EL NIDO FAUNA SURVEY - PCSD NIDO FAUNA REPORT.pdf · The fauna survey was aimed at generating data and information that are useful in the planning, delineation, establishment and

FAUNA SURVEY REPORT FOR EL NIDO MUNICIPALITY

September 2006

Prepared for:

PALAWAN COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Palawan Center for Sustainable Development Sta. Monica Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines 5300

Email: [email protected]

Tel.: (63-48) 434-4235, Fax: 434-4234

Funded through a loan from :

JAPAN BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Prepared by:

PACIFIC CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL in association with

ALMEC Corporation CERTEZA Information Systems, Inc.

DARUMA Technologies Inc. Geo-Surveys & Mapping, Inc.

Photo Credits:

All photos by SEMP-NP ECAN Zoning Component Project Management Office

This report can be reproduced as long as the convenors are properly acknowledged as the source of information

Reproduction of this publication for sale or other commercial

purposes is prohibited without the written consent of the publisher.

Printed by:

Futuristic Printing Press, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines

Suggested Citation:

PCSDS. 2006. Fauna Survey Report for El Nido Municipality

Palawan Council for Sustainable Development, Palawan, Philippines

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page List of Maps

v

List of Tables vi List of Figures

vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

viii

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1 3.0 METHODOLOGY 2

3.1 Study dates and areas 3.1.1 Cadlao Island 3.1.2 Mt. Cabengkukay 3.1.3 Mt. Pita 3.1.4 Mt. Suso 3.1.5 Mt. Ynantagung 3.1.6 Mt. Nagbaklaw

2 3 3 5 6 6 6

3.2 Survey methods 3.2.1 Pre-survey activities 3.2.1.1 Preparation of working base map 3.2.1.2 Data entry and management 3.2.1.3 Field data gathering techniques 3.2.1.4 Field survey equipment, instruments and materials 3.2.1.5 Specimen handling 3.2.1.6 Data gathering and interviewing local people

3.2.1.7 Preparation of field report

6 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8

3.2.2 Actual survey activities 3.2.2.1 On-site arrangement protocols 3.2.2.2 Mobilization of survey team 3.2.2.3 Fauna survey

3.2.2.3.1 Mammals 3.2.2.3.2 Birds 3.2.2.3.3 Reptiles 3.2.2.3.4 Amphibians

8 8 8 9 9 9 10

3.2.3 Post- survey activities 3.2.3.1 Analyses of Data

10 10

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 General 4.1.1 Species general abundance and composition 4.1.2 Species richness and diversity 4.1.3 Species endemism and conservation status

11

11 11 11 14

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Title Page

4.2 Specific

4.2.1 Cadlao Island 4.2.1.1 Species total, diversity and richness 4.2.1.2 Ecological and conservation status 4.2.2 Mt. Cabengkukay 4.2.2.1 Species total, diversity and richness 4.2.2.2 Ecological and conservation status 4.2.3 Mt. Pita 4.2.3.1 Species total, diversity and richness 4.2.3.2 Ecological and conservation status 4.2.4 Mt. Suso 4.2.4.1 Species total, diversity and richness 4.2.4.2 Ecological and conservation status 4.2.5 Mt. Ynantagung 4.2.5.1 Species total, diversity and richness 4.2.5.2 Ecological and conservation status 4.2.6 Mt. Nagbaklaw 4.2.6.1 Species total, diversity and richness 4.2.6.2 Ecological and conservation status

18 18 18 18 19 19 19 21 21 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 26 26 27

5.0 THREATS 5.1 Illegal logging 5.2 Population pressure 5.3 Wildlife collection and trade 5.4 Slash and burn farming 5.5 Development projects

29 30 30 30 31 32

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Proposed ECAN zone delineation and management 6.1.1 Mt. Nagbaklaw Range 6.1.2 Mt. Ynangtagung Range 6.1.3 Mt. Pita Range 6.1.4 Mt. Cabengkukay Range

6.2 Considerations in delineating proposed core zones 6.3 Buffer zones (restricted use, controlled use) considerations 6.4 Management outside core zones

32 33 35 35 36 36 36 37 37

APPENDICES Appendix 1. List of Fauna Observed in Cadlao Island, Brgy. Buena Suerte (March 21, 2004) Appendix 2. List of Fauna Observed in Mt. Nagbaklaw, Brgy. Pasadeña, El Nido (April 6-7, 2004)

39

41

REFERENCES 44

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LIST OF MAPS

Map No. Title Page

1

Survey areas for the terrestrial vertebrate fauna survey in El Nido, Northern Palawan

4

2

Distribution of ecologically important fauna species

17

3 Proposed ECAN core zones for El Nido 34

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

1 Summary of sampling sites, transect coordinates, GPS waypoints and elevations

5

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

1

Species Richness (R) and Species Diversity (H') of mammals in El Nido, Palawan

12

2 Species Richness (R) and Species Diversity (H') of birds in ElNido, Palawan

12

3 Species Richness (R) and Species Diversity (H') of reptiles in El Nido, Palawan

13

4 Species Richness (R) and Species Diversity (H') of amphibians in El Nido, Palawan.

14

5 Percentage of Philippine and Palawan endemic mammals in El Nido, Palawan

15

6 Percentage of Philippine and Palawan endemic birds in El Nido, Palawan

15

7 Percentage of Philippine and Palawan endemic amphibians in El Nido, Palawan

16

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This terrestrial fauna survey is part of the Survey and Research Component under the ECAN Zoning of the Sustainable Environmental Management Project for Northern Palawan. It aims to gather data specifically on wildlife vertebrate fauna to serve as inputs in delineating zones under the Environmentally Critical Areas Network Areas (ECAN) particularly those to be designated as core zones. This is also to prescribe management schemes in the identified sites. The fauna survey was aimed at generating data and information that are useful in the planning, delineation, establishment and management of ECAN Core Zones. The fauna survey identified and ascertained the occurrence, distribution and general abundance of endemic, rare, threatened and endangered species in the municipality of El Nido. Important and critical wildlife habitats were also located for ECAN zoning. Surveys were conducted in 5 barangays, namely: (1) Mt. Cabengkukay, Barangay Bagong-bayan; (2) Mt. Pita, Sitio Waywayin, Barangay Bebeladan; (3) Mt. Suso, Sitio Simpian, Barangay Aberawan; (4) Mt. Ynantagung, Barangay Villa Libertad; (5) Mt. Nagbaklaw, Barangay Pasadena; and, (5) Cadlao Island. The fauna survey conducted in El Nido was focused on four (4) vertebrate groups. Results showed a total of 98 species of vertebrate fauna. This includes 19 mammals, 66 birds, 8 reptiles and 5 amphibians. Among the 6 sites sampled in El Nido, Mt Cabengkukay had the highest total number of species (308 species). These are represented by 55 species of mammals, 208 species and sub species of birds, 13 species of reptiles and 27 species of amphibians. Mt. Ynantagung tallied the second highest number of species with a total of 214 species. Of these, 31 species are mammals, 172 species are birds, 6 species are reptiles and 5 species are amphibians. Mt. Suso had the third most numerous numbers at 207 species. The total number is represented by 55 species of mammals, 130 species of birds, 7 species of reptilian and 15 species of frogs.

In terms of mammal species diversity and richness, Mt. Ynantagung got the highest mammal species richness index value of 2.16. Also, it ranked second in the reptilian group and had the highest index in amphibians with a value of 1.34. Next to Mt. Ynantagung is Mt. Nagbaklaw with a richness index of 1.76. Mt. Cabengkukay is third with the value of 1.48. Mt. Ynantagung also had the highest mammal species diversity index value of 0.98. Mt. Nagbaklaw is second and Cabengkukay third with 0.91 and 0.90 respectively. In terms of bird species diversity and richness, Mt. Cabengkukay had the highest bird species diversity index value of 1.54, followed by Mt. Nagbaklaw with 1.51 and Mt. Ynantagung with 1.50. Mt. Nagbaklaw had the highest index estimated for bird species richness with a value of 3.44, followed by Mt. Cabengkukay with 3.19 and Mt. Pita with 3.15. The fourth, fifth and sixth are Mt. Ynantagung, Mt. Suso and Cadlao Island with a value of 3.14, 2.54 and 2.29, respectively.

In terms of reptilian species diversity and richness, Mt. Pita recorded the highest reptilian species diversity with an index value of 0.64, followed by Mt. Ynantagung with an index of 0.54 and Mt. Nagbaklaw with 0.50. Mt. Pita also recorded the highest reptilian species richness with an estimated value of 1.89, followed by Mt. Ynantagung with an index

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii

valued at 1.63. The next in rank is Mt. Nagbaklaw with a richness index of 1.51. Mt. Cabengkukay and Mt. Suso ranked fourth and fifth with a corresponding index value of 1.39 and 1.13, respectively. Cadlao Island had the lowest value of 1.00.

In terms of amphibian species diversity and richness, Mt. Suso had the highest amphibian species diversity index value of 0.55; the second highest value of 0.52 for Mt. Cabengkukay and 0.51 for Mt. Pita. Mt. Ynantagung showed the highest estimate for amphibian species richness with an index value of 1.34, followed by Mt. Pita and Mt. Suso with the index value of 1.07 and 1.03, respectively.

In terms of species endemism and conservation status, survey results indicate a relatively high species endemism among the sampled sites. With the exception of Cadlao Island, all of the 5 sampled sites show endemic species of mammals with 17.65 % species endemism. Endemic mammal species recorded in the area are the Palawan tree squirrel, Palawan stink badger, Palawan porcupine, small-clawed otter and the gliding tree squirrel. Endemic birds in the area range from 33 % to 44 %. Mt. Pita and Mt. Nagbaklaw both showed 44 % bird species endemism. Mt. Cabengkukay had 39 % endemism; Mt. Ynantagung had 33 %; Mt. Suso 28 % and Cadlao Island 17 %. Endemic species of birds in these sites include the following: Palawan peacock-pheasant, Palawan scops-owl, Blue-headed racquet-tailed parrot, Palawan hornbill, and Palawan swiftlet. Endemic species of amphibians in 4 sampled sites (Mt. Cabengkukay, Mt. Pita, Mt. Suso and Mt. Ynantagung) were all equally represented at 25 %. Endemic species include the Philippine toad. Several factors were identified as threats to the environmental integrity of El Nido. These include small-scale illegal logging, population pressure, wildlife collection and trade, slash and burn farming, and development projects.

Based on the analyses and interpretation of the primary and secondary data generated from the field work and adherence to PCSD Resolution No. 94-44 Implementing Guidelines, four (4) candidate areas are proposed as ECAN Core Zones for the municipality of El Nido, namely: Mt. Nagbaklaw range, Mt. Ynantagung range, Mt. Cabengkukay range and Mt. Pita range.

_________________________________________________________________________ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix

____________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION The Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP Law) for Palawan or Republic Act No. 7611 provides for the system of protection and guidance in the formulation and implementation of development plans and projects affecting the environment and natural resources of the province of Palawan. Development projects and undertakings not compatible with the physical and biological environment pose potential threat to the environmental integrity of Palawan. The absence of management zones and protection plans makes it even more vulnerable to degradation.

The goal of the SEMP-ECAN Zoning Project is to achieve sustainable development in Northern Palawan through appropriate use of land and coastal waters, sustainable use of natural resources, protection, conservation and rehabilitation of natural environment. The fauna resource survey for the ECAN Zoning Project is aimed at generating data and information that are useful inputs for the planning, delineation, establishment and formulation of management plans for ECAN Core Zones, consistent with the provisions of the SEP Law, the NIPAS Law (Republic Act N0. 7586) and other pertinent legislations.

The fauna resource survey was designed to: (1) ascertain the occurrence and distribution of the fauna resource and their ecological status in the different forest ecosystems and habitat types; (2) characterize the fauna of the different forest types or habitats; (3) contribute information to identify and delineate ECAN Core Zones; (4) provide inputs for delineating ECAN Core Zone boundaries and prescribe management and use guidelines; (5) formulate strategies, programs and projects to protect the rare, threatened and endangered species including critical habitats; (6) identify sustainable use of wildlife and management outside the core zone areas; and, (7) identify alternative livelihood strategies to eliminate if not lessen the threats to the fauna resources contained in the area.

2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE The Province of Palawan contains a rich fauna and flora including several groups that are not found in the rest of the Philippines. Several land formations are of botanical importance, such as the Balabac islands; karst formation of the rugged limestone terrain in the northern and northwest portion of the mainland, including El Nido; and, the Calamianes group of islands. Palawan has an extremely diverse range of vegetation types. The types of forest formations range from mangrove to beach forest, tropical lowland evergreen dipterocarp rain forest, lowland semi-deciduous forest, montane forest, and ultramafic and limestone forest. A small number of dipterocarps, an important timber tree group, are present on the island, as well as a variety of medicinal plants used by indigenous cultural communities in ceremonies and as ornamentals (Davis et al. 1995). Beach forest merges with other forest types away from the coast and includes Calophyllum inophyllum, Canarium asperum var. asperum, Pometia pinnata, Palaquium dubardii, and Ficus spp. (Davis et al. 1995).

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A total of 1,522 to 1,672 vascular plants have been identified in Palawan, and it is estimated that the island contains species of flowering plants with 15-20% endemism (Quinnell and Balmford 1988).

There are 15 mammals endemic to Palawan. Several of these are threatened. Three endemic species are considered endangered, including the Calamian deer, Palawan tree squirrel (Sundasciurus juvencus) and the Palawan rat (Palawanomys furvus), which was collected only four times in 1962. A subspecies of mouse deer, the Balabac chevrotain (Tragulus napu nigricans), which is confined to Balabac Island, is also considered endangered. Five endemic mammal species are vulnerable, including the Palawan flying fox (Acerodon leucotis), Palawan treeshrew (Tupaia palawanensis), Palawan stink badger (Mydaus marchei), Palawan binturong (Arctictis binturong whitei), and a Sunda tree squirrel (Sundasciurus rabori) (IUCN 2000). Balabac, Palawan, and the Calamian Islands also provide habitat for an endemic subspecies of the bearded pig (Sus barbatus ahoenobarbus). Palawan is home to 20 restricted-range birds, 17 of which are found nowhere else on Earth. Five of these, the Palawan peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum), grey imperial-pigeon (Ducula pickeringii), blue-headed racquet-tailed parrot (Prioniturus platenae), falcated wren-babbler (Ptilocichla falcate), and Palawan flycatcher (Ficedula platenae) are considered vulnerable (Collar 1999). All these vulnerable birds are dependent on lowland and hill forest (Collar et al. 1999; Stattersfield et al. 1998). There are a total of 95 or so species of amphibians and approximately 250 species of reptiles in the Philippines. This brings to a total of 345 species, representing the diversity of herpetofauna (referring to both amphibians and reptiles) in the country, of which more than three-fourths are endemic or found only in the Philippines. This significantly high number of endemics makes the Philippines an important hotspot for biological diversity. The herpetofaunal diversity of the Philippines is still incomplete. Much of the nearly 400 species described have not been studied recently, none is known about their current status, and whether the species still exist, or are probably in threat of extinction. Much is not known about their biology and ecology. Extensive field surveys are necessary to determine the distribution of some species, and whether they still have viable populations. 3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study Dates and Areas The terrestrial vertebrate fauna survey was conducted towards the end of the dry season from March 19 to April 13, 2004 in El Nido, Palawan. Based on the number of barangays in the target municipalities, a field reconnaissance survey was undertaken to determine the potential study areas where sampling sites will be located. Areas with major forest formations and other habitat types (e.g., highland intact forest, lowland intact forest, disturbed forest, mangrove forest, and open areas with grass and shrubs) were identified. Areas with a good representation of each habitat type where transects will be established were also identified. Since the fauna survey is interrelated with the flora survey, many of the

_____________________________________________________________________________ METHODOLOGY 3

same study sites were used. A GPS instrument was used in locating established transects in the field. Surveys were conducted in Cadlao Island and in 5 barangays, namely: (1) Mt. Cabengkukay, Barangay Bagong-bayan; (2) Mt. Pita, Sitio Waywayin, Barangay Bebeladan; (3) Mt. Suso, Sitio Simpian, Barangay Aberawan; (4) Mt. Ynantagung, Barangay Villa Libertad; and, (5) Mt. Nagbaklaw, Barangay Pasadena (Map 1). Table 1 shows the different sampling sites; transect coordinates, GPS waypoints and elevations.

3.1.1 Cadlao Island The survey in Cadlao Island was conducted on March 21, 2004. Cadlao Island is located in Barangay Buena Suerte, El Nido, Palawan at N 11º14’ 3.7” E 119º21’15.1”. The area is characterized by second growth and old growth (virgin/primary) forest. Dipterocarp spp. (apitong) dominates the old growth forest. The terrain is gently sloping to steep slopes on the southwest section of the island. Waterways are almost dry, and springs with a diameter of 0.5 to 1 meter are the only source of potable water. Old and newly burned areas were observed on the slopes at the northern side of the island.

3.1.2 Mt. Cabengkukay The survey in Mt. Cabengkukay was conducted on March 22-24, 2004. Mt. Cabengkukay is located in Barangay Bagong Bayan, El Nido, Palawan. The site is characterized by advanced second growth forest and old growth forest. A greater portion of the mountain is covered by advanced second growth forest from 100 masl to 300 masl. The old growth forest extends up to the mountain peak. Dipterocarp spp. are present in the area. Terrain is generally gently sloping to steep. Waterways are totally dried up and deep-wells in the barangay are close to drying up. Kaingin farming is being done

Map. 1 Survey Areas for the Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna Survey in El Nido, Northern Palawan

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Table 1. Summary of Sampling Sites, Transect Coordinates, GPS waypoints and Elevations within Mt. Cabengkukay and its vicinities on slopes 18% and above

Location

Start of Transect

Elevation

End of Transect

Elevation

1. Cadlao Island

Way point no. __

N 11º14’ 3.7” E 119º21’15. 1”

26 masl

2. Mt. Cabengkukay, Bgy. Bagong Bayan

Way point no. 46 N 11º00’01. 1” E 119º24’56. 9”

2.8 masl

Way point no. 50 N 11º00’08. 0” E 119º25’32. 0”

241 masl

3. Mt. Pita, Bgy. Bebeladan

Way point no. 59 N 11º01’ 49.2” E 119º22’29. 5”

56.8 masl

Way point no. 61 N 11º01’41. 2” E 119º22’24. 2”

215 masl

4. Mt. Suso, Bgy. Aberawan

Way point no. 68 N 11º03’ 30.3” E 119º26’33. 1”

49 masl

Way point no. 69

N 11º3’10. 8” E 119º27’08. 5”

317 masl

5. Mt. Ynantagung, Bgy. Villa Libertad

Way point no. 67 N 11º10’ 48.5” E 119º26’35. 0”

77 masl

Way point no. 77 N 11º10’ 35.5” E 119º26’35. 0”

192 masl

6. Mt. Nagbaklaw, Bgy. Pasadena

Way point no. 82 N 11º15’ 57.4” E 119º26’27. 1”

126 masl

Way point no. 87 N 11º15’ 09.5” E 119º28’08. 0”

415 masl

3.1.3 Mt. Pita The survey in Mt. Pita was conducted on March 25-27, 2004. Mt. Pita is located in Sitio Waywayin, Barangay. Bebeladan, El Nido, Palawan. The site is characterized by low lying areas planted to cashew trees extending up to the early second growth forest. Vegetation below 175 masl is dominated by cashew together with other agro-forestry crops such as nangka (Artocarpus sp.), avocado (Persia sp.), papaya (Carica sp), kamoteng kahoy (Manihot sp.), and santol (Sandoricum sp.). Patches of second growth forests are interspersed with cashew plantations. Old growth forest cover dominates at 175 to 200 masl to the peak. From afar, vegetation change is very distinct between the disturbed areas planted to kasoy, buho, nangka, and the old growth forest represented by apitong, ipil, kamagong, and narra trees. The terrain is characterized by gently sloping to steep slopes with rocky

_____________________________________________________________________________ METHODOLOGY 6

outcrops. Waterways have totally dried up. Potable water is drawn from deep wells. Five (5) to 7 newly burned areas with an area no less than 200mP

2 Pto 500mP

2P were observed in the

surveyed area.

3.1.4 Mt. Suso The survey in Mt. Suso was conducted on April 01-02, 2004. Mt. Suso is located in Sitio Simpian, Barangay. Aberawan, El Nido, Palawan. It is characterized by both early second growth and old growth forest cover. Dipterocarpus sp. and Intsia bijuga were observed to be common in the area. Other species such as kamagong, narra, and bangkal were also observed in the area. The terrain is rolling to gently sloping to steep. Streams and waterways were observed to have flowing water. Illegal logging activities in the area were practiced in the area as evidenced by the presence of 3-5 freshly cut trees.

3.1.5 Mt. Ynantagung The survey in Mt. Ynantagung was conducted on April 03-04, 2004. Mt. Ynantagung is located in Barangay Villa Libertad, El Nido, Palawan. The site is characterized by advanced secondary growth and old growth forest. Dipterocarp spp. are present and possibly dominate the area. Harvestable rattan poles are abundant. The terrain is gently sloping. Major waterways have dried up. Kaingin was evident all over the barangay during the survey.

3.1.6 Mt. Nagbaklaw The survey in Mt. Nagbaklaw was conducted on April 06-07, 2004. Mt. Nagbaklaw is located in Barangay Pasadena, El Nido, Palawan. The site is characterized by advance second growth to old growth forest. The terrain is rolling to gently sloping to steep. Wide waterways (5-10m) leading to the barangay is totally dry. Quarrying of rocks and sand is being conducted in the said waterways. Streams at the foot of the mountain and even upstream still has plenty of water. Water from these streams is potable. Illegally cut rattan poles left to rot were seen. Illegal tree lumbering was also evident in the area.

3.2 Survey methods The methods used were mostly those stated in the first Fauna Survey Manual submitted with just a few minor changes on assembling and utilizing information. The changes in the methods were designed to suit the needs for identifying, delineating, establishing and managing ECAN Zones. To the extent possible, data from previous surveys and inventories conducted within and adjacent to the study area were utilized to enrich and support analysis of diversity and distribution of fauna. Data on the history and intensity of land use were also gathered to help determine the potential for, and categories of appropriate zoning for each defined area within the municipality.

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3.2.1 Pre-survey activities 3.2.1.1 Preparation of working base map

A working base map of 1:50,000 scale served as a general guide to the target sites, showing among others, the different habitat types such as old growth forests, second growth forests, riverine, and aquatic habitats, lakes, etc. Bearings of each transect line were recorded and marked on the map.

3.2.1.2 Data entry and management

Survey forms were prepared for record purposes. All field data generated and observations in the field were entered in the field data form sheets specifically for each mammal, bird, reptile and amphibian. Common names and scientific names of observed wildlife were entered in columns. If unknown, these were left blank to be filled up later when scientific names are verified. Frequency counts were also recorded per observed species. On the remarks column, pertinent data were recorded such as certain markings of animal useful for identification; groupings, with young and other observations that later on may become useful in identification and related information about the species.

3.2.1.3 Field data gathering techniques

All opportunities for gathering information about the fauna were considered,

including observations using all the senses, and use of instruments such as the binoculars and camera to facilitate wildlife identification.

3.2.1.4 Field survey equipment, instruments and material Field equipment and materials included the following: pairs of binoculars; set of SLR

NIKON camera, 35mm with wide angle lens 28 mm, macro lens, telephoto-zoom lens 400 mm or combination and a camera flash; print and slide films, 36 exp., ASA 100; GPS; digital camera; altimeter; forester’s compass; assorted office supplies; dissecting set; 3m x 10m nylon mist nets; live traps; flashlights plus sets of batteries; specimen bags; first aid kits; medicines; cotton; borax powder; denatured alcohol; assorted sizes of preserving bottles with plastic cap; and, reseal able plastic bags. Standard operating procedures for the use and care of all equipment and instruments to be used in the survey were demonstrated. Proper care of the instruments was emphasized.

3.2.1.5 Specimen handling

Setting of traps and mist nets, including retrieval methods were demonstrated.

Standard protocol for specimen handling was also taught. In particular, all netted and trapped species of wildlife were to be immediately released in the area of capture after identification and documentation of the species. Voucher specimens were processed and documented using standard measures and preservation. Voucher specimens were collected only as appropriate under the following conditions: (a) when the specimen is a new species or subspecies record for the locality, (b) when the species needs to be identified and/or verified,

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(c) when further taxonomic and morphological studies are necessary. All processed voucher specimens were pooled and kept by the PCSDS in an appropriate place where they will be safe and maintained free from pests and dusts to keep the collections in good condition.

3.2.1.6 Data gathering and interviewing local people Interviews with local people were focused on their use of the natural resources,

including gathering and/or harvesting done by the local communities, and the environmental history of the study area.

3.2.1.7 Preparation of field report. The survey team was expected to submit reports after each field work, following an

outline which includes: title of report, name of preparer, period covered, objectives, brief methodology, tabulated data, problems encountered, and recommendations.

3.2.2 Actual survey activities

3.2.2.1 On-site arrangement protocols

Courtesy calls to concerned LGU key officials, barangay captains, community leaders, etc. were made. Emergency laborers/guides were hired from among the residents of the local community and maintained in all field surveys.

3.2.2.2 Mobilization of survey team

Upon reaching survey destinations, the team was expected to follow and apply the

procedural steps as in establishment of base camp, transects, placement of traps and mist nets, locating interviewees, etc. Prior to these activities, a reconnaissance survey of the target area was undertaken to determine the best sampling site to conduct the fauna surveys.

3.2.2.3 Fauna survey

A combination of standardized field methods and procedures were used in the

conduct of the fauna survey. Direct transect counts and point counts, and indirect transect counts such as tracks, signs and auditory cues, trapping and mist-netting were used. Voucher specimens were collected, when necessary. Observations and interviews with local people were also conducted to verify the presence of wildlife in their vicinities. Microhabitat searches were also done in the immediate vicinities of the transect line to ascertain the presence of small wildlife species including reptiles and amphibians. The fauna survey was focused on four (4) terrestrial vertebrate groups of Philippine wildlife (mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians). Other species of important value to the local communities were likewise noted. The methods and sampling techniques used are discussed in more detail in the succeeding sections.

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3.2.2.3.1 Mammals

Methods used included mist netting for volant or flying species (e.g., bats). Nets were located and positioned in strategic points of the sampling sites (e.g., flyways, across established trails and watercourse, forest edges, openings and forest interior). Nets were manned starting at dusk (6:30 PM) and closed at 9:00 PM. Live traps, tracks and sign identification (e.g. droppings, wallowing areas, dens) and direct sighting techniques were used for terrestrial and arboreal (but non-volant) species. Live traps were used for bigger species of mammals (e.g. civet cat), rodents and other small mammals to verify presence and confirm identification, distribution and habitat association of the species. Traps with roasted coconut laced with peanut butter as bait were laid in each forest and habitat type for a minimum of one day and one night. Five (5) to 10 traps were spaced 15 to 20 meters apart. Traps were checked for any capture at dawn and at dusk. Track and sign identification and direct observation were also used to record similar information for larger mammal species (e.g. Philippine long-tailed macaque). Incidental observations were also recorded. Sightings along transects were used to estimate general abundance. Searches for other microhabitat features needed by the animals were also made. Identification, nomenclature, classification and conservation status were determined based on Heaney et al. (1998), Wilson and Reeder (1993) and Philippine Red Data Book (1997).

3.2.2.3.2 Birds Direct observations including transect counts and points sampling methods coupled with mist netting techniques were employed for this vertebrate group. Mist nets were positioned on flyways, forest edges, and clearings and inside the forest where nets were laid touching the ground layer when applicable. Nets were opened at 6:30 AM and checked regularly every hour. Mist nets were used to confirm species occurrence and distribution as well as identification of cryptic species. The combination of transects and point counts were performed for one whole day. Transects were walked from 6:00 AM to 10:00 AM, and from 3:00 PM to 6:00 PM through established vegetation survey areas. Identification, nomenclature, classification and conservation status were determined based on the following references: du Pont (1971), Dickenson, Kennedy and Parkes (1991), Collar, Crosby and Stattersfield (1994), Collar, Mallari and Tabaranza (1999) and Philippine Red Data Book (1997).

3.2.2.3.3 Reptiles Reptiles were inventoried using transects passing through established transect lines. Searches for specific microhabitats (e.g., pools and springs, seepage area, tree holes, burrows, rotten logs, rocks, leaf litters, and tree foliage) especially for cryptic species were

_____________________________________________________________________________ METHODOLOGY 10

performed. Inventory and surveys for this vertebrate group were undertaken during the day (7:00 AM to 9:00AM) and at night (7:00 PM to 9:00 PM) to obtain data for both diurnal and nocturnal species. Biometrics was taken with the use of calipers and pesola weighing scales. Other important morphological characters were noted.

3.2.2.3.4 Amphibians Inventory and surveys were conducted both at daytime (7:00 AM to 9:00 AM) and night time (7:00 PM to 9:00 PM) along the same established transects for the mammals, birds and reptiles. The transect generally followed river banks and other water bodies such as creeks and streams to record occurrence, distribution and habitat use of natural areas. Visual and auditory cues along water bodies (e.g., rivers, streams, creeks, ponds) and other microhabitats in the sampling sites were searched and recorded. Identification, nomenclature, classification and conservation status were determined based on the following references: Alcala (1986), Brown and Alcala (1978, 1980), Diesmos (unpublished), and Philippine Red Data Book (1997).

3.2.3 Post- survey activities

3.2.3.1 Analyses of Data The data generated from the present terrestrial fauna inventory were analyzed to determine and/or measure characteristic biodiversity indices such as species abundance, distribution, species composition, species endemism, habitat relations, ecological status of the fauna species, and threats to the fauna and habitats. It also provided an understanding of the species diversity, richness or variation. The presence of endemic, rare, threatened and endangered species and species important to the local indigenous communities and recreationally important were noted. Maps were drawn indicating the location of these species, including sites of high biodiversity. The following biodiversity formulae were used: 1. Shannon and Wiener Diversity (H’) – refers to the index value calculated from the formula focused on the significant attribute of the community i.e., ratio between the number of species and the importance value expressed as the number of individuals.

Species Diversity Index – H’: (Pi ln Pi) Where; Pi = number of individuals of the species / N N = total number of individuals 2. Menhinnick’s Index ® – refers to the number of species within an area. The computed value represents an index of the community structure.

Species Richness Index – R: (S / SQRT [N]) Where: S = no. of species N = total number of individuals

_____________________________________________________________________________RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 11

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 GENERAL 4.1.1 Species general abundance and compositionT

The fauna survey conducted in El Nido recorded a total of 98 species of vertebrate fauna. This includes 19 mammals, 66 birds, 8 reptiles and 5 amphibians. Among the 6 sites sampled in the different barangays of El Nido, Mt. Cabengkukay had the highest total number of individuals (303 individuals). These include 55 individuals of mammals, 208 birds, 13 reptiles and 27 amphibians. Mt. Ynantagung recorded the second highest number of individuals with a total of 214 individuals. These include 31 individuals of mammals, 172 birds, 6 reptiles and 5 amphibians. Mt. Suso had the third most numerous number at 207 individuals. The total number is represented by 55 individuals of mammals, 130 birds, 7 reptiles and 15 amphibians.

4.1.2 Species richness and diversity

Among the sites, Mt. Ynantagung got the highest mammal species richness index value of 2.16 (Fig. 1). Also, it ranked second in the reptilian group and had the highest index in amphibians with a value of 1.34. Next to Mt. Ynantagung is Mt. Nagbaklaw with a richness index of 1.76. Mt. Cabengkukay is third with the value of 1.48.

0.89

1.481.38

1.35

2.16

1.76

0.22

0.90

0.68

0.890.98

0.91

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

R H

Diversity Index

Cadlao IslandMt. CabengkukayMt. PitaMt. SusoMt. YnantagungMt. Nagbaklaw

Figure 1. Species Richness (R) and Species Diversity (H') of Mammals in El Nido, Palawan.

Mt. Ynantagung also had the highest mammal species diversity index value of 0.98. Mt. Nagbaklaw is second and Cabengkukay third with 0.91 and 0.90 respectively.

Mt. Nagbaklaw had the highest index estimated for bird species richness with the value of 3.44. This index value for bird species is seconded by Mt. Cabengkukay valued at 3.19 and followed by Mt. Pita with an index value of 3.15. The fourth, fifth and sixth are Mt. Ynantagung, Mt. Suso and Cadlao Island with the value of 3.14, 2.54 and 2.29 respectively (Fig. 2).

2.29

3.19

3.15

3.13

2.54

3.44

1.27

1.54

1.41

1.46

1.501.51

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

R H

Diversity Index


Figure 2. Species Richness and Species Diversity of birds in El Nido, Palawan


The highest level of bird species diversity index value was estimated in Mt. Cabengkukay at 1.54. The estimate for Mt. Nagbaklaw is second 1.51and followed by Mt. Ynantagung estimated at 1.50.

Figure 3 shows the reptile species richness among the sampled sites. Mt. Pita is highest in reptiles with an estimated value of 1.89, followed by Mt. Ynantagung with an index valued at 1.63. The next in rank is Mt. Nagbaklaw with a richness index of 1.51. Mt. Cabengkukay and Mt. Suso ranked as fourth and fifth with a corresponding index value of 1.39 and 1.13, respectively. Cadlao Island had the lowest value of 1.00.

1.00

1.38

1.89

3.13

1.63

1.51

0.000.001.41

0.42

0.540.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

R H

Diversity Index


Figure 3. Species Richness and Diversity of Reptiles in El Nido, Palawan

The highest reptile species diversity with an index value of 0.64 was obtained for Mt. Pita, seconded by Mt. Ynantagung with an index of 0.54. Mt. Nagbaklaw ranked third with 0.50.

Figure 4 shows the amphibian species richness and species diversity among the six sampled sites. The highest estimate for amphibian species richness was estimated for Mt. Ynantagung with an index value of 1.34. Next to Mt Ynantagung is Mt. Pita followed by Mt. Suso with the index value of 1.07 and 1.03, respectively.


0.00

0.77

1.07

3.131.340.83

0.00

0.52

1.41

0.55

0.410.34

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

R H

Diversity Index


Figure 4. Species richness and species diversity of amphibians in El Nido, Palawan The highest species diversity index value of 0.55 for the amphibians was estimated for Mt. Suso, the second highest value of 0.52 was obtained for Mt. Cabengkukay and 0.51 for Mt. Pita.

4.1.3 Species endemism and conservation status

Palawan supports 18 endemic mammals or 33% of the total endemic mammals of the Philippines. Fifteen (15) of these or 83% are endemic to Palawan. The island is also home to 25 Philippine endemic birds (15%), including 16 (62%) that occur only in Palawan, and 24 endemic reptiles (36%) and 11 amphibians (46%) endemic to the Philippines - eight of which are found only in Palawan.

In terms of conservation status, 21 faunal species are threatened: 9 birds, 6 mammals, 5 reptiles, and 1 amphibian. At least 14 of the threatened species (61%) are endemic.

Figure 5 shows mammal species endemism in El Nido. The graph indicates a relatively high species endemism among the sampled sites. With the exception of Cadlao Island, all of the 5 sampled sites show endemic species of mammals with 17.65 % species endemism. Endemic species recorded in the area include the Palawan tree squirrel, Palawan stink badger, Palawan porcupine, small-clawed otter and the gliding tree squirrel.


000000 1333 3 3

000000

5.88

17.6517.65

17.65

17.6517.65

0

5

10

15

20

Perc

enta

ge

No. ofPhil. E

No. ofPal. En

% ofPhil. E

% Pal.En


Figure 5. Percentage of Philippine and Palawan Endemic Mammals in El Nido, Palawan Endemic birds in the area range from 33 % to 44 %. Mt. Pita and Mt. Nagbaklaw both showed 44 % species endemism. Mt. Cabengkukay had 39 % endemism; Mt. Ynantagung had 33 %; Mt. Suso 28 % and Cadlao Island 17 % (Fig. 6).

2 5 3 3 4 4 3 7 8 5 6 8

22.22

55.56

33.33

33.33

44.4444.44

16.67

38.89

44.44

27.78

33.33

44.44

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Perc

enta

ge

No. of Phil. E No. of Pal.En

% of Phil. E % Pal. En


Figure 6. Percentage of Philippine and Palawan Endemic Birds in El Nido, Palawan Endemic species of birds in these sites include the following: Palawan peacock-pheasant, Palawan scops-owl, blue-headed racquet-tailed parrot, Palawan hornbill, and Palawan swiftlet.


Figure 7 presents the endemic species of amphibians in 4 sampled sites (Mt. Cabengkukay, Mt. Pita, Mt. Suso and Mt. Ynantagung) all equally represented at 25 %. Endemic species include the Philippine toad and a frog.

0 0 0 0 0 0 02 2 2 2

00 0 0

0

00

0

25

25

25

25

00

5

10

15

20

25

Perc

enta

ge

No. of Phil. E No. of Pal.En

% of Phil. E % Pal. En


Figure 7. Percentage of Philippine and Palawan Endemic Amphibians in El Nido, Palawan The location and distribution of ecologically important species of fauna (e.g., rare, threatened, endangered and endemic species) in El Nido, Northern Palawan is shown in Map 2.


Map 2. Distribution of Ecologically Important Fauna Species


4.2 SPECIFIC

4.2.1 Cadlao Island 4.2.1.1 Species total, diversity and richness A total of 55 vertebrate individuals were recorded during the island survey of Cadlao. Of the total number of species, 5 are mammals, 49 are birds, and 1 is a reptile. The 5 individuals of mammals were represented by 2 species: the Palawan tree squirrel (Sundasciurus juvencus) and the Philippine long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis). The 49 birds were represented by 16 species. Among the 16 species, the highest number of individuals counted (15) was the Asian glossy starling (Aplonis panayensis), followed by the Sulphur bellied-bulbul (Hypsipetes palawanensis) with 7. Next in abundance with 6 individuals each was the Palawan hornbill (Anthracoceros marchei) and the rufous-tailed tailorbird (Orthotomus sericeus). The common koel (Eudynamis scolopacea) was represented by 5 individuals. The single reptilian species was represented by a Gecko (Gekko gecko). No amphibian species was recorded during the survey. Appendix 1 shows the list of fauna species observed in Cadlao Island.

Among the 6 sites sampled, Cadlao Island had the lowest in species diversity index value in all vertebrate groups.

4.2.1.2 Ecological and conservation status The Palawan tree squirrel (Sundasciurus juvencus) is endemic to Palawan and found nowhere else in the Philippines. This tree squirrel is among the species listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Of the 16 species of birds, 3 are endemic to Palawan. These are: Palawan hornbill (Anthracoceros marchei), white–vented shama (Copsychus niger) and the Sulphur bellied-bulbul (Hypsipetes palawanensis) This number represents 17% of the endemic birds of Palawan. Among the 3 endemic species, the Palawan hornbill is a threatened.

Two Philippine endemic species were also observed in Cadlao Island: the lovely sunbird

(Aethopyga shelleyi) and the pygmy swiftlet (Collocalia troglodytes). _____________________________________________________________________________RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 18

4.2.2 Mt.Cabengkukay 4.2.2.1 Species total, diversity and richness The number of individuals recorded for Mt. Cabengkukay was 303. Of these, 55 were mammals, 208 birds, 13 reptiles and 27 amphibians. The mammals are represented by 11 species, birds by 46 species, reptiles by 5 species, and amphibians by 4 species of frogs. Mt. Cabengkukay ranked the highest level in bird species diversity and second to Mt. Nagbaklaw in species richness. The computed diversity and richness index value was 1.54 and 3.19 respectively. It was third in mammal species diversity and richness with the index value of 0.90 and 1.48 respectively. Mt. Cabengkukay also ranked second in amphibian species diversity index value estimated at 0.52. 4.2.2.2 Ecological and conservation status Among the mammals represented in Mt. Cabengkukay are 4 endemic species. These are: Palawan stink badger (Mydaus marchei), Palawan tree squirrel (Sundasciurus juvencus), Malay porcupine (Manis javanica) and the Palawan bearded pig (Sus barbatus ahoenobarbus), an endemic subspecies. The Palawan tree squirrel and Palawan Stink badger are threatened species. Also included are 2 species of bats – the lesser bamboo bat (Tylonycteris pachypus) and Asian ghost bat (Megaderma spasma), and 2 unconfirmed species of bats of the genus Rhinolopus. Of the 46 species of birds identified in Mt. Cabengkukay, 8 species are endemic to Palawan and found nowhere else in the Philippines. Four species are Philippine endemics, 3 migrants and the rest are residents.

Commonly encountered species in the area the following: Asian glossy starling (Aplonis panayensis), large-billed crow (Corvus macrorynchus), emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica), common koel (Eudynamis scolopacea), grey cheek bulbul (Criniger bres), striped tit babbler (Macronous gularis), spangled drongo (Dicrurus hottentotus), little spider hunter (Arachnothera longirostra), glossy swiftlet (Collocalia esculenta) and the olive-backed sunbird (Nectarinia jugularis).


Eight (8) species of birds identified in the area are endemic to Palawan. These are: Sulphur-bellied bulbul (Hypsipetes palawanensis), white-vented shama (Copsychus niger), Palawan peacock pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum), Palawan blue flycatcher (Cyornis lemprieri), Palawan flycatcher (Ficedula platenae), blue paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone cyanescens), ashy-headed babbler (Trichastoma cinereiceps), and the Palawan tit (Parus amabilis). Among these endemic birds, 3 are threatened, namely: Palawan peacock pheasant, Palawan flycatcher and the blue-naped parrot (subspecies).


Four (4) species of birds identified in the area

Five (5) species of reptiles were

docume

are endemic to the Philippines. These are: lovely sunbird (Aethopyga shelleyi), pygmy swiftlet (Collocalia troglodytes), pygmy flowerpecker (Dicaeum pygmaeum) and the blue-naped parrot (Tanygnatus lucionensis).

nted for Mt. Cabengkukay, namely: gecko (Gekko gecko), monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), kink (Sphenomorphus sp.), abouya (Mabuya sp) and the green tree skink (Lamprolepis smaragdina). None of these are considered or listed under the endangered or vulnerable category.


The monitor lizard is the only threatened species among the reptiles.

ducted at Mt. abengkukay. These are: rock frog (Staurois natator), common small-headed frog

(Occido

4.2.3 Mt. Pita

ecies total, diversity and richness

during the survey. Of ese, 19 are mammals represented by 6 species. The birds have a total count of 138,

d richness revealed that Mt. Pita had the ighest index values of 0.64 and 1.89, respectively. This is seconded by Mt. Ynantagung

Only 4 species of frogs were recorded during the survey con

Czyga laevis), Limnonectes acanthi and the Philippine toad (Bufo philipinicus). The

later two are endemic to the Philippines.

4.2.3.1 Sp Mt. Pita had a total of 178 vertebrate individuals recordedthrepresented by 37 species. The reptiles totaled to 7 individuals representing 5 species, and the amphibians were 14, representing 4 species. Estimates in reptile species diversity anhwhose estimated indices were recorded at 0.54 for species diversity and 1.63 for species richness. Mt. Nagbaklaw ranked third with an index value of 0.50 for diversity and 1.51 for species richness. Mt. Cabengkukay and Mt. Suso ranked fourth and fifth with a corresponding index value of 1.39 and 1.13, respectively. Cadlao Island had the lowest value of 1.00.


4.2.3.2 Ecological and conservation status

Among the 6 mammals recorded, 4 are

ditus) and long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis).

se are omprised of 10 Palawan endemics, 2 Philippine endemics and 25 species whose distribution

lso bserved in the area, namely: lovely sunbird

The

bird encountered in the area is the spangled drongo (Dicrurus hottentotus). Its cohorts are

on shoots of young leaves while thethe brown-backed needle-tail domin

endemic species. These are as follows: Palawan tree squirrel (Sundasciurus juvencus), Palawan stink badger (Mydaus marchei), Palawan porcupine (Manis javanica), and the Palawan bearded pig (Sus barbatus ahoenobarbus). . The other 2 species are: common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphro A total of 37 species of birds were recorded during the survey in Mt. Pita. Thecare widespread and occur in many regions of the Philippines. Among the 6 sites surveyed, Mt. Pita had the most number of bird species (10) observed that are endemic to Palawan, followed by Mt. Cabengkukay with 8 endemic species. The 10 Palawan endemics found in Mt. Pita are as follows: sulphur-bellied bulbul (Hypsipetes palawanensis), white-vented shama (Copsychus niger), Palawan blue flycatcher (Cyornis lemprieri), Palawan scop’s owl (Otus fuliginosus), yellow-throated leafbird (Chloropsis palawanensis), Palawan peacock pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum), Palawan tit (Parus amabilis), the blue-naped parrot (Tanygnatus lucionensis salvadorii), blue-headed racquet-tailed parrot (Prioniturus platenae), and hill mynah (Gracula religiosa). Two (2) Philippine endemics were ao(Aethopyga shelleyi) and the pygmy swiftlet (Collocalia troglodytes). The rest of the species present in the area are widespread in distribution.

most common

the grey-cheeked bulbul and the sulphur-bellied bulbul. The pink-necked green pigeon and the lovely sunbird are quite common in the area and were seen feeding on the same tree canopy where the green pigeon was pecking sunbird was sallying for insects. The pygmy swiftlet and ate above the forest canopy.


tenae), blue-naped parrot ), Palawan tit (Parus amabilis), Palawan blue flycatcher (Cyornis

ecies under the genus Draco whose

e

mon small-headed frog (Occidozyga laevis), Philippine toad (Bufo iporcatus) and Limnonectes acanthi. The later two are both endemic to Palawan.

4.2.4.1 Species total, diversity and richness

A total of 207 individuals were recorded for Mt. Suso. Of the total number, 55 were nted by 29 species; 7

ptiles represented by 3 species of lizards; and, 15 amphibians represented by 4 species.

Ten (10) species of mammals observed in Mt. Suso are as follows: long-tailed urus hermaphroditus),

alawan tree squirrel (Sundasciurus juvencus), Malay porcupine (Manis javanica), Palawan

Six (6) birds found in Mt. Pita are threatened, namely Palawan scop’s owl (Otus fuliginosus), blue-headed racquet-tailed parrot (Prioniturus pla(Tanygnatus lucionensislemprieri) and the Palawan peacock pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum). The latter was formerly listed under the endangered status category but has now been downgraded to the vulnerable category. Nonetheless, it is still considered a threatened species. Five (5) species of reptiles were observed during the survey. Except for 1 spdistribution is not determined yet, the rest of the species are known residents and widespread in distribution. Thes are: freshwater land turtle (Cuora amboinensis), narrow-disked gecko (Gekko gecko), water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), mabouya (Mabuya sp.) and a flying lizard (Draco sp.). Aconsidered threatened. There were 4 species of frogs documented by the survey. These are: rock frog (Staurois natator), com

mong the 5 species, only the monitor lizard is

b

4.2.4 Mt. Suso

mammals represented by 10 species. There were 130 birds represereAppendix 4 shows a list of fauna species observed in Mt. Suso. Mt. Suso ranked highest in amphibian species diversity with an estimated index value of 0.55 and third in species richness for the value of 1.03. 4.2.4.2 Ecological and conservation status macaque (Macaca fascicularis), common palm civet (ParadoxPstink badger (Mydaus marchei), 4 species of bats i.e., Asian ghost bat (Megaderma spasma), dagger-tooth flower bat (Macroglossus minimus), common short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis), and 1 unconfirmed species of the genus Rhinolopus. Three (3) species are Palawan endemics, namely: Palawan tree squirrel, Malay porcupine and the Palawan stink badger.


rvey in Mt. Suso include 5 species at are Palawan endemics and 3 Philippine

ndemics. The Palawan endemics are: the white-v

, uclorii) and the pygmy swiftlet (Collocalia the blue-naped parrot, Palawan flowerpecker, ed.

o. None of the species are endemic to alawan. These are the monitor lizard

r trock frog (Staurois natator), common smaheaded frog (Occidozyga laevis), Philippine to(Bufo biporcatus) and Limnonectes acanthi. T

4.2.5.1 Species total, diversity and

cond f 214

ls, 172 are irds, 6 are reptiles and 5 are amphibians.

x value of 0.98. Mt. Nagbaklaw is second a

Twenty-nine (29) species recorded by the suthe

ented shama (Copsychus niger), Palawan peacock pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum), Palawan blue flycatcher (Cyornis lemprieri), sulphur-bellied bulbul (Hypsipetes palawanensis), and the Palawan flowerpecker (Prionichilus plateni). The 3 Philippine endemics are the following: black-cblue-naped parrot (Tanygnatus lucionensis ltroglodytes). Among these endemic species, and the Palawan peacock pheasant are threaten

Only 3 reptiles were sighted and recorded during the survey conducted in Mt. Sus

hinned fruit dove (Ptilinopus lechlancheri)

P(Varanus salvator), mabouya (Mabouya sp.) and the narrow-disked gecko (Gekko gecko). Among the 3 reptiles, the monitor lizard is the only threatened species. The 15 amphibians recorded are he ll-

epresented by 4 species of frogs. These are:

ad he

later two are both endemic to Palawan. None of these frogs are considered or listed as vulnerable, threatened or endangered.

4.2.5 Mt. Ynantagung

richness Mt. Ynantagung recorded the sehighest number of individuals with a total oindividuals. Of these, 31 are mammab Among the sites, Mt. Ynantagung had the highest mammal species diversity inde

nd Mt. Cabengkukay is third with 0.91 and 0.90,


of .16, ranked second in the reptilian group, and had the highest index in amphibians with a

mammals recorded for Mt. Ynantagung were represented by 12 species. Of the 12 species of mammals, 5 are bats

uit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis), Megaderma spasma,

ng includes 8 species that are

alawan and 4 species endemic to e Philippines. The Palawan endemic species

t, and the Palawan blue flycatcher are

agtail (Motacilla flava), a migratory species, was also observed in the area.

The Asian glossy starling (Aplonis panayensis), an insectivorous bird, was the most common species observed in the area. The spangled drongo (Dicrurus hottentotus), common

respectively. Mt. Ynantagung also got the highest mammal species richness index value 2value of 1.34.

4.2.5.2 Ecological and conservation status

The 31

. These are the common short-nosed frdagger-toothed flower bat (Macroglossus minimus), Rousettus amplexicaudatus and 1 species of the genus Rhinolopus. Other mammals recorded are 2 species of rats of the genus Rattus, long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), and the common palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus). Three (3) are endemic to Palawan and are also threatened species, namely: the Malay porcupine (Manis javanica), the Palawan stink badger (Mydaus marchei) and the small-clawed otter (Amblonyx cinereus).

The 41Mt. Ynantaguendemic to P

species of birds recorded in

thare: white-vented shama (Copsychus niger), sulphur-bellied bulbul (Hypsipetes palawanensis), Palawan scop’s owl (Otus

(Parus amabilis) and the Palawan blue flycatcher (Cyornis lemprieri). The Palawan scBlue-headed racquet-tailed parrot, Palawan tithreatened. The 3 Philippine endemic species include the lovely sunbird (Aethopyga shelleyi), pygmy swiftlet (Collocalia troglodytes), and the pygmy flowerpecker (Dicaeum pygmaeum). The yellow w

fuliginosus), hill mynah (Gracula religiosa palawanensis), blue-naped parrot (Tanygnathus lucionensis salvadorii), blue-headed racquet-tailed parrot (Prioniturus platenae), Palawan tit

op’s owl, hill mynah, blue-naped parrot,


oel (E

an ndemic species (white-vented shama, sulphur-bellied bulbul and Palawan tit) were also

mphibians were recorded and none of them re endangered or threatened species, namely:

otal of 194 vertebrate fauna individuals were recorded in Mt Nagbaklaw. Of these, s, 135 are birds, 7 are reptiles and 13 are amphibians. Appendix 2 shows a

list of fauna species found in Mt. Nagbaklaw.

es richness with a value f 3.44 and second in mammal species diversity with a value of 0.91. It also ranked third in

reptile species richness with an index value of 1.51.

k udynamys scolopacea), rufous-tailed tailorbird (Orthotomus sericeus), little spider hunter (Arachnothera longirostra), ashy drongo (Dicrurus leucophaeus), grey-cheeked bulbul (Criniger bres) and the dollar bird (Eurystomus orientalis), along with 3 Palawefairly common. The rest of the species are widely distributed.

(Gekko gecko), Sphenomorphus sp., Mabuya sp. and Calotes sp. Three (3) species of

Four (4) species of reptiles were recorded, namely: narrow-disked gecko

aathe rock frog (Staurois notator), Limnonectes acanthi and the Philippine toad (Bufo philipinicus). The latter 2 are endemic to Palawan.

4.2.6 Mt. Nagbaklaw 4.2.6.1 Species total, di A t

versity and richness

39 are mammal

Mt. Nagbaklaw had the highest index estimated for bird specio

4.2.6.2 Ecological and conservation status There were 39 individuals of m

__________ _____________________________RESULTS AN 27

______________________________________D DISCUSSION

ammals inventoried in Mt. Nagbaklaw

scicularis) and a forest rat of the genus

aderma spasma, dagger-toothed flower bat usette bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus).

e following 5 Palawan endemic species are : Malay pangolin, Palawan bearded pig, tink badger, Palawan tree squirrel and the

ee squirrel.

est are

psipetes palawanensis), Palawan

rparrot (Prioniturus platenae). Theendemics are: the lovely sunbirdshelleyi), pygmy swiftlet troglodytes), and the pygmy (Dicaeum pygmaeum). The most common among

cies were noted sallying for insects in the rial pigeon was also common in the area.

represented by 11 species. These include 5 species endemic to Palawan, 4 species of bats, the long-tailed macaque (Macaca faRattus. The 5 endemic species are: the

alay pangolin (Manis javanica), MPalawan bearded pig (Sus barbatus ahoenobarbus), Palawan stink badger (Mydaus marchei), Palawan tree squirrel (Sundasciurus juvencus) and the gliding squirrel (Hylopetes nigripes). The 4 speciesfruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis), Meg(Macroglossus minimus) and the common ro Among these species of mammals th

threatenedPalawan sgliding tr The 135 birds counted and tallied by the survey were represented by 40 species. Of these, 9 are endemic to Palawan, 3 are Philippine endemics and the r

of bats are the following: common short-nosed

widely distributed in the Philippines. The 9 Palawan endemic species are: Palawan hornbill (Anthracoceros marchei), white-vented shama (Copsychus niger), Palawan blue flycatcher (Cyornis lemprieri), sulphur-ellied bulbul (Hyb

scop’s owl (Otus fuliginosus), Palawan tit (Parus amabilis), Palawan peacock pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum) blue-naped parrot (Tanygnatus lucionensis acquet tailed 3 Philippine (Aethopyga

(Collocalia flowerpecker

these birds was the grey-cheeked bulbul, a sub-canopy insect feeder, followed by the 2 Palawan endemic as its cohorts i.e. the sulphur-bellied bulbul and the white-vented shama. These 3 specanopy and sub-canopy of trees. The green impe

salvadorii) and the blue-headed

The fairly common species include the endemic Palawan hornb


ill, white-breasted wood allow (Artamus leucorynchos) and the rufous-tailed tailorbird (Orthotomus sericeus). The

wan ornbill, white-vented

shama,

uals of reptiles and 13 amphibians that were counted and tallied he 7 reptiles were represented by 4 species, 2 of which are

lizard (Varanus salvator) and the narrow-disked gecko (Gekko e (Cuora amboinensis) and 1 unidentified snake. Among these,

a threatened species.

swglossy swiftlet (Collocalia esculenta) and the pygmy swiftlet dominated above the tree canopy of the area.

The following birds that are endemic to Palawan are among the threatened species in Mt. Nagbaklaw: Palah

Palawan blue flycatcher, sulphur-bellied bulbul, Palawan scop’s owl, Palawan tit, hill mynah, blue-naped parrot, blue-headed racquet-tailed parrot and the Palawan peacock pheasant. There were 7 individby the survey in Mt. Nagbaklaw. Tlizards namely, the monitorgecko); a freshwater land turtlonly the monitor lizard is considered

5.0 THREATS In general, the primary threat to biological diversity is loss of forest cover and habitat alteration and degradation caused by unsustainable and destructive resource use, development-related activities, and human population pressure. These factors are exacerbated by land conversion for infrastructure, industrial,agricultural, and urban development. In the Philippines, habitat destruction is the main threat to biological diversity. Palawan, likewise faces the same threat.

fieldwork

ied threats that compromise the sustainability of the l resources contained therein. These include poaching of timber and

on-timber forest resources, population pressure, collecting and hunting of wildlife species,

threats and inaction towards these threats can also be derstanding and appreciation for the value of biodiversity;

nd governance mechanisms; lack of political will for conservation of biodiversity; insufficient enforcement of environmental laws; inappropriate and conflicting government policies and weak institutional mechanisms, reflecting a very low budgetary priority for nature and natural resource conservation; .lack of ecological expertise in decision-making institutions and

Inequitable access to resources, poor governance, lack of public awareness and participation, lack of economic incentives, and poor use a allocor exacerbate threats to biodiversity.

The undertaken in the different barangays of El Nido have identifphysical and biologicankaingin farming or shifting cultivation in the upland areas and development projects. Also in play is low- agricultural production such as cash cropping for subsistence purposes. Some of the causes of these traced to the following: lack of unweak resource management a

processes; lack of conservation knowledge and expertise among key stakeholders; and, lack of

sustainable livelihood for local stakeholders.

nd ation of resources all cause

________________________________________________THREATS

_____________________________ 29

_____________________________________________________________________________ THREATS 30

ogging and shifting cultivation (kaingin) are cited as the primary forces of habitat

5.2 Population pressure

Palawan's population is growing at a rapid rate of 3.04% annually, mostly due to

5.3 Wildlife collection and trade Hunting and the wild pet trade are also significant threats to Palawan’s biodiversity. Leopard cats have been hunted for their pelts and are sold when kittens as pets (Heaney and Regalado, 1998). The Palawan binturong is hunted for meat and as pets, and the pangolin is hunted for its hide (Quinnell and Balmford, 1988). The Palawan peacock-pheasant (Dickinson et al. 1991; Collar et al. 1999), blue-headed racquet-tail (Collar et al. 1999),

5.1 Illegal logging Palawan is the only island province in the country with more than 50% intact forest cover owing to the banning of some commercial logging in the Province in 1993. However, small-scale illegal logging continues in parts of El Nido. Illegal logging invariably attracts shifting cultivation in the upland areas, resulting in deforestation, and erosion.

Lconversion. Logging takes many forms, from industrial scale to small-scale operations that use carabao to haul logs out of the forest.

inbound migration. The uncontrolled population migration puts tremendous pressure on the limited land resources and has led to encroachment into sensitive areas, like upland forest areas and coastal areas, where most of the migrants settle and where resources are exploited in unsustainable and destructive ways. Much of the destructive kaingin (slash and burn) cultivation and illegal fishing is associated with the relatively new migrant population coming to the province in search of livelihood.

Ph

_____________________________________________________________________________ THREATS 31

ilippine cockatoos (Cacatua haematuropygia), and blue-naped parrots (Tanygnathus cionensis) (Quinnell and Balmford 1988) apparently suffer greatly from the pet trade.

A valuable resin, known as Manila copal, is collected from Agathis dammara trees.

Slash and burn farming system (kaingin) is widespread. Unlike traditional swidden

ort fallow periods or none t all. This is unsustainable as xemplified by the huge open areas

of gras fover that are no longer suitable

on the watershed. However, the natural resources on ssly eroded by a relatively few poor people around the

ally reduce the water-holding capacity of the land as compared to lands with dense forest cover.

lu

This collection weakens the trees, and slackening production and disease combined with overexploitation are threatening the fauna species (Davis et al. 1995; Quinnell and Balmford 1988).

5.4 Slash and burn farming system (practiced by the indigenous communities) which is sustainable at low levels (a fallow period of over, say, 50 years); kaingin is more or less continuous, with shae

sland ormerly with forest cfor agriculture. Much of the destructive kaingin (slash and burn) cultivation is associated with new migrants coming to the province in search of livelihood. The local residents depend which so many depend on is relentle

watershed. Some catchments have already lost substantial forest cover. This dramatic

It also increase the variation in flow leading to lower water flows in rivers. During the course of the surveys, some waterways have been observed to be dry or almost dry.

_____________________________________________________________________________ RECOMMENDATIONS 32

5.5 Development programs

intended to develop or improve roads; feeder orts, irrigation and airports in different parts of El Nido that may have direct or indirect

ental and onservation considerations, it might lead to land uses beyond the limited carrying capacity

of El N

.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

The analyses and interpretation of data generated by the fauna survey served as the core zones for the protection of the fauna and

eir habitat. The fauna species composition, distribution, ecological roles and values, and

Development programs and projects

padverse effects on the environment as well must be subjected to the EIS System.

If such development undertakings are not properly guided by environmc

ido’s fragile environment.

6 basis for the identification of the proposedthother functional attributes whenever appropriate, were used to guide the delineation of the core zones and its management. For management purposes, the measure of characteristic biodiversity indices (e.g., species diversity and species richness) were used as parameters to determine the importance of the site’s forest cover as habitat of ecologically important fauna species.


ECAN Zoning Guidelines (PCSD Resolution No. 94-44), provisions of the SEP aw, the NIPAS Law, IPRA Law, Local Government Code, and other relevant regulations.

neation and management

The proposed ECAN Core Zones are: Mt. Nagbaklaw range in Barangay Pasadena, Mt. Yn un eladan and

t. Cabengkukay range, Barangay Bagong Bayan. These 4 mountain ranges were proposed as cand

Moreover, the identification and delineation of the core zones were made consistent with the LA base map was drawn indicating the recommended core zones based on the criteria listed under the PCSD Resolution No. 94-44 (Map 3).

6.1 Proposed ECAN Core Zone deli

antag g range, Barangay Villa Libertad, Mt. Pita range, Barangay BebM

idate ECAN Core Zones based on the results and findings of the fauna surveys conducted in these given sites.


Map 3. Proposed ECAN Core Zones for El Nido


6.1.1 Mt. Nagbaklaw Range

he Mt. Nagbaklaw is proposed as an ECAN Core Zone based on the following: the fauna species compos s rsity. Mt. Nagbaklaw had the highest

dex estimated for bird species richness and second in mammal species diversity. It also ranked

irds that were recorded by the survey. All of the endemic birds of Palawan bserved in the area are threatened and these species inhabit or are largely dependent on

forest c

h forest. It is the watershed area and its river system drains arangay Pasadena. The area is a habitat of the different fauna species and threatened by the

followi

ndent on these waterways are directly threatened if the causes of drying of the waterways are not mitigated.

Among the sites, Mt. Ynantagung recorded the second highest number of species with

a total of 214 d mammal species diversity index value, the highest mammal species richness and the highest index in amphibians.

at are endemic to the hilippines and 2 amphibians that are endemic to Palawan. There are 6 endemic birds

recor

terocarp spp. are present and domi are abundant. As such, the area needs to be prote

Tition, pecies richness and dive

inthird in reptile species richness.

On species endemism and conservation status of species, there are at least 5 endemic mammal species in the area. All these endemic species are threatened and are in need of protection.

There are at least 9 Palawan endemic species of birds and 3 Philippine endemic species of bo

over as their habitat.

The extent of the forest cover of Mt. Nagbaklaw covers a large area of advance second growth to old growtB

ng factors:

• Wide waterways (5-10m) leading to the barangay is totally dry. The amphibian species depe

• Quarrying of rocks and sand is being conducted in the said waterways. The stream flow and water levels at the foot of the mountain had been drying up as alleged by residents of the local community.

• Illegal harvesting of rattan poles has been documented and evidenced by the rattan canes left to rot in the area. Illegal tree lumbering was also evident in the area.

6.1.2 Mt. Ynantagung Range

indivi uals. It had the highest

Mt. Ynantagung includes 11 species that are endemic to Palawan. Of these, 3 are mammals and 8 birds. Moreover, the fauna survey recorded 4 species thP

ded in the area and are considered threatened species. The site is characterized by advance second growth and old growth forest. It also

functions as watershed to Barangay Villa Libertad. Dipnate the area. Harvestable rattan poles cted especially with the observation that major waterways have dried up and kaingin

was evident during the survey.


stimates in reptile species diversity and richness revealed that Mt. Pita had the highest index values. Mt. Pita harbors 4 species of mammals that are endemic to Palawan and all of

hich are threatened species. Among the birds found in the area are 10 Palawan endemics and 2

r agro-ld growth forest cover dominates at 175 to 200 masl to the mountain peaks.

The o

munities immediately adjacent the watershed area include slash and burn farming ewly burned areas were observed during the survey) and dry waterways.

Mt. Cabengkukay recorded 303 individuals, the highest number of fauna species among the site l als, 208 are birds, 13 are reptiles and 27 are mphibians. Mt. Cabengkukay ranked the highest level in bird species diversity and second

in spec

are threatened. There were also 4 birds identified in the area that are endemic to the Philippines.

advanced second growth forest from 100 masl to 300 masl. The old growth forest extends up to the mountain peak. Dipterocarp spp. are present

With due consideration of the proposed revisions in the ECAN Zoning delineation criteria the e considered as

tegral parts in delineating the proposed ECAN Core Zones in El Nido:

mic

• Pertinent interests, customs, and prejudices of the groups using the area;

6.1.3 Mt. Pita Range

E

w Philippine endemic species. The 10 birds endemic to Palawan are all listed as

threatened species. Two (2) endemic species of frogs were also recorded in Mt. Pita.

Mt. Pita’s low lying area is characterized by cashew trees extending towards the edge of early second growth forest up to 175 masl. The cashew trees are mixed with otheforestry crops. O

ld growth forest contains important tree species such as apitong, ipil, kamagong, and narra.

Threats to the overall environmental integrity of Mt. Pita and the resources therein and the com(n

6.1.4 Mt. Cabengkukay Range

s samp ed. Of these, 55 are mamma

ies richness. It was third in mammal species diversity and richness, also ranked second in amphibian species diversity.

There were 8 species of birds identified in the area that are endemic to Palawan.

Among these Palawan endemic birds, 3

The site is characterized by advanced second growth forest and old growth forest. A

greater portion of the mountain is covered by

in the area. Waterways are totally dried up and deep-wells in the barangay are close to drying up. Kaingin farming persists in slopes 18% and above.

6.2 Considerations in delineating proposed core zones

and results of the fauna survey, the following should also bin

• Needs of the human population using the area as assessed by the socio-econoand livelihood component of the ECAN Zoning Project;

• Co-management and/or community-led management options deduced from appraisal of community-needs;


zone, and traditional use zone; e core zone areas to alleviate

•

• cultural communities to maintain traditional racticed for several hundred years and have

dicine, clothing, raw

6.3

The concept of buffer zones is to provide an added protection to protected areas and

to its ren to restrict or liminate unsustainable natural resource utilization. The identification, establishment and

cal community be directly involved in the management of the area, including in the rmul

of the Municipal Environment and atural Resources Officer (MENRO) in close coordination with Core Zone Officer-In-

ment outside core zone

Management and protection schemes outside core zones and buffer zones must also be form ended to safeguard the resources ontained therein:

• Indigenous forest resource use and management; • Measures to conserve the resources inside and outside core zones, including

restricted use zone, multiple use • External benefits, i.e. ecotourism potential, of th

economic and political pressures; Habitat improvements/rehabilitation;

• Enforcement of wildlife laws, rules and regulations; and, Support mechanisms to indigenousmanagement systems that have been pprovided their natural resource needs (e.g., food, mematerials for the construction of houses, and other ecological benefits such as water for domestic needs, and irrigation.

Buffer zone (restricted use, controlled use) considerations

diffe t management zones. It may be established and delineated

edelineation of buffer zones shall be established consistent with the provisions of the proposed revisions in the ECAN Zoning Delineation Criteria, SEP LAW and NIPAS LAW. A carefully designed buffer zone must be established that will be responsive to the needs and requirements of the local communities as stakeholders. It is recommended that thelofo ation and enforcement of pertinent regulations, considering that they have a stake in it, Zoning boundaries and regulations can be agreed upon by all stakeholders represented by their duly appointed officers. Pertinent regulations passed by the stakeholders can be enforced by teams of community rangers equipped and trained and deputized by the LGU and DENR. They can also be tasked to liaise with the LGU ECAN Board on ECAN planning and management issues These community rangers may be volunteers but receive field allowances and necessary equipment and uniforms. Check points on access routes to the core zones can also be managed by a Community Volunteer Organization under the leadership NCharge. A special action team can be formed to respond and address issues and concerns of the local stakeholders.

6.4 Manage

ulated and enforced. The following are recommc • Reforestation and Watershed Protection and Management


Watershed areas of the proposed ECAN Core Zones serve many communities living on water for their agricultural

lands a domestic water requirements. Most of the watershed areas are threatened and

•

Areas tside the core zones are also habitat to many fauna species. Provision and maintain populations and long-

term genetic viability of the fauna species.

•

Poachin of wildlife species are still reported in most of the sites covered by the survey. ing or capture of

wildlife species must be considered and implemented. Other practices, e.g. captive

•

Ecotou sm can also generate significant revenues for protected habitats. The choice of ade on a case-by-case basis. Fees can be judiciously set

to generate revenues from foreign tourism. Nationals can be charged a lower fee in order

•

Sustainable agriculture practices should be taught to local communities to ease pressure ming activities.

•

Parallel and simultaneous with the delineation of ECAN core zones, the local so be developed. This may be achieved

by, among others, providing training in sustainable agriculture, skills development, and

the foothills and the low lying areas. It is the main source ofnd

on a degraded condition.

Habitat Improvements/rehabilitation

ouestablishment of wildlife corridors must be identified to

Implementation of Wildlife Laws, rules and regulations

g

Implementation of wildlife laws and schemes to regulate the hunt

propagation and stocking should also be considered to reduce the pressure on the wild populations. Assistance should be provided to determine sustainable uses of the wildlife resources the area.

Ecotourism Development

ritaxes and/or user fees must be m

to inculcate a "green profile”. The disbursement of tax revenues should be partially indexed to environmental services rendered.

Sustainable Agriculture

on the forest and to prevent further slash and burn far

Local Community Development

communities in the surrounding areas should al

by providing other livelihood opportunities. Developing the community will help reduce pressure on the forest and prevent further degradation of watersheds.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ APPENDICES

39

Appendix 1. List of Fauna Observed in Cadlao Island, Bgy. Buena Suerte (March 21,2004)

A. Mammals No. Scientific name Common/Local name Distribution Detection Method Ni R H' Pal E % Pal E

1 Sundasciurus juvencus Northern Palawan tree squirrel Palawan endemic sighted/ethno 4 0.08 2 Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque Resident scats/leftovers 1 0.14

Total 5 0.89 0.22 1 5.88 B. Birds No. Scientific name Common/Local name Distribution Detection Method Ni R H' Pal E % Pal E

1 Criniger bres Grey-cheeked Bulbul Resident sighted 2 0.06 2 Aethopyga shelleyi Lovely Sunbird Phil. Endemic sighted 2 0.06 3 Anthracoceros marchei Palawan hornbill Palawan endemic sighted 6 0.11 4 Aplonis panayensis Asian Glossy Starling Resident sighted 12 0.15 5 Chrysocolaptes lucidus Greater Flameback Woodpecker Resident sighted 1 0.03 6 Collocalia esculenta Glossy swiftlet Resident sighted 4 0.09 7 Collocalia troglodytets Pygmy Swiftlet Phil. Endemic sighted 2 0.06 8 Copsychus niger White-vented Shama Palawan endemic sighted 4 0.09 9 Coracina striata Bar-bellied Cuckoo Shrike Resident sighted 1 0.03

10 Corvus macrorynchus Large-billed Crow Resident sighted 2 0.06 11 Dicrurus hottentottus Spangled Drongo Resident sighted 4 0.09 12 Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy Drongo Resident sighted 3 0.07 13 Eudynamys scolopacea Common Koel Resident sighted 5 0.10 14 Halcyon chloris collaris Whited-collared kingfisher Resident sighted 1 0.03 15 Hypsipetes palawanensis Sulphur-bellied Bulbul Palawan endemic sighted 7 0.12 16 Orthotomus sericeus Rufous-tailed Tailorbird Resident sighted/heard 6 0.11

Total 49 2.29 1.27 3 16.67

__________________________________________________ __________ ______________________________ ________________ APPENDICES

40

________ __ ________

No. Scientific name Common/Local name Distribution Detection Method Ni R H' Pal E % P l E aC. Reptiles Scientific name Common/Local name Distribution Detection Method Ni R H' Pal E % Pal E

1 Gecko gecko Tokay gecko Resident sighted/heard 1 0.00 Total 1 1 0.00 0 0 Formula T l . of i ota Ni = Σni, where ni = no ndividuals R= S / SQRT(N) H' = Σ( Pi ln Pi ) , where Pi = no. o ual f ni / N, N= Total no. of individ P mic s al E = no. of Palawan Ende pecies in a specific locality % a ndemi ecific locality / Total lawan End cies P l E = no. of Palawan E c species in a sp no. of Pa emic Spe P ndemi fic locality hil. E = no. of Philippine E c species in a speci % h ppine Ende fic locality / Tot E pecies P il E = no. of Phili mic species in a speci al no. of Palawan ndemic S

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ APPENDICES

41

Appendix 2. List of Fauna Observed in Mt. Nagbaklaw, Bry Pasadena, El Nido (April 06-07,2004)

A. Mammals

No. Scientific name Common/Local name Distribution Detection Method Ni R H' Pal E % Pal E Phil. E % Phil E 1 Manis javanica Malay pangolin Resident tracts/holes/ethno 2 0.07

2 Cynopterus brachyotis C ed fruit bat Resident captured 11 ommon short-nos 0.16

3 Rattus sp. A at Resident captured 2 0.07 Field r

4 Megaderma spasma Asian ghost bat Resident captured 1 4 0.0

5 Macroglossus minimus -toothed flower bat Resident captured 3 9 Dagger 0.0

6 Sus barbatus ahoenobarbus ded pig Resident tracts/diggings 1 4 Bear 0.0

7 Mydaus marchie Palawan stink badger Palawan endemic smelled 4 0 0.1

8 Sundasciurus juvencus thern Palawan tree squirrel Palawan endemic sighted/ethno 4 0 Nor 0.1

9 Hylopetes nigripes Palawan flying squirrel Palawan demic sighted 2 7 en 0.0

10 Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque Resident scats/leftovers 1 4 0.0

11 Rousettus amplexicaudatus Common rousette Resident captured 8 4 0.1

Total 39 76 1 3 17.65 0.00 0.00 1. 0.9 B. Birds

No. Scientific name Common/Local name Distribution Detection Method Ni R H' Pal E % Pal E Phil. E % Phil E 1 Criniger bres Grey-cheeked Bulbul Resident captured 11 0.09

2 Aethopyga shelleyi Lovely Sunbird Phil. Endemic sighted/heard 3 0.04

3 Anthracoceros marchei Palawan hornbill Palawan endemic sighted 6 0.06

4 Aplonis panayensis Asian Glossy Starling Resident sighted/ethno 5 0.05

5 Arachnothera longirostra Little Spiderhunter Resident sighted/captured 4 0.05

6 Artamus leucorynchus White-breasted Wood-swallow Resident sighted 6 0.06

7 Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo Resident sighted/heard 4 0.05

8 Caprimulgus macrurus Large-tailed nigthjar resident heard 1 0.02

9 Chalcophaps indica Common Emerald Dove Resident captured 4 0.05

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ APPENDICES

42

No. Scientific name Common/Local name Distribution Detection Method Ni R H' Pal E % Pal E Phil. E % Phil E 10 Chrysocolaptes lucidus Greater Flameback Woodpecker Resident sighted 2 0.03

11 Collocalia esculenta Glossy swiftlet Resident sighted 0. 6 6 0

12 Collocal Pygmy Phil. igh 0 ia troglodytets Swiftlet Endemic s ted 3 . 40

13 Copsychus niger White-vented Shama Palawan endemic captured 7 0.07

14 Coracina striata Bar-bellied Cuckoo Shrike Resident sighted 1 0.02

15 Corvus enca Slender billed crow Resident sighted 4 0.05

1 s w eard 6 Corvus macrorynchu Large-billed Cro Resident sighted/h 2 0.03

17 Cyornis lemprieri Palawan Blue Flycatcher Palawan endemic ptured sighted/ca 3 0.04

18 Dicaeum pygmaeum Pygmy flowerpecker Phil. Endemic sighted 1 0.02

19 Dicrurus hottentottus Spangled Drongo Resident sighted/heard 4 0.05

20 Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy Drongo Resident sighted 3 0.04

21 Ducula aenea Green Imperial Pigeon Resident sighted/heard 7 0.07

22 Eudynamys scolopacea Common Koel Resident heard 5 0.05

23 Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird Resident sighted 3 0.04

24 Gallus gallus Red jungle fowl Resident heard 2 0.03

25 alcyon chloris collaris hited-collared kingfisher esident ighted H W R s 1 0. 2 0

26 Hypsipetes palawanensis ulphur-bellied Bulbul alawan endemic aptured S P c 7 0.07

27 Irena p Asian Res sig uella Fairy- Bluebird ident hted 1 0.02

28 Lalage nigra Pied Triller Resident sighted 1 0.02

29 Macronous gularis striped tit-babbler Resident sighted/heard 4 0.05

30 Mulleripicus pulverulentus pecker Great Slaty Wood Resident sighted 1 0.02

31 Muscicapa griseisticta er Grey-streaked Flycatch Resident sighted 1 0.02

32 Orthotomus sericeus Rufous-tailed Tailorbird Resident sighted/heard 6 0.06

33 Otus fuliginosus Palawan Scops Owl Palawan endemic captured 4 0.05

34 Parus amabilis Palawan tit Palawan endemic sighted 2 0.03

35 Pitta sordida Hooded Pitta Resident sighted 1 0.02

36 Polyplectron emphanum t ndemic Palawan peacock pheasan Palawan e scrapings 1 0.02

__________________________________________________________________________________________ __________ __APPENDICES

43

__ ________ ____

No. Scientific name Common/Local name Distribution Detection Method Ni R H' Pal E % Pal E Phil. E % Phil E 37 Prionitu Blue-h Pal sig rus platenae eaded Racquet-tail awan endemic hted 2 0.03

38 Pycnonotus atriceps Black-headed Bulbul Resident sighted 1 0.02

39 Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent-Eagle thno Resident sighted/e 2 0.03

40 Tanygnathus lucionensis ot Blue-naped Parr Phil. Endemic sighted 3 0.04

Tota 3. 44. 44.44 l 135 44 1.51 8 44 4 C. Reptiles

No. Scientific name Common/Local name Distribution Detection Method Ni R H' Pal E % Pal E Phil. E % Phil E 1 Gecko gecko Tokay gecko Resident sighted/heard 4 0.14

2 Varanus salvator Malay monitor iazrd Resident sighted 1 0.12

3 Cuora amboinensis Common fresh water turtle Resident carapace 1 0.12

4 Unidentified ahas 1 0.12

Total 7 1.51 0.00 0. 0. 0.00 0.50 00 00 D. Amphibians

No. Scientific name Common/Local name Distribution Detection Method Ni R H' Pal E % Pal E Phil. E % Phil E 1 Polypedates sp. Tree Frog undetermined captured 1 0.09

2 Staurois natator Black-spotted rock frog Resident sighted 9 0.11

3 Occidozyga laevis Puddle frog Resident sighted 3 0.15

Tota 0.83 0. 0. 0. 0.00 l 13 0.34 00 00 00

Formula Total o. of individ Ni = Σni, where ni = n uals R= S / SQRT(N) H' = Σ ere Pi = no. of ni / no. of individual ( Pi ln Pi ) , wh N, N= Total P E n Endemic species i cality al = no. of Palawa n a specific lo % Pal emic speci tal no. of Pal ecies E = no. of Palawan End es in a specific locality / To awan Endemic Sp Phil. E = no. of Philippine Endemic species i n a specific locality

% Phil E = no. of Philippine Endemic species in a specific locality / Total no. of alawan Endemic Speci s P e

________

________

NI Pa

__

AC

C

__________

us

________ _______ S 44

REFERENCES

Alcala, A. C. (1986). Amphibians and Reptiles. Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna Vol. X, NRMC, MNR and University of the Philippines. JMC Press, Q.C. Alcala, A. C., Brown, W. C. (1998). Philippine Amphibians. Bookmark Incorporation.

, Alc Phili f the Family of Gekkonidae. Silliman

Brown W. , Alc A. C. (198 Phili f the Family of Scincidae.

ni

of El Nido (2003-2010). Dickinson, E. C., R. S. Kennedy and K. C. Parkes (1991). The Birds of the Philippines. British Ornithologist Union, Tring, Herts HP23 6AP, UK. El Nido -Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area (2000). PAW

J an g .I 2) alawan Flora F na.Palawan Tropical Forestry Protection Programme

nzale J. T. (19 . A Guide to the Birds of El Nido, Northern Palawan, Philippines.

. R., Ba Dolar, M , A. C., Dans,A. T.L Go ales, P. C., , W. L. R., Ong, P. S., Rickart, E. A., Tarabanza, B. R. Jr.,

Utzurrum,R. C. B. (1998).FIELDIANA, A Synopsis of the Mammalian Fauna of the Philippine Islands. Field Museum of Natural History

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EL NIDO FAUNA SURVEY - PCSD NIDO FAUNA REPORT.pdf · The fauna survey was aimed at generating data and information that are useful in the planning, delineation, establishment and