis gasaRebia

jandacvis depolitizeba, bazris Cavardnebis minimum-

amde dayvana, jandacvis sistemis funqcionireba ekonomi-

kis sxva dargebis msgavsad” [11]. saxelmwifo jandacvis

seqtors aregulirebs mxolod “saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac bazars ar SeuZlia jandacvis xarjebis Sem-

cireba” [13]. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo Carevebis

mizania ara bazris rolis Semcireba, aramed misi swori

funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa.

2004 wels, jandacvis saministrom daiwyo saavad-

myofoTa angariSgebis gamoqveyneba, sadac naCvenebia saa-

vadmyofoTa xarjebs Soris gansxvavebebi. aRniSnulma

xeli Seuwyo konkurentuli fasebis motivacias. pacien-

tis mier informirebuli arCevanis xelSewyobis mizniT

jandacvis saministro periodulad aqveynebs pacientis

kmayofilebis kvlevebs, mkurnalobis xarisxis Sesaxeb

informacias. erovnuli eleqtronuli jandacvis Canaw-

erebi aseve SeiZleba CaiTvalos ara mxolod rogorc

pacientTa usafrTxoebis instrumenti, aramed samedi-

cino bazris ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi RonisZieba.

jandacvis msoflio organizaciis SefasebiT, sin-

gapuris jandacvis sistema msoflioSi aRiarebulia

erT-erT yvelaze warmatebul sistemad, rogorc jan-

89


dacvis dafinansebis efeqturobiT, aseve mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis maCveneblebiT. 2000 wels jandacvis msoflio organizaciam jandacvis sistemis maCveneblebiT 191 qveynebs Soris singapurs meeqvse ad-gili mianiWa, xolo 2003 wels, politikuri da ekonomi-kuri riskis sakonsultacio jgufma [Political and Economic Risk Consultancy – PERC] qveynis jandacvis sistema msof-lios yvelaze saukeTeso sameulSi Seiyvana.

ar arsebobs efeqtiani jandacva saxelmwifo da individualuri pasuxismgeblobebis kombinaciis ga-reSe. amis saukeTeso magaliTia singapuris jandacva. saqarTvelom udavod unda gaiziaros is gamocdileba, romelic jandacvis sferoSi sxvadasxva qveynis praq-tikiT dagrovda. ramdenad misaRebia singapuris samedi-cino Semnaxveli anabrebis sistema saqarTvelosTvis? - Tu gaviTvaliswinebT singapuris pozitiur Sedegs, pasuxi, albaT, dadebiTi iqneba.

Medical Savings Accounts: Effective mechanism for financ-ing health care

T. VerulavaA key component of Georgian health care reform will be the in-

telligent balancing of market forces and government interventions. Sin-gapore has achieved a balance appropriate for its population through a savings orientation. In 1984 Singapore adopted a system of Medical Savings Accounts. The concept of Medical Savings Accounts represents an innovative and alternative for the funding of health care systems.

The fact that people are spending their own money rather than that of a third-party insurer has helped to curtail Singapores health care costs. Singapore spends less than other developed countries. From a theoretical point of view the Medical Savings Accounts concept helps to counteract the phenomenon of moral hazard in health insurance sys-tems. Medical Savings Accounts should be considered one part of the solution to the global problem of growing health expenditures. It could be feasible to integrate certain elements of this concept into health care system of Georgia.

90

Tengiz verulava

გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა:

Cannon M. F., Tanner M. D. Healthy Competition: What’s Hold-1. ing Back Health Care and How to Free It. Cato Institute. 2005;

Chao VTT., Chua Y L., Chiam P T L., Lee C Y., See Tho V Y., 2. Tan S Y., Sin Y K., Hwang N C., Lim S T., Koh T H. Percutaneous Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: First Transapical Implant in Asia, Singapore Medical Journal, 51(1) 01/2010; 51(1): 69-72;

Friedman M. How to Cure Health Care. The Public Interest. 3. 2001;

Hanvoravongchai P. Medical Savings Accounts: Lessons 4. Learned from Limited International Experience. Dsiscussion Paper, N 3 , World Health Organization. Geneva. 2002;

Kling A. Crisis of abundance. Rethinking how we pay for health 5. care. Cato Institute. Washington. 2008;

Khaw B. W. All can afford healthcare. Ministry of Health Sin-6. gapore. 2010;

Lee UW. U.S. Prof Muses on Singapore Pragmatism. The Busi-. U.S. Prof Muses on Singapore Pragmatism. The Busi-7. ness Times. 2008;

Li SC. Health Care System and Public Sector Drug Formulary 8. in Singapore”. ISPOR Connections. 2010;

Lim J,. Clive T. Strategic Orientations in Singapore Healthcare. 9. CGL (Centre for Governance and Leadership). Ethos Issue 9, Jun. 2011;

Ministry of Health Singapore. White Paper on Affordable 10. Healthcare, 1993;

Ministry of Health Singapore, 2010;11. Ministry of Health Singapore, 2013; 12. Singapore Government, White Paper on Affordable Health- White Paper on Affordable Health-13.

care. 1993;World Health Organization, Global Health Expenditure Data-14.

base, 2012.

91


Татьяна Омельяненкокандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры менеджмента

Государственного высшего учебного заведения«Киевский национальный экономический университет имени Ва-

дима Гетьмана»

Исследования производственной стратегии в промышлен-но развитых странах ведутся уже не одно десятилетие, поскольку давно осознано, что развитие любого предприятия, уровень его конкурентоспособности и масштабы рыночного успеха во многом зависят от того, насколько взвешенно, логично, обоснованно и эф-фективно с точки зрения обеспечения устойчивых конкурентных преимуществ организована его производственная деятельность. Обзор релевантных англоязычных источников (имеются в виду ра-боты таких авторов, как Sara Beckman, Donald Rosenfield, john Ettlie, Michael Burstein, avi Fiegenbaum, Norman Gaither, Arthur Hill, Terry Hill, Ken Platts, Mike Gregory, Mike Pycraft, Wickham Skinner, Nigel Slack, Michael Lewis, Christopher Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-, Michael Lewis, Christopher Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-Michael Lewis, Christopher Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так- Lewis, Christopher Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-Lewis, Christopher Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-, Christopher Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-Christopher Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так- Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-Voss, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-, David Walters [1 – 13]), а так-David Walters [1 – 13]), а так- Walters [1 – 13]), а так-Walters [1 – 13]), а так- [1 – 13]), а так-же многоаспектный информационный поиск, осуществленный по русскоязычным оригинальным и переводным изданиям, в которых рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с проблематикой производ-ственных стратегий показывает, что теоретико-методические осно-вы разработки производственной стратегии предприятия требуют дальнейшего комплексного анализа и углубления. Актуальность этих вопросов обусловила выбор сферы исследования, результаты которого представлены в статье.

ПРОиЗвОДСТвЕнныЕ ПРиОРи-ТЕТы и ПРОЦЕСС РАЗРАБОТКи ПРОиЗвОДСТвЕннОй СТРАТЕ-

гии ПРЕДПРиЯТиЯ

92

Татьяна ОмельяненкоПроизводственные приоритетыКак справедливо замечает декан факультета менеджмента

технологий бизнес-школы Беркли Калифорнийского университета С. Бекман, производственная стратегия начинается с четкого по-нимания запросов клиента, т.е. того, «что он хотел бы иметь с точ-ки зрения цены, качества и характеристик продукции» [14, с. 8-4]. Обеспечение этих требований предусматривает, по ее мнению, принятие целого ряда решений относительно производственных мощностей, оборудования, вертикальной интеграции, технологий производства, разработки нового поколения продукции и других подобных вопросов [14, с. 8-4].

Фактически речь идет о переводе весьма абстрактной целевой установки – обретение предприятием стратегических конкурент-ных преимуществ – в конкретные, четко определенные задачи, на решение которых должна быть направлена вся его производствен-ная деятельность. В общепризнанной теории производственной стратегии предприятия терминологии для обозначения сфер этих задач обычно используется термин «приоритеты». Минималист-ская версия их набора включает такие, как затраты и качество.

Однако различные исследователи отстаивают свои версии конфигураций наборов приоритетных для производства задач. Рас-смотрим точки зрения некоторых из них.

Р. чейз, Р. Джейкобз и Н. Аквилано, ссылаясь при этом как на первоисточники на работы У. Скиннера [10] и Т. Хилла [5], предлагают считать стратегическими приоритетами организации производственной деятельности предприятия (впрочем, они трактуют их и как «конкурентные показатели» производства, сопровождая свои формулировки яркими призывами-лозунгами) такие:

● производственные затраты, т.е. «Делать дешевле!»;● качество и надежность продукции, т.е. «Делать хоро-

шо!»;

БиЗнЕС-ПЛАн

Маркетинговый план

Финансовыйплан

93


● скорость поставок, т.е. «Делать быстрее!»;● надежность поставок, т.е. «Выполнять обещанное!»;● способность реагировать на изменения спроса, т.е. «От-

слеживать спрос!»;● гибкость и скорость освоения производства новой про-

дукции, т.е. «Не стоять на месте!»;● другие критерии, которые определяют ся спецификой про-

изводимой продукции, т.е. «Опираться на что угодно!» [15, с. 56-59].

Дж. Бишено не использует термин «приоритеты», а просто отмечает, что претворение производственной стратегии в жизнь предполагает перевод будущих потребностей клиентов в стои-мость, качество, поставки (время исполнения и обязательность), гибкость и сервисную поддержку [16, с. 57], т.е. пусть и в опосред-ствованной форме, но все-таки определяет целевые ориентиры, на достижение которых должна быть направлена разрабатываемая производственная стратегия.

Российские исследователи производственной стратегии фак-тически соглашаются с такой точкой зрения. По крайней мере неко-торые из них: этот вывод следует из того, что, ведя речь о влиянии фактора спроса на товары и услуги на принятие производственных решений Э. С. Минаев и соавторы [17], с оглядкой на специфику стадий жизненного цикла продукта, фактически воссоздают мини-мальный набор тех же самых приоритетов. В качестве ключевых ими признаются:

● качество – поскольку «на ранних стадиях жизненного цикла продукта лидирующее положение на рынке завоевывается внедрением новых продуктов с более высоким уровнем качества и надежности»;

● затраты – так как «когда жизненный цикл продукта всту-пает в стадию роста и затем в стадию стабилизации, ключевым фактором становится цена. … в этот период усиливается роль про-

94

Татьяна Омельяненкоизводственной функции и изыскиваются возможности производ-ства снижать себестоимость продукции...»;

● скорость поставки – «если предприятие поставляет свой товар быстрее, чем конкурент, это может стать определяющим фак-тором для клиента. Этот фактор играет большую роль, когда товар находится в стадии зрелости своего жизненного цикла. Ускорить поставку заказчику можно за счет повышения производительности труда, внеурочной работы либо перепланирования производства, когда или заказу придается статус приоритетного, или он частично уже выполнен еще до заключения контракта, в надежде на сверше-ние сделки»;

● надежность поставки – «это требование означает способ-ность предприятия выполнить заказ вовремя. В этом случае все зависит от производства. При расчете реального времени выпол-нения заказа и поставки товарной продукции составляют график работы с учетом мощностей и запасов…» [17, с. 64–65].

С. Бекман подчеркивает, что «клиенты будут покупать то-вары и услуги у вашей организации, а не у ваших конкурентов, исходя из своих суждений об одной или несколько из следующих характеристик: низкая цена товара или услуги, высокое качество товара или услуги, своевременное получение товара или услуги, отличительные свойства товара или услуги» [14, с. 8-7]. Т.е. факти-чески она выделяет четыре разновидности приоритетов, несколько, хотя и несущественно, отличающихся от приведенных выше, кото-рые у нее ассоциируются со стратегическими задачами для произ-водства [14, с. 8-9].

А. Хилл считает, что производственная стратегия определя-ется в категориях затрат, качества, гибкости и сервисной поддерж-ки, отмечая при этом, что в последнее время к базовому набору приоритетов специалисты предлагают присоединять еще и те, что касаются обязательности, морали, охраны окружающей среды, раз-

95


вития человеческого капитала, кастомизации и т.д. [4, c. 245].Приведенные трактовки свидетельствуют, что данной сфере

теории производственной стратегии присуща определенная плюра-листичность, которая, впрочем, не является критичной, поскольку мнения несущественно разнятся между собой. Более того, специа-листы едины в том, что значимость выделения стратегических для производства приоритетов крайне высока, поскольку они служат критериями отбора наиболее эффективного варианта производ-ственной стратегии в процессе ее разработки. Тем самым актуа-лизируется проблематика рассмотрения закономерностей процесса формирования производственной стратегии предприятия.

Процесс разработки производственной стратегииВ. Стивенсон [18] делает акцент на иерархической структуре

разработки стратегий в организации, опираясь фактически на иде-ологию широко известной «Пирамиды стратегий» (см, например, [19, с. 79]). В соответствии с его точкой зрения последовательность этапов этого процесса такова:

1) формулирование миссии организации;2) определение целей организации;3) разработка общей стратегии;4) формирование производственной стратегии;5) реализация производственной стратегии [18, с. 69].Безусловно, это крайне упрощенное представление процес-

са стратегического планирования, поскольку здесь отсутствует та-кой важный элемент, как стратегический анализ (анализ внешней среды, внутренней среды, возможностей, угроз, сильных и слабых сторон организации и т.п.), а состав стратегий по их уровням со-кращен всего-навсего до двух, хотя А. Томпсон и А. Стрикленд [19, с. 79] настаивают на, по меньшей мере, трехуровневой иерархии.

Однако многие исследователи производственной стратегии придерживаются именно этого подхода, единственное, чем отли-

96

Татьяна Омельяненкочаются существующие точки зрения – это количеством этапов и степенью их детализации. Так, Н. Гейтер [3] подает процесс разра-ботки производственной стратегии предприятия весьма развернуто (рис. 1).

Сильные и слабые стороныНеобходимость конкурироватьЦЕЛи

БиЗнЕС-СТРАТЕгии

ПРОиЗвОД-СТвЕннАЯ СТРАТЕгиЯ

Долгосрочные решения по продукции, процессам и оборудованию

Тип производственной системыУровень специализации производстваПроектирование продукции / услугиРазработка производственного процесса

Рис. 1. Этапы процесса разработки производственной стратегии по Н.Гейтеру [3, с. 128]

БИЗНЕС-ПЛАН

Маркетинговый план

Финансовый

план

Производственный план

Прочие планы

Сильные и слабые стороны

Необходимость конкурировать

КОРПОРАТИВНЫЕ ЦЕЛИ

ЦЕЛИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА

БИЗНЕС-СТРАТЕГИИ

ПРОИЗВОД-СТВЕННАЯ СТРАТЕГИЯ

Функциональные зоны

Производство

Маркетинг

Финансы

Инжиниринг

Прочие

Долгосрочные решения по продукции, процессам и оборудованию

Тип производственной системы

Уровень специализации производства

Проектирование продукции / услуги

Разработка производственного процесса

Распределение ресурсов по стратегическим направлениям

Мощность

Размещение производства

Рис. 1. Этапы процесса разработки производственной стратегии по Н.Гейтеру [3, с. 128]

97


Он акцентирует внимание на том, что цели, которые долж-ны быть достигнуты предприятием в сфере его производственной деятельности, и характер производственной стратегии прямо опре-деляются общими целями и направленностью бизнес-стратегии, поскольку предприятие, действующее в конкурентном простран-стве, вынуждено выстраивать свою деятельность так, чтобы фор-мировать новые и удерживать имеющиеся конкурентные преиму-щества. При этом Н. Гейтером предложено собственное видение набора производственно-стратегических решений, в которых конкретизируется производственная стратегия: определение типа производственной системы и уровня ее специализации, проекти-рование продукции / услуги и разработка производственного про-цесса, распределение ресурсов по стратегическим направлениям, установление уровня мощности и выбор местоположения произ-водства, выбор варианта размещения оборудования.

Скрупулезное рассмотрение предложенных Н. Гейтером эта-пов показывает, так же, как и у В. Стивенсона, отсутствие фазы стратегического анализа. Этот недостаток может быть устранен благодаря применению в процессе разработки производственной стратегии предложенной К. Платтсом и М. Грегори процедуры производственного аудита‎. Она включает (адаптировано из [7; 11, с. 254]):

1) проведение SWOT-анализа – внимание в первую очередь следует уделять тем значимым угрозам и возможностям, которые открывает предприятию внешняя среда;

2) определение требований рынка – они устанавливаются применительно к отдельному продукту, который предполагается реализовывать на конкретном рынке, или же относительно целого семейства изделий; в качестве критических параметров К. Плат-тсом и М. Грегори было предложено использовать такие, как цена / затраты, качество, объем производства и продаж, особенно-сти продукта, гибкость продуктового дизайна, точность доставки, надежность поставок, хотя понятно, что в зависимости от специфи-ки продукта (семейства изделий) перечень этих параметров может

98

Татьяна Омельяненкосущественно варьировать;

3) осуществление производственного аудита – сферами об-следования выступают мощности, оборудование, производствен-ные процессы и их стабильность, качество, человеческие ресурсы, поставщики, новые продукты, политика контроля производства, хотя так же, как и в предыдущем случае, в зависимости от специ-фики продукта (семейства изделий) перечень этих сфер может су-щественно изменяться;

4) построение карты профиля рыночных требований и про-филя производственных возможностей – по результатам анализа рынка и производственного аудита с использованием балльных оценок выстраиваются два профиля, которые затем сводятся на одной карте;

5) диагностика стратегических разрывов – сопоставление профилей и выявление разрывов стратегического значения.

Использование метода профилирования предоставляет раз-работчикам производственной стратегии действенный инструмент ее обоснования, поскольку результаты диагностики стратегиче-ских разрывов служат основой для принятия решений относитель-но того:

● что делать, если имеющиеся производственные возмож-ности превышают рыночные требования? – возможно, корректи-ровать рыночную политику; или идти на сокращение производ-ственного потенциала с тем, чтобы уменьшить текущие затраты на содержание недогруженного и неиспользуемого оборудования; или принять возрастание этих затрат как должное в надежде, что в будущем ситуация изменится к лучшему;

● что делать, если имеющиеся производственные возмож-ности не в состоянии удовлетворить рыночные требования? – воз-можно, опять-таки корректировать рыночную политику или же разрабатывать и реализовывать программы развития возможно-стей производства.

Анализ как поданных выше, так и не рассмотренных здесь, но существующих иных многочисленных интерпретаций

99


процесса формирования стратегии производства, представлен-ных в литературе, посвященной непосредственно производ-ственной стратегии [1; 8; 12] и в публикациях по стратегиче-скому управлению и управлению производством (например, в [15; 20]), позволяет сделать следующие выводы:

► во-первых, процесс разработки производственной стратегии не может быть начат до тех пор, пока не будут уста-новлены долгосрочные цели предприятия относительно на-правлений его развития и аспектов обретения им стратеги-ческих конкурентных преимуществ, поскольку это – основа основ для определения целей в сфере производственной дея-тельности предприятия;

► во-вторых, в обязательном порядке должен прово-диться производственный аудит, т.е. обследование производ-ственных возможностей, результаты которого служат базисом для оценки производственного потенциала и определения воз-можностей и потребностей в его наращивании или изменении характера;

► в-третьих, учитывая тесную связь между всеми функ-циональными стратегиями предприятия разработанная произ-водственная стратегия должна быть проверена на предмет ее согласованности с финансовой, маркетинговой и прочими.

Соблюдение этих условий возможно и не гарантирует аб-солютную успешность процесса разработки производственной стратегии предприятия, но хотя бы обеспечивает его защиту от полного провала.

Авторская версия структуризации процесса формирова-ния производственной стратегии, учитывающая эти выводы, предусматривает выделение следующих этапов:

1) определение корпоративных целей;2) разработка стратегии бизнеса;3) установление на ее основе целей в сфере производствен-

ной деятельности, которые необходимо достичь предприятию для формирования конкурентных преимуществ;

100

Татьяна Омельяненко4) разработка на основе системы этих целей критериев вы-

бора эффективной производственной стратегии;5) проведение производственного аудита;6) осуществление по результатам производственного аудита

оценки имеющегося производственного потенциала и определение потребности и возможностей его изменений;

7) формирование некоторого множества вариантов произ-водственной стратегии путем принятия и взаимного согласования долгосрочных стратегических решений (ресурсных, технологиче-ских, организационных и т.п.);

8) проверка разработанных вариантов на соответствие кри-териям выбора производственной стратегии и выбор наиболее эф-фективного варианта;

9) проверка степени согласованности избранного варианта производственной стратегии с другими функциональными страте-гиями предприятия и внесение, в случае необходимости, соответ-ствующих корректив.

Результаты изысканий автора, выходящие за рамки из-ложенного в настоящей статье, свидетельствуют, что на се-годня сложилась настоятельная потребность в проведении дальнейших исследований в области теории производственной стратегии, представляющей собой широкое поле для дальней-ших научных поисков.

Production priorities and the process of developing production strategy of the company

T. OmelianenkoThe main production priorities are identified; the results of a criti-

cal analysis of the various points of view of researchers at the components of production priorities are posted. Based on a comparison of several approaches to the development of production strategy the conditions for the success of this process are formulated and the author's version of its structuring is proposed.

101


Литература

Beckman Sara L.1. Operations Strategy: Competing in the 21st Cen-tury / Sara L. Beckman, Donald B. Rosenfield. — McGraw-Hill, 2008. — 462 p.Ettlie J. E.2. Manufacturing Strategy: The Research Agenda for the Next Decade / John E. Ettlie, Michael C. Burstein, Avi Fiegenbaum. — Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990. — 256 p.Gaither N.3. Production and Operations Management. A Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Approach / Norman Gaither. — 3th edition. — N.-Y. : The Dryden Press, 1986. — 884 p.Hill A. V.4. Encyclopedia of Operations Management: A Field Manual and Glossary of Operations Management Terms and Concepts / Ar-thur V. Hill. —. FT Press, 2011. — 408 p.Hill T5. . Manufacturing Strategy: The Strategic Management of the Manufacturing Function / Terry Hill. — Macmillan, 1985. — 230 p.Hill T.6. Manufacturing Strategy. Text and Cases / Terry Hill. — 3nd ed. — McGraw-Hill, 2000. — 588 p.Platts K. W.7. A Manufacturing Audit in the process of Strategy Formulation / Ken W. Platts, Mike J. Gregory // International Journal of Operations and Production Management. — 1990. — Vol. 10. — №. 9. — P. 5—26.Platts K. W.8. Characteristics of Methodologies for Manufacturing Strategy Formulation / Ken W. Platts // Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems. — 1992. — №. 7 (2).Pycraft M.9. Operations Management / [Mike Pycraft, Hemmanth Singh, Khomotso Phihlela etc.]. — Pearson Education : South Africa, 2007. — 829 p.Skinner W10. . Manufacturing in the Corporate Strategy / Wickham Skinner. — New York : Wiley, 1978. — 327 p.Slack N. 11. Operations Strategy / Nigel Slack, Michael Lewis. — 2nd ed. — Prentice Hall, 2008. — 496 p.Voss C.12. Manufacturing Strategy: Process and Contents / Christo-

102

Татьяна Омельяненкоpher Voss. — Chapman&Hall, 1992. — 402 p.Walters D.13. Operations Strategy / David Walters. — Palgrave Mac-millan, 2003. — 270 p.Бекман С. Л.14. Разработка стратегии для производственных предприятий / Сара Л. Бекман, хаасская школа бизнеса, Калифорнийский университет, Беркли // Современное управление : энциклопед. справ. : в 2 т. / под ред. докторов экон. наук, профессоров Д. н. Карпухина, Б. З. Мильнера. — М. : издатцентр. — Т.2. — 1997. — С. 8-3—8-19.Чейз Р. Б.15. Производственный и операционный менед-жмент : 10-е изд. ; [пер. с англ.] / Ричард Б. Чейз, Ф. Роберт Джейкобз, николас Дж. Аквилано. — М.: вильямс, 2007. — 1184 с.Бишено Дж.16. Новый инструментарий бережливого производ-ства для создания быстрого и гибкого потока : пер. с англ. / Джон Бишено ; Ин-т повышения квалификации персонала «Академия-Лидер». — Калуга : Свет, 2007. — 294 с. — (Серия «Методы эффективного производства и управления»).Минаев Э. С.17. Управление производством и операциями : 17-модульная программа для менеджеров «Управление разви-тием организации». Модуль 15 / Э. С. Минаев, н. г. Агеева, А. Аббата Дага ; гос. ун-т управления ; нац. фонд подготов-ки кадров. — М. : инФРА-М, 1999. — 328 с.Стивенсон В. Дж.18. Управление производством / вильям Дж. Стивенсон. — М. : БинОМ : Лаборатория базовых зна-ний, 1999. — 928 с.Томпсон-мл. А. А.19. Стратегический менеджмент: Концепции и ситуации для анализа : 12-е изд.; [пер. с англ.] / А. А. Томпсон-мл., А. Дж. Стрикленд-III. — М. : Вильямс, 2002. — 928 с.Попов С. А.20. Стратегическое управление : 17-модульная про-грамма для менеджеров «Управление развитием организа-ции». Модуль 4 / С.А. Попов ; гос. ун-т управления ; нац. фонд подготовки кадров. — М. : инФРА-М, 2000. — 304 с.

103


nona gelitaSvili

ekonomikis doqtori,

Tsu-is ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis

mowveuli profesori

sadReisod saqarTvelo dgas analogiuri prob-

lemis winaSe, rac ukve aTeuli wlebis win gamoiara ev-

ropis mravalma qveynam. Tumca, gansxvavebaa is, rom evro-

pis ganviTarebuli qveynebis sapensio sistemebi ki ar

moZvelda, aramed gardaqmnas saWiroebda. saqarTvelos

ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, sruliad axali sapensio sistema es-

aWiroeba. es niSnavs reformas Zveli sapensio sistemis

ugulvebelyofis xarjze, radgan aRniSnuli sistema ara

ubralod moZvelebulia da aranairad ar pasuxobs Tan-

amedrove standartebs, aramed Zalian primitiulicaa;

igi ar iTvaliswinebs adamianis mier mTeli aqtiuri

cxovrebis manZilze dagrovil Tanxas da, Sesabamisad,

arc Rirseuli siberis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlia.

sapensio reforma, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, `cx-

eli~ da rTuli procesia, radgan is, garda teqnikuri

sirTuleebisa, dafinansebis sakiTxebze metad, Senatane-

bisa da ganawilebis samarTlianobas ukavSirdeba. re-

formis sirTule imiTac aixsneba, rom ganviTarebul

qveynebSi pensiaze gaweuli xarjebi yvela socialuri

xarjis TiTqmis naxevars Seadgens, rac calkeuli in-

Tanamedrove sapensio

reformis miznebi da

strategia saqarTvelosTvis

104

nona gelitaSvili

dividis SemTxvevaSi kidev imazea damokidebuli, Tu

rogori Senatanebi gaakeTa man mTeli cxovrebis man-

Zilze. garda amisa, `sicocxlis mesame faza~ zogjer

aTwleulebi grZeldeba da sapensio transferebi cx-

ovrebiseuli Semosavlebis mzard nawils Seadgens,

xolo aqtiuri cxovrebis (samuSao periodis) Semcireba

sapensio wlebis gazrdis xarjze ukve Seuqcevadi pro-

cesia, rac sistemas TviTganadgurebis impulsebs gad-

ascems.

XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, rodesac pirvelad

daiwyo sapensio reformebis axal fazaze msjeloba, ev-

ropel mkvlevarTa nawili gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom

gaumarTlebeli iqneboda saxelmwifo dafinansebaze

dafuZnebuli sistemis mTlianad gadasvla kerZo kapi-

talze dafuZnebul sapensio sistemaze [1. gv. 29]. isini

Tavis pozicias imiT amyarebdnen, rom ekonomikuri da

demografiuli procesebis gavlenisgan arc kerZo kapi-

talia daculi da ufro metic, amgvari sistemis kraxi

mTeli TaobisTvis ormagi tvirTi iqneboda, radgan maT

arsebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebac mouwevdaT da,

imavdroulad, axali damoukidebeli sapensio uzrunve-

lyofis sistemis aSenebac, rac praqtikulad SeuZle-

blad moCanda. Tumca, demografiuli, ekonomikuri da

Sromis bazarze mimdinare gansxvavebuli da, imavdrou-

lad, urTierTgadamkveTi cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

aucilebeli gaxda 1-svetiani sapensio sistemisTvis, anu

rogorc mas xSirad uwodeben, TaobaTa Soris gaforme-

buli xelSekrulebisTvis, axali svetebis damateba.

avstrieli mecnierebi – berndi da marini – war-

moaCenen saxelmwifo gamanawilebeli da kapitalis

dafarvis kerZo sistemebis upiratesobebsa da nak-

lovanebebs [1, gv. 72].

105


saxelmwifo da kerZo sapensio sistemebis

naklovanebebi da upiratesobebi

riskebi/funqciebi kerZo

dagrovebiTi

sistema

saxelmwifo

gamanawilebeli

sistema

mosaxleobis dabereba plusi minusi

sicocxlis

mosalodneli

xangrZlivobis zrda

minusi 0 (minusi)

faseulobebis Seqmnis

Semcireba

0 (plusi) minusi

karieris Sewyveta minusi 0 (minusi)

umuSevroba minusi minusi

sistemis mSenebloba minusi plusi

inflaciuri ganwyoba minusi 0

realuri saprocento

ganakveTi da

ekonomikuri zrda

0 0

sainvesticio

potenciali

plusi minusi

kapitalis Warbi

dagroveba

minusi plusi

individualuri

arCevanis

Tavisufleba

plusi minusi

politikuri

Tavisufleba

minusi plusi

demografiuli ganviTarebis tendenciebis, ker-

Zod, mosaxleobis daberebis procesis gaTvaliswinebiT,

kerZo kapitalze dafuZnebuli sistema ufro gamZlea,

106

nona gelitaSvili

radgan asakobrivi struqturis cvlilebebi mas nakle-

bad exeba. meore mxriv, sicocxlis mosalodneli xangr-

Zlivobis TandaTanobiT zrda kerZo sistemaSi mxolod

miRebuli Tanxebis SemcirebiT kompensirdeba.

umuSevroba nebismieri sistemis problemaa. wyveti-

li dasaqmebebis dros, kerZo sistema, rTuli procentis

efeqtis gamo, Tanxebis Semcirebas ganapirobebs, maSin,

rodesac saxelmwifo sistema umuSevrobis kompensaciis

miRebis saSualebas iZleva. samagierod, am dros adgili

aqvs saerTo faseulobebis Semcirebas, rac gamowveu-

lia dasaqmebebs Soris arsebuli pauzebiT, es ki, cxadia,

aferxebs qveyanaSi mwarmoeblurobis zrdas da, Sesabam-

isad, amcirebs savaldebulo Senatanebsac.

danarCeni ekonomikuri indikatorebis mimarTac,

rac zemoTganxilul sqemaSia moyvanili, sistemis orive

tipi amJRavnebs saerTo naklovanebebsa da upirate-

sobebs. ase magaliTad, kerZo da saxelmwifo sistemebi-

dan calsaxad ver vityviT, romelze ufro metad an nak-

lebad axdens gavlenas ekonomikuri zrda da realuri

saprocento ganakveTis zrda.

inflaciis maRali done, pirvel rigSi, kerZo

sistemas ayenebs problemebis winaSe. Tuki sainvesti-

cio kapitalis zrda kerZo sistemisTvis upiratesobaa,

kapitalis Warbi dagroveba misi SesaZlo naklovane-

baa. saxelmwifo sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvelaze

mTavari upiratesobaa is, rom misi Camoyalibeba yovel-

gvari sawyisi fazis gareSe SeiZleba, rodesac pirveli

Senatanebis gakeTebisTanave, dauyovnebliv iwyeba sapen-

sio uzrunvelyofis gacema.

am da msgavsi mosazrebebis gamo, romlebic far-

Tod gavrcelda evropis mraval qveyanaSi, da rac kerZo

sapensio fondebis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli riskebis

Semcirebas isaxavda miznad, axal sistemaze gadasvla

107


sxvadasxva sqemiT daiwyo. ZiriTadad es procesi 3-sve-

tiani sapensio sistemis danergvas gulisxmobda.

magaliTisTvis, germaniaSi reformirebis axali

etapi (2001 wlidan) Semdegi sqemis mixedviT ganxor-

cielda [2, gv. 32]:

I sveti – sabaziso uzrunvelyofa: kanoniT dadge-

nili pensia daqiravebulTaTvis da riurupis pensia1*

TviTdasaqmebulTaTvis;

II sveti _ savaldebulo damatebiTi uzrunvely-

ofa: sawarmoo sapensio uzrunvelyofa da risteris2**

pensia;

III sveti – kerZo damatebiTi uzrunvelyofa: si-

cocxlis dazRveva da sapensio dazRveva, xelSekrule-

bebi danazogebze, sapensio fondebi.

sxvadasxva svetis gamoyenebis praqtika saTaves

Sveicariidan iRebs, sadac pirvelad, jer kidev 1960-

ian wlebSi, gaCnda termini `sami sveti~ da is Zalian

swrafad damkvidrda sapensio uzrunvelyofis politi-

kur terminologiaSi [3, gv. 155]. germaniaSi es termini

pirvelad 1980-ian wlebSi gamoiyenes da male Zalian

popularuli gaxda. Tumca, Sveicariisgan gansxvavebiT,

svetebis SedarebiTi analizi ufro ritorikuli for-

mulis saxiT damkvidrda, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZle-

beli iqneboda pluralistuli sapensio sistemis Se-

qmna, magram mas ar eqneboda instituciuri Sedegebi [4,

gv. 21].

amitomac sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis

1* riurupis pensia – sabaziso pensiis nairsaxeoba, romelic atarebs ekonomist bert riurupis saxels; aseTi pensia germania-Si 2005 wels SemoiRes, rogorc savaldebulo dazRvevis Tavda-pirveli formis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis mqone alternativa.2** risteris pensia - damatebiTi sapensio uzrunvelyofa, romel-ic ukavSirdeba sapensio reformaze pasuxismgebel Sromisa da socialuri wesrigis federaluri ministris – valter risteris saxels.

108

nona gelitaSvili

eqspertulma komisiam, 1983 wels warmodgenil angariSSi,

erTgvarad gaamyara is pozicia, rom kanoniT dadgenili

sapensio uzrunvelyofa unda darCeniliyo erTaderT

svetad, romelic sruliad sakmarisi iyo standartuli

sicocxlis dazRvevis uzrunvelsayofad. me-2 da me-3

svetebze msjeloba mxolod ori aTwleulis Semdeg

ganaxlda, rodesac axalma reformatorulma Zaleb-

ma eWvqveS daayenes aRniSnuli mosazreba. Tumca, jer

kidev ar arsebobda damatebiTi sapensio uzrunvely-

ofis politikuri programa, romelic mimarTuli iqne-

boda sapensio sistemis sxvadasxva formas Soris for-

maluri urTierTkavSirisa da instituciuri Sedegebis

miRwevisken.

marTalia, 2000 wels Srioderis mTavrobis mier

gansaxilvelad gamotanili proeqti sapensio sistemis

axlebur midgomebsa da principebs Seicavda, magram igi

kvlav mniSvnelovan poziciebze tovebda saxelmwifo

gamanawilebel sistemas. proeqtis garSemo gaimarTa

cxare diskusiebi, romelSic CarTuli iyo ara marto

mTavroba da opozicia, aramed yvela dainteresebuli

mxare: profkavSirebi, damsaqmebelTa kavSiri, pension-

erTa gaerTianeba da mravali sxva sazogadoebrivi or-

ganizacia. sabolood gadawyda, rom reformis procesi

2030 wlamde gagrZeldeboda da momavalSi adamianebi

ukeT SeZlebdnen sakuTari siberis uzrunvelyofas.

aRniSnuli procesebi gansakuTrebiT daaCqara sic-

ocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivobis zrdam, ris gamoc

ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mkveTrad Se-

icvala dasaqmebulTa da pensionerTa Soris arsebuli

Tanafardoba. magaliTad, germaniaSi 1960 wels 1 pen-

sionerze modioda 8 dasaqmebuli, amJamad es cifri 3,2-

mdea Semcirebuli, xolo 2030 wlisTvis, mosalodnelia,

rom is kidev ufro Semcirdeba da 1,9-s gautoldeba

109


[5]. amgvari statistika, faqtobrivad, ukve ganviTareb-

uli qveynebis demografiis zogadi tendenciaa da igi

TavisTavad ubiZgebs zedmetad konservatorul qveyneb-

sac ki, tradiciuli sapensio sistemebis ukeTes al-

ternativebze ifiqron, da saxelmwifo gamanawilebeli

sistemisa da solidaruli sapensio formatis parale-

lurad, ganaviTaron kerZo sapensio uzrunveelyofisT-

vis saWiro finansuri bazrebi, Sesabamisi fondebiT,

SuamavlebiTa da produqtebiT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo ganviTare-

bis doniT didad CamorCeba iseT qveynebs, rogorebi-

caa Ggermania, avstria da evrokavSiris sxva qveynebi, is

analogiuri demografiuli tendenciebiT xasiaTdeba da

mosaxleobis daberebis problema aqac sakmaod aqtua-

luria. garda amisa, sakmaod sagangaSoa Tanafardoba

dasaqmebulebsa da asakiT pensionerebs Soris, rac, gan-

viTarebuli qveynebis msgavsad, Semcirebis tendenciiT

xasiaTdeba. amis sailustraciod moviSvelioT saqarT-

velos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebi [6]

da sakuTari gamoTvlebis Sedegebi (ix. cxrili):

dasaqmebulTa da pensionerTa Tanafardoba

saqarTveloSi

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

sapensio paketis mimRebi (asakiT pensioneri), aTasi

549.9 589.9 611.9 658.3 660.0 662.3 666.4 682.9

dasaqmebuli, aTasi

1744.6 1747.3 1704.3 1601.9 1656.1 1628.1 1664.2 1724.0

dasaqmebulTa da pensionerTa Tanafardobis koeficienti

3.17 2.96 2.78 2.43 2.50 2.46 2.50 2.52

110

nona gelitaSvili

marTalia, rogorc cxrilidan Cans, ukanaskneli

ori wlis ganmavlobaSi umniSvnelo zrda dafiqsir- wlis ganmavlobaSi umniSvnelo zrda dafiqsir-wlis ganmavlobaSi umniSvnelo zrda dafiqsir- ganmavlobaSi umniSvnelo zrda dafiqsir-ganmavlobaSi umniSvnelo zrda dafiqsir- umniSvnelo zrda dafiqsir-umniSvnelo zrda dafiqsir- zrda dafiqsir-zrda dafiqsir- dafiqsir-dafiqsir-

da zemoxsenebul Tanafardobis koeficientSi (2.46-dan

2.52-mde), magram im martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen-mde), magram im martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen-), magram im martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen-magram im martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen- im martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen-im martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen- martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen-martivi mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen- mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen-mizezis gamo, rom jer sapen- gamo, rom jer sapen-gamo, rom jer sapen-, rom jer sapen-rom jer sapen- jer sapen-jer sapen- sapen-sapen-

sio sistemis reforma saqarTveloSi arc ki dawyebula,

da Sesabamisad, ar ganxorcielebula qmediTi RonisZie- Sesabamisad, ar ganxorcielebula qmediTi RonisZie-Sesabamisad, ar ganxorcielebula qmediTi RonisZie-, ar ganxorcielebula qmediTi RonisZie-ar ganxorcielebula qmediTi RonisZie- ganxorcielebula qmediTi RonisZie-ganxorcielebula qmediTi RonisZie- qmediTi RonisZie-qmediTi RonisZie- RonisZie-RonisZie-

bebi situaciis gamosasworeblad, aranairi safuZveli

ar gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom es mateba momavalSic gagr- gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom es mateba momavalSic gagr-gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom es mateba momavalSic gagr- vifiqroT, rom es mateba momavalSic gagr-vifiqroT, rom es mateba momavalSic gagr-, rom es mateba momavalSic gagr-rom es mateba momavalSic gagr- es mateba momavalSic gagr-es mateba momavalSic gagr- mateba momavalSic gagr-mateba momavalSic gagr- momavalSic gagr-momavalSic gagr- gagr-gagr-

Zeldeba.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom saqarTveloSi

maRali Semosavlebis mqone dasaqmebuli Zalian cotaa,

statistika ki dasaqmebulTa kategorias mosaxleobis

ara marto im nawils akuTvnebs, romelic daqiravebiTaa

dasaqmebuli kerZo an saxelmwifo seqtorSi da gasam- kerZo an saxelmwifo seqtorSi da gasam-kerZo an saxelmwifo seqtorSi da gasam- an saxelmwifo seqtorSi da gasam-an saxelmwifo seqtorSi da gasam- saxelmwifo seqtorSi da gasam-saxelmwifo seqtorSi da gasam- seqtorSi da gasam-seqtorSi da gasam- da gasam-da gasam- gasam-gasam-

rjelos iRebs xelfasis saxiT, aramed mosaxleobis is

nawilic, romelic mogebis, Semosavlis an sxva saxeobis

sargeblis miRebis mizniT garkveul saqmianobas eweva

[7, gv.2], SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak-gv.2], SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak-.2], SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak-SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak- davaskvnaT, rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak-davaskvnaT, rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak-, rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak-rom dasaqmebulTaTvis sak- dasaqmebulTaTvis sak-dasaqmebulTaTvis sak- sak-sak-

maod mZime tvirTia pensionerTa Senaxva, da es problema

momavalSi kidev ufro gamZafrdeba.

amitom, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, daCqardes da-, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, daCqardes da-mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, daCqardes da- migvaCnia, daCqardes da-migvaCnia, daCqardes da-, daCqardes da-daCqardes da- da-da-

grovebiT sapensio sistemaze gadasvlis procesi, razec

ukve msjeloben finansTa da ekonomikisa da mdgradi

ganviTarebis saministroebis mesveurni. Tumca, es gad- saministroebis mesveurni. Tumca, es gad-saministroebis mesveurni. Tumca, es gad- mesveurni. Tumca, es gad-mesveurni. Tumca, es gad-. Tumca, es gad-Tumca, es gad-, es gad-es gad- gad-gad-

asvla ar unda moxdes mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT- ar unda moxdes mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT-ar unda moxdes mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT- unda moxdes mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT-unda moxdes mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT- moxdes mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT-moxdes mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT- mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT-mokle vadebSi, radganac saqarT- vadebSi, radganac saqarT-vadebSi, radganac saqarT-, radganac saqarT-radganac saqarT- saqarT-saqarT-

velos sapensio sistema ar aris adaptirebuli swrafi

cvlilebebisadmi, is mxolod 1 svetis principzea da-, is mxolod 1 svetis principzea da-is mxolod 1 svetis principzea da- mxolod 1 svetis principzea da-mxolod 1 svetis principzea da- 1 svetis principzea da-svetis principzea da- principzea da-principzea da- da-da-

fuZnebuli, romelic sakmaod susti da mouqnelia.

sapensio reformis gatarebis mizniT, saWiroa

Camoyalibdes grZelvadiani strategia da aseve misi

etapobrivi ganxorcielebisken mimarTuli moklevadi- ganxorcielebisken mimarTuli moklevadi-ganxorcielebisken mimarTuli moklevadi- mimarTuli moklevadi-mimarTuli moklevadi- moklevadi-moklevadi-

ani miznebi. strategia unda iTvaliswinebdes Semdeg

mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs:

111


1-svetiani sapensio sistemidan etapobrivi gadas-•vla 3-svetian sistemaze da am procesSi evropis ganvi-

Tarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebis gaziareba;

politikuri, ekonomikuri, finansuri da sabazro •riskebis gaTvaliswineba, Sefaseba da SeZlebisdagvari

prevencia;

mosaxleobis informirebuloba da sazogadoe-•brivi organizaciebis maqsimaluri CarTuloba re-

formis procesSi, reformisaTvis aucilebeli codnisa

da informaciis gavrceleba;

diskusiebi sapensio reformis sakiTxebze, Sefa-•sebebsa da riskebze;

reformaSi CarTuli yvela samTavrobo uwyebis •saWiroebaTa Sefaseba, maTi teqnikuri aRWurva, sajaro

moxeleebis momzadeba da gadamzadeba;

kerZo sapensio fondebisa da dagrovebiTi sapen-•sio sistemisaTvis aucilebeli sxva finansuri insti-

tutebis SeqmnisTvis saWiro bazisis momzadeba.

Objectives and strategy of modern pension reform for Georgia

N. Gelitashvili

Pension reforms are politically “hot” and difficult because it is at a high technical complexity, less about financial matters, as to contribu-tion and distribution justice goes, because the pension claims in any de-veloped societies around half of all social spending, because the “Third Age” decades takes and pension transfers represent a growing part of the life income.

The column comparison has its origin probably in Switzerland, where the term even “three pillars” of the early 1960s showed up and quickly entered the old insurance policy jargon. Unlike is the Switzer-land of the column comparison, however, remained in Germany a rhe-

112

nona gelitaSvili

torical formula with which one could indeed committed to a pluralistic pension system, but had no institutional consequences.

In Germany 1960 came to a pensioner eight employees, now come to a pensioner 3.2 employees to come in 2030 to a pensioner 1.9 employees. In Georgia come 2005 to a pensioner 3.17 employees, and 2012 - 2.52 employees. Therefore, one should think in Georgia as in Germany on the implementation of the three-pillar pension system. For reforming the Georgian government should develop appropriate objec-tives and strategy.


Prinz Ch., Marin B. – Pensionsreformen. Nachhaltiger Sozialum-1) bau am Beispiel Österreichs. Campus Verlag. Frankfurt/New York, 1999; Benölken H., Bröhl N., Blütchen A. – Altersversorgung am Schei-2) deweg. Bürgerbedarf, Politikanspruch und Anbieterverhalten. Gab-ler Verlag/Springer Fachmedien Wiebaden GmbH 2011;Berner F. – Der hybride Sozialstaat. Die Neuordnung von öffentlich 3) und privat in der sozialen Sicherung. Campus Verlag. Frankfurt/New York. 2008; Murer E. – Alterssicherung in der Schweiz: Stand der Zusatzversor-4) gung. Verlag Nomos. Baden-Baden. 2005;h t t p : / / w w w . b u n d e s r e g i e r u n g . d e / C o n t e n t / D E /5) Artikel/2010/08/2010-08-10-aeltere-arbeitnehmer-die-gewinner-am-arbeitsmarkt.html germaniis mTavrobis oficialuri

veb-gverdi;

http://geostat.ge6) / saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli

samsaxuris veb-gverdi;

http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/methodology/La-7) bour%20Force%20Statistics.pdf saqarTvelos statistikis

erovnuli samsaxuri. zogadi ganmartebani samuSao

Zalis statistikis meTodologiaze.

113


giorgi RaRaniZe

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis profesori

dReisaTvis, qarTuli sasoflo-sameurneo produq-

ciis warmoebis moculobis zrda gansazRvrulia,

rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi

mimarTuleba. cxadia, warmoebis moculobis zrda xels

uwyobs aseve produqciis konkurentunarianobis zr-

das. Zalian mniSvnelovania sworad iqnes gaanalize-

buli Tu ratom moxda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi

damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg sasoflo-sameur-

neo produqciis warmoebis mniSvnelovani Semcireba, ram

gamoiwvia misi konkurentunarianobis mkveTri dacema.

albaT, ar SeiZleba, romelime erTi faqtoris gamoyofa,

erTi mxriv, arsebobda garkveuli faqtorebis obieqturi

erToblioba, romlebic Tan sdevda damoukideblobis

Semdgom periods, rogorebicaa: sasoflo-sameurneo mi-

wis nakveTebis mcire zomebi, tradiciuli faseulobis

jaWvebis darRveva, tradiciuli bazrebis dakargva [1].

cxadia, yvela am faqtorma da aseve damoukideblobis Sem-

dgom periodSi samoqalaqo dapirispirebam obieqturad

ganapiroba sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebis

moculobis Semcireba. garda amisa, aseve aRsaniSnavia,

rom 2004 wlidan saqarTvelos xelisufleba atarebda

QqarTuli sasoflo-sameurneo

produqciis konkurentunarianoba da

saeqsporto strategiis formirebis

sakiTxebi evrokavSiris bazarze

114

giorgi RaRaniZe

sakmaod gulubryvilo sabazro liberalizaciis poli-

tikas, rac qarTvel fermerebs ayenebda umZimes mdgo-

mareobaSi, radgan maT uwevdaT konkurentuli brZola,

erTi mxriv kargad ganviTarebul,xolo meore mxriv,

sakmaod kargad subsidirebul feremerebTan, rogorc

evrokavSirSi, aseve TurqeTSi, ukrainasa da ruseTSi.

am gulubryvilo midgomam sakmaod didi ziani miyena

sasoflo sameurneo produqciis warmoebas. aseve ar

SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos ruseTis federaciis mier 2006

wels gamocxadebuli embargo,romelic gansakuTrebiT

mZime dartyma iyo qarTuli meRvine kompaniebisaTvis.

ruseTis federaciis msoflio savaWro organizacia-

Si gawevrianeba qmnis obieqtur safuZvels qarTuli

sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis dasabruneblad ruse-

Tis federaciaSi. amavdroulad, saqarTvelo eswrafvis

xeli moaweros Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali

vaWrobis SeTanxmebas evrokavSirTan. amdenad evrokav-

Siri yalibdeba, rogorc qarTuli sasoflo-sameurneo

produqciis ZiriTadi saeqsporto bazari. evrokavSiris

sasoflo-sameurneo saimporto bazari udidesia msof-

lioSi, romelzec modis aRniSnuli produqciis msof-

lio importis 50%-ze meti. amavdroulad am bazarze

aseve Zalian maRalia zrdis tempi. cxadia, saWiroa,

Zalian kargad iqnes gaTvlili yvela is sabazro niSa

da is sasaqonlo jgufebi, romlebic avlenen yvelaze

maRal mimzidvelobas.

amis gamosavlenad, saWiroa, erTi mxriv, ganvsazRv-

roT bazris is maxasiaTeblebi romlebic ganapirobe-

ben sasaqonlo jgufebis konkurentunarianobas, meore

mxriv, unda ganisazRvros amave sasaqonlo jgufebis

115


arsebuli saeqsporto mdgomareobac. am mizniT harmo-

nizebuli sistemis 4-niSna doneze ganisazRvreba is

sasaqonlo jgufebi,romlebic am etapze avlenen sauke-

Teso saeqsporto potencials, meore mxriv, ganisaz-

Rvreba evrokavSiris saimporto bazarze is sasaqonlo

jgufebi, romlebic aCveneben yvelaze maRal sabazro

zrdis temps.

amis Semdeg aucilebeli iyo konkurentunarianobis

indeqsis ageba. konkurentunarianobis indeqsi efuZneba

evrokavSiris saimporto bazris zrdis temps (aRniS-

nuli procentuli maCvenebeli mravldeba 5-ze); aseve

ganisazRvreba evrokavSiris saimporto bazarze ara ev-

rokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis sabazro wili (pro-

centuli maCvenebeli mravldeba 5-ze) da aseve emateba

raodenobrivi maCvenebeli (eqsportis SesaZleblobis

raodenobrivi Sefaseba). eqsportis SesaZleblobis

raodenobrivi Sefaseba ganisazRvreba 1-dan 5-mde.

evrokavSiris saimporto bazris zrdis tempi daT-

vlili iqna 2008-2012 wlebisaTvis, xolo evrokavSiris

saimporto bazris gaxsniloba (anu ara wevri saxelm-

wifoebis wili ganisazRvra 2012 wlisaTvis). qarTuli

eqsportis potencialis raodenobrivi Sefaseba moxda

ori subindikatoris safuZvelze. pirveli gansazRvrav-

da arsebul eqsports evro kavSirSi; Sefaseba 2 eniWe-

boda im sasaqonlo jgufebs, romlebsac qondaT stabi-

luri saeqsporto maCveneblebi 2010-2012 wlebSi, xolo

Sefaseba 1 Tu igive periodSi arsebobda am sasaqonlo

jgufis eqsporti, Tundac erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.

meore sub-indikatori asaxavs konkretuli sasaqonlo

jgufis eqsportis mdgomareobas agroproduqciis eqs-

116

giorgi RaRaniZe

portis saerTo maCvenebelSi. am mizniT ganisazRvra

konkretuli sasaqonlo jgufis wili mTliani agro

produqciis (harmonizebuli sistemis sasaqonlo kode-

bi 01-23) eqsportSi 2012 wlisaTvis. Sefaseba 1 eniWebo-

da im sasaqonlo jgufebs romlebsac qondaT wili 5%-

mde; Sefaseba 2 im sasaqonlo jgufebs, romelTa wili

aRemateba 5%-s da aRwevs 10%-mde; xolo Sefaseba 3 im

sasaqonlo jgufebs, romelTa wili aRemateba 10%-s.

evrokavSiris saimporto bazarze Sesabamisi gamoT-

vlebisaTvis gamoyenebuli iqna saerTaSoriso savaWro

centris 4-niSna doneze arsebuli savaWro statistika (http://www.intracen.org/tradstat); xolo saqarTvelosaTvis Se-

sabamisi gamoTvlebi Catarda “saqstatis” monacemebis

safuZvelze (http://www.geostat.ge). sawyis etapze, zemoaRniSnuli meTodologiis

mixedviT, ganisazRvra 18 sasaqonlo jgufi (4-niSna

doneze). Semdgomi gamoTvlebis safuZvelze sasaqonlo

jgufebis ricxvi Semcirda 14-mde (ix. danarTi1,2).

ra rekomendaciebi SeiZleba SevimuSaoT Catare-

buli kvlevis safuZvelze? calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom 2008 wlis safinanso krizisis Semdeg aRdgeniTi

zrda evrokavSiris saimporto bazarze mimdinareobs

ufro neli tempiT, vidre msoflioSi. es faqti naTlad

dasturdeba imiT, rom msoflioSi 2008-12 wlebSi saim-

porto bazris zrdis tempi ufro maRalia, vidre ev-

rokavSirSi. es faqti sainteresoa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,

rom 2003-2008 wlebSi evrokavSiris saimporto bazris

zrdis tempi ufro maRali iyo, vidre analogiuri maCve-

nebeli msoflioSi. miuxedavad am faqtisa, evrokavSiris

agroproduqciis saimporto bazari yvelaze didia

msoflioSi da calsaxad warmoadgens strategiuli

117


mniSvnelobis mqone bazars qarTuli agroproduqci-

isaTvis.

saqarTvelos da evrokavSirs Soris arsebuli

manZilebisa da satransporto infrastruqturis gaT-

valiswinebiT, saqarTvelom aSkarad unda aiRos gezi

gadamuSavebul agroproduqciaze, romelsac aqvs Senax-

vis xangrZlivi vada. saqarTvelos praqtikulad ara

aqvs SesaZlebloba konkurencia gauwios gadaumaSeve-

beli produqciis eqsportSi iseT regionebs, rogori-

caa CrdiloeT afrika. im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

saqarTvelo imyofeba evrokavSiridan samxreT aRmosav-

leTiT, mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros is produqcia, rom-

lis mosavlis aRebis periodi ramdenadme ufro adrea,

vidre evrokavSirSi amave produqciis mosavlis aReba.

aseTi upiratesoba, cxadia droSi iqneba sakmaod xanmok-

le, samagierod, aSkarad kveTavs sabazro niSas.

qarTuli saeqsporto produqciis aseve serio-

zul problemad miiCneva mcire raodenoba, rac mniS-

vnelovnad amcirebs konkurentul upiratesobas. aseve

unda aRiniSnos, rom im sasaqonlo jgufebSi, sadac

saqarTvelo aCvenebs yvelaze maRal konkurentul Ses-

aZleblobebs, rogorc wesi, Zalian maRalia konkuren-

tuli brZola. aseve, zedmetad ar unda iqnes Sefase-

buli Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis

SeTanxmebis mniSvneloba. saqme isaa, rom qarTuli saeqs-

porto produqciisaTvis daSveba evrokavSiris bazarze

ar warmoadgens ZiriTad bariers. amdenad, Tavisufali

vaWrobis SeTanxmeba ar gamoiwvevs saeqsporto poten-

cialis dauyovnebliv zrdas. saqarTvelos mTavrobam

unda gaiTvaliswinos evrokavSiris fermerebis Zalian

Zlieri konkurentuli poziciebi da Seqmnas qarTvel

118

giorgi RaRaniZe

fermerTa daxmarebis kargad gaazrebuli sqemebi. al-

baT, mizanSewonilia maqsimaluri koncentracia moxdes

im sasaqonlo poziciebis mixedviT, romlebsac aqvT yve-

laze maRali saeqsporto potenciali evrokavSiris ba-

zarze. am mizniT mizanSewonilia im sasaqonlo jgufe-

bis gamoyofa, sadac maRalia ara evrokavSiris wevri

saxelmwifoebidan eqsporti. am SemTxvevaSi qarTveli

mwarmoeblebi Sevlen konkurentul brZolaSi ara ev-

rokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis mwarmoeblebTan. es

ki, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs, rom Tavisufali vaWrobis SeT-

anxmeba evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris SesaZle-

belia gaxdes konkurentuli upiratesobis miRwevis

realuri iaraRi. saqarTvelos mTavrobam aseve unda

gansazRvros, evropel investorTa dacvis specialuri

meqanizmebi, Tu isini dainteresdebian agroproduqciis

warmoebiT saqarTveloSi.

calke unda gaanalizdes qarTuli produqci-

is dabali cnobadoba evrokavSirSi, am mizniT, albaT,

garkveuli sabaziso aqtivobebi, rogoricaa saeqsporto

saxlebi, specialuri savaWro gamofenebi sakmaod inten-

siurad iqneba gasatarebeli. yuradReba unda mieqces

specialuri vebgverdebis formirebas, romlebic gazrd-

ian qarTuli produqciis cnobadobas. albaT, mizanSe-

wonili iqneba eleqtronuli vaWrobis wamyvani evro-

puli kompaniebis daintereseba qarTuli produqciis

ganTavsebiT.

Zalian mniSvnelovania sakmaod detalurad gan-

isazRvros saeqsporto bazrebis SerCevisa da maTze

Sesvlis formebi. ramdenadac ganisazRvra yvelaze maR-

ali saeqsporto potencialis mqone sasaqonlo jgufe-

119


bi: 0802; 0910; 2204; 2208; 2306; mizanSewonilia swored

am sasaqonlo jgufebis magaliTze ganvixiloT saeqs-

porto bazrebis SerCevisa da Sesvlis strategiebis

sakiTxi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli kompaniebi

limitirebuli arian saeqsporto strategiebis SerCeva-

Si. qarTuli kompaniebisaTvis naklebad SesaZlebelia

e.w. “upsalas modelis” gamoyeneba. am modelis mixedviT

kompaniebi Zlierdebian Siga bazarze da mxolod amis

Semdeg iwyeben eqsportirebas uaxloes mezoblebSi. sam-

wuxarod, saqarTvelos Siga bazris zoma rTuls xdis

qarTuli kompaniebisaTvis am modeliT eqsportis gan-

viTarebas. amdenad, qarTuli kompaniebi Tavidanve unda

iyvnen eqsportorientirebulebi, cxadia, am midgomis

yvela dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxaris gaTvaliswinebiT.

unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom saqarTvelos kompaniebis

mier dsT-s bazrebze dagrovili gamocdileba SeuZle-

belia gamoyenebuli iqnes evrokavSirSi.

evrokavSiris bazrebze yvelaze mimzidveli bazre-

bis aRmosaCenad aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT ZiriTadi

indikatorebi, romelTa mixedviTac unda ganisazRvros

bazrebis mimzidveloba. pirvel rigSi unda ganisazRv-

ros is bazrebi, romlebsac aqvT yvelaze maRali zrdis

tempi. zrdis tempi ganisazRvreba 2008-2012 wlebis sa-

fuZvelze. gaangariSebebi Catarebulia saerTaSoriso

savaWro centris monacemebis safuZvelze, harmonizebu-

li sistemis 4-niSna doneze. (http://www.intracen.org/tradstat). amis Sesabamisad viRebT Semdeg lider qveynebs Sesa-

bamisi sasaqonlo jgufebis mixedviT.

120

giorgi RaRaniZe

yvelaze maRali zrdis tempis mqone bazrebi

evrokavSirSi

cxrili 1

0802 SvedeTi - 46% niderlandebi

-44% fineTi- 44%

0910 litva-86% portugalia -74% poloneTi - 71%

2204 litva – 150% CexeTi – 12% slovakeTi – 10%

2208 malta – 50% niderlandebi -47% litva – 44%

2306 litva – 86% slovakeTi – 43% germania – 31%

bazris zrdis tempi, rasakvirvelia, warmoadgens

mniSvnelovan indikators, magram ar SeiZleba gadaw-

yvetileba iqnes miRebuli erTi maCveneblis mixedviT.

aseve, Zalian mniSvnelovania bazris zoma, anu misi te-

vadoba. saeqsporto strategiis arCevisas kompaniebis

umetesoba orientirebuli arian swored bazris zom-

aze, es meTodi sakmaod gulubriyviloa, vinaidan aseTi

logikiT iqceva praqtikulad yvela kompania. amdenad,

yvelaze didi zomis bazrebze amavdroulad aris yve-

laze mZafri konkurencia, vinaidan yvela sxva arse-

buli an potenciuri eqsportiori orientirebulia

igive bazrebze. amdenad, mizanSewonilia ganisazRvros

bazrebis mimzidvelobis indeqsi orive faqtoris: zoma

da zrdis tempi, gaTvaliswinebiT. swored es meTod-

ologia davudeT safuZvelad Sesabamisi indeqsis da-

muSavebas. yvelaze didi bazari ganisazRvreba, rogorc

2008-2012 wlebSi yvelaze didi bazari saSualo mniS-

vnelobiT; meTodologiis mixedviT yvelaze didi ba-

121


zari iRebs wonas 1. yvela sxva bazari ganisazRvreba

rogorc misi wili. amdenad yvela evrokavSiris wevri

qveynebis bazrebi iZenen wonas, sadac yvelaze maRalia

1. Sesabamisi maCvenebeli mravldeba 0,6-ze. meore ind-

eqsi gansazRvravs zrdis temps 2008-2012 wlebSi. yve-

laze maRali zrdis tempis mqone bazari iRebs wonas

1, xolo yvela sxva bazris zrdis tempi ganisazRvreba

rogorc yvelaze mzardi bazris wili. miRebuli maCve-

nebeli mravldeba 0,4-ze.Semdeg orive Sedegi ikribeba

da ganisazRvreba yvelaze ufro mimzidveli bazrebi (ix.

cxrili 2).

yvelaze mimzidveli bazrebi sabazro tevadobisa

da zrdis tempis mixedviT

cxrili 2 0802

germania – 0,91 italia – 0,66 espaneTi -0,56

0910 niderlandebi - 0,92 germania -0,89 didi britaneTi -

0,85

2204 didi britaneTi – 0,75 italia – 0,63 belgia– 0,58

2208 germania – 0,9 safrangeTi – 0,77 espaneTi – 0,72

2306 niderlandebi – 0,68 poloneTi – 0,53 espaneTi – 0,42

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, qartveli eqsportio-rogorc mosalodneli iyo, qartveli eqsportio- mosalodneli iyo, qartveli eqsportio-mosalodneli iyo, qartveli eqsportio- iyo, qartveli eqsportio-iyo, qartveli eqsportio-, qartveli eqsportio-qartveli eqsportio- eqsportio-eqsportio-

rebisaTvis yvelaze ufro mimzidveli aRmoCnda yve- yvelaze ufro mimzidveli aRmoCnda yve-yvelaze ufro mimzidveli aRmoCnda yve- ufro mimzidveli aRmoCnda yve-ufro mimzidveli aRmoCnda yve- mimzidveli aRmoCnda yve-mimzidveli aRmoCnda yve- aRmoCnda yve-aRmoCnda yve- yve-yve-

laze tevadi bazrebi. mizanSewonilia ganisazRvros

damatebiTi kriteriumebi bazrebis SerCevis procesSi.

momxmarebelTa arCevans xSirad ganapirobebs brendis

cnobadoba. Cven SemTxvevaSi brendis cnobadoba unda

ganisazRvros saqarTvelos cnobadobiT. samwuxar- saqarTvelos cnobadobiT. samwuxar-saqarTvelos cnobadobiT. samwuxar- cnobadobiT. samwuxar-cnobadobiT. samwuxar-. samwuxar-samwuxar-

od, evropeli momxmareblebis udidesi nawili ar ic-, evropeli momxmareblebis udidesi nawili ar ic-evropeli momxmareblebis udidesi nawili ar ic- momxmareblebis udidesi nawili ar ic-momxmareblebis udidesi nawili ar ic- udidesi nawili ar ic-udidesi nawili ar ic- nawili ar ic-nawili ar ic- ar ic-ar ic- ic-ic-

122

giorgi RaRaniZe

nobs saqarTvelos. gamonakliss warmoadgens baltiis

saxelmwifoebi, sadac saqarTvelos cnobadoba sakmaod

maRalia. es SesaZlebloba gamoyenebuli unda iqnes

maqsimalurad. amdenad, savaWro kompaniebi baltiis

qveynebidan unda gamoviyenoT axali evropuli bazrebis

maqsimalurad aTvisebisaTvis, mag. skandinaviis saxelm- aTvisebisaTvis, mag. skandinaviis saxelm-aTvisebisaTvis, mag. skandinaviis saxelm-, mag. skandinaviis saxelm-mag. skandinaviis saxelm-. skandinaviis saxelm-skandinaviis saxelm- saxelm-saxelm-

wifoebSi. qarTuli produqciis cnobadoba aseTi midg-. qarTuli produqciis cnobadoba aseTi midg-qarTuli produqciis cnobadoba aseTi midg- produqciis cnobadoba aseTi midg-produqciis cnobadoba aseTi midg- cnobadoba aseTi midg-cnobadoba aseTi midg- aseTi midg-aseTi midg- midg-midg-

omis SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba Tanmimdevrulad. aseTive

midgoma unda iqnes gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa blo- unda iqnes gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa blo-unda iqnes gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa blo- iqnes gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa blo-iqnes gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa blo- gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa blo-gamoyenebuli yofili sabWoTa blo- yofili sabWoTa blo-yofili sabWoTa blo- sabWoTa blo-sabWoTa blo- blo-blo-

kis qveynebis mimarTac, sadac saqarTvelos cnobadoba

aseve maRalia. Cexuri da slovakuri savaWro kompanie- maRalia. Cexuri da slovakuri savaWro kompanie-maRalia. Cexuri da slovakuri savaWro kompanie-. Cexuri da slovakuri savaWro kompanie-Cexuri da slovakuri savaWro kompanie-

bi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc qarTuli produqciis

Semtanebi centralur evropaSi, xolo bulgaruli kom-

paniebi Seasruleben igive funqcias xmelTaSuazRvis

regionSi.

Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebis xelmowera

evrokavSirTan gazrdis evropuli savaWro kompanieb-

is dainteresebas qarTuli produqciiT. amavdroulad

unda gaviTvaliswinoT, saqarTvelodan produqciis re-

eqsportis SesaZleblobebi, romlebic - “damzadebulia

saqarTveloSi” damRis SemTxvevaSi yovelgvari sabaJo

gadasaxadebis gareSe Seva evro- kavSiris bazarze.

unda aRiniSnos, rom reeqsportis operaciebi saqarT-

veloSi ar ibegreba mogebis gadasaxadiT. saeqsporto

strategiis SerCevisas aseve mniSvnelovania qarTuli

kompaniebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba. is kompanie-

bi, romlebic iwyeben eqsportirebas upiratesobas unda

aniWebdnen yvelaze ufro usafrTxo saeqsporto mod-

els. amavdroulad am kompaniebisaTvis yvelaze ufro

swori iqneba moaxdinon koncentrireba im bazrebze, sa-

dac saqarTvelos cnobadoba sakmaod maRalia.

123


SedarebiT gamocdili qarTuli saeqsporto kom-

paniebi, cxadia, ufro Tavisuflebi iqnebian strategi-

is SerCevaSi da maTTvis aseve Zalian mosaxerxebeli

iqneba reeqsportis operaciebis ganxorcieleba,zemoT

aRniSnuli upiratesobebis safuZvelze.

saboloo angariSiT SesaZlebelia CamovayaliboT

Semdegi rekomendaciebi:

mizanSewonilia saqarTvelos mTavrobam saga-1.

dasaxado kodeqsSi Seitanos cvlileba da aamoqmedos

mogebis dabegvris regresiuli modeli eqsportori-

etirebuli sawarmoebisaTvis;

saqarTvelos mTavrobam maqsimalurad intensi-2.

uri unda gaxados komunikacia evropel partniorebTan,

raTa srulad da amomwuravad miawodos informacia

saqarTveloSi arsebuli upiratesobebis Sesaxeb;

saqarTvelos mTavrobam unda SeimuSaos Ziri-3.

Tadad agroproduqciis (magram, ara mxolod agro

produqciis) savaWro kompaniebis mozidvisaTvis spe-

cialuri RonisZiebebi; upiratesoba unda mieniWos bi-

Tumad movaWre kompaniebs;

unda Catardes specialuri qarTuli kvireulebi 4.

samizne bazrebze;mag.Tu kompaniebi baltiis saxelmwi-

foebidan daiwyeben qarTuli produqciis gatanas skan-

dinaviaSi, mizanSewonilia aseTi kvireulis organizeba

skandinaviis saxelmwifoebSi.

unda mieniWos upiratesoba agroturizmis gan-5.

viTarebas, rac xels Seuwyobs qarTuli produqciis

cnobadobis gazrdas;

moxdes specialuri vebg6. verdebis formireba, rac

xels Seuwyobs qarTuli produqciis cnobadobis gaz-

rdas.

124

giorgi RaRaniZe

sasaqonlo jgufi

msoflio importi

msoflio importis

zrda

evrokav-Siris

importi

% msof-lio im-portSi

evrokavS. importis dinamika

evrokavS. importi ara wevr. qvynebSi

% 01-23 jg. eqsportSi

konkurent-unariano-bis ind-

eqsi

2012

wels

2008-12

ww.

2012 w.

2008-2012

ww.

2012 w.

102

9021295

38,70%

2971952

32,90%

12,40%

0,70%

8%

2,66

104

933208

-32,50%

259654

28%

-16,80%

0,20%

4%

1,17

409

1716054

37,70%

858561

50%

16,80%

51,80%

0,00%

4,43

701

3749973,00

37,70%

2075905,00

55,4

-6,60%

9,90%

0,00%

0,00

703

4711765

20,90%

1400814

29,70%

-3,10%

26,00%

0,00%

0,00

802

13105151

53,50%

5189456

39,60%

15,00%

71,30%

16%

9,315

805

12773927

11,00%

6141371

48%

-11%

33,50%

1%

3,13

810

10850765

14%

3887812

35,80%

3,10%

28,90%

1%

3,60

910

1727595

23%

656589

38%

12%

42%

1%

5,70

1208

711272

-27%

267539

37,60%

-13,70%

12,40%

0%

0,00

811

4177773

21%

2415596

57,80%

9%

43,20%

9%

4,60

1211

2688327

35,40%

735028

27,30%

7,60%

48,20%

0%

4,79

2009

16423346

0,30%

8941943

54,40%

-3%

38%

2%

4,75

2001

3080522

-10,50%

1101812

35,70%

-15,40%

6%

0%

0,00

2202

15702859

9,40%

7395213

47%

0,70%

17,70%

4%

3,92

2204

33620325

11,60%

15353568

45,70%

-5%

22%

13%

5,85

2208

29378946

23%

8859967

30%

-5,40%

19,90%

16%

5,73

2306

7032444

41,80%

3566331

50,70%

37,50%

45,80%

1%

5,17

konkurentunariano

bis

ind

eqsis

gaang

ariS

eba

danar

Ti

1

125

14 s

asaqonl

o j

gufi


sasaqonlo jgufi

msoflio im-porti

msoflio im-portis zrda

evrokavSiris importi

% msoflio importSi

evrokavS. im-portis zrda

evrokavS. importi ara wevr qveynebSi

% 01-23 jg. eqsportSi

konkurent-unarianobis

indeqsi

2012 w

els

2008-12w

w.

2012w.

2008-2012w

w.

2012w/

102

9021295

38,70%

2971952

32,90%

12,40%

0,70%

8%2,66

104

933208

-32,50%

259654

28%

-16,80%

0,20%

4%1,17

409

1716054

37,70%

858561

50%

16,80%

51,80%

0,00%

4,43

802

13105151

53,50%

5189456

39,60%

15,00%

71,30%

16%

9,315

805

12773927

11,00%

6141371

48%

-11%

33,50%

1%3,13

810

10850765

14%

3887812

35,80%

3,10%

28,90%

1%3,60

811

4177773

21%

2415596

57,80%

9%43,20%

9%4,60

910

1727595

23%

656589

38%

12%

42%

1%5,70

1211

2688327

35,40%

735028

27,30%

7,60%

48,20%

0%4,79

2009

16423346

0,30%

8941943

54,40%

-3%

38%

2%4,75

2202

15702859

9,40%

7395213

47%

0,70%

17,70%

4%3,92

2204

33620325

11,60%

15353568

45,70%

-5%

22%

13%

5,85

2208

29378946

23%

8859967

30%

-5,40%

19,90%

16%

5,73

2306

7032444

41,80%

3566331

50,70%

37,50%

45,80%

1%5,17

danar

Ti

2

126

Competitiveness of Georgian Agro products and creation of the export strategies on the EU market

G. Gaganidze.

In the Scientific article Author analyzed the competitiveness of Georgian Agro products, measuring the competitiveness by the index. Also different entry modes on the EU market are analyzed. Author tries to identify major criterias for the formulation and implementation of the effective export strategies.


kristof kordonie, evrokavSiris saeqsporto 1.

bazrebis mdgomareoba qarTuli agro produqciis

konkurentuli upiratesobebis realizaciisaTvis, sam-

uSao masalebi, 2010;

saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris 2.

informacia, http://www.geostat.gesaerTaSoriso savaWro centri, 3. ITC, www.intracen.

orgfaostati, 4. http://faostat.fao.org

giorgi RaRaniZe

127


leila qadagiSvili

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tsu-is asistent-profesori,

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori

naSromis mizania organizaciul kulturaSi gamo-

vlenili erovnuli da ucxouri kulturebis urTierT-

zegavlenis Taviseburebebis analizi Tanamedrove eta-

pze msoflioSi mimdinare globaluri procesebis ga-

TvaliswinebiT.

ramdenadac specialur literaturaSi ,,organiza-

ciuli kultura~ da TviT ,,kultura~ araerTgvarovna-

daa ganmartebuli, miznSewonilad migvaCnia am cnebebis

SedarebiTi analizi, agreTve, erovnuli da ucxouri

kulturebis urTierTkavSiris TaviseburebebTan mimar-

TebiT, zogierTi rekomendaciisa da winadadebis Camoya-

libeba.

kultura (cultura) laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa

da rogorc ucxo sityvaTa leqsikonebSia ganmartebu-

li, sazogadoebis miRwevaTa erTobliobaa _ ganaTle-

bis, mecnierebis, xelovnebis da sulieri cxovrebis sxva

dargebSi, romelic vlindeba adamianis moRvaweobis

sxvadasxva sferoSi da gamoxatavs adamianis sociali-

zaciisa da sazogadoebis humanizaciis dones. gansazR-

vrul epoqaSi xalxis an sazogadoebrivi klasis mi-

organizaciuli kulturis

formirebis sakiTxisaTvis

128

leila qadagiSvili

RwevaTa erToblioba Seadgens maT kulturas. zogadad,

kultura aris cneba, romelSic integrirdeba adamia-

nebis, maTi gaerTianebebis da saerTod, sazogadoebis

cxovrebis, saqmianobis, qcevis sxvadasxva aspeqti ganvi-

Tarebis garkveul etapze.

kulturas ori ZiriTadi mniSvneloba gaaCnia: pir-

veli axasiaTebs civilizacias, gonebis produqts, rome-

lic gamoiyeneba literaturasa da xelovnebaSi, meore

_ mentalitets, rac gulisxmobs adamianis qcevebsa da

qmedebebs, maT mier problemebis gadawyvetis gzebs. Cven

ganvixilavT meore mniSvnelobas, romlis erT-erTi Se-

madgenelia organizaciuli kultura. am ukanasknels

sxvadasxvagvarad ganmartaven. magaliTad, am sferos

TvalsaCino mkvlevari e. brauni aRniSnavs, rom `or-

ganizaciuli kultura aris rwmenaTa sistema, faseu-

lobebi da problemebisaTvis Tavis garTmevis Seswa-

vlili gzebi, rac ganviTarda organizaciis istoriis

ganmavlobaSi da romelic aSkara xdeba misi materia-

luri RonisZiebebisa da misi wevrebis qceviT~ [1, gv.

9]. Bb. milneri miiCnevs, rom organizaciuli kultura

gansazRvravs im ZiriTadi warmodgenebis da midgome-

bis garkveul sistemas, romelic viTardeba organiza-

ciaSi droTa ganmavlobaSi, Seiswavleba organizaciis

wevrebis mier, gamoiyeneba maTi qcevis orientirad da

problemebis gadamWrel saSualebad da vlindeba orga-

nizaciuli cxovrebis yvela aspeqtiT [3, gv. 262-263]. ne-

bismieri axali organizaciuli struqtura SeimuSavebs

Tavis kulturas, romelic gansazRvravs am struqturis

adgils, mis Siga da gare urTierTobebs da strate-

gias. amasTan, Zalauflebis ganawilebis dros, aseve ga-

dawyvetilebis miRebisa da personalis qcevis wesebis

129


dadgenisas warmoadgens erTgvar nimuSs, stereotips.

maSasadame, SeiZleba ganvmartoT, rom organizaciuli

kultura organizaciis obieqtur da subieqtur maxa-

siaTebelTa gavleniT Camoyalibebuli mocemulobaa.

Tu fsiqologiuri aspeqtiT ganvasxvavebT, obieqturs

ganekuTvneba organizaciaSi mimdinare realuri proce-

sebi da adamianTa qcevebi, maTSi damkvidrebuli saur-

TierTo standartebi, ritualebi da tradiciebi, xolo

subieqturs _ organizaciis koleqtivSi formirebuli

Rirebulebebi, Tvalsazrisebi, molodinebi, ganwyobebi.

amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom organizaciaSi momuSave

yvela pirovnebas Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs organizaciu-

li kulturis CamoyalibebaSi. Tavad organizaciuli

kultura, rogorc damoukidebeli faqtori mniSvnelo-

vani mTlianobiT xasiaTdeba, da Zlier zegavlenas ax-

dens TiToeul momuSaveze [2].

TiToeuli organizacia saqmian samyaroSi sakuTa-

ri saxis, sakuTari imijis formirebisas maRali repu-

taciis Seqmnis da SenarCunebis aucileblobis winaSe

dgas, rasac aRwevs kidec organizaciaSi faseulobebsa

da Rirsebebze erToblivi Sexedulebebisa da mrwamsis

sistemis SeqmniT. faseulobebze warmodgena pasuxobs

kiTxvas, Tu ra iTvleba organizaciisaTvis mniSvnelov-

nad, xolo mrwamsi gvamcnobs, Tu rogor unda ifunqcio-

niros organizaciam da rogor unda moxdes misi marTva

ise, rom saqmian samyaroSi Seiqmnas da SinarCunos maRa-

li imiji da reputacia.

organizaciuli kultura (romelsac amJamad kor-

poraciul kulturasac uwodeben), rogorc erovnuli

kulturis Semadgeneli, TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva

da TiToeuli organizaciisTvis individualuria. igi

130

leila qadagiSvili

calkeuli organizaciis donezec ki ar warmoadgens

monoliTur bloks. organizaciis yovel struqturaSi

Tavisi subkulturebi Sedis. subkulturebi viTardeba

msxvil organizaciebSi da asaxavs zogad problemeb-

sa da situaciebs, rasac xSirad awydebian muSakebi, an

am problemebis gadawyvetis gamocdilebas. `subkul-

turebi viTardeba geografiulad an calkeuli qve-

danayofis saxiT horizontalurad an vertikalurad.

roca raime konglomeratis erT sawarmoo ganyofile-

bas aqvs unikaluri kultura, rac ganasxvavebs mas or-

ganizaciis sxva ganyofilebebisagan, maSin saqme gvaqvs

vertikalur subkulturasTan, magram, roca funqciur

specifikur ganyofilebas aqvs sayovelTaod miRebuli

cnebebis kompleqti, maSin yalibdeba horizontaluri

subkultura. organizaciaSi nebismier jgufs SeuZlia

Seqmnas subkultura. organizaciis qvedanayofebs SeiZ-

leba hqondes gansxvavebuli organizaciuli kultura~

[3, gv. 268]. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans globalur da

transerovnul korporaciebSi, radgan sxvadasxva erov-

nebis adamianebs sxvadasxva kultura aqvT. Tumca, mTe-

li kompaniis organizaciuli kulturis ZiriTadi idea

unda iyos erTi, `navSi niCbebi yvelam erTi da imave mi-

marTulebiT unda mousvas~. xelmZRvanelobis amocanaa

daaaxlovos erTmaneTTan organizaciis Semadgenlo-

baSi Semavali subkulturebi. `globaluri da transe-

rovnuli kompaniebis kulturaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva

subkultura ar gamoricxavs Tavsebadobas. magaliTad,

kompania General Electric-is kultura `sazRvrebis gareSe~,

mudmivi swavlebisa da six sigma maRali xarisxis daner-

gva da warmatebiT gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia msoflios

nebismier qveyanaSi. transerovnuli kompaniebi axerxe-

131


ben strategiulad mniSvnelovani tradiciebis gadata-

nas sxvadasxva qveyanasa da regionSi, riTac qmnian er-

Tian korporaciul kulturas yvela qvedanayofisTvis.

menejmentma kompaniebis SeZenisas, Tavis mxriv, angariSi

unda gauwios kulturuli integraciis mniSvnelobas,

aseve SeZenili kompaniebis kulturaTa Serwymisa da

gaerTianebis mniSvnelobas~ [4, gv. 565].

mravalerovnul kompaniebs saqmianoba uxdebaT

gansxvavebul erovnul kulturebSi, Tumca, es garemo-

eba ar qmnis kulturaTaSoris gadaulaxav winaaRmde-

gobebs. Kkompaniis organizaciul kulturaSi aisaxeba

erovnuli kulturis garkveuli aspeqtebi, magram misi

sruli Canacvleba ar xdeba. Zalian iSviaTia kultu-

raSi SeuTavsebloba da Tu aseTi ram dafiqsirda, igi

uTuod droebiTi xasiaTis matarebelia. Oorganizaciu-

li da erovnuli faseulobebis SeuTavsebloba xangr-

Zlivi drois ganmavlobaSi iwvevs kompaniis funqcinire-

bis SeCerebas, funqcionireben mxolod isini, romlebic

eguebian sazogadoebis umetesi nawilisaTvis misaReb

kulturul faseulobebs.

Mmravalerovnuli kompaniebis organizaciuli

kultura mxolod sakuTari erovnuli kulturiT araa

SemosazRvruli. Aamgvari msxvili kompaniebis sxva-

dasxva qveyanaSi ganTavsebuli filialebi ganicdian

maTi bazirebis qveynebis kulturaTa gavlenas. Aamitom,

mravalerovnuli kompaniebis warmatebuli saqmianobi-

saTvis saWiroa damuSavdes maTi organizaciuli kul-

turis ucxour kulturasTan misadagebis da Sepiris-

pirebis variantebi, rac kompaniis filialebs miscems

saSualebas TaviaanT sasargeblod gamoiyenon yvela is

saukeTeso kulturuli faseuloba, romlis matarebe-

132

leila qadagiSvili

licaa TiToeuli qveynis erovnuli kultura.

organizaciuli kultura, roca igi saerToa yve-

la iq dasaqmebulisaTvis, aaqtiurebs da sainteresos

xdis maT Sromas, stimuls aZlevs novatorobas, ayali-

bebs xelsayrel klimats, magram, Tu organizaciis fa-

seulobebi ver uzrunvelyofs dasaqmebulTa gaerTia-

nebas da saerTo miznis misaRwevad mobilizebas, maSin

kultura ar SeiZleba organizaciis potencialad Cai-

Tvalos. ase rom, organizaciuli kultura tradiciebis,

individualuri da jgufuri interesebis, Sexedulebe-

bis, muSakTa qcevis Taviseburebebis, socialuri norme-

bisa da formaluri da araformaluri wesebis ubralo

Tavmoyra ki ar aris, aramed saqmianobis dros maTi ga-

movlinebaa.

adamiania sawyisi nebismieri organizaciisa, ro-

melic iqmneba TviT adamianisaTvis. organizaciuli

kultura adamianTa sazogadoebis, adamianTa jgufebi-

sa da calke aRebuli individebis kulturis mixedviT

iqmneba da viTardeba. adamianis mier dawesebulebaSi

Seqmnili organizaciuli kulturis speqtri farToa,

romelic ganisazRvreba TiToeuli adamianis unika-

lurobiT. riTi aixsneba pirovnebis unikaluroba? _

TiToeul adamians aqvs genebis erTaderTi da ganume-

orebeli nakrebi. `genebi, memkvidreobis qromosomuli

Teoriebis mixedviT, diskretuli erTeulebia, romlis

meSveobiTac memkvidreobiT gadadis organizmis niSan-

Tvisebebi~ [5, gv. 101]. organizmis yvela genis erToblio-

ba warmoadgens adamianis genotips. genebi mdgradia da

Tavis Taviseburebebs inarCunebs ramdenime TaobaSi. Ti-

Toeuli adamianis genetikuri baza unikaluria da xs-

nis im gansxvavebebs, romelic adamianebs Soris arsebo-

133


bs. individebs, romlebic xvdebian sxvadasxva garemoSi,

subkulturisa da institutebis wrebrunvaSi, SeuZliaT

Seicvalon calkeuli genuri kodebi droebiT, mudmi-

vad an epizodurad. Kkulturis elementebi gadaecema

adamianidan adamians, Taobidan Taobas genetikuri me-

mkvidreobis msgavsad. gansxvaveba mxolod is aris, rom

kulturuli genis kodireba ar xdeba da individi mas

mxolod Sromis an swavlis procesSi eziareba. `kul-

turuli geni~ uzrunvelyofs organizaciis TviTmyo-

badobas, drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi mis

specifikur kulturul struqturas. biologiuri genis

msgavsad, kulturul memkvidreobiT erTeulSi stabi-

luroba SeTavsebulia cvlilebebis aseve did unarTan

[6, gv. 35].

organizaciuli kulturis ganviTarebaSi igu-

lisxmeba misi formireba, SenarCuneba da cvalebadoba

[7, gv.96]. organizaciuli kultura formirdeba orga-

nizaciis mier ori umniSvnelovanesi problemis gada-

wyvetiT _ garemosTan adaptacia da Sinagani inte-

gracia. organizaciuli kulturis SenarCunebisaTvis

menejerebi mimarTaven organizaciuli simboloebisa

da wes-Cveulebebis danergvas, wvrTnasa da swavlebas,

jildoebisa da statusebis gansazRvris kriteriumebis

dadgenas da a.S. gare konkurenciisa da saxelmwifo

regulirebis pirobebis cvlileba, mizanswrafuli eko-

nomikuri gardaqmnebi saWiroebs organizaciuli kul-

turis cvlilebas. kulturis Secvla misi SenarCunebis

sawinaaRmdego procesia, romelsac axasiaTebs ritua-

lebis rRveva; simboloebis, marTvis stilisa da stimu-

lirebis kriteriumebis cvla; swavlebis programebis

gadasinjva, da a.S. organizaciuli kulturis cvlile-

134

leila qadagiSvili

bebi mowmobs, rom es fenomeni ar aris statikuri.

kulturis SecvliT organizacia iZens axal mi-

sias, saxavs axal miznebsa da ideologias, qmnis efeqtia-

ni xelmZRvanelobis modelebs, iyenebs wina saqmianobis

gamocdilebas, fesvgamdgar tradiciebsa da procedure-

bs, afasebs organizaciis efeqtianobas, mis formalur

struqturas da a.S. kulturaSi cvlilebebis procesi

upirvelesad im faseulobaTa orientaciis cvliT ga-

nisazRvreba, romelic xorcieldeba socialur jgufSi,

organizaciaSi, sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifoSi. kul-

turis ganviTarebis process mimarTulebas aZlevs fa-

seulobaTa dominanta (anu gabatonebuli faseuloba).

organizaciis faseulobebSi cvlileba aucileblad

iwvevs organizaciul kulturaSi cvlilebas.

organizaciuli kultura rogorc resursi da

organizaciis ganviTarebis potenciali, didi xnis gan-

mavlobaSi (Tu ki igi xels uSlida organizaciis gan-

viTarebis strategiis ganxorcielebas) ignorirebuli

iyo. Semdeg arCeuli strategiis Sesabamisad daiwyo

kulturis Secvlis mcdeloba, ramac dadebiTi Sedegi

ver gamoiRo da amas mohyva arsebul organizaciul

kulturasTan strategiis SesabamisobaSi moyvana, anu

masze dafuZneba. ase xdeba dResac. is warmatebebi, rasac

dasavleTis Tu aRmosavleTis wamyvani firmebi aRwevs,

swored organizaciuli kulturisa da masze dakisre-

buli strategiis SeTavsebis Sedegia, miuxedavad im

didi gansxvavebebisa, rac iaponiisa da aSS-is kompaniebs

axasiaTebs kulturasa da strategiasTan mimarTebiT,

myari da strategiasTan SeTanxmebuli kultura aris

strategiis warmatebiT realizebis safuZveli.

mTlianobaSi, kulturis ganviTarebis istoria

135


SeiZleba adamianis individualuri, subieqturi sawyisis

TandaTanobiT gaZlierebad warmovidginoT. Aadamianis

faseuloba metwilad istoriuli droiT, kulturiT, sa-

sicocxlo cikliTa da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebiTaa

gansazRvruli. socialur, politikur an ekonomikuri

garemos mkveTri Secvla, Cveulebriv, kiTxvis qveS ay-

enebs arsebul faseulobebs da dasabams aZlevs maT

Secvlas [8]. pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi jgufuri

faseulobebi batonobda. amis safuZveli iyo tomuri,

Temuri cxovreba, roca gabatonebili iyo jgufuri

azrovneba. antikuri epoqidan daiwyo pirovnuli fa-

seulobebis _ eTikuris, esTetikuris warmoSoba, rasac

safuZvlad daedo pirovnebis TviTSegnebis ganviTare-

ba. faseulobaTa ganviTarebis istoriis Semdegi etapi

iyo egzistencialuri faseulobebis, kerZod zneobrivi,

religiuri, politikuri da esTetikuri faseulobebis

warmoqmna da maTi pirovnul da aRqmis doneze ayvana.

am faseulobebis SeqmniT, faqtobrivad, damTavrda obieq-

turi realobis subieqtivizacia _ adamians mieca Siga

da gare samyarosadmi Tavisi damokidebulebis gamoxat-

vis SesaZlebloba.

erovnuli kulturebis specifika da istoriul

perspeqtivaSi maTi dinamika qveynebis organizaciul

kulturebzec aisaxa. Tavisi arsiT, dasavluri kultu-

ra warmoadgens analizurs, individualurs, inteleqtu-

alurs, argumentirebuls, pativs scems adamianis kerZo

samyaros. dasavlur kulturebSi amJamad pirovnebis

absolituri Tavisufleba dominirebs. aRmosavluri

kultura warmoadgens sinTezurs, romelic Seqmnilia

gansxvavebuli religiuri da filosofiuri sistemebis

Tanaarsebobis safuZvelze; koleqtiurs, romelic iWre-

136

leila qadagiSvili

ba adamianis kerZo samyaroSi; anu aRmosavlur kul-

turaSi batonobs koleqtiuri cnobiereba religiis,

patriotizmis, ierarqiulobis, avtoritarizmis da sxva

prioritetebiT. afrikuli kultura aRmosavleTisas

emsgavseba. isini ixrebian jgufuri faseulobebisken,

inarCuneben mkacr ierarqiulobas, Zalisa da vaJkaco-

bis kults, avtoritarul Zalauflebas, religiis mniS-

vnelovan rols, ganviTarebul koleqtivizms.

cnobilma niderlandelma sociologma gert

hofstedem, erovnul kulturaTa kvlevis Sedegad Sei-

muSava modeli, romelic advilad gamosayenebelia da

gvexmareba am movlenis axsnaSi. igi, ama Tu im orga-

nizaciis kulturis aspeqtebs, maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT

xuT jgufad yofs: [9, gv.69] 1. individualizmi/koleqtiv-

izmi, 2. Zalauflebrivi distancia, 3. ganusazRvrelo-

bis Tavidan acileba, 4. maskulinuroba/feminuroba, 5.

grZelvadiani/moklevadiani orientacia. g. hofstedem

am maxasiaTeblebis gamokvleva Caatara msoflios sxva-

dasxva qveyanaSi da aseTi Sedegebi miiRo: individual-

izmis maRali doniT gamorCeuli kultura aqvs aSS-s

da holandias; Zalauflebisadmi pativiscema damaxasi-

aTebelia safrangeTis, espaneTisa da iaponiis kultur-

isaTvis; ganusazRvrelobas advilad eguebian aSS-is da

SvedeTis sazogadoebebi; maskulinuri sawyisi maRalia

iaponur kulturaSi; grZelvadiani orientaciis maRali

done aqvs CineTs.

kulturis am maxasiaTeblebis gamokvleva saqarT-

veloSi Catarda 2011 wels qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier da

kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT qveyanaSi, rogorc erovnu-

li, aseve organizaciuli konteqstiT, individualuri

faseulobebis, Zalauflebrivi distanciis da masku-

137


linuri faseulobebis prioriteti gamovlinda; orga-

nizaciuli konteqstiT aseve sakmaod dadebiTi damok-

idebuleba gamomJRavnda cvlilebebis mimarT, rac imaze

miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoeba ganusazRvrel situaciebs

ufro egueba, vidre Tavidan icilebs; dabolos, qarTu-

li kompaniebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia moklevadiani

orientacia [10, gv. 64-72].

g. hofstede miuTiTebs, rom samuSao adgilze ar-

sebuli kulturis Taviseburebebi, anu organizaciuli

kultura farTo sazogadoebis kulturis Tavisebure-

bebis amsaxvelia. erovnuli kulturis gavlena orga-

nizaciul kulturaze ganpirobebulia im farTo sa-

zogadoebrivi konteqstiT, romelSic organizacia moq-

medebs, radgan am ukansknelSi xdeba sazogadoebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli faseulobebis gadatana. organizaci-

uli kultura erovnuli kulturis meSveobiT Tavis

ganviTarebis gzaze msoflio kulturis gavlenasac

ganicdis. es gavlena gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda Taname-

drove globalizaciis pirobebSi, rac aiZulebs orga-

nizaciebs TavianTi organizaciuli kultura msoflio

kulturis elementebiT Seavson da msoflio gadmosaxe-

didan Seafason.

dedamiwis informaciuli veli Zalze farToa da

aq dominirebs sxvadasxva kulturis urTierTgavlena.

globalizaciis erTi veqtoris Tanaxmad, eri TandaTano-

biT dakargavs TavisTavadobas da saxelmwifo iqceva

administraciul erTeulad, ekonomikur regionad. Yyve-

laferi iqceva warsulad, istoriad, romelsac mxolod

muzeumebi Seifarebs. amitom, globalizaciis am Seuqce-

vad maraTonSi yvela qveyana, yvela qveynis kultura

eZebs Tavis adgils, raTa ar Caikargos da modernizaci-

138

leila qadagiSvili

is qolgis qveS SeinarCunos erovnuli saxe [11]. orga-

nizaciul sistemaSi kulturaTSorisi Tanaarsebobis

yvelaze misaRebi modeli SemuSavebulia menejmentis

Teoriis Tanamedrove klasikosis nensi adleris mier.

Mmis mier SemoTavazebuli mravalricxovani modelidan

globalizaciis Tanamedrove etapze yvelaze misaRebad

gveCveneba e. w. `kulturuli sinergiis~ modeli, romel-

ic mimarTulia axali saerTaSoriso mmarTvelobiTi

politikisa da praqtikis Seqmnisaken. `kulturuli

sinergia gulisxmobs sxvadasxva kulturis saukeTeso

elementebis Tavsebadobas TanamSromlobis umaRlesi

Sedegebis miRwevisaTvis. korporaciuli kulturis

sinergiuli modelis praqtikaSi danergva uzrunve-

lyofs erovnuli da ucxouri kulturebis iseTnair

Tavsebadobas, romlis drosac optimalurad uxamdeba

erTmaneTs ena da komunikacia, kanoni da politika, fa-

seulobebi da warmodgenebi, ganaTleba da profesiuli

momzadeba, teqnologiebi da materialuri resursebi~

[12, gv. 67-68].

amrigad, globalizacia da informaciuli teq-

nologiebis farTod gavrceleba iwvevs ori sruliad

gansxvavebuli kulturis _ aRmosavleTisa da dasavle-

Tis organizaciuli kulturebis sinergias, aRmosavle-

Tis kompaniebi iReben dasavleTis organizaciuli kul-

turis elementebs, dasavluri kompaniebi ki piriqiT _

aRmosavleTisas. strategiul perspeqtivaSi sxvadasxva

qveynis, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis kompaniebis orga-

nizaciul kulturebs aqvT ganviTarebis erTi veqtori,

erTi mimarTuleba, rac kulturaTa urTierTgavlenisa

da urTierTqmedebis Sedegia.

139


The Issue of Organizational Culture Formation

L. Kadagishvili

The article discusses the aspects of interaction of national and foreign cultures8

occurring in organizational culture taking into account the global processes. It’s noted that under modern circumstances, when the interac-tion of many different cultures is unavoidable, changes in national cul-ture is discussed not as a creation of something quite new but as a pro-cess of exchanging individual elements of two different cultures. This might become the base for creation of a new cultural structure which is followed by changes in modern companies.

It’s concluded in the article that globalization and widely spread informational technologies causes synergy of two quite different west-ern and eastern cultures. Consequently, from the strategic perspective, organizational cultures of different eastern and western companies have the same vector and direction of development.

gamoyenebuli galiteratura

Brown, A. Organizational Culture. 2 nd edn, Financial Times Pit-1. man, London. 1998, P.9;http://psychologica.2. wordpress.com/Б.з. Мильнер. Теория организации. М. ИНФРА-М 2009, cc. 3. 262-263, 268;artur a. tompsoni. umc., a.j. striklendi 111 . strate-4.

giuli menejmenti: koncefciebi da biznessituacie-

140

leila qadagiSvili

bi, me-13 gamocema; naT. ingl. _ SoTa rusTavelis

saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010. gv.

565;

ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, Tb., 1989, gv. 101;5.

О. Г. Тихомирова. Организационная култура: формирование, 6. развитие и оценка. С = П., 2008 c. 35; T. xomeriki, menejmentis safuZvlebi. Tb., 2007, gv. 96;7.

http://ww8. w. ipseng.techtone.info/files/9213/4245/8172/Taobebi

da Rirebulebebi, wigni 1.pdfКузнецов ю., Подлесных В. Основы менеджмента, Санкт-9. Петербург, “Олбис”, 1997, c 69;l. jamagiZe, n. papaCaSvili, S. SaburiSvili, d sixa-10.

ruliZe, saerTaSoriso biznesis sociokulturuli

garemo saqarTveloSi. Tb., 2011. gv. 64-72;

http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/8475/3/11. Kkulturu-

logiis safuZvlebi, tomi III.pdfПерсикова Т.Н. Межкультурная коммуникация и 12. корпоративная культура, М, Логос, 2002, c. 67-68.

141


daviT niJaraZe

ivane javaxiSivilis sax. Tsu-is doqtoranti

komunikacia aris procesi, romlis drosac

informacia icvleba or an met adamians Soris, ZiriTadad

erTmaneTis motivirebis an qcevaze gavlenis moxdenis

mizniT [8, gv. 473]. praqtikulad yvelaferi, rac adamianis

garSemoa da rac mis cxovrebas Seadgens, komunikaciuri

garemoa. sagnebi da movlenebi, rogorc am garemos nawili,

erTi mxriv, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes komunikaciis

funqciad, xolo meore mxriv _ sakomunikacio

saSualebad, romlis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba komunikaciis

(Setyobinebis) ganxorcieleba. Setyobinebis gagzavna

ar xdeba ubralod SetyobinebisaTvis. misi mizania

Setyobinebis mimRebis moqmedebis organizeba [1, gv.

143]. gamomdinare aqedan, nebismier organizaciaSi

da maT Soris saerTaSoriso firmebSi warmarTul

komunikaciuri nakadebis Seswavlas gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba eniWeba, radgan swored mis safuZvelze

xdeba sxvadasxva menejeruli gadawyvetilebis miReba.

menejerul komunikacias, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

ganixilaven rogorc erTi da imave enaze saubars, rac

arasworad migvaCnia, miTumetes maSin, rodesac saqme

exeba saerTaSoriso firmebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel

multikulturul garemos, romelSic saqmianoben

gansxvavebuli kulturuli Tu erovnuli faseulobebis

kulturuli Taviseburebebis

gavlena komunikaciis procesze

saerTaSoriso firmebSi

142

daviT niJaraZe

mqone adamianebi. gamomdinare aqedan, komunikaciis

procesi ufro kompleqsuri cnebaa, vidre erTi SexedviT

Cans.

komunikaciis procesi, rogorc wesi, xorcieldeba

socialuri sistemis farglebSi, mis TiToeul

monawiles gaaCnia individualuri konteqsti da

gamocdileba Sesabamis sferoSi. komunikacia mWidrodaa

dakavSirebuli kulturasTan da gavlenas axdens am

procesis monawileebze imis mixedviT, Tu rogor aris

‘’daSifruli’’ Setyobineba (konvertirebuli simboluri

formiT) da gagzavnili sxvadasxva saSualebiT (arxiT)

mimRebTan, raTa am ukanasknelma sworad moaxdinos

miRebuli informaciis interpretacia. Sesabamisad,

kulturaTaSorisi komunikacia SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT,

rogorc informaciis simboluri gacvla, romlis

drosac individebi interaqtiuli dialogis gziT

awarmoeben azrebis urTierTgacvlas (ix. seqma 1) [5, gv.

97].

erTi SexedviT, komunikacia aris martivi procesi,

Tumca saerTaSoriso doneze warmoiqmneba bevri iseTi

problemuri sakiTxi, romelic arTulebs da xSir

SemTxvevaSi aferxebs informaciis gacvlis process

organizaciis SigniT.

kultura mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens

globaluri komunikaciis sxvadasxva aspeqtze, radgan

yvela kulturul jgufs gaaCnia sakuTari wesebi,

faseulobebi da rwmena, romelsac iziareben misi

wevrebi. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom ekonomikurad

ganviTarebul qveynebSi umetes SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba

komunikaciis werilobiTi forma eletqronuli

teqnologiebis saSualebiT (aSS, kanada, didi

britaneTi). iaponuri sazogadoeba ki, romelsac aseve

gaaCnia maRal teqnologiebze wvdoma, komunikaciis

143


procesSi upiratesobas aniWebs pirispir saubars,

rac ganpirobebulia maTi gansxvavebuli kulturuli

faseulobebiT. Tumca, konkretul situaciaSi SeiZleba

erTi da igive kulturis warmomadgenelTa reagireba

ar iyos garantirebulad erTnairi [10].

rogorc wesi, organizaciaSi komunikaciis procesi

moicavs informaciis gacvlas, rogorc firmis SigniT,

ise mis gareT. am kuTxiT gamonaklisi arc saerTaSoriso

firmebia, sadac gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa komunikacia

organizaciis SigniT. radgan informaciis, rogorc

gamgzavnebi, aseve adresatebi arian gansxvavebuli

erovnuli da kulturuli maxasiaTebelebis mqone

TanamSromlebi, romelTa Soris xSirad warmoiqmneba

garkveuli gaugebrobebi. saerTaSoriso firmebSi

komunikaciis problemebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT, rogorc

enobrivi aseve aRqmiTi barierebi. pirveli maTgani

gulisxmobs im qveynis sasaubro enas, sadac dasaqmebuls

SetyobinebisaTvis swori mniSvnelobis miniWeba da masze saukeTso pasuxis

mofiqreba

komunikaciuri scenaris swori

amoqmedeba

Setyobinebis gagzavna, aRqma, Sefaseba da

gaSifrva kulturaTaSorisi

gaSifrva

aRqma, analizi, diagnostireba –

situaciis dekodireba

qceviTi scenaris SemuSaveba da

moqniloba Sesabamisi qmedebebisaTvis, Semdeg

ki ganxorcieleba

Mmocemuli situaciisaTvisYyvelaze efeqtiani menejeruli

qmedebis identificireba

sqema 1. efeqtiani kulturaTaSorisi komunikacia [5, gv. 98]

144

daviT niJaraZe

uwevs muSaoba da Tu mas ar esmis ena, romelzec

kompaniis sxva TanamSromlebi saubroben, maT Soris

ver xdeba srulfasovani komunikacia. Tumca, erT enaze

saubris SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba warmoiqmnas dialogis

monawileTa Soris garkveuli problemebi. magaliTad,

miuxedvad imisa, rom amerikelebi da britanelebi

erT enaze saubroben, gansxvavebulia maTi saqmiani

korespondenciis momzadebis specifika: britanelebi

iyeneben ufro mkacr da akademiur stils, xolo

amerikelebi upiratesobas aniWeben werilis zedmetad

uSualo da martiv struqturas [11]. gansxvavebulia

amerikeli menejeris komunikaciis teqnikac misi azieli

an evropeli kolegisagan. aseveAcnobilia, rom rusi

menejerebi ufro metad eyrdnobian araformalur -

werilobiT an satelefono kavSirebs, gansxvavebiT Turqi

xelmZRvanelebisagan, romlebic iaponelebis msgavsad

did mniSvnlobas aniWeben pirispir saubars. Tumca,

erTma kulturulma jgufma SesaZloa gavlena iqonios

meoris komunikaciis kulturaze, am kuTxiT sainteresoa

paskalis kvlevebi, romlis mixedviT, iaponeli menejerebi

amerikul kompaniaSi dasaqmebis SemTxvevaSi sul ufro

metad iyeneben maTTvis aratradiciul, araformalur

(satelefono) komunikaciis formas. aRqmiTi barierebi

ki pirovnebis mier realuri situaciis xedvaa da man

SesaZloa mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonios pirovnebis

gansjisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze [4, gv.

200-203].

rac Seexeba gare komunikacias, masSi igulisxmeba

saTavo kompaniis urTierToba Svilobil Tu filial

kompaniebTan, romlebic sxvadasxva qveyanaSi an regionSia,

aseve sxvadasxva biznes partniorebTan, momxmareblebTan,

mimwodeblebsa da samTavrobo struqturebTan

urTierToba. am dros kulturuli gansxvavebebi

145


komunikaciis procesSi kidev ufro SesamCnevi xdeba

dResdReobiT Cven vcxovrobT iseT multikulturul

realobaSi, sadac erTi da igive produqti, erTnairi

samarko niSniT, SeiZleba Segvxvdes berlinSi, sidneiSi,

tokiosa Tu parizSi. aseve araa gasakviri, rom

amerikelma menejerma britanel kolegasTan erTad

imuSaos iseTi produqtis relizaciis gegmaze, romlis

dizaini Seqmnilia parizSi, warmoebulia aSS-Si,

xolo testirebulia taivanSi. msgavs klimatSi gare

komunikaciis procesi molaparakebis dros SesaZloa

CixSi Sevides, Tuki moxdeba kulturuli aspeqtebis

ignorireba. magaliTad, bevri dabrkoleba Segveqmneba

biznesis warmoebisas iaponiaSi, Tuki ar gvecodineba am

qveynis specifikuri kulturuli faseulobebis Sesaxeb.

iaponeli biznesmenebi saqmiani Sexvdrisas sakuTar

saxelze win asaxeleben kompaniis saxelwodebas, sadac

isini muSaoben im SemTxvavaSic ki, Tu es pirveli,

gacnobiTi xasiaTis Sexvedraa. koleqtiuri bunebisgan

gamomdinare iaponelebi saqmian urTierTobebs amyareben

pirad SegrZnebebsa an Sexedulebebze dayrdnobiT,

romelsac ewodeba ‘’hone’’,zogjer ki isini damoukideblad

sazRvraven, Tu ra unda Tqvan sazogadoebaSi da ra

aris Sesaferisi konkretuli situaciisaTvis, aRniSnul

qmedebas iaponiaSi ‘’tatemaes’’ uwodeben. es yovelive

xSir SemTxvevaSi partniorebis did dabneulobas iwvevs

[3, gv. 4-5].

sxvadasxva regionSi momuSave menejerTa Soris

informaciis kulturaTaSorisi gacvla, rogorc

wesi, mimarTulia momxmareblebis an partniorebis

Sesaxeb monacemebis mopovebisaken. dResdReobiT,

arsebobs uamravi modeli, romelic saSualebas iZleva

gamovikvlioT da SevafasoT msgavs komunikaciur

nakadebze kulturis gavlena (ix. sqema 2).

146

daviT niJaraZe

mocemul sqemaSi warmodgenili zemoqmedebis

faqtorebi mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uwevs gansxvavebul

kulturul garemoSi momuSave daqiravebulebs efeqtiani

komunikaciis damyarebaSi [9, gv. 202-203].

Tanamedrove etapze saerTaSoriso kompaniebi

komunikaciis procesSi informaciis gadacemisas

iyeneben komunikaciis sxvadasxva stils, romlis SerCeva

damokidebulia imaze, ramdenad maRali (faruli) an

(dabali) konteqstisaa sazogadoeba (ix. sqema 3).

ganixilaven komunikaciis Semdegi saxeobis

aprobirebul stils:

pirdapiri da arapirdapiri komunikaciis stili

– pirveli maTagani damaxasiaTebelia maRali konteqstis

sazogadoebisaTvis, masSi gzavnilebis umetesoba aris

nagulisxmevi da arapirdapiri, radgan am SemTxvevaSi

komunikaciis procesis ganmaxorcieleblebi erTmaneT-

sqema 2. kulturis gavlena komunikaciis procesze [9, gv. 202]

kultura 1: gamgzavnis rwmena

Sesabamisi sakomunikacio qcevis Sesaxeb (magaliTad,

rwmena Ria da gulwrfeli saubris

Sesaxeb.)

Setyobinebis gamgzavnis komunikacis stili

(magaliTad, SeimuSaos da gadasces mimRebs pirdapiri Setyobineba, pirdapiri da

drouli pasuxis molodini.)

Setyobinebis mimRebis pasuxi

(magaliTad, ignorireba, Setyobinebis kulturul

WrilSi Sefaseba, dagvianebuli reagireba,

araverbaluri komunikaciis formis gamoyeneba.)

sxva gavlena komunikaciis procesze(magaliTad, kolegebTan gamoyenebuli

warsuli gamocdileba imave kulturidan, kros-kulturuli komunikaciisaTvis mzadyofna, drois simcire, xmauri.

urTierTndoba.)

kulturasTan Tavsebadi komunikaciis

stili (magaliTad,

gulwrfeli da mtkice saubari, swrafi pasuxi.)

kultura 2: mimRebis rwmena Sesabamisi

sakomunikacio qcevis Sesaxeb (magaliTad, pasuxis gacemamde

dafiqreba, kolegis Seurawyofisagan

Tavis arideba.)

kulturasTan Tavsebadi komunikaciis stili (magaliTad, frTxili

saubari, pasuxis gacemamde kolegebTan

konsultaciebi, dapirispirebis Tavidan

acileba.)

147


Tan arian axlo urTierTobaSi da Setyobinebis gadace-

mis dros ar saWiroeben did verbalur Zalisxmevas (mag.

iaponia, aziis qveynebi). am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebul

rols TamaSobs saubris toni, romelzec damokidebu-

lia komunikaciis procesis Sedegi. magaliTad, brita-

nelma menejerma, romelic Tanamdebobaze dainiSna nige-

riaSi moRvawe multinacionalur kompaniaSi, aRmoaCina,

rom nigerielebTan mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze saubri-

sas efeqturi iyo xmis tonis aweva, rac misma qveSevr-

domebmac Cveulebriv movlenad miiRes. mocemul qveya-

naSi misi warmatebuli saqmianobis Semdeg igi samuSaod

malaiziaSi mdebare sawarmoSi gadaiyvanes, sadac misi

amaRlebuli toni TanamSromlebma araseriozulad mi-

iCnies, ris gamoc xelmZRvanelobas mouxda misi sxva

qveyanaSi gadayvana [2, gv. 75].

T. holis mixdeviT, iseTi maRali konteqstis

kulturas, rogoric iaponiaa axasiaTebs e.w. ‘’Cumi

sqema 3. komunikaciis procesi qveynebis mixedviT [6, gv. 196]

CrdiloeT amerikelebi

Sveicarieli germanelebi

skandinavielebi

germanelebi

frangebi

ingliselebi

italielebi

laTino amerikelebi

arabebi

iaponelebimaRali konteqstis /faruli

komunikaciuri kultura

dabali konteqstis /Ria komunikaciuri kultura

148

daviT niJaraZe

ena’’, rac imas niSnavs, rom komunikaciis procesSi

gamoyenebuli gzavnilebi umetes SemTxvevaSi

kodirebuli da nagulsxmebia, amitom, mimRebis ZiriTadi

amocana informaciis gasagebi interpretaciaa. amisaTvis

igi gzavnils atarebs e.w ‘’konteqstualur filtSi’’ da

cdilobs gaarkvios Tu ra aris naTqvami. magaliTad,

rodesac iaponeli menejeri molaparakebis dros ambobs

- ‘’diax’’, es imas niSnavs, rom mas esmis dasmuli sakiTxis

Sinaarsi da ara rogorc - ‘’Tanaxma var’’ da Tu igi

molaparakebis dasrulebisas ityvis, rom ‘’Cven vifiqrebT

aRniSnul sakiTxze da mogvianebiT dagikavSirdebiT’’, es

miuTiTebs imaze, rom komunikaciis procesSi atmosfero

misTvis iyo usiamovno da uxerxuli [3, gv. 8,22].

detaluri (rTuli), momTxovni da lakonuri

komunikaciis stili. maRali konteqstis sazogadoeba-

Si ZiriTadad dominirebs dawvrilebiTi komunikaciis

stili, am dros molaparake gamoirCeva sityvauxvobiT

da raimes dasabuTebis mizniT, xSirad imeorebs erTid-

aigives. msgavsi stili damaxasiaTebelia arabuli

qveynebisaTvis. komunikaciis momTxovni stili ZiriTa-

dad koncentrirebulia sizusteze da iyenebs imden si-

tyvas, ramdenic saWiroa azris gadmosacemad. aseT kul-

turaSi Tu pirovneba gamoiyenebs zedmet sityvebs, Sesa-

Zloa saubari aRqmul iqnes gazviadebulad da piriqiT,

Tu igi isaubrebs sityvebis mcire raodenobiT, gzavnili

gaugebrad CaiTvleba. mocemul midgomas iyeneben ing-

liselebi, germanelebi da Sveicarielebi. rac Seexeba

lakonur stils, igi damaxasiaTebelia aziis qveynebi-

saTvis, sadac adamianebi azris gadmosacemad iyeneben

ramdenime sityvas, qveteqsts, pauzas da dumilsac ki.

konteqstualuri da personaluri komunikaci-uri stili. konteqstualuri stili ZiriTadad mosau-

bresa da mxareebs Soris urTierTobebze akeTebs aq-

149


cents. magaliTad, aziuri kulturis warmomadgenlebi

komunikaciis procesSi iyeneben iseT sityvebs, romlebic

asaxavs maT rols da xazs usvams saubris monawileTa

ierarqiul damokidebulebas. amitom, msgavs kompaniebSi,

saubris monawile mxareebi arCeven iseT terminolo-

gias, romelic miuTiTebs maT statusze sxvebTan mi-

marTebiT. es stili damaxasiaTebelia iseTi maRali

konteqstis kulturisaTvis, rogoric gvxvdeba iapon-

iasa da indoeTSi. personaluri stili ki piriqiT kon-

centrirebulia molaparakebis procesze da cdilobs

mxareTa Soris barierebis Semcirebas. magaliTad, aSS-

Si Tanasworuflebianobis TvalsazrisiT Cveulebrivi

movlenaa erTmaneTisadmi sakuTari saxelebiT mimarTva.

personaluri stili aseve popularulia kanadasa da

avstraliaSi.

emociuri da efeqtiani komunikaciis stili. Eemociuri stili xasiaTdeba iseTi eniT, romelic ms-

menelisagan moiTxovs did yuradRebas da dakvirvebas

imaze Tu rogor gadmoscems molaparake konkretul

informacias. am SemTxvevaSi xSiria informaciis gad-

mocemis araverbaluri gzac, rac msmenelisagan moiTx-

ovs intuiciur analizs. msgavsi stili gavrcelebu-

lia axlo aRmosavleTSi, laTinur amerikasa da aziis

qveynebSi. efeqtiani stili ki mis sapirispirod zustad

da gamokveTilad gamoxatavs azrs. igi damaxasiaTebe-

lia iseTi dabali konteqstis kulturis mqone qveyneb-

isaTvis, rogoricaa Sveicaria, dania da aSS.

qvemoT da zemoT mimarTuli verbaluri komu-

nikacia. pirveli warmoadgens informaciis gadacemis

process menejeridan xelqveiTebisaken. magaliTad, misi

mizani SeiZleba iyos brZanebis an davalebis gadacema.

meore forma ki piriqiT, gulisxmobs informaciis ver-

balur gadacemas xelqveiTebidan xelmZRva-nelebisaken.

150

daviT niJaraZe

aseTi tipis komunikaciis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa mene-

jerebTan ukukavSiri, SekiTxvebis dasma an mxardaWeris

mopoveba [6, gv 195-199].

Agarda Cevn mier ganxiluli verbaluri

komunikaciebisa, saerTaSoriso firmebSi didi

yuradReba eTmoba araverbalur komunikaciebsac. igi

warmoadgens informaciis gadacemis process sxeulis

moZraobiT, mimikebiT an fizikuri sivrcis gamoyenebis

saSualebiT. zogierTi mecnieri Tvlis, rom verbaluri

komunikaciis Sedegad gadmocemuli informaciis 75%-s

Sedgens wored araverbaluri signalebi. isini mxars

uWeren verbaluri Setyobinebebis aRqmas, Semdegnairad:

sityvieri Setyobinebis SevsebiT;sityvebis modificirebiTa da gamokveTiT;gauTvalsiwinebeli interpretaciebis Ser-

bilebiT;

Tvisebebis miniSnebiT iseTi gamoxatvisadmi, romelic ismis an Cans, es ki SeiZleba moicavdes

gamoTqmebs, karis gaRebas da daxurvas, manqanebs,

televizors, radios, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios ko-

munikaciis procesis stimulireba [7, gv. 106].

aSS-Si aseve gavrcelebulia iseTi araverbaluri

komunikaciis forma, romlic gamoixateba e.w. ‘’TvalebiT

kontaqtiT’’. zogierT qveynebSi aseve aqtiurad mimarTaven

Jestebis enas, romelic SeiZleba sxvadasaxva erovnul

kulturaSi gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT Segvxvdes.

magaliTad, aSS-Si cera da saCvenebeli TiTis SeerTeba

’’O’’-s formiT niSnavs Tanxmobas(‘’okeis’’), iaponiaSi ki

aseTi Jesti fulis maCvenebelia, samxreT safrangeTSi

ki igi niSnavs nuls.

rac Seexeba azris gadacemas fizikuri sivrcis

(daSorebis) gamoyenebiT, mis magaliTadac gamogvadgeba

aSS, sadac pirispir komunikaciisas iyeneben oTx

151


manZils, esenia: intimuri distancia, piraduli distancia,

socialuri distancia, da sazogadoebrivi distancia.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi didi yuradReba

eqceva werilobiTi komunikaciis formas, romelic

xorcieldeba rogorc, fostis, aseve eleqtronulad

(eletqronuli fosta, socialuri qeslebi), internetis

saSualebiT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi,

cudad Sedgenili werilobiTi Setyobineba ufro met

barieres uqmnis komunikaciis procesis monawileebs,

vidre cudi verbaluri metyveleba [6, gv. 202,205].

sabolood SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom saerTaSoriso

firmebSi, sadac xSir SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba dasaqmebulTa

didi kulturuli mravalferovneba, SesaZloa

komunikaciis procesi ufro meti sirTuleebiT

warimarTos, rasac ganpirobebs adamianTa gansxvavebuli

kulturuli tradiciebi. amitom, aseTma kompaniebma

sworad unda Seafason komunikaciis procesis forma

da stili ramdenad Tavsebadia im qveynis kulturul

faseulobebTan, romelSic isini saqmianoben. radgan

organizaciaSi da gansakuTrebiT globalur firmebSi

swori gadawyvetilebebis miReba informaciis rogorc

Siga, aseve gare gacvlis srulyofili procesis gareSe,

faqtobrivad, warmoudgenelia.

The characteristics of the cultural impact on communication process in the international firms

D. Nizharadze

This article discusses the importance of styles, forms, approaches, barriers and of the communication process in international firms. The article covers analyzes related cultural aspects of the communication process participants and their different behavior, including verbal and non-verbal contacts. Here are also represented specific examples, about

152

daviT niJaraZe

countries and regions according to their cultural group’s behavior in global companies during sending and receiving information. Separate models are illustrated using the charts.


amaRlobeli x., komunikaciuri garemo da komu-1.

nikaciuri diskursis saxeebi, kulturaTaSorisi ko-

munikaciebi, saerTaSoriso samecniero-perioduli

gamocema, №20, Tbilisi, 2013;

Adapted from Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner, 2. Riding the Waves of of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business, 2nd ed. , New York, 1998, P. 75;

Gundling E., Communicating with Japanese in Business, Japan 3. External Trade Organization, Tokyo, 2000;

Hodgets F., Luthans F., International Management: Culture, 4. Strategy, and Behavior, seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill, US, 2002;

Lane w.h. et al., Editors, The Blackwell Handbook of Global 5. Management, Blackwell Publishing, US, 2005;

Luthans F., Jonathan P. Doh, International Management: Cul-6. ture, Strategy, and Behavior, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, US, 2012;

Mead R., Andrews T. A., International management: culture 7. and beyond, A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication, UK, 2009;

Richard L. Daft, Organization Theory and Design, South-West-8. ern Cengage Learning, US, 2009;

Richard M. Steers, Carlos J. Sanchez-Runde, and Luciara Nar-9. don, Management Across Cultures Challenges and Strategies, Cam-bridge University Press, New York, 2010;

http://www.forbes.com/sites/carolkinseygoman/2011/11/28/10. how-culture-controls-communication/;

http://www.lucycripps.com/?p=211. 7.

153


fulis Tanamedrove Teoriebis zogierTi aqtualuri sakiTxi

maia gogoxia,

ekonomikis akad. doqtori,

Tsu-is mowveuli leqtori

Tanamedrove etapze fuls kvlav TvalsaCino ad-

gili uWiravs ekonomikuri stabilizaciis programebSi.

mecniereba fulis Sesaxeb dinamikuri da popularuli

ekonomikuri disciplinaa, sadac nebismieri msxvili

skola ar warmoadgens erTian warmonaqmns. is, rogorc

wesi, moicavs sxvadasxva ganStoebas, romlebic ZiriTa-

di debulebebis TavianT gagebas icaven da praqtikuli

RonisZiebebis sakuTar variantebs wamoayeneben. Tumca

mimdinareobs sinTezis procesi, romelic Slis mkafio

sazRvrebs maT Soris. swored zemoaRniSnuli ganapi-

robebs sakvlevi problemis aqtualurobas. kvlevis

mizania sakiTxis Seswavla fulis rolis, fulisa da

sxva bazrebis (Cveulebrivi saqonlis, samuSao Zalis,

finansuri aqtivebis) urTierTqmedebis xasiaTis Tao-

baze. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad dasmulia Semdegi

urTierTdakavSirebuli amocanebi: 1) fuladi Teoriis

problemebis Tanmimdevruli gadmocema, 2) ekonomikis

realur da fulad seqtorebs Soris kavSiris Cveneba.

statiaSi aRniSnuli sakiTxebis warmoCenis safuZvelze

gakeTebulia daskvna, rom Teoriuli dasabuTeba, anu

ekonomikis modeli saxelmwifos warmatebuli saerTo

ekonomikuri da fulad-sakredito politikis amosava-

154

maia gogoxia

li elementia.

vxsniT ra fulis, rogorc ekonomikuri katego-

riis arss, aucilebelia, xazi gavusvaT, rom fuli aris

ara nivTi, aramed _ sazogadoebrivi urTierToba. is sa-

zogadoebrivi urTierTobebis ganivTebuli formaa. am

ekonomikur kategoriaSi vlindeba da misi monawileo-

biT xorcieldeba adamianebis urTierTobebi kvlavwar-

moebis procesSi. fulis evolucia dakavSirebulia

mwarmoebluri Zalebisa da warmoebiTi urTierTobebis

Tvisebriv cvlilebebTan Sromis sazogadoebrivi dan-

awilebis, saqonelwarmoebis gaCenisa da ganviTarebis,

erovnuli da msoflio bazrebis formirebis, sakredito

urTierTobebis da sabanko saqmis ganviTarebis, saxelm-

wifos ganmtkicebis, misi ekonomikuri rolis gaZliere-

bis, sabanko sferoSi samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciis,

globalizaciis procesis Sedegad.

raodenobrivi Teoria gamoixateba kembrijis tolo-

biT _ kpyM S = da fiSeris tolobiT pyvM S = Y. moTx-

ovnis funqcias aqvs ori Tavisebureba: igulisxmeba,

rom y (realuri Semosavali) da k (proporcia nomi-

nalur Semosavalsa da sasurvel fulad naSTebs So-

ris) mudmivi sidideebia: y -is mudmivoba xSirad ukav-

Sirdeba ideas, rom realuri erovnuli produqti imyo-

feba doneze, romelic Seesabameba srul dasaqmebas, anu

maqsimalurad miRwevad doneze. rameTu erovnuli Se-

mosavali tolia erovnuli produqtis, isic maqsimalur

donezea da stacionarul meurneobaSi, sadac ar aris

teqnikuri progresi da mosaxleobis zrda, realuri

erovnuli Semosavali mudmivi sididea. k -s mudmivobis

varaudi ki gamomdinareobs daSvebidan, rom sameurneo

garigebebis saerTo struqtura mudmivia.

155


is, ris winaaRmdegac sinamdvileSi gamodioda

keinzi, hqonda ra mxedvelobaSi marSalis naSromebi,

dakavSirebulia ara marSalis rwmenasTan seis igiveo-

bisa (marSali ar iziarebda mas moklevadian periodTan

mimarTebiT), aramed imasTan, rom marSalma yuradReba

gaamaxvila ekonomikuri ganviTarebis grZelvadian as-

peqtebze da daaknina saqonlis moklevadiani siWarbis

mniSvneloba.

seis igiveobas mivyavarT Zalian kategoriul

daskvnamde, rom bazrebze arasodes ar SeiZleba iyos

saqonlis siWarbe, maSin roca valrasis kanoni ubral-

od gulisxmobs, rom Tu aRmocendeba saqonlis siWarbe,

mas Tan axlavs fulze Warbi moTxovna. seis igiveoba

exeba igiveobas dagegmil moTxovnasa da miwodebas So-

ris. faqtobrivi miwodebis, faqtobrivi moTxovnis da

faqtobrivi Semosavlis toloba _ truizmia. is gamom-

dinareobs faqtidan, rom yoveli gayidva (faqtobrivi

miwodeba) yovelTvis dakavSirebulia yidvasTan (faq-

tobrivi moTxovna) da warmoSobs Semosavals gamyid-

velisaTvis (faqtobrivi Semosavali). es truizmi Zevs

erovnul angariSTa sistemis safuZvelSi.

keinzianuri tipis analizisas, Senaxuli fulis

Tanxa nominaluri Semosavlis da operaciebis struq-

turis nebismieri mocemuli donisas, damokidebulia

procentis normaze. amgvarad, k ar aris konstanta,

aramed warmoadgens procentis normis funqcias, roca

procenti maRalia, k dabalia ( v maRalia) da piriqiT.

marSali, romelic iniciatoria k -s Tanamedrove

gagebisa, Riad aanalizebda am maCvenebelze obliga-

ciebis saprocento ganakveTisa da fasebis cvlilebis

mosalodneli tempis gavlenas. es SeiZleba ganvixiloT,

156

maia gogoxia

rogorc fulze, saqonelsa da obligaciebze Semosav-

lis fardobiTi ganakveTebis (anu maTi SedarebiTi

fasebis) analizi.

Tu raodenobrivi Teoriis kembrijeli mimdevrebi ar

Tvlidnen k -s mudmiv sidided, xom ar iziarebdnen sxva

pozicias v -Tan mimarTebiT, daaxloebiT imave dros

amerikaSi momuSave fiSeri da Cikagoeli fulis raode-

nobrivi Teoriis mimdevrebi? Tumca k da v formalu-

rad eqvivalenturi cnebebia, rameTu erTi maCvenebeli

meoris ukusidides warmoadgens, Cveulebriv varaudoben,

rom kembrijeli ekonomistebis mier yuradRebis gamax-

vilebam Semosavlis mimarT garkveuli sasurveli fu-

ladi naSTebis ( k ) dagrovebis sakiTxze, SesaZlebloba

misca maT gamoekvliaT fulze moTxovnis faqtorebi,

maSin, roca yuradRebis gamaxvilebam v -ze xeli Seu-

wyo Tvalsazrisis gavrcelebas, rom v da, Sesabamisad,

fulze moTxovna meqanikurad ganisazRvreba sameurneo

sistemis gadasaxdelebis (saqonelgacvliTi operacie-

bis) struqturiT. am ukanasknel midgomaSi aris simar-

Tlis marcvali, magram aqedan srulebiTac ar gamom-

dinareobs, rom v mudmiv sidided iTvleboda.

Tumca fiSeri nakleb yuradRebas uTmobda sapro-

cento ganakveTebsa da fasobriv eqspeqtaciebs. patin-

kinis mier gakeTebuli mimoxilva Cikagos skolis av-

torebis Sromebis, leqciebis da disertaciebisa aCven-

ebs, rom isini ar ikvlevdnen yvela detalSi procen-

tis normis gavlenas fulis mimoqcevis siswrafesa da

fulze moTxovnaze. isini, marTlac, yuradRebas uTmobd-

nen fasebisa da fasobrivi eqspeqtaciebis cvlilebis

gavlenas fulis mimoqcevis siswrafeze, magram, marSal-

isa da zogierTi sxva avtoris msgavsad isini miiCnevd-

157


nen, rom fasobrivi eqspeqtaciebis efeqti iwvevs fulis

mimoqcevis siswrafis arsebiT cvlilebebs, anu ,,eqs-

tremalur meryeobas”. amgvarad, maTi aqcenti siswrafis

arastabilurobaze arsebiTad gansxvavdeba fridmenis

azrisagan, romlis Tanaxmadac CikagoSi ganviTarebuli

raodenobrivi Teoriis tradiciiT, fulze moTxovna

da misi mimoqcevis siswrafe saprocento ganakveTebisa

da fasebis cvlilebis mosalodneli tempis stabilur

funqcias warmoadgens.

amgvarad, SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna, rom ux-

eSi raodenobrivi Teoriis daSveba k -sa da v -s mud-

mivobaze, arasakmarisad sworad axasiaTebs raodeno-

brivi Teoriis tradicias keinzianelamdel ekonomikur

literaturaSi. amasTan, ara mxolod gamoiTqmeboda

azri, rom k da v damokidebulia procentis normaze,

fasobriv eqspeqtaciebsa da sakredito sistemis ganvi-

Tarebaze, ivaraudeboda, agreTve, rom bolo ori faqto-

ri mainc, xolo eqspeqtaciebi da ndoba gansakuTrebiT

SeiZleba gaxdes v -s mkveTri meryeobis mizezi da mar-

Tlac, es azri araerTxel gamxdara saqmiani aqtivobisa

da fasebis moklevadiani meryeobis Teoriis safuZveli,

maSinac ki, Tu fuladi masa darCeba ucvleli, p da y

SeiZleba icvlebodes, ufro metic, SesaZloa ekonomi-

kuri krizisic ki aRmocendes.

uxeSi raodenobrivi Teoriis debuleba k -sa da v-s mudmivobaze Cveulebriv formulirdeboda rogorc

mikuTvnebuli grZelvadiani periodisadmi. amasTan, aq-

cents siswrafis mudmivobaze Cqmalavda is faqti, rom

raodenobrivi Teoriis momxreebi detalurad ikvlevd-

nen k -s faqtorebs da Tvlidnen maT cvlilebas Zalian

mniSvnelovnad moklevadiani analizisas. kerZod, isi-

158

maia gogoxia

ni dabejiTebiT miuTiTebdnen k -s mkveTri meryeobis

SesaZleblobasa da amasTan dakavSirebuli finansuri

krizisebis albaTobaze.

uxeSi raodenobrivi Teoria Cveulebriv gulisx-

mobs, rom fuladi masa ekzogenurad ganisazRvreba, ase

rom, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi atarebs calmxriv xa-

siaTs. Tu k da y konstantebia, maSin igulisxmeba, rom

fuladi masis zrda iwvevs fasebis zrdas, magram ara

piriqiT. da kvlav aRmoCndeba, rom es debuleba ar iyo

raodenobrivi Teoriis tradiciebis ganuyofeli el-

ementi.

Cikagoeli raodenobrivi Teoriis momxreebi mkafiod

gamoxatavdnen azrs, rom saqmiani aqtivobis zrda iwvevs

sabanko dakreditebisa da depozitebis gafarToebas,

xolo aqtivobis Semcireba _ sapirispiro Sedegs. es

kavSiri ekonomikur koniunqturasa da fulad masas So-

ris niSnavda, rom sabanko sistema xels uwyobs sameur-

neo aqtivobis meryeobis zrdas. warmoebis gafarToeba

iwvevs fuladi masis gazrdas, romelic fiSeris tolo-

bis Tanaxmad, ukugavlenas axdens saqmian aqtivobaze,

astimulirebs ra Semdgom eqspansias. iTvleboda, rom

fasebis zrda iwvevs fasebis momavali zrdis eqspeqta-

ciebs, Sedegad amcirebs fulze moTxovnas da zrdis

misi mimoqcevis siswrafes.

raodenobrivi Teoriis tradicia keinzamde iyo

Zalze mdidari da Seicavda bevr Rrma dakvirvebasa

da daskvnas. Tu vecdebiT sworad gavigoT es Teoria,

vnaxavT, rom misi momxreebi ar Tvlidnen, rom realuri

Semosavali yovelTvis Seesabameba sruli dasaqmeb-

is dones, rom fulis mimoqcevis siswrafe ucvlelia,

xolo fuladi masa ekzogenurad ganisazrvreba. ami-

159


tom, arasworia raodenobrivi Teoriis formulireba

rogorc martivi debulebisa, rom fuladi masa iwvevs

fasebis absoluturi donis proporciul cvlilebebs.

TavisTavad ubralo aRmofxvra daSvebisa, rom realuri

Semosavali yovel momentSi imyofeba sruli dasaqmebis

doneze, arTulebs raodenobriv Teorias da yura-

dRebas izidavs sakiTxisadmi fuladi masis cvlile-

baTa gavlenisa realur Semosavalsa da dasaqmebaze.

fridmenis fulze moTxovnis wminda Teoria kar-

gadaa dasabuTebuli da misaRebia fulis Teoriis

mkvlevarebis umetesobisaTvis, magram axali raodeno-

brivi Teoriis momxreebis mier moTxovnis funqciis

gamartiveba atarebs savsebiT sxvagvar xasiaTs kein-

zianelebTan SedarebiT, isini fulze moTxovnas ganixi-

laven rogorc mxolod mudmivi Semosavlis funqcias,

maSin roca keinzianelebi funqciis mTavari cvladis

saxiT ganixilaven procentis normas.

fridmeni miuTiTebs, rom fasebis mimdinare abso-

luturi done unda Seicvalos cvladiT, romelic asax-

avs mudmiv fasebs. sxva sityvebiT, calkeuli pirebis

fulze moTxovna ar aris damokidebuli fasebis do-

nis wminda droebiT meryeobaze, aramed mxolod imaze,

romelic ganixileba rogorc mudmivi. erT-erTi yve-

laze mniSvnelovani gamartiveba is aris, rom fulze

moTxovnis funqciidan gamoiricxeba cvladi, romelic

asaxavs saprocento ganakveTebs. fridmeni amarTlebs

aseT gamartivebas empiriul Sedegebze dayrdnobiT

ekonometrikuli gaangariSebebis safuZvelze, amerikuli

monacemebiT, is mcdarad askvnis, rom gazomili sapro-

cento ganakveTebi sinamdvileSi ar axdens sistematur

gavlenas fulze moTxovnasa an siswrafeze. Tumca, ama-

160

maia gogoxia

vdroulad, is amtkicebs, rom Semosavlianobis normaTa

farTo speqtri, romelTagan yvelas gazomva SeuZlebe-

lia, axdens msgavs gavlenas.

msgavsad raodenobrivi Teoriis bevri keinzianelam-

deli momxrisa, klasikuri droidan neoklasikur pe-

riodamde, fridmeni yuradRebas amaxvilebs fulis mi-

moqcevis siswrafis grZelvadian mudmivobaze. amasTan,

msjelobaa ara imaze, rom siswrafe mudmivia drois

xangrZlivi periodebis manZilze, aramed imaze, rom

misi cvlilebis saukuneobrivi tempi SeiZleba viwinas-

warmetyveloT. es daskvna fridmenis SromebSi efuZneba

ideas, rom fulze moTxovna _ es aris moTxovna ,,fufu-

nebis saganze”, ase, rom, fulis mimoqcevis siswrafe Tan-

daTan mcirdeba. marSalTan, sakredito institutebis

ganviTareba aniWebs siswrafes grZelvadian tendencias

zrdisaken, magram misi ,,Sinagani xedva”, arsiT iseTivea,

rogorc Tanamedrove raodenobrivi Teoriis momxreeb-

isa, radgan siswrafis grZelvadiani cvlilebebi ganix-

ileba, rogorc daqvemdebarebuli saukunis trendisadmi,

romlis winaswar ganWvreta SeiZleba.

keinzis amocanaa, aCvenos, rom wonasworoba sruli

dasaqmebisas ar warmoadgens saerTo SemTxvevas. saer-

To SemTxvevaa wonasworoba umuSevrobis arsebobisas,

xolo sruli dasaqmeba _ mxolod gansakuTrebuli

SemTxvevaa. sruli dasaqmebis sasurvel mdgomareobis

miRwevisaTvis saxelmwifo valdebulia gaataros gan-

sakuTrebuli politika, radgan avtomaturad moqmedi

sabazro Zalebi am mxardaWeris gareSe ar iZleva misi

miRwevis garantias.

keinzis Teoriam SesaZlebeli gaxada erovnul

angariSTa Tanamedrove sistemis ganviTareba, romelic

161


dakavSirebulia faqtobrivi (ex post) cvladebis kvanti-

fikaciasTan.

,,saerTo Teoriis” da keinzianuri Teoriis logika

mTlianobaSi is aris, rom moTxovna samuSao Zalaze

ganisazRvreba saqonelze efeqtiani moTxovniT, anu, sxva

sityvebiT, wonasworobiT saqonlisa da fulis bazre-

bze. produqtis faqtobrivi done aris dasaqmebis faq-

tobrivi donis funqcia. keinzis erT-erTi mTavari si-

axle is ideaa, rom wonasworoba saqonlis bazrebze

aRmocendeba im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac saqonlis

dagegmili miwodeba ar aris toli dagegmili moTx-

ovnisa; sakmarisia, rom faqtobrivi miwodeba utolde-

bodes dagegmil moTxovnas.

keinzis mTavari mizani misi modelis agebisas

iyo eCvenebina, rom sistema SeiZleba imyofebodes wo-

nasworobis mdgomareobaSi iZulebiTi umuSevrobis

arsebobisas (anu samuSao Zalis Warbi miwodeba) da

saqonlis Warbi dagegmili miwodebisas (sxva sityvebiT,

rodesac ar arsebobs sasaqonlo bazrebis sruli gaw-

menda). amasTan, SeiZleba imis Cveneba, rom Zvel keinzia-

nur models mivyavarT msgavs daskvnebamde sami speci-

fikuri daSvebis miRebis gziT.

keinzianuri modeli ar eyrdnoba mxolod xel-

fasis mouqnelobas, rogorc faqtors ,,wonasworobis

damyarebisa sruli dasaqmebis doneze dabla”, anu wo-

nasworobisa, romlis drosac saqonlisa da samuSao

Zalis bazrebi ar iwmindeba srulad. am modelSi pos-

tulirdeba, garda amisa, ,,likviduri maxis” aRmocenebis

SesaZlebloba, sxva sityvebiT, SeiZleba dadgindes iseTi

procentis norma, romlis drosac moTxovnis elasti-

kurobas procentis mixedviT ara aqvs SezRudva. fase-

162

maia gogoxia

bis donis dacema gamoaTavisuflebs sakaso naSTebis

nawils, aucilebels savaWro garigebaTa ganxorcieleb-

isaTvis, magram ,,likviduri maxis” mdgomareobisas es

naRdi fuli gadaiqceva spekulaciur naSTebad da ar

iwvevs procentis normis Semcirebas.

amgvarad, Tu aRmocendeba ,,likviduri maxe”, maSin,

miuxedavad fasebis dacemisa, finansuri bazari darCe-

ba wonasworobaSi procentis an realuri Semosavlis

ucvleli donisas. fasebis dacema, romelic aRmocenda

saqonlisa da samuSao Zalis Warbi miwodebis Sedegad,

ar cvlis wonasworul procentis normas (r0) an Se-mosavlis wonasworul dones (y). Sesabamisad, Tu meur-

neoba Tavidanve imyofeba mdgrad wonasworobaSi, maSin

,,likviduri maxis” arsebobisas ar aRmocendeba avtoma-

turi tendencia samuSao Zalis bazarze Warbi miwode-

bis aRmofxvrisaTvis. meurneoba darCeba wonasworoba-

Si, miuxedavad iZulebiTi umuSevrobisa da resursebis

gaflangvisa (saqonlisa da samuSao Zalis Warbi mi-

wodeba).

Semdgom, maSinac ki, Tu fuladi xelfasi sakmarisad

moZravia da ar aRmocendeba ,,likviduri maxe”, ekono-

mikam SeiZleba ver miaRwios wonasworobas sruli

dasaqmebisas da darCes wonasworobaSi gauwmendavi ba-

zrebiT da umuSevrobiT. es SeiZleba aRmocendes imis

Sedegad, rom sainvesticio saqonelze moTxovnis funq-

cia araelastikuria procentis mixedviT. sxva sityve-

biT, SeiZleba aRmocendes situacia, rodesac mocemuli

samomxmareblo funqciisas dagegmili sainvesticio da-

naxarjebis done, aucilebeli gaTanabrebisaTvis dageg-

mili danaxarjebisa dagegmil warmoebasTan ( ye = ) im-

denad maRalia, rom sainvesticio saqonelze moTxovnis

163


mocemuli funqciisas, is ar SeiZleba iqnes miRweuli

procentis normis dadebiTi mniSvnelobebisas. xolo

Tu vigulisxmebT, rom procentis norma arasodes ar

SeiZleba gaxdes uaryofiTi sidide, maSin dagegmili

danaxarjebis done arasodes iqneba sakmarisi, rom

gavzardoT e y -mde.

amgvarad, aRniSnuli sami daSvebis miReba Zvel

keinzianur modelSi aRmoacenebs imis SesaZleblobas,

rom meurneobam SeiZleba miaRwios wonasworobis mdgo-

mareobas, magram im pirobiT, rom dagegmili danaxar-

jebi sasaqonlo bazrebze ufro mcirea, vidre dageg-

mili miwodeba da, Sesabamisad, samuSao Zalis bazarze

aris miwodebis siWarbe. nebismieri am daSvebaTaganis

ararsebobisas _ xelfasis mouqneloba, ,,likviduri

maxe” an sainvesticio saqonelze moTxovnis funqciis

dabali elastikuroba procentis mixedviT Zvel kein-

zianur models eqneboda avtomaturi tendencia wonas-

worobisadmi SemosavliT, romelic Seesabameba sruli

dasaqmebis dones, y . xolo, Tu Tundac erT-erTi am daS-

vebaTagani marTalia, maSin sruli dasaqmeba verasodes

ver iqneboda miRweuli da maSin aRniSnuli modeli

Zalzed gansxvavebuli iqneba klasikuri modelisagan

da iqneboda ufro realisturi. klasikur modelSi wo-

nasworoba umuSevrobiT arasodes ar aRmocendeba. es

modeli yovelTvis imyofeba wonasworobis mdgomare-

obaSi sruli dasaqmebiT. erTaderTi roli, romelsac

fulis bazari asrulebs klasikur modelSi, mdgomare-

obs p -s da DM -s gansazRvraSi, amasTan fulis maragi

ar TamaSobs araviTar rols warmoebisa an dasaqmebis

sidideTa dadgenaSi. keinzianur modelSi meqanizmi sx-

vagvaria, radgan fuladi bazari TamaSobs kritikul

164

maia gogoxia

rols wonasworobis gansazRvraSi saqonlisa da sam-

uSao Zalis bazrebze.

keinzis midgomis Sedareba klasikuri Teoriis pozi-

ciasTan aCvenebs, Tu ukanasknelni Cveulebriv Tvlid-

nen, rom miwodebis pirobebi gansazRvravs erovnul

Semosavals grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, keinzianuri

modeli yuradRebas amaxvilebs moTxovnis pirobebze

uaxloes periodSi.

tradiciul keinzianur modelSi erToblivi moTx-

ovnis mrudi warmoadgens yvela im wertilis traeqto-

rias, romelic Seesabameba kombinaciebs realuri Se-

mosavlisa da fasebis donisa, romlisTvisac damyare-

bulia realuri Semosavlisa da fulis bazris wonas-

woroba [1,gv.586]. amave Teoriis Tanaxmad, arsebobs er-

Toblivi moTxovnis ramodenime determinanti, romelTa

Soris erT-erTi nominaluri fuladi masaa.

individis transaqciuli fuladi naSTebi SeiZleba

ganvixiloT, rogorc misTvis sasurveli naRdi fuli

da am SemTxvevaSi transaqciuli moTxovna fulze iZens

azrs. naSTebis sasurveli sidide niSnavs, rom individi

Tavisufalia arCevanSi xarjebis optimaluri modeli-

sa da, Sedegad, k -s sididis gansazRvraSi. magram, unda

aRvniSnoT, rom k keinzianelebTan ar aris identuri k-si raodenobrivi Teoriis momxreebTan. ukanasknelTaT-

vis k warmoadgens ukusidides mTeli fuladi masis

mimoqcevis siswrafisa, maSin roca keinzianelebTan

is exeba mxolod transaqciuli naSTebis mimoqcevis

siswrafes. keinzianur sistemaSi yvela fuladi naSTis

mimoqcevis siswrafeze gavlenas axdens, agreTve, moTx-

ovna spekulaciur (da sifrTxilis motiviT nakarnaxev)

fulad naSTebze; Sedegad, maSinac ki, Tu ar ganvix-

165


ilavT keinzianur k -s, rogorc individualuri arCe-

vanis Sedegs, mTeli naRdi fulis mimoqcevis siswrafe

aq swored am arCevanis Sedegia. amgvarad, keinzianelebi-

saTvis mTeli fuladi masis mimoqcevis siswrafe sap-

rocento ganakveTis funqciaa. es daskvna, ra Tqma unda,

msgavsia raodenobrivi Teoriis momxreebis Sexedule-

bebisa fulis mimoqcevis siswrafis determinantebze

moklevadian periodSi, Tumca, keinzianelebi gacilebiT

Zlierad usvamen xazs mis mniSvnelobas ufro xangr-

Zlivi periodebisaTvis.

keinzianur-neoklasikuri sinTezis modelebi moicavs

pigus efeqts, rogorc ganmasxvavebel niSans. pigu amt-

kicebda, rom TavisTavad aqtivebis flobas moaqvs

sargeblianoba (imave mizezebis gamo, rac mdgomareobas,

romelsac adamiani ikavebs) da swored aq Zevs axsna

keinzis hipoTezisa, rom danazogebi iRebs dadebiT

mniSvnelobebs, maSinac ki, roca procentis norma nulis

tolia. ufro metic, pigu varaudobda, rom simdidridan

miRebuli kmayofileba eqvemdebareba wess Semcirebadi

zRvruli sargeblianobisa, rac metia individis simdid-

ris realuri Rirebuleba, miT mcirea sargeblianoba

am simdidris nazardisagan, sxva sityvebiT, miT mcirea

danazogebis sargeblianoba. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom

sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, realuri simdidris zrda ai-

Zulebs individs meti moixmaros da naklebi dazogos

da radgan asea, maSin moxmareba ar warmoadgens uares

saqonels simdidresTan SedarebiT.

sinTezs aqvs Tavisi specifikuri niSnebi, rac

gaxda kritikis obieqti axali keinzianelebis mxridan.

sinTezis skola analizis sawyis wertilad iRebs indi-

vidTa qcevas da am safuZvelze agebs erToblivi qcevis

166

maia gogoxia

makroekonomikur Teoriebs, individualuri funqciebis

martivi Sekrebis gziT. amgvarad, maTi analizi iwyeba da

mTavrdeba imis ganxilvis gareSe, rogor moqmedebs sab-

oloo Sedegi sawyis safexurebze (Tumca, idea samuSao

Zalaze moTxovnis mrudis gareT yofnisa warmoadgens

gamonakliss saerTo wesidan). SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom

aseTi midgoma ewinaaRmdegeba keinzis meTods. sarge-

blianobis mamaqsimizirebel modelSi, makroekonomi-

kuri sistemis farglebSi gansazRvrul mimdinare Se-

mosavals ara aqvs realuri mniSvneloba samomxmareblo

xarjebis SemzRudavis rolSi. magram, keinzis modelSi

Semosavali mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda.

keinzianur-neoklasikuri sinTezis meore nawili

mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli pirvelTan. is imaSi mdgo-

mareobs, rom aanalizebdnen ra makroekonomikur wo-

nasworobas, Zveli keinzianelebi iyenebdnen sabaziso

wanamZRvars fasebis moqnilobis Taobaze, an Tu ufro

teqnikuri poziciebidan mivudgebiT, fasebi reagirebs

uwonasworobis aRmocenebaze ufro swrafad, vidre

saqonelTa fizikuri moculoba.

fasebis maRali moqnilobis wanamZRvris alterna-

tivaa meore wanamZRvari SedarebiT mouqneli fasebis

da saqonlis swrafad cvalebadi raodenobis Taobaze.

Tu Cven aqedan amovalT, SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom Warbi

miwodeba saqonlis bazarze aRmoifxvreba produqciis

gamoSvebis da, Sesabamisad, _ erovnuli Semosavlis Sem-

cirebiT. Warbi moTxovnis arseboba gvaiZulebs gadavix-

aroT wonasworobidan sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi da,

Sesabamisad, SevzRudoT Semosavlis mxridan individis

mier gadawyvetilebaTa procesi sargeblianobis maqsi-

mizaciis Taobaze. axali keinzianelebi amtkiceben, rom

167


keinzis TeoriaSi farulad yuradReba eqceva fasebis

SedarebiT mouqnelobas, ris Sedegadac koreqtirebis

tvirTi awevs mxolod saqonlis raodenobis cvlile-

bis meqanizms. isini amtkiceben, rom Zveli keinzianele-

bi cdebian, iyeneben ra neoklasikur daSvebas fasebis

srul moqnilobaze.

keinzianur-neoklasikuri sinTezis mesame nawili

vlindeba am skolis mier fulis neitralurobis prob-

lemis analizSi. keinzis SromaSi fuli ar aris nei-

traluri, fulis arseboba iyo mniSvnelovani faqto-

ri umuSevrobis arsebobis axsnisa, da radganac, keinzi

yuradRebas amaxvilebda swored umuSevrobis arsebo-

bis SemTxvevebze, fulis cvlileba ar iyo neitraluri,

radgan mas mTlianobaSi (Tumca, yovelTvis ara) SeeZlo

Seecvala realuri Semosavlisa da produqtis wonas-

woruli done.

dabolos, keinzianur-neoklasikuri sinTezis

skolis warmomadgenelTa modelebi Riad an farulad

iyeneben valrasis kanons, rogorc ZiriTad princips,

romelic akavSirebs fulis, obligaciebis, saqonlis da

samuSao Zalis bazrebs. Zalzed rTulia aseTi poziciis

dakaveba da amavdroulad SenarCuneba sinTezis model-

is farglebSi umuSevrobis realisturi gagebisa. val-

rasuli analizi _ es aris meTodi, romelic SemuSave-

bul iqna umTavresad wonasworobis SeswavlisaTvis

meurneobaSi, romelic xasiaTdeba sruli dasaqmebiT, ma-

Sin roca keinzis mizani iyo eCvenebina, rom umuSevroba

ufro saerTo SemTxvevaa.

klauerisa da leionhuvudis naSromebTan erTad

patinkinis naSromebma misca impulsi Ziebas meTodisa,

romelic metad miesadageboda umuSevrobis analiziss

168

maia gogoxia

da modelis agebas, romlis centrSi iqneboda ara saer-

To wonasworobis mdgomareoba, aramed _ saerTo uwo-

nasworobis. am mcdelobas SeiZleba vuwodoT axali

keinzianeloba an keinzianuri doqtrinis gadafaseba. am

midgomisTvis mTavaria garkveva cnebebisa _ moTxovna,

miwodeba da Warbi moTxovna, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos

gavmijnoT dagegmili moTxovnisa da miwodebis cnebebi,

romlebic gamoiyeneba valrasis modelSi, analogiuri

cnebebisagan, romlebsac centraluri adgili ukavia

keinzis analizSi. vuwodoT dagegmil moTxovnas val-

rasis modelSi gonebaWvretiTi moTxovna, xolo keinzis

modelSi _ efeqtiani moTxovna.

radgan yovel individs SeuZlia SesTavazos ba-

zarze Sromis is raodenoba, romlis daxarjvasac

is gegmavs, wonasworoba valrasis mixedviT gulisx-

mobs srul dasaqmebas. magram keinzi Sewuxebuli iyo

iZulebiTi umuSevrobiT, da, klaueri amtkicebs, rom misi

es Sefiqrianeba gulisxmobs ararealisturobas cnebe-

bisa gonebaWvretiTi moTxovna da gonebaWvretiTi mi-

wodeba.

iZulebiTi umuSevroba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT,

rogorc gonebaWvretiTi miwodebis siWarbe efeqtian

moTxovnaze. iZulebiTi umuSevrobis aseTi ganmarteba

asaxavs keinzianuri azrovnebis mniSvnelovan elements

_ ideas, rom umuSevroba ganisazRvreba saqonelze

moTxovniT, da ara mxolod imiT, rom realuri xelfasi

Zalzed maRalia.

sabazro ekonomika ar arsebobs finansuri ryevebis

gareSe. aq msjelobaa ara mxolod finansur krizise-

bze, rac ekonomikuri ciklis elementebia, aramed _ did

inflaciebzec. finansuri krizisi negatiur gavlenas

169


axdens realur seqtorze, warmoebasa da kapitaldaban-

debebze. umuSevroba, romlis sidide SeiZleba imale-

bodes nawilobrivi, fiqtiuri, Crdilovani dasaqmebis

sxvadasxva formiT, umwvavesi problemaa. samarcxvinod

dabalma donem sabiujeto seqtorSi pensiebisa da xel-

fasebisa, gadaxdebis qronikuli dagvianebisas, SeiZleba

socialuri afeTqeba gamoiwvios [2, gv. 8].

keinzianuri modeli SeiZleba warmovadginoT oTxi

bazriT _ samuSao Zalis, saqonlis, fulis da obliga-

ciebis. masSi aris sami saxeobis fardobiTi fasebi: fu-

ladi xelfasi, saqonlis fasi da obligaciebis fasebi.

leionhuvudi amtkicebs, rom keinzis originalur mod-

elSi faqtobrivad iyo xuTi bazari, radgan saqonlis

bazari SeiZleba gaiyos bazrad samomxmareblo saqon-

lisaTvis da bazrad kapitaluri saqonlisaTvis. am

modelSi, Sesabamisad, aris oTxi saxeobis fardobiTi

fasebi, radgan fasebis absoluturi done Canacvlebu-

lia fasebis ori doniT _ samomxamreblo saqonelze da

kapitalur saqonelze.

kapitaluri saqonlis fasze ufro metad, vi-

dre samomxmareblo saqonlis fasebze, gavlenas axdens

arasrulyofili informacia ara mxolod awmyo droze,

aramed _ momaval movlenebzec, radgan Semosavlis nor-

ma kapitalur saqonelze _ es aris maCvenebeli, romel-

ic momaval dros ekuTvnis. axali keinzianelebis mod-

elebSi es arasrulyofili cnobebi momavlis Taobaze

uaRresad rTulad gadaixlarTeba fulisa da obliga-

ciebis bazrebis sistemaSi. sxva sityvebiT, keinzis Teo-

ria spekulaciuri moTxovnisa an likvidurobisaTvis

upiratesobis miniWebisa, ganilixeba rogorc amosavali

elementi sakiTxis gadawyvetisas kapitalur saqonelze

170

maia gogoxia

fasebis SedarebiTi sixistis Sesaxeb. da, marTlac,

leionhuvudi amtkicebs, rom mTavari umuSevrobis kein-

zianuri analizisaTvis sulac ar aris fuladi xelfa-

sis ganakveTebis sixiste.

axali kienzianelebi amtkiceben, rom likviduro-

bisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis moqmedeba, faqtobrivad,

eRobeba procentis normis Semcirebas donemde, romelic

uzrunvelyofs saerTo wonasworobas sruli dasaqmebi-

sas. mizezi imaleba fulze spekulaciuri moTxovnis

TeoriaSi. roca ecema procentis norma, adamianebi mo-

elian, rom momavalSi is kvlav gaizrdeba ,,normalur”

donemde. isini zrdian TavianT marags fuladi naSTebi-

sa da amcireben obligaciebis portfels. aRmocendeba

erTgvari baliSi, romelic amuxruWebs procentis dace-

mas, radgan obligaciebis gayidva qmnis zewolas maTi

kursis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT. eqstraordinarul

situaciaSi, romelic xasiaTdeba likviduri maxis arse-

bobiT, es winaRoba iZens absolutur xasiaTs. procen-

tis norma da kapitaluri saqonlis fasi iyineba. magram,

axali keinzianelebi ar Semoifarglebian mxolod uki-

duresi SemTxvevebiT.

likviduri maxe _ keinzis mier fulze moTxovnis

TeoriaSi ganxiluli (hipoTeturi) situacia, romlis

Tanaxmadac fulis miwodebis zrda veRar axdens gav-

lenas procentis normaze, da, Sesabamisad, investiciebze.

aseTi situaciis SesaZlebloba dakavSirebulia obli-

gaciebze saprocento ganakveTis e.w. ,,normaluri” do-

nis arsebobasTan. likvidobis maxis Sedegebi imgvaria,

rom ekonomika ver gamodis investiciuri krizisidan,

xolo monetarul politikas efeqti ar moaqvs [3, gv.

380].

171


rmin _ hipoTeturi saprocento ganakveTia, romlis

drosac fulze moTxovna usasrulobas uaxlovdeba.

paiferis daskvnebi eWvqveS ayenebs hipoTezas imis Tao-

baze, rom rmin arsebiTad gansxvavdeba nulisagan da, ami-

tom amtkicebs, rom dadebiTi saprocento ganakveTisas

likviduri maxe ar arsebobs. Tumca, eisneri amtkicebs,

rom paiferi araswor statistikur tests iyenebs: sxva

kriteriumebis daxmarebiT eisneri aRmoaCens, rom rmin

daaxloebiT 2%-is tolia. sxva sityvebiT, roca sap-

rocento ganakveTi rt uaxlovdeba dones daaxloebiT

2%, fulze moTxovna usasrulobas uaxlovdeba. Sesa-

bamisad, eisneris daskvnebi niSnavs, rom hipoTeza likvi-

duri maxis arsebobis Taobaze procentis dadebiTi

ganakveTisas dasturdeba empiriuli monacemebiT.

leionhuvudi da devidsoni: adamianebs ar aqvT

zusti informacia momavali moTxovnisa da miwodebis

Sesaxeb, aramed afuZvneben TavianT moqmedebebs aras-

rulyofil warmodgenebze momavlis Taobaze. sameur-

neo agentebs aqvT gansakuTrebuli warmodgenebi imis

Taobaze, rogori unda iyos saprocento ganakveTi, da

es warmodgenebi procentis normalur doneze efuZvne-

ba warsulis gamocdilebas da ara momavali perspeq-

tivebis mkafio codnas. swored es Sexedulebebi aris

imis mizezi, rom fulsa da obligaciebze moTxovna ar

aZlevs procentis normas SesaZleblobas sakmarisad

Semcirdes. kapitaluri saqonlis fasis SedarebiTi

mouqneloba, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba mivaweroT arasruly-

ofil codnas. aseve, arazusti monacemebis arsebobisas

samuSao Zalis bazris mdgomareobaze muSebi ar ako-

reqtireben Tavis molodinebs xelmisawvdom xelfasze

sakmarisad swrafad.

172

maia gogoxia

axali keinzianelebis analizis arsi SeiZleba, amg-

varad, Semdegnairad gadmovceT: Tu fasebi myisierad ar

aRwevs Tavis wonasworul dones, efeqtiani moTxovna

gansxvavebuli iqneba gonebaWvretiTi moTxovnisagan

da gaaZlierebs gadaxras warmoebis, dasaqmebis da sxva

maCveneblebisa maTi wonasworuli donidan, romelic

uzrunvelyofs srul dasaqmebas. mizezi, romlis gamoc

fasebi realur cxovrebaSi ar koreqtirdeba myisi-

erad, dakavSirebulia arasrulyofili informaciisa

da gaurkveveli molodinebis arsebobasTan. marTlac,

garkveul momentSi molodinebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios

fasebis sruli uZraoba (mag., rogorc likviduri maxis

hipoTezis SemTxvevaSi), magram fasebis amgvari sixiste

ar warmoadgens aucilebel pirobas uwonasworobis

analizisaTvis.

is faqti, rom fasebi myisierad ar koreqtird-

eba, moiTxovs gansakuTrebul Teorias, romelic axs-

nis rogor ganisazRvreba fasebi yvela bazarze. erous,

grandmontisa da larokis da sxva avtorebis miniSnebis

Tanaxmad, Tu ar arsebobs saerTo wonasworoba, ar Sei-

Zleba CaiTvalos, rom calkeul agentebsa da kompaniebs

saqme aqvT bazarze Camoyalibebul ekzogenur fasebTan.

maT SesaZlebloba aqvT zemoqmedeba moaxdinon fase-

bze, magram detaluri procesi fasebis koreqtirebisa

rTul bazrebze jer kidev analizs moiTxovs. dabolos,

aris kidev erTi problema _ xom ar moaswavebs axali

keinzianeloba Zireul gadaxedvas fulis Teoriisa da

ekonomikaSi misi rolis sakiTxisa?

rogorc vnaxeT, saerTo ekonomikuri uwonasworo-

bis wyaro SeiZleba warmovadginoT, rogorc ararseboba

utyuari informaciisa, rac fasebis myisier koreqtire-

173


bas eRobeba. romeliRac yovlismcodne mgegmavma Sesa-

Zloa icis, rom damatebiTi Semosavali, romelic miRe-

buli iqneboda muSebis mier, Tu maT daiqiravebdnen sam-

uSaoze, gazrdida efeqtian moTxovnas am muSaTa mxri-

dan im xarisxiT, rom es sakmarisi iqneboda mewarmeebis

mxridan mTeli damatebiTi produqciis gayidvisaTvis,

romelic am SemTxvevaSi iqneboda warmoebuli da, Sesa-

bamisad, mogebis misaRebad. magram, rogor SeZlebs muSe-

bis damqiravebeli aseTi informaciis miRebas aRniS-

nuli damgegmavis ararsebobisas? [4, gv. 476].

obligaciebze procentis normas centraluri

adgili ukavia fulis TeoriaSi. ramdenadac, rogorc

varaudoben procentis normazea damokidebuli inves-

ticiebi da, SesaZlebelia, danazogebic, is warmoadgens

finansuri bazrisa da meurneobis realuri sferos

urTierTqmedebis maCvenebels. Sesabamisad, procentis

normas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia realur ekonomi-

kaze fulis zemoqmedebis meqanizmSi.

Tu vivaraudebT (likvidurobisaTvis upirateso-

bis miniWebis Teoriis Tanaxmad), rom procentis norma

reagirebs wonasworobis darRevvaze fulis bazarze

ufro swrafad, vidre fasebis saerTo done _ wonas-

worobis darRvevaze saqonlis bazarze, maSin azrs

iZens ukiduresi daSveba fasebis donis mudmivobaze da

amis safuZvelze _ procentis normis Seswavla fasebis

dinamikisagan damoukideblad.

zrdis modelebSi (mzardi ekonomikis pirobeb-

Si) fuli (cvlilebebi fulis miwodebis zrdis tem-

pebSi) mTlianobaSi araneitraluria. magram, es exeba

ara yvela models: zogierT maTganSi fulis miwodebis

zrdis tempebis amaRleba zemoqmedebs koeficientze

174

maia gogoxia

_ kapitali/Sroma, romelic Seesabameba wonasworuli

zrdis traeqtorias, gazrdis mimarTulebiT, sxvebSi _

Semcirebis, zogSi _ tovebs mas ucvlels. wanamZRvari,

romlis Tanaxmadac dagegmili danazogebi yovelTvis

tolia dagegmili da faqtobrivi investiciebisa, iseve,

rogorc varaudi imis Taobaze, rom inflaciis zrdis

tempi yovelTvis koreqtirdeba wonasworobis Sesan-

arCuneblad fulis bazarze, _ neoklasikuri modelis

fuZemdebluri wanamZRvrebia.

inflaciuri procesebis istoriuli ganviTarebisas

stabilurad narCundeboda maTi damokidebuleba fu-

ladi masisa da saqonlis miwodebis moculobis cvli-

lebebze, biujetis deficitze, saqonlis TviTRirebule-

baze, mSp-is zrdaze, sagadamxdelo balansis mdgomare-

obaze, politikur, socialur da bevr sxva faqtorze.

ganvazogadebT ra yovelive zemoTqmuls, davaskvniT,

rom yvela droSi inflacia, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,

sazogadoebis mdgomareobis maCvenebelia, misi keTil-

dReobis sazomia, rac XX saukunis manZilze TandaTan

gadaiqca sayovelTao da mudmiv faqtorad, romelmac

mniSvnelovnad gaarTula ekonomikuri urTierTobebis

sistema [5, gv. 78].

keinzianelamdeli fulis tradiciuli raode-

nobrivi Teoriis poziciebidan, fasebis donis cvli-

lebis tempi tolia fuladi masis cvlilebis tempisa.

erTaderTi cvladi, romelsac wonasworobaSi mohyavs

fulis bazari, aris fasebis done, rac udavod dadebiT

gavlenas axdens fulze moTxovnaze. fuladi bazari,

arsebiTad, imyofeba wonasworobaSi drois nebismier

momentSi.

es momentebi daeqvemdebara gadaxedvas Tanamedrove

175


Cikagos skolis moZRvrebaSi. keiganis da misi mimdevre-

bis Sromebi yuradRebas amaxvileben imaze, rom ara mx-

olod fasebis done moqmedebs nominalur fulad naS-

Tebze moTxovnaze, aramed am donis cvlilebis tempic,

sxva sityvebiT, inflaciis tempi zemoqmedebs realur

fulad naSTebze moTxovnaze, xolo goldmenma Secvala

keiganis modeli im aspeqtiT, rom aRar igulisxmeboda

fulis bazris mudmivi wonasworoba.

fulis raodenobrivi Teoriis midgomasTan, mis

keinzianelamdel Tu Tanamedrove variantSi, konkuri-

rebs ,,inflaciuri garRvevis” midgoma, dafuZnebuli

keinzianur modelze. Tu am modelSi aucilebelia fu-

ladi masis SemanarCunebeli zrda, raTa uzrunvelyos

inflaciuri efeqtis arseboba, maSin is unda arsebobdes,

radgan mis gareSe fulis bazris pirobebi gamoiwvevs

procentis normis gazrdas. fasebis donis zrda usas-

rulo ar iqneba da, Tu davuSvebT, rom aRniSnuli pro-

cesi swrafad damTavrdeba, fasebis zrda iqneba imdenad

xanmokle, rom ar daimsaxurebs saxels _ ,,inflacia”.

Tumca keigenis modeli gamoiyvaneba tradiciuli

raodenobrivi Teoriidan, is moicavs SesaZleblobas,

rom fuladi masis nazardi ar aris hiperinflaciis

aucilebeli piroba. keigenis modelis arsia is, rom k

ar warmoadgens mudmiv sidides. piriqiT, es aris TviT

inflaciis tempis ukufunqcia. im xarisxiT, romliTac

mocemuli realuri Semosavlisas y inflacias Tan

axlavs k -s Semcireba, da ara M -is zrda, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom fasebis zrda finansdeba fulis mimoqce-

vis siswrafis gazrdis xarjze (radgan k _ siswrafis

ukusididea).

zemoT ganxiluli modeli formulirebuli iyo

176

maia gogoxia

rogorc hiperinflaciis Teoria. xelmZRvanelobda ra

mosazrebebiT, rom hiperinflaciis periodebSi inflaci-

is tempi srulad STanTqavs saprocento ganakveTebisa

da realuri Semosavlis efeqts fulze moTxovnaze,

keigeni asabuTebda inflaciis tempis wamowevas erTa-

derTi argumentis rolSi fulze moTxovnis funqcia-

Si. Tumca, es zRudavs aRniSnuli modelis gamoyenebis

SesaZleblobas. radgan, vaanalizebT ra fulis rols

naklebad mwvave inflaciis pirobebSi, pirncipSi unda

gamoviyenoT fulze moTxovnis funqciis iseTi forma,

romlis argumentebi moicavs masStabis cvlads da Se-

mosavlianobis normebis cvladebs, gansxvavebuls in-

flaciis tempisagan. fridmenma warmogvidgina swored

aseTi modeli, Tumca misi gamoyenebadoba mkveTradaa

SezRuduli gamamartivebeli wanamZRvrebis gamoyenebis

wyalobiT. is warmodgenilia, rogorc erovnuli Se-

mosavlis gansazRvris modeli, Tumca, is gulisxmobs

inflaciis grZelvadiani wonasworuli tempis arse-

bobas.

erT-erTi gamamartivebeli daSveba is aris, rom mim-

dinare nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi yovelTvis

tolia misi mosalodneli sididisa, romelic, rogorc

igulisxmeba, Tavis mxriv, tolia procentis mosalod-

neli realuri normisa da inflaciis tempisa. inflaci-

is mosalodneli tempi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc

realuri da nominaluri Semosavlis zrdis mosalod-

nel tempebs Soris sxvaoba.

daskvna, rom grZelvadiani wonasworobisas nomi-

naluri Semosavlis zrdis tempi utoldeba fuladi

masis zrdis temps, TavisTavad arafers gveubneba in-

flaciis tempis Sesaxeb. principSi SesaZlebelia, rom

177


fuladi masis zrdis dadebiT temps Tan axldes in-

flaciis nulovani tempi da warmoebis zrdis dadebiTi

tempi sruli dasaqmebisas an simZlavreebis gamoyenebis

dadebiTi done. Tanaxmad fulze moTxovnis am mod-

elisa da filipsis mrudis variantisa (SemuSavebulia

fridmenisa da felpsis mier), fulis zrdis Warbi tempi

sawarmoo simZlavreebis zrdis temps zeviT, utoldeba

inflaciis temps grZelvadiani wonasworobis mdgo-

mareobaSi.

diskusiam monetaristebsa da keinzianelebs Soris

didi aurzauri gamoiwvia. kamaTis pirveli sfero exeba

sakiTxs, aris Tu ara kontroli fulad masaze ufro

saimedo saSualeba erToblivi moTxovnis kontrolisa,

vidre TavisTavad fiskaluri politika. polemikis me-

ore sfero exeba sakiTxs stabilizaciuri politikis

efeqtianobis Taobaze im SemTxvevebSi, roca is iRebs

fulad masaze kontrolis formas. Cven mier ganxilul

inflaciisa da hiperinflaciis monetarul TeoriebSi

iyo daskvna, rom kontroli fuladi masis cvlilebis

tempebze SesaZleblobas aZlevs xelisufalT gaakon-

trolon mxolod inflaciis tempi. amgvari daskvna,

Tavisi arsiT, srulebiT emTxveva keinzianelamdeli

raodenobrivi Teoriis uxeSi anu ,,grZelvadiani” ver-

siis Sedegebs da, rogorc Cans, ewinaaRmdegeba frid-

menis mtkicebas, rom Tanamedrove raodenobrivi Teoria

gansxvavdeba Tavisi winamorbedisagan imiT, rom is, arse-

biTad, warmoadgens ara fasebis donis Teorias, aramed

_ fulze moTxovnis Teorias.

rogorc Cven vnaxeT, ekonomistebi yovelTvis rodi

iziarebdnen erTian azrs im rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac

fuli TamaSobs an unda TamaSobdes ekonomikaSi. maT

178

maia gogoxia

dRemde ver miaRwies konsensuss am sakiTxis Taobaze,

razec metyvelebs is, rom SemuSavebul iqna ekonomikis

ramodenime Teoriuli modeli.

Some Actual Questions of the Modern Monetary Theories

M. Gogokhia

On the current stage as before money has important place in the economic stabilization programs, though economists not always shared one and the same opinion about the role which money fulfill or shouid fulfill in the economy. They have not reached consensus about this ques-tion till today. Herewith, several theoretical models of economy were worked out. The article presents the most important questions of money’s role, character of the interaction of money market and other markets ( market of usual commodity, labor market, market of financial assets). Problems of monetary theory sequentially are elucidated, the bond between the real and monetary sectors of economy is displayed.


Роджер Лерой Миллер, Дэвид Д. Ван-Хуз, Современ-1.

ные деньги и банковское дело, пер.3-го английского издания, инфра-М, Москва, 2000;

Аникин А. История финансовых потрясений от Джона Ло 2.

до Сергея Кириенко, зао ,,Олимп-Бизнес”, М., 2000;Новый экономический словарь, под. ред. А.Н. Азрилияна, 3.

Москва, институт новой экономики, 2013;Харрис Л., Денежная теория, пер. с английского, Москва, 4.

Прогресс, 1990;Деньги, кредит, банки, под. ред. Е.Ф. жукова, изд. ,,юнити-5.

Дана”, М., 2011.

179


sagadasaxado politikis srulyofisa

da efeqtianobis amaRlebis

sakiTxisaTvis

eka grigalaSvili

iv.javaxiSvilis saxelebis Tsu-is doqtoranti qveynis ekonomikuri sistemis gamarTuli da efeq-

tiani funqcionireba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli saxelmwifos mier gatarebul sagadasaxado poli-tikasa da sagadasaxado sistemis gamarTul muSaobaze. sagadasaxado sistemis srulyofasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi yovelTvis iyo da darCeba qveynis ekonomi-kuri politikis umniSvnelovanes sakvanZo sakiTxad.

qveynis ekonomikuri politikis Semadgeneli nawilia finansuri politika [3, gv.110]. igi aris saxelm-wifos mier Tavisi funqciebisa da amocanebis ganxor-cielebis uzrunvelsayofad SemuSavebuli RonisZiebe-bis erToblioba, rac vlindeba finansuri resursebis mobilizaciasa da qveynis politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri situaciebidan gamomdinare, sazogadoe-bis wevrebs Soris erovnul ekonomikis, prioritetul struqturul dargebsa da qveynis teritoriul erTeu-lebs Soris ganawileba-gamoyenebaSi. saxelmwifos fi-nansuri politika moicavs misi saqmianobis or urT-ierTdakavSirebul sferos, rogoricaa: sagadasaxado dabegvris sfero da saxelmwifo xarjebis struqturis regulireba, riTac xdeba ekonomikaze zemoqmedeba (fiskaluri politika) da biujetis regulireba (sabiu-jeto politika)

[3, gv.119].

finansuri politikis Semadgeneli sferoebia: sa-gadasaxado politika, xarjebis politika, valis poli-tika. safinanso politika moicavs saxelmwifos yvela

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eka grigalaSvili

RonisZiebas, romelic mimarTulia saxelmwifo Semosav-lebis (gadasaxadebi, fuladi mosakreblebi, Senatanebi, kreditebi) mobilizebis, warmarTvis da aseve finansuri gaTanabrebisken. misi mizania ganxorcieldes sayovel-Tao da specialuri sazogadoebriv-politikuri amo-canebi, uzrunvelyofil iqnes saxelmwifosa da sa-zogadoebis ekonomikur-politikuri ganviTarebis geg-mazomieri procesi [1, gv.127-128].

am amocanebidan gamomdinareobs gadasaxadebis Semdegi ZiriTadi funqciebi [5, gv.38-40] :

1. saxelmwifos xarjebis finansuri uzrunvely-ofis funqcia, rac niSnavs biujetSi sagadasaxado Se-mosavlebis mobilizacias (fiskaluri funqcia). misi saSualebiT xdeba gadasaxadebis ZiriTadi sazogadoe-brivi daniSnulebis - saxelmwifos finansuri resurse-bis formireba, rac akumulirdeba biujetsa da arasabiu-jeto fondebSi. gadasaxadebis fiskaluri funqciis sa-SualebiT xdeba saxelmwifos politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri amocanebis realizacia, gansakuTrebiT ki, biujetis meSveobiT, Tavdacvis, marTlwesrigis, social-uri sferoebis da dargebis, garemosdacviTi RonisZie-bebis da sxva sferoebis dafinanseba;

2. socialuri funqcia, anu, mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufis Semosavlebis gamoTanabrebis funqcia. misi amocanaa, maRalSemosavliani fizikuri da iuridi-uli pirebis progresuli sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT dabegvris meSveobiT, erovnuli Semosavlis dabalSe-mosavlian jgufSi gadanawileba; socialurad yvelaze arasamarTliania arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi, Tanabar sagadasaxado zewolas axdens sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrze;

3. maregulirebeli funqcia, rac niSnavs sagadasax-ado ganakveTebis manevrirebiT ekonomikuri zrdis daC-qarebas an Senelebas. ekonomikis regulirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba liberaluri da mkacri sagadasaxado mod-

181


elebi. pirveli xels uwyobs ekonomikuri zrdis maR-ali tempebis miRwevas. mkacri sagadasaxado modelis dros ki mewarmeTa Semosavlebis didi nawili miimarTe-ba saxelmwifo biujetsa da centralizebul fondebSi, firma ki ganicdis finansur siZneleebs.

4. gadasaxadebis makontrolebeli funqcia saSu-alebas iZleva Sefasdes sagadasaxado meqanizmi, gakon-troldes finansuri nakadebis moZraoba, gamovlindes sagadasaxado da sabiujeto sistemaSi Sesatani cvli-lebebi.

sagadasaxado politikis instrumentebia: saga-dasaxado ganakveTi, sagadasaxado baza, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da preferenciebi [4, gv.72].

sagadasaxado politika realizdeba sakanonmde-blo da sxva normatiuli aqtebis safuZvelze, riTac dgindeba qveyanaSi asakrebi gadasaxadebis saxeobebi, ga-damxdelTa wre, sagadasaxado ganakveTebi, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, gadamxdelTa pasuxismgebloba, gadasaxade-bis ganawileba biujetis doneebs Soris.

saxelmwifos sagadasaxado politikis amocanebia [2, gv. 251]: saxelmwifos finansuri resursebiT uzrun-velyofa; qveyanaSi sameurneo regulirebisTvis pirobe-bis Seqmna; sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mosaxleobis Semosavlebis donis uTanabrobis aRmofxvris uzrunve-lyofa. sagadasaxado politikis mizania SemuSavebuli da miRebuli iqnes mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebi sagadasaxado dabegvris sferoSi. sagadasaxado poli-tika xorcieldeba sagadasaxado meqanizmis meSveobiT. rac sagadasaxado dabegvris marTvis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi normebisa da meTodebis erTobliobaa.

mastimulirebeli sagadasaxado politika mokl-evadiani perspeqtivisaTvis miznad isaxavs ekonomikis cikluri vardnis daZlevas da gulisxmobs gadasa-xade-bis Semcirebas. ufro grZelvadiani perspeqtivisaTvis gadasaxadebis Semci-rebis politikam SeiZleba ganapi-

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eka grigalaSvili

robos warmoebis faqtorebis miwodebis gafarToeba da

ekonomikuri potencialis zrda.

efeqtiani sagadasaxado politikis gatarebas Seu-

Zlia mniSvnelovnad Seuwyos xeli saxelmwifos Ziri-

Tadi amocanebis gadaWras. gadasaxadebi SeiZleba gamoy-

enebul iqnes ara marto rogorc ekonomikis zrdis an

Seferxebis instrumenti, aramed rogorc ekonomikis

dargobrivi, Sigadargobrivi, dargTaSorisi da region-

TaSorisi proporciebis Camoyalibebaze zemoqmedebis

instrumentic. sagadasaxado tvirTi fasdeba saxelm-

wifos mier amoRebuli savaldebulo gadasaxadebis

saerTo moculobis sididis SefardebiT mTlian Siga

produqtTan. bevri qveynis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom

zedmetad liberaluri an zedmetad mZime sagadasaxado

tvirTis pirobebSi ekonomikis funqcionireba araefeq-

tiania. aqedan gamomdinare, metad mniSvnelovania saga-

dasaxado tvirTis sworad gaangariSeba.

XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis saqarTveloSi saga-

dasaxado sistemis efeqtianoba minimumamde iyo dasuli,

rac gamowveuli iyo [6, gv. 85-86]: sagadasaxado kanonm-

deblobis sirTuliT – mTavroba investorebis dainter-

esebas cdilobda sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dawesebis

SepirebiT, rac qveyanaSi izidavda saeWvo warmoSobis

moklevadian spekulaciur kapitals.

qveynis xelisuflebis mier axali sagadasaxado

kodeqsis (parlamentis mier miRebul iqna 2004 wlis 22

dekembers) 2005 wlis 1 ianvridan amoqmedebam fiskalur

politikaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana, kerZod,

gaamartiva sagadasaxado sistema, rac gadasaxadebis

raodenobis 21-dan 7-mde Semcirebasa da sagadasaxado

ganakveTis klebiT gamoixata. dReis mdgomareobiT ki

qveyanaSi moqmedebs 6 gadasaxadi.

sagadasaxado sistemis Sesafaseblad konkretu-

li saanalizo periodisaTvis mniSvnelovan indikato-

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rad iTvleba pirdapiri da arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis

optimaluri SeTanawyoba. arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi

ZiriTadad ganviTarebadi an naklebad ganviTarebadi

qveynebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. is fiskalurad

gacilebiT efeqtiania: administrirebas ar saWiroebs,

regularulad miiReba biujetSi, magram socialurad

arasamarTliania, gamomdinare iqidan, rom saxelmwifo

Semosavlebi izrdeba mosaxleobis keTildReobis xar-

jze. saqarTveloSic saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi

ZiriTadad arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis bazaze izrdeba.

saqarTveloSi moqmedi gadasaxadebidan pirdapir gad-

asaxadebs miekuTvneba: saSemosavlo, mogebisa da qone-

bis gadasaxadebi, xolo damatebuli Rirebulebis gad-

asaxadi, aqcizi da importis gadasaxadi arapirdapiri

gadasaxadebia. naerTi biujetis sagadasaxado Semosav-

lebSi pirdapiri da arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wilis

dinamika 2003-2012 wlebisTvis mocemulia diagramaze 1.

naerTi biujetis sagadasaxado SemosavlebSi

pirdapiri da arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wilis

dinamika 2003-2012 wlebSi

diagrama 1 [9]

rogorc aRvniSneT, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis

struqturaSi arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wili gac-

ilebiT didia pirdapir gadasaxadebTan SedarebiT,

Tumca 2007 wels pirdapiri gadasaxadebis zrdis tem-

184

eka grigalaSvili

pi aWarbebda arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis zrdis temps.

aseve 2010 wels sagadasaxado Semosavlebis struqtur-

aSi pirdapiri da arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wili

Sesabamisad 41.8% da 58.2% iyo, rac imaze mianiSnebs,

rom gadasaxadebis simZime ufro metad momxmareble-

bze gadavida. 2011 wels sagadasaxado Semosavlebis

struqturaSi arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wili 56.9%,

pirdapiris ki – 43.1% iyo. 2011 wels arapirdapiri ga-

dasaxadebi ufro naklebad gaizarda, vidre pirdapiri

gadasaxadebi. analogiuri tendencia gagrZelda 2012

welsac: sagadasaxado Semosavlebis struqturaSi ara-

pirdapiri da pirdapiri gadasaxadebis wili, wina wlis

msgavsad, Sesabamisad, 56.8% da 43.2% Seadgenda, Tumca,

pirdapiri gadasaxadebis zrdis tempi aWarbebda ara-

pirdapiri gadasaxadebis zrdis temps, rac ZiriTadad

importis saxiT mobilizebuli Semosavlebis 3.3%-iT

klebam gamoiwvia.

sagadasaxado tvirTis dinamika warmodgenilia

meore diagramaze. 2008 wlamde sagadasaxado tvirTi

yovelwliurad izrdeboda. 2008-2010 wlebSi ki (finan-

suri krizisis da agvistos omis Sedegad) sagadasax-

ado Semosavlebi ufro neli tempiT gaizarda vidre

mSp, ramac sagadasaxado tvirTi Seamcira. 2010 wels

sagadasaxado tvirTi wina wlis 24.5%-dan 23.4%-mde

Semcirda. 2011 wels tendencia Seicvala: sagadasaxa-

do Semosavlebi ufro metad (26%-iT) gaizarda, vidre

nominaluri mSp (16.8%), Sedegad sagadasaxado tvirTi

1.9%-iT gaizarda da 25.3% Seadgina. zrdis tendencias

hqonda adgili 2012 welsac, rodesac naerTi biujetis

gadasaxadebma mSp-is 25.5% Seadgina, rac 0.2%-iT metia

wina welTan SedarebiT da mcirediT CamorCeba kriz-

isamdel 2007 wlis maCvenebels (25.8 %).

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საგადასახადო ტვირთის დინამიკა 2003-2012 წლებში ნაერთი ბიუჯეტის მიხედვით დიაგრამა 2 [9]

mniSvnelovania 2013 wlis dagegmili biujetis Semosavlebis analizic. sagadasaxado SemosavlebiT (qveyanaSi akreბili gadasaxadebiT) dagegmilia biu-jetis ZiriTadi nawilis Sevseba, danarCeni ki saerTa-Soriso grantebiTa da kreditebiT ifareba. saxelm-wifo biujetis Semosavlebis moculoba „saqarTvelos 2013 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, 7.4225 mlrd laris odenobiT ganisaz-Rvra. maT Soris: gadasaxadebi 6.92 mlrd lari, sxva Semosavlebi 0.3 mlrd laris doneze, xolo grantebi 0.2025 mlrd laris odenobiT ganisazRvra, maT Soris, donorebis dafinansebiT miRebuli iqneba 0.1275 mlrd laris odenobis granti. rogorc vxedavT, wina welTan SedarebiT, gaizarda Semosavlebis dagegmili odenoba gadasaxadebis zrdis xarjze (dagegmilia yvela saxo-bis gadasaxadis zrda), maSin roca grantebis da sxva Semosavlebis moculobis Semcirebaa mosalodneli. mTliani Semosulobebis moculoba ki 8.4255 mlrd laria dagegmili.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis dokumentSi - ZiriTadi amocanebi da mimarTulebebi 2009-2012 wlebisTvis, aRniS-nulia, rom gaTvaliswinebuli fiskaluri politikis amocanebis misaRwevad saWiroa sagadasaxado kanonm-deblobis liberalizacia, rac gulisxmobs xuTi wlis

186

lia svaniZe

ganmavlobaSi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTis eta-pobrivad Semcirebas 15%-mde, xolo dividendebisa da procentis gadasaxadis ganulebas (ix. diagrama 3).

gadasaxadebis ganakveTis saprognozo cvlileba 2011-2014 wlebSi

diagrama 3 [9]

Tumca, aRniSnuli cvlileba ar ganxorcielebula. 2012 wlis 20 dekembers sagadasaxado kodeqsSi Seta-nili cvlilebebis mixedviT, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis 20%-dan 18%-mde Semcireba aRar moxdeba, Tumca SemoRe-bul iqna daubegravi saxelfaso minimumi. kerZod, fizi-kuri piri, romlis mier xelfasis saxiT miRebuli dasa-begri Semosavali kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi ar aRemateba 6000 lars, uflebamosilia am Semosavlidan gamoqviTos daubegravi minimumi 1800 lari; amasTan, das-abegr SemosavalSi ar gaiTvaliswineba sagadasaxado kodeqsis safuZvelze saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan gan-Tavisuflebuli xelfasis saxiT miRebuli Semosavali. daubegravi minimumis gaTvaliswinebiT, gadaxdis wy-arosTan dakavebuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaan-gariSeba da Sesabamisi Tanxis dabruneba xorcieldeba daqiravebulis mier daubegravi minimumis gamoqviTvis Sesaxeb deklaraciis sagadasaxado organoSi ward-geniT. aRniSnuli cvlileba 2013 wlis 1 ianvridanaa ZalaSi Sesuli, magram daqiravebul pirs daubegravi minimumiT realurad sargeblobis SesaZleblobas 2014 wlidan aZlevs.

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2013-2016 wlebis qveynis ZiriTadi monacemebisa da mimarTulebebis dokumentSi sagadasaxado poli-tikasTan dakavSirebiT naTqvamia, rom uzrunvel-

yofili iqneba samarTlianobis principze dafuZneb-uli dabegvris meqanizmebi; yovelwliurad dadgindeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadis daubegravi minimumi, romelic ar iqneba saarsebo minimumze naklebi. SemoRebul iqneba fizikuri pirebisaTvis gamoqviTvis gonivruli sistema (jandacvasTan, dazRvevisa da profesiuli saqmianobis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi); mowesrigdeba mogebis gadasaxadSi gamoqviTvebis sistema; gadaixede-ba aqcizuri saqonlis nomenklatura da ZiriTadad daibegreba fufunebis sagnebi; gauqmdeba qonebis ga-dasaxadSi afasebis sistema da SenarCundeba realuri 1%-iani ganakveTi; Seiqmneba dabegvris stabiluri ga-rantiebi - stabiluri sagadasaxado garemo da ar daiS-veba sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi xSiri cvlilebebi; kanoniT ar daiSveba axladmiRebuli cvlilebebis my-isierad amoqmedeba da dawesdeba gonivruli vada misi miRebidan amoqmedebamde; mowesrigdeba sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi bundovani da ormagi interpretaciis SesaZleblobis momcemi debulebebi; gamartivdeba sa-gadasaxado normebi da mewarmis sasargeblod gadaw-ydeba sadavo normebi; Semcirdeba sagadasaxado dav-ebis ganxilvaSi saxelmwifos dominanturi roli da dainiSneba administraciul palataSi specializebuli mosamarTleebi; Seiqmneba mcire biznesis dabegvris op-timaluri modeli aRricxva-angariSgebis wesebiT da dabegvris alternatiuli meqanizmebi; moxdeba saga-dasaxado sistemaSi calkeuli darRvevis dekriminal-izacia; Semcirdeba da gonivrul farglebSi moeqceva sagadasaxado da administrirebis sferoSi jarimebi da sauravebi; sanqciebis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi, ar dail-uqeba kompaniis maragebi da ar SeizRudeba misi biznes-aqtivoba; Semcirdeba administraciuli organoebis mier

188

eka grigalaSvili

gaweuli momsaxurebis safasuri da baJi; daregulird-eba kanonqvemdebare aqtebiT (brZanebebi, instruqciebi) sagadasaxado administrirebasTan dakavSirebuli mx-olod teqnikuri sakiTxebi. amasTan erTad aRsaniSnavia is, rom sagadasaxado administrirebaSi aqcenti sadam-sjelo RonisZiebidan arasadamsjelo RonisZiebebze gadavida da Semcirda sanqciebis da sauravebis raode-noba, rac naTlad Cans sagadasaxado kodeqsSi ganxor-cielebuli cvlilebebidan:

„saqarTvelos 2013 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis zrda 2013 welsacaa dagegmili. amasTan, damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi sagadasaxado Se-mosavlebis kvlav udidesi nawili (49.2%) iqneba. Ami-tom, miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo periodSi aqtiurad msjeloben liberalur sagadasaxado politikasa da kanonmdeblobaze (rac gamoixateba sagadasaxado ganakveTebisa da gadasaxadebis SemcirebiT 21-dan 6-mde), moqmedebs sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi garkveuli jgufe-bisTvis da Tavisufali turistuli zonebisTvis; Tavi-danaa acilebuli ormagi dabegvra, mainc mniSvnelovani nabijebia gadasadgmeli sagadasaxado politikis sru-lyofisTvis.

sagadasaxado sistemis optimizaciis erT-erTi gzaa gadasaxadebis dife-renciacia, mravaldoniani dRg-is, mogebis gadasaxadis, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis da sxva gadasaxadebis daweseba. aseTi midgomebiT Ses-aZlebelia ekonomikis prioritetuli dargebis stimu-lireba, adgilobrivi sawarmoo seqtoris waxaliseba, saeqsporto dargebis ganviTareba da a.S.

miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo wlebSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad gamartivda sagadasaxado kanon-mdebloba da Semcirda gadasaxadebis ganakveTebi, sa-kanonmdeblo bazis srulyofa momavalSic aucilebe-lia. amasTan, saWiroa sagadasaxado politikaSi dageg-mili reformebis Sesaxeb rogorc sazogadoebis, aseve potenciuri investorebis sistematuri informireba,

189


rac qveyanaSi investiciebis Semodinebas da Qekonomikis ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels. qveynis sagadasaxado kod-eqsi da sagadasaxado politika unda gaTavisufldes politikuri mizanSewonilobiT sakiTxebis gadawyvetis SesaZleblobebisagan.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi saqarTveloSi sagadasax-ado politikis ZiriTad principebad unda iqces: yve-la sameurneo subieqtis da moqalaqis kanonis winaSe iuridiuli Tanasworobis aRiareba da uzrunvelyofa; sagadasaxado politikis gatarebis stabilurobis da Tanmimdevrulobis saxelmwifo garantiebi; samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtTa sagadasaxado gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofa.

saqarTvelos biujetSorisi urTierTobis gaum-jobesebaSi sagadasaxado politikis srulyofa, upirve-les yovlisa, unda gamoixatos regionebis finansur uz-runvelyofaSi arsebuli disproporciebis aRmofxvr-iT. sagadasaxado politika regionebs Soris finansuri SesaZleblobebis gamoTanabrebis instrumentad unda iqces. mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli Semosavlebis ganawilebis procesSi frTxili midgoma, vinaidan Se-mosavlebis gadanawilebiT metismetma gatacebam, Sei-Zleba gamoiwvios mdidari ganviTarebuli regionebis protesti. amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom fi-nansuri gamoTanabrebis mizniT regionebze centralur biujetidan transferebis gamoyofa am problemas ver moagvarebs, vinaidan maT wamaxalisebeli xasiaTi ar gaaCnia da verc uzrunvelyofs regionebis konkurentu-narianobis amaRlebas.

sagadasaxado politikaSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes: pirveli, sagadasaxado krediti, anu gadasaxadis gadavadeba garkveuli periodis manZilze, rac, Tavis mxriv, waaxalisebs CamorCenil regionebSi warmoebis amoqmedebasTan erTad maT gadaadgilebas; meore, saga-dasaxado ganakveTebis diferenciacia calkeuli re-gionis mixedviT, rac unda ganxorcieldes ara mwar-moeblis registraciis adgilas an iuridiuli misamar-

190

eka grigalaSvili

Tis mixedviT, aramed produqciis faqtobrivi warmoebis adgilmdebareobis mixedviT; mesame, regionebSi mosax-leobis dasaqmebisa da damagrebis, saboloo angariSiT, samuSao Zalis denadobis SeCerebisaTvis, mizanSewonil-ia sabiujeto organizaciebSi dasaqmebulTa Sromis anazRaurebis dros gamoyenebuli iqnes teritoriuli koeficientebi; meoTxe, sagadasaxado politikaSi yura-dRebas moiTxovs im sawarmoebisaTvis daxmareba, rom-lebic samewarmeo saqmianobas axorcielebs inovaciuri konkurenciis safuZvelze, riTac xels uwyobs maRalx-arisxiani produqciis warmoebasTan erTad, region-ebis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas da regionuli ekonomikuri zrdis centrebis ganviTarebis programe-bis damuSavebas; biujetSorisi urTierTobebis gaum-jobesebisaTvis aucilebelia sagadasaxado politikis liberalizacia, romelic gulisxmobs: optimaluri sa-gadasaxado saqmianobis gatarebisaTvis RonisZiebebis SemuSavebas, rac uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva donis biu-jetis saWiro raodenobis saxsrebTan erTad am biu-jetebis udeficitobas, ekonomikis normaluri saga-dasaxado regulirebis pirobebs.

sagadasaxado politikis efeqtiani gatarebisaT-vis aucilebelia:

sagadasaxado kodeqsis gamartiveba. igi unda •daiweros gasagebad da kargad gamarTuli eniT;

sagadasaxado kodeqsSi mocemuli muxlebi erT-•maneTs ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes, ar unda iyos bun-dovani da orazrovani, anu ar unda iZleodes calkeul muxlebis sxvadasxvagvarad gagebis saSualebas;

sagadasaxado politikis saSualebiT sagadasaxa-•do Semosavlebis mobilizaciis procesSi unda SeirCes iseTi sagadasaxado instrumentebi da principebi, rac samarTlianobis dacvis paralelurad, minimumamde Seam-cirebs efeqtianobasTan dakavSirebul danakargebs;

mosalodneli ekonomikuri da finansuri Sedege-•bidan gamomdinare, sagadasaxado ganakveTebis erTjera-di, an etapobrivi Semcireba.

191


For the Question of improvement of Tax Policy and Heighten its Effectiveness

E. GrigalashviliSmooth and effective functioning of the state’s economic system

significantly depends on the work of the state's tax system and tax poli-cies. Issues related to the improvement of the tax system always is and will remain a key issue for the country's economic policy.

The basic principles of Georgian tax policy should become: ac-knowledgement and maintenance of the lawful equality of all the eco-nomic entities and citizens stands before the law; stable and consecutive implementation of the tax police guaranteed by the state and also tax transparency of the business entities should be insured.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. gvelesiani r., gogoriSvili i. ekonomikuri politika. nawili I. Tb., gamomcemloba „universiteti“, 2008;

2. kakulia r., baxtaZe l., jibuti a. sajaro fin-ansebi. Tb., gamomcemloba „darbegi“, 2010;

3. kakulia r., gabelaSvili k. finansebis Teoria. Tb., gamomcemloba ,,darbegi“, 2012;

4. kopaleiSvili T., CikvilaZe m. gadasaxadebi da dabegvra. Tb., Tsu gamomcemloba, 2011;

5. mesxia i., nikoleiSvili o. gadasaxadebi da dabegvra. Tb., 2002;

6. papaskiri r. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemis srulyofis RonisZiebebi; Jurn. “ekonomika da biznesi“, 2009. #6.

7. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi, Tb., 2013;8. saqarTvelos mTavrobis dokumenti, ZiriTadi

monacemebi da mimarTulebebi 2009-2012 da 2013-2016 wlebisTvis;

9. saqarTvelos finansTa saministros monacemebi;10. www.economy.gov.ge11. www.geostat.ge12. www.mof.ge13. www.netgazeti.ge14. www.pbo.parliament.ge15. www.rs.ge16. www.sca.ge

192

simSvide, siyvaruli, daxvewiloba da goniereba, gamorCeuli Sromismoyvareoba, TavdaWeriloba, sikeTe, saTnoeba,…aseTia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis, ekonomikis mimarTulebis, mikroekonomikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli, profesori eTer xaraiSvili.

igi daibada 1953 wlis 20 seqtembers, saCxereSi, pedagogis ojaxSi. 1975 ww. daamTavra ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saxalxo meurneobis dagegmvis fakulteti, xolo 1978 wels _ aspirantura, 1981 wels warmatebiT daicva sakandidato da 1999 wels ki sadoqtori disertaciebi.

2005 wlidan aris saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti da Semdeg namdvili wevri. 2009 wlidan agraruli ekonomikis evropuli asociaciis wevria, 2010 wlidan ki _ bunebis istoriis evropuli akademiis namdvili wevri.

profesori eTer xaraiSvili akademiur saqmianobas warmatebiT aTavsebs administraciul saqmianobas. 2000-2006 ww. iyo ekonomikis fakultetis dekanis moadgile magistraturaSi swavlebis dargSi, 1996-2000 ww. ekonomikis fakultetis dekanis moadgile samecniero muSaobis dargSi, 2008–2009 ww. ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samsaxuris ufrosi, 2011 wlidan dRemde aris ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis germanul-qarTuli institutis direqtoris moadgile mewarmeobis dargSi. 2006 wlidan qalbatoni eTer xaraiSvili xelmZRvanelobs mikroekonomikis kaTedras.

profesor eTer xaraiSvilis organizebiT ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetze yovelwliurad tardeba saerTaSoriso konferencia – „bioekonomika da soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTareba“. sadac monawileobdnen Sveicariis, didi britaneTis, ruseTis, ukrainisa da sxva

Rirseul iubilars –

Rirseuli jildo

193

Cveni iubilarebi

qveynebis warmomadgenlebi.sakmaod warmomadgenlobiTia im umaRlesi

saswavleblebis CamonaTvali, sadac q-n eTeri iyo miwveuli. 1998 w. miwveuli iyo pireusis (saberZneTi) teqnikuri universitetSi, 1999 w. dublinis (irlandia) triniti kolejSi, 1999 w. grenoblis (safrangeTi) universitetSi, 1998-2000 ww. brunelis (londoni) universitetSi (Tempus Tacis) proeqtiT treningkursebi da sazafxulo skolebi informaciisa da liberaluri umaRlesi ganaTlebis, aseve distanciuri da multimedia swavlebis problemebze, 2010 w. TurqeTSi, Savi zRvis universitetSi, 2010-2012 ww. berlinis teqnikuri universitetSi, 2011 w. ciurixis (Sveicaria) teqnologiur institutSi, 2012 w. trentos universitetSi (italia), 2013 w. parmas universitetSi (italia).

qalbatoni eTeri ekonomikuri eqspertis statusiT monawileobda, germaniis akademiuri gacvlis samsaxuris (DaaD); evrokavSiris teqnikuri daxmarebis programaSi (Tempus Tacis), fond ,,Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelo”, soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (FaO) mier organizebul sxvadasxva proeqtSi.

2006–2013 wlebSi monawileobda seminarebSi, mrgvali magidis, sajaro diskusiebis muSaobaSi, saqarTvelos kanonebis ganxilvaSi, evrosabWos egidiT gamarTul RonisZiebebSi.

qalbatoni eTeri aris 100-mde samecniero naSromis avtori, maT Soris 2 monografiaa, 6 saxelmZRvanelo.

profesor eTer xaraiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT Svidma doqtorantma da 20-ma magistrantma daicva sadisertacio da samagistro naSromi, maT Soris arian Sveicariis teqnologiuri institutis magistrantebi.

profesori eTer xaraiSvili 2013 wels dajil-doebulia Rirsebis ordeniT.

2013 wlis 28 oqtombers, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis akademiuri sabWos #119 dadgenilebiT, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis samecniero da saswavlo procesis ganviTarebaSi Setanili gansakuTrebuli wvlilisaTvis, ekonomikisa da biznesis

194

fakultetis profesor eTer xaraiSvils mieniWa ivane javaxiSvilis medali.

qalbatoni eTeri aris ulamazesi qarTuli tradiciuli ojaxis deda da tyupi SviliSvilebis – aleqsandresa da andrias bebia.

vulocavT, qalbaton eTeris damsaxurebul jildos da vusurvebT janmrTelobasa da mxneobas, axal did miRwevebs samecniero-pedagogiur moRvaweobaSi.

Teimuraz beriZeekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis dekanis

movaleobis Semsrulebeli, profesori,revaz gogoxia Jurnal ,,ekonomika da biznesis“ mTavari redaqtori,

profesori,elguja meqvabiSviliekonomikis principebis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli,

profesori,nodar xadurimakroekonomikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli, profesori,mirian tuxaSviliSromis ekonomikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli,

profesori,revaz gvelesianiekonomikuri politikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli,

profesori,iuri ananiaSviliekonometrikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli, profesori,simon gelaSviliekonomikuri da socialuri statistikuri kaTedris

xelmZRvaneli, profesori,qeTevan marSavaekonomikuri da socialuri statistikuri kaTedris

xelmZRvaneli, profesori,elene xarabaZebuRaltruli aRricxvisa da auditis kaTedris

xelmZRvaneli, profesori,manana lobJaniZe samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis samsaxuris

ufrosi, profesori.

195

Jurnal ekonomika da biznesis 2013 wlis

#1-5-s Sinaarsi

statiebis avtorebi

rubrikebis da statiebis dasaxeleba #gv.

saSobao epistole #1

ilia II sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi

saSobao epistole ..............................................................11


revaz gvelesiani

slava fetelava, Salva gogiaSvili.

enver lagvilava

konomikuri politikis saSualebaTa racionaluri gamoyenebis logika ....................

saqarTvelos konkurenciuli kanonis srulyofis mimarTulebebi ......................................

eleqtronuli saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnis Teoriul-meTodologiuri sakiTxebi…….............................................................................

17

33

45


ia nacvliSvili

gulnaz erqomaiSvili

naTia daReliSvili

Tengiz TaqTaqiSvili

inovaciuri midgomebi globalur vaWrobaSi _ msoflio keTildReobis gaumjobesebis faqtori (inglisur enaze)

velens industria da misi ganviTarebis strategia saqarTveloSi---------------------

Rrma da yovlismomcveli vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba (DCFTA) – realoba Tu “parTnioroba qaRaldze?” -----------------…

mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi da misi saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWeris formebi ………

61

79

91

99

196

Ffinansuri ekonomika

akaki gabelaia

vaxtang Waraia

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis Sefaseba da da prognozireba...............................

sabanko zedamxedvelobis maregulirebeli standartebis danergvis Taviseburebebi….......................................................................

111

121

buRaltruli aRricxva. auditi

marina maisuraZe

WiWiko adeiSvili

sawarmoTa aqtivebis gaufasurebis regulireba ...............................................................................

audituri kontroli: istoria, Tanamedroveoba da ganviTarebis perspetivebi saqarTveloSi ....................................

143

153

kritika

iuri ananiaSvili, vladimer (lado)papava

qarTveli ekonomistis litvaSi gamoqveynebuli plagiaturi statiis Sesaxeb ........................................................................................... 171

mzia qerTbaia

Cveni iubilarebiprofesori qeTevan marSava

193


#2

nugzar paiWaZe

მირoნ ტუღუში

ნატო ჩადუნელი

jemalxarito-naSvili

xelmZRvanelTa kvalifikaciis amaR-lebis mwyobri da gamarTuli sistema _ organizaciaTa warmatebuli saqmianobis sawindari .....................................................................................

dasaqmebis efeqtiani saxelmwifoebrivi

regulirebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis .................

globalizaciis tendenciebi Taname drove

msoflioSi .................................................................................

devid rikardo (1772-1823) _ konomikuri mecnierebis korife (dabadebidan 240 weli) ................................................................................................

11

29

47

59

197


giorgi RaRaniZe

eka gulua

.saqarTveloSi warmoebuli eleqtroen-

ergiis saeqsporto potenciali ............................

„talant–menejmenti“_ adamianis potencia lis marTvis aqtualuri mimarTuleba .............................................................................

75

95

finansuri ekonomikamaia gogoxia

nadia kvataSiZe

asie cincaZe, nino svaniZe

erovnuli (centraluri) bankebis saqmiano-

bis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi Tanamedrove

etapze ..............................................................................................

finansuri aqtivebis klasifikacia da

Sefaseba ........................................................................................

socialuri dazRvevis fondis resursebis

cvlilebis analizi albaTur–statisti-

kuri meTodiT ..........................................................................

99

119

127

erovnuli ekonomika msoflio

integraciul procesebSi

eka lekaSvili

emir eTeria

socialisturi integracia regionuli

ekonomikuri integraciis konteqstiT _

sabazro inte graciis antipodi .........................

.ekonomikuri globalizacia da saqarT-velo–evrokaSiris savaWro urTierTobebis perspeqtive bi (inglisur enaze) .............................PP

139

161

Cveni publikaciis kvaldakval

giorgi abuseliZe

plagiati Tu ciliswameba? _ moswav-

lis pasuxi maswavlebels litvaSi

gamoqveynebuli statiis gamo .................................. 181

Cveni iubilarebi

brwyinvale mecnieri, amagdari pedagogi,

Semoqmedi pirovneba (profesori elene

xarabaZe _ 70) ........................................................................... 195

198

saaRdgomo epistole #3ilia II sruliad saqarTvelos

kaTolikos-patriarqisaaRdgomo epistole ...................................................... 11


elguja meqvabiSvili vaxtang Cala-feiqriSvili

sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis is toriuli

bunebis sakiTxisaTvis ...................................................

antikrizisuli politikis aR-mosavleTevropuli gamocdileba da saqarTvelo ...............................................................................

21

35


murman

carciZe

marina CavleiSvili

marina maisuraZe

irina vaSaymaZe

umuSevrobis bunebrivi done, masze moq medi

faqtorebi da Sefaseba ................................................

saqarTvelos sasursaTo usafrTxoebis

da sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis zogierTi

sakiTxi ......................................................................................…

……………………

sawarmoTa gaerTianebis identificire ba,

aqtivebis da valdebulebebis aRiareba da

Sefase ba ......................................................................................

bankebsa da sawarmoebs Soris urTier-

Tobebis zegavlena ekonomikis

stabilurobaze ..................................................................... .

55

75

89

103


demur siWinavaПилипенко Елена васильевнаgiuli qeSelaSvili

naira RvedaSvili

informaciis sivrciTi modelirebis

sakiTxisaTvis .........................................................................

Cколько стоит уравнение Mаксвелла ......................

inovaciuri menejmenti da misi per-

speqtivebi saqarTveloSi ............................................

adamianuri resursebis marTvis teqnologia Tanamedrove etapze ..........................................................……………………………………………………………………………………………….

113125

137

151

199

avTandil asaTiani

vaxtang Waraia manana xarxeli

kouCingi – axali meTodologia

biz nesSi .......................................................................................

saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis analiti-

kuri mimoxilva ......................................................................

droa ufrosebis menejmenti SevcvaloT

liderebis menejmentiT ................................................

167

175

187

axali wignebi: rogoria profesional -

recenzentTa azri?

Temur beriZe

Temur beriZe. leqciebis kursi

Tanamedrove

makroekono mikur TeoriebSi .................................... 195


#4

malxaz Ciqobava

andreas nastanski, simon gelaSvili

uSangi samadaSvili

konvergenciis SesaZleblobebi

neoklasikuri da endogenuri zrdis

modelebis mixed viT .........................................................

globaluri fi nansuri krizisi, rogorc

saerTaSoriso finansuri bazris

aqseleratori (germanul enaze) ........................…

saqarTvelos msoflio ekonomi kasTan integraciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ........

11

25

45


giorgi RaRaniZe

nazira kakulia

Tengiz TaqTa-qiSvili

vasil xizaniSvili

.konkurentunarianobisa da strate giis

urTierTkavSiris sakiTxebi .....................................

valutis gacvliTi kursis reJimebi da maTi

gavlena makroekonomikur stabilurobaze

sursaTis sabazro fasebis meryeo ba da misi

gavlena mwarmoeblebisa da momxmareblebis

qcevaze ....................................

biznesis socialuri pasuxismgeblo ba .......

59

71

83

93


200

badri ramiSvili

nino fare-saSvili Tea munjiSvili

giorgi SixaSvili

virtualuri organizaciebi _ globalur

ekonomikaSi saqarTvelos biznesis

swrafi integrirebis SesaZlebloba ............

organizaciuli qcevis regulirebis

meTodebi ....................................................................................

codnisa da unar-Cvevebis gamovlenis

eleqtronuli sistema ,,kiber I~ ...........................

satreningo proeqti: „profesiuli

orientacia, sakuTari biznesis dawyeba da

marTva“.............................................................................................

101

119

133

153

sabuRaltro aRricxva da analizi

ioseb mamuke-laSvili

elguja akobia

fiqsirebuli aqtivebis gada fasebasTan

dakavSirebuli riskebi saqarTvelos

ekonomikaSi ...................................biujetis dafinansebaze myofi orga-nizaciebis arafinansuri aqtivebis cveTis daricxvis Taviseburebebi ...................................

171

185

axali wignebi: rogoria profesional - recenzentTa

azri?revaz gogoxia, mirian tuxaS-vili, eTer xaraiSvili daviT narmania

ekonomikur-politikuri

gadawyvetilebebis momzade bisa da miRebis

problemebi ..........................................................................

saerTaSoriso gamocdileba imitaciur

modelirebaSi (inglisur enaze) ......................JurnalSi - ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero statie bis warmodgenisa da gamoqveynebis wesi ......................................................

197

201

206

#5

gulbad amiranaSvili

revaz gogoxia

qarTlis cxovreba

eqvTime RvTiskaci (TayaiSvili) - 150 ....

qarTveli xalxis istoriuli

sa ganZuri ................................................................................

profesori biZina lutiZe akad. paata guguSvilis sociologiuri gamokvlevebis Sesaxeb (eZ Rvneba prof. b. lutiZis naTel xsovnas) ..........................................................................................

11

12

27

201


iakob (iaSa) mesxia

mamia WumburiZe

politikuri aramdgradoba da ekono-

mikuri turbulentoba saqarTveloSi

(inglisur enaze) .................................................................

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis evo-

luciis tendenciebis Sesaxeb ...............................

33

61


ineza gagniZe

SoTa SaburiSvili

ekaterine udesiani

ekaterine gloveli

levan natroSvili

mikroekonomikis konkurentunarianoba -

Tanamedrove midgoma

ofSoris fenomeni Tanamedrove

biz nesSi ........................................................................................

saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi .......................................sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulTa struqturis statistikuri analizi (saqarTvelos magaliTze) .........................................

sagareo daxmareba: arsi, struq tura,

miznebi. ........................................................................................

79

89

101

109

119

menejmenti. marketingi. turizminugzar paiWaZe

miron tuRuSi

lia svaniZe

manana xarxeli

Sromis efeqtianobis marTvis sruly ofis

sakiTxebi ..................

kulturis sferos finansuri

uzrunvlyofis regulirebisaTvis ...................

adamianis emociebis eqspresiulobis

fsiqo-fiziologiuri da anatomiuri

safuZvlebi ...............................................................................

firmis faseulobaTa jaWvis marTva ..............

139

157

173

187

saerTaSoriso konferencia

iv. javxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is

ekonomikis da biznesis fakultetis

saerTaSoriso konferencia ......................................

,,bioekonomika da soflis meurneobis

mdgradi ganvi Tareba”........................................................

199

183

simon gelaSvili

naTeli xsovna /bikenti gabiZaSvili/ 203

202

JurnalSi – ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero statiis

warmodgenis da gamoqveynebis wesi

1. JurnalSi qarTul, inglisur, germanul da

rusul enebze qveyndeba statiebi ekonomikuri Teoriisa

da ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa istoriis, ekonomikuri poli-

tikis, ekonomikisa da biznesis aqtualur sakiTxebze, aseve,

recenziebi bolo periodSi gamoqveynebul monografiebsa

da saxelmZRaneloebze.

2. statiaSi warmodgenili unda iyos: sakvlevi prob-

lemis aqtualuroba, kvlevis mizani da amocanebi, kvlevis

meTodologia, kvlevis Sedegebi (siaxle), rekomendaciebi.

3. statia warmodgenili unda iyos 4 formatiT.

statiis moculoba, gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaT-

valisa da referatebis CaTvliT, ar unda aRematebodes

kompiuterze 1,5 intervaliT da 11 SriftiT nabeWdi teqs-

tis 15 gverds.

4. qarTul enaze daweril statias unda axldes re-

feratebi qarTul da inglisur enebze - TiToeuli 1000-

dan 1500-mde niSnis moculobiT. Uucxo enaze daweril

statias Tan unda axldes ZiriTadi Sinaarsi 2-3 gverdze

qarTul enaze da referati imave ucxo enaze.

5. redaqciaSi statiis warmodgena aucilebelia or

nabeWd egzemplarad, elversiasTan erTad( MS word, qarTu-

li statia SriftiT AcadNusx, ხოლო უცხოურ ენაზე ტექსტი - Times New Roman).

6. statiis saTauris qvemoT (marjvena mxares) unda

mieTiTos avtoris (an avtorebis) sruli saxeli, gvari, aka-

demiuri xarisxi, Tanamdeboba, telefoni da eleqtronuli

fostis misamarTi;.

7. statiaSi unda Candes sakvlev problemasTan

dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani literaturis gamoyeneba.

literaturis dasaxeleba unda ganTavsdes statiis bo-

203

los erTiani siis saxiT: a) wignis dasaxeleba Semdegi Tan-

mimdevrobiT - avtoris (avtorebis) gvari da inicialebi,

wignis dasaxeleba, gamocemis adgili, gamomcemloba, weli;

b) saJurnalo statiisaTvis - avtoris (avtorebis) gvari

da inicialebi, statiis dasaxeleba, Jurnalis dasaxeleba,

weli, Jurnalis nomeri.

literaturis siaSi miTiTebuli wyaro gamoyenebuli

unda iyos statiis teqstSi. ama Tu im avtoris naSromi-

dan citirebisas, mas unda mieTiTos wyaro Sesabamisi

gverdis aRniSvniT Semdegi saxiT [5,gv.41], sadac pirveli

cifri Seesabameba citirebuili wyaros rigiT nomers

gamoyenebuli literaturis siaSi, xolo meore - im gverds,

saidanac moyvanilia citata. literaturis siaSi yoveli

wignis (Jurnalis) bibliografiuli aRwera unda Seesa-

bamebodes mis satitulo furcels.

8. ZiriTadad teqstSi cxrilebi, grafikebi da sqe-

mebi unda ganTavsdes maTi miTiTebis adgilze, Tu iq

adgili arasakmarisia - SeiZleba momdevno gverdze. cxri-

lebs, grafikebs da sqemebs unda hqondes dasaxeleba da

numeracia.

9. statias, romelic ar pasuxobs zemoT CamoTvlil

moTxovnebs, redaqcia ar miiRebs

10. JurnalSi statiis gamoqveyneba ufasoa iv. javax-

iSvilis Tsu-is profesor-maswavlebelTa, doqtorante-

bisa da yvela TanamSromlisaTvis, xolo sxva (gare) av-

torebi ixdian safasurs – erT gverdze 5 (xuT) lars,

rac maT mier Cairicxeba Tsu-is ekonomikuri Semosavlebis

angariSSi.

sakontaqto telefonebi: 2 30 36 68; 2 30 40 78; 599 24 77 47; 599 10 38 16 e-Mail:[email protected]

204

daibeWda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis bazaze

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa -manana jixviSvili

ISSN 1987-5789

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