ElainaFranz J 6 CH 400WhichBrandofPopcornPopsFastest

KiraWilson J 7 CH 401Sourvs.RegularGummies14701-1518466061Haveyoueverhadahardtimechoosingwhatsnacktoeatatthemovietheater?Thisexperimentishelpingpeoplefigureoutwhichgummywillmakeyouthefullestandwhichonemakesyoutheleastfull.Thereforehelpingyoubetterdeterminesifyoushouldchoosesourgummiesorregulargummies.Wewentinhopingthatwewouldfigureoutifthesourgummiesorregulargummieswouldgrowmore.Weknewthatweneededtohaveasfewvariablesaspossible.Thefactorsthatwetookintoaccountandmaintainedconsistentweretheamountofwaterinthecupandtheamountoftimeyouneededtoleavethegummiesinthewater.Ifeitheroneofthesewasnotconsistentthentheexperimentwouldbeflawed.Attheconclusionoftheexperiment,whilewewereanalyzingthedata,werealizedathirdelementthatneededtobeconsistent,wastheoriginallengthofgummybearsandthegummyworms.Throughthedataanalysiswedeterminedthatourexperimentwasflawedinregardstothegummyworms,butwasvalidinregardstothegummybears.Thegummybear’sdatawasreliableandshowedthattheregulargummybeargrewtwiceasmuch.Thisdatadisprovedouroriginalhypothesis.

BradyLesher J 7 CH 401Sourvs.RegularGummies14701-1518466061

TylerCarrington J 6 CH 402Doescookingfoodalteritspotentialvitaminlevels?ThepurposeofthisprojectwastodiscoverifvitaminCinjuiceswouldbeaffectedbyheat.ThisprojectcouldhelppeoplehavelessproblemswhenhandlingvitaminCdeficiencies.IfsomeoneneedsmorevitaminC,theywouldknowtoeithercookit,orleaveitraw.MyhypothesisforthisexperimentwasthatthevitaminClevelswouldbeloweredwhenthejuicewasheated.Themainmaterialswerejuices,iodine,cornstarch,water,andsixtesttubes.Thejuiceswere;pineapplejuice,orangejuice,tomatojuice,lemonjuice,andlimejuice.Foreachofthesixtesttubes,Iaddedsomeoftheiodineindicatorandeither10dropsofrawjuiceortendropsofheatedjuice.Therewerethreetesttubeswithheatedjuice,andthreewithrawjuice.ThenIcomparedthecolorbetweentheheatedandrawjuice.ThejuicewiththedarkercolorhadlessvitaminC.

Thepineapple,orange,lemon,andtomatojuicesallshowednodifference.OnlythelimejuiceshowedthattheheatedjuicehadlessvitaminC.Myhypothesiswasincorrect.Overall,thevitaminCwasnotaffected.

LilySmith J 7 CH 403Rocketology14701-1518793346Thisexperimentisfindingtheratioofhowmuchvinegarandaconstantamountofbakingsoda(1teaspoon)wouldmakethebottlerocketstayintheairthelongest.Thepressureofthevinegarandbakingsodamixingwillforcethecorktopushoutofthebottle.Thiswillmakethebottlegointotheair.Youhadtoputthreepencilsonthebottletomakeitstandupsoitcanshootintotheair.Bakingsodaisabicarbonateandvinegarisanaceticacid.Thisreactioncreatescarbondioxide,whichfilledtherocketwithpressure,andmadetherocketgointotheair.Sinceitwasverycoldwhenwedidourexperimentthebottlewasfreezingalittlebitandthatcouldhavevariedtheresultsoftheexperiment.Ifwedidtheexperimentinwarmerweatherwethinkthatwecouldhavegottendifferentresults.Inthebeginningofourexperimentweusedacapinsteadofacorkandthatdidnotworkatall.Thecapkeptallthepressureinsideofthebottleandthatpreventedthepressurefromreleasinganditwouldnotgointotheair.Theonethatstayedintheairthelongestdidnothavetomuchortoolittlevinegar.Wethinkthatifyouputtoomuchvinegarandbakingsodaitwouldexplode.Ifyouputtoolittlevinegarandbakingsodaitwouldnotgointotheairalot.

LaurenHarrington J 7 CH 403Rocketology14701-1518793346

JacobAckerley J 7 CH 404What'sinYourWater?HydrogenInfusedWaterclaimstohavemorehydrogenthanregularwater.Iwantedtoputthattothetest.TotestmyhypothesisthatHydrogenInfusedWaterwouldhavemoreHydrogenthanBottledWaterandReverseOsmosisWater,Iusedtheprocessofelectrolysis.Iputthethreetypesofwater,TheHFactorHydrogenInfusedWater,KrogerBottledWater,andtheRainSoftReverseOsmosisWater,tothetest.Eachofthemwentthroughtenminutesofelectrolysisandeachproducedhydrogenandoxygen.Attheendofthetests,theamountsofHydrogenineachsamplewereveryclose,theRainsoftReverseOsmosisWaterhadmoreHydrogenonaverage.Therefore,myhypothesiswasincorrect.AclosesecondwasTheHydrogenInfusedWaterandBottledWaterinlast.MyconclusionisthatthethreetypesofwaterhadveryclosetothesameamountofHydrogen.TheHydrogenInfusedWaterhasHydrogenaddedtothewater,nottothewatermolecule.ElectrolysisremovesHydrogenfromawatermolecule,andallthreetypesofwaterhadessentiallythesamecompositionofwater.

AnaDeVries J 7 CH 405WaterBottle,BakingSoda,andVinegarRocketIwascuriousaboutwhichmeasurementofbakingsodawouldmakeawaterbottlelaunchthehighest.So,Iboughtbakingsodaandwhitevinegar,found4pencilswithgooderasers,foundalotofnewcorks,andgotanemptywaterbottlefromtherecycling.Itapedthepencilsanequaldistanceawayfromeachotheraroundthebottlewitheacheraserendabout2½inchesdownfromtheopeningofthebottle.Then,Iwrappedup5ofeachmeasurementofbakingsodaintoseparatethinlayersofapapertowel.Themeasurementswere,1½teaspoons,1teaspoon,and½teaspoonofbakingsoda.Next,Ipoured1½cupsofvinegarintotheopeningofthebottleandbroughtitoutsidealongwiththewrappedupbakingsoda.Lastly,Iputthebakingsodaintothebottle,cappeditwiththecork,shookit,placeditonthepencillegs,andrecordedhowhigheachtrial’srocketwent.Myexperimentprovedmyhypothesis,becauseIthoughtthat1½teaspoonsofbakingsodawouldmaketherocketlaunchthehighest,andithadthehighestaverageheight.

KathrynHabel J 8 CH 406ChemiluminescenceandTemperatureChemiluminescence.Awordthat,formostpeople,isn’tusedveryoften,orismistakenforbio-luminescence,whichhasbeeninthemediafarmoreoftenthanchemi-luminescence.However,chemi-luminescenceisveryimportantinpeople’slives.Glowsticks,funtoysusedsometimestomakebracelets,arealsousedinheavyfogtodirecttraffic.Luminolisachemicalthatusesachemiluminescentreactionthatshowswherebloodhasbeenpresent.Iwantedtoexplorethistopic,because,frankly,notenoughpeoplecareenoughaboutit.Iwantedtoexploreifthemyththatfreezingyourglowsticksmakesitbrighter,andallaroundbetterthanifyouhadneverfrozenit.Myhypothesiswasthatthismythiswrong,basedonmyownpersonalexperiencewithglowsticks,andmyresearchonchemiluminescentreactionsseemedtobackupmyclaim. Firstly,Ilabeledfourglasscupswiththelabels“hot”,whichshouldbeatleasttendegreeswarmerthanroomtemperature,“warm”whichwasroomtemperature,“cold”whichshouldbetendegreescolderthanroomtemperature,and“icewater”whichshouldbetendegreescolderthanthecuplabeled“icewater”Thewaterwouldhaveiceinit.Oncetheicecubesmelted,Iremeasuredthewaterinthecupanddumpedexcesswater.Thelabelswereplaceunderneaththeglasscups.ThenIfilledthecuplabelled“hot”towith236.588milliliters,oroneU.S.cup,andmeasuredthetemperatureofthewater,toensurethatthewaterreachedthecriteria.ThenIactivatedonelightstick,startingastopwatchattheexactsametime,andquicklyputthemintothehotcup,stirringtheglowsticksimultaneouslyforaminute.ThenIrecordedthebrightnessoftheglowstickinthewaterusingaluxsensor.Ithenstartedthetimeragainandstirredtheglowstickforfiveminutesandrecordedthebrightness,usingtheluxsensoragain.

EmmaLoftus J 7 CH 407CandyChromatography

KasiHarner J 7 CH 408TurnthatBrownUpsideDown14815-1518807865Wefirstgatheredallofourmaterials.Thenwecuttheapplesintoequalpieces,usinganapplecutter.Oncetheappleswerecut,wepouredalloftheliquidsintodifferentcups.Thenwedippedtheapplesintothedifferentliquidsandputthemontoaplateleaveoneappleout.Wetimedhowlongtheapplessitontheplatewithoutbrowningandwerecordedtheresultsthroughouttheprocess.Wealsotookmanypictures.

ElainaMcDonald J 7 CH 408TurnthatBrownUpsideDown14815-1518807865

AlainaWebster J 7 CH 409WhichBathBombfizzesforthelongestFormyproject,Itestedwhichbathbombwillfizzforthelongest.TofindthatIhadtodomyexperiment.Iputthreedifferentbathbombswithdifferentpricesintoabowlandtimedeachonetoseehowlongeachonewouldfizzfor.Ifoundoutthatmyhomemadeonefizzedfor2:51minutes.TheWalmartbathbombfizzedfor4:00minutes.Finally,the“Lush”bathbombfizzedfor17:06minutes.Aftermyexperiment,Ifoundthatthe“Lush”bathbombfizzedforthelongest.Iwasprettyshockedattheendofmyexperimenttoseeallthetimesofthebathbombsthatfizzed.Ithoughtforsurethatthe“Lush”bathbombwouldhavefizzedforthelongestwhichitdidwhilethehomemadeonewouldhavefizzedfortheshortestamountoftimes.

MayaAl-Ani J 6 CH 410CandyVSCokeIwantedtodeterminewhichcandyhasthebiggestreactionandthemostbubbleswhenaddedtocoke.IwantedtotestToxicWaste,SpicyGum,andMentos.MyhypothesiswasthattheToxicwastewouldhavethelargestreactionasitisthesourestandwouldcontainthemostcitricacid.Iaddedthecandiestoabottleofcokeandobservedthereaction.Ialsocollectedandmeasuredtheliquidthatoverflowedoutofthebottleduringthereaction.Initiallywetriedthereactioninacupbutthegaswasletoutandleftalloftheliquidstillinthecup.Ifoundthatthementoshadthebiggestreaction,followedbyspicygum.TheToxicWastehadtheleastamountofreaction.Thisexperimentshowedthatmyhypothesisisincorrect,andthattoxicwastedidnothavethebiggestreaction.

GenevieveWeger J 6 CH 411FlourandCookies

EmmaRozycki J 7 CH 412MilkontheMooove14814-1517322472Ourproject,MilkontheMooove,itistooseeifthemilkcompaniesarelyingabouthowmuchfatisintheirmilk.Somepeoplehavestrictdietsorcan'tconsumeacertainamountoffat,sowewantedtotestthemilktoseehowmuchfatisreallyinthemilk.

LaurenManges J 7 CH 412MilkontheMooove14814-1517322472

AudreyHenning J 7 CH 413DoeswhiteningtoothpasteworkThisscienceexperimentisifwhiteningtoothpastemakesyourteethwhiterthannormaltoothpaste.Thiscanbeaveryusefulprojectforpeople.Consumerswillwanttoknowaboutthissomtheywillknowwhetherirnottospendtheextramoneyonwhiteningtoothpaste.Ithinkitwillnotactuallymaketeethwhiterthannormaltoothpaste.ForthisexperimentIfirststainedtheeggswithcoffee.ThenIbrushedeacheggfortwominutestwicewithadifferentbrandofwhiteningtoothpasteandonenormaltoothpastetoserveasacomparison.Ifoundallthreeofthewhiteningtoothpasteswereequallywhiteandthesameasthenormaltoothpaste.Thisisbecausethemainingredientsofwhiteningtoothpastehavenothingtodowithwhitening.

MacyMcCausland J 6 CH 414PlayingWithYourFood:MolecularGastronomy

AutumColley J 8 CH 415CoolingTemperatureswithCandyMints14828-1517877663

Da'RyahPhillips J 8 CH 415

CoolingTemperatureswithCandyMints14828-1517877663

IanJoyce J 7 CH 416GotHighSugar?BringtheHeat!Doescapsaicininpeppersdecreasetheamountofglucoseinasolution?Dothevariousamountsofcapsaicinindifferentpeppersaffecttheglucose?Dothehotterpeppersdecreasemorecapsaicinorisitthemilderpeppers?Capsaicinisthechemicalthatmakesfoodhot/spicy.Ireadthatinsomepartsoftheworldpeopletreatdiabeteswithcapsaicin.Ithinkthecapsaicinbindstotheglucosesoithelpscontroladiabetic’sbloodsugarlevel.Differentpeppershavedifferentamountsofcapsaicininthem.Myhypothesisisthatthehotterthepepper,themorecapsaicin,andthemorecapsaicin,themoreglucosewillbeboundtothecapsaicinwhichmeansthehotterpepperswilldecreasethemostamountofglucose.Theexperimentalresultsshowthattheamountofglucoseremainedconstantinthegreenbellpeppersolutionandwasdecreasedineachofthehotpeppersolutions.However,itwasnotfoundthatthehottestpeppersontheScovilleHeatUnitdecreasedtheglucosebythelargestamount.Itwasactuallyoneofthemildestpeppersthatresultedinthebiggestdecreaseofglucose.IfIweretodothisexperimentagainIwoulddomoretrials,andIwoulduseglucosepowderbecauseitiseasierthanglucosesyruptomeasureandmixintothesolution.Iwouldalsouseapositivecontrolofcapsaicininglucosewatertodetermineifthedecreaseinglucoseisduetothecapsaicin.Icouldalsotrytosoakthepeppersinalcoholtoextractthecapsaicinoutofthem.Theconfirmationthatpeppersdodecreasetheglucoseamountinasolutionishelpfulbecausethissuggeststhatpeoplewithtoomuchglucoseintheirbloodstreamcouldusehotpepperstolowertheirbloodsugar.

EmilyHernandez J 7 CH 417ChemicalReactions:HowtoBlowUpaBalloon14814-1517322493Ourprojectwasabouttestingdifferentchemicalsmixedthemwithvinegarandseeiftheywouldblowuptheballoontoseewhichotherpowdersyoucouldusebesidesbakingpowdertoblowuptheballoon.Thisprojectwastoseewichpowderworkedbesttoblowuptheballooneitherifitwasbetterthantheoriginalpowderbakingsodaorbesidestheoriginalone.

JoanaJurado J 7 CH 417ChemicalReactions:HowtoBlowUpaBalloon14814-1517322493

GretaLannon J 6 CH 418

HowdoeswatercontentinbuttereffecthowcookiesspreadoutMymotherlikestobakecookies,butthecookieskeptspreadingoutwaytoomuch.Iwantedtofigureouthowtopreventthisspreading.Myhypothesisisthatthewaterinbutteraffectshowmuchcookiesspreadout,andthatcheapbutterhasthemostwaterandwillresultincookiesspreadingoutthemost.Tofigureoutwhetherornotthisistrue,IhadtofindouthowmuchwaterwasinthethreetypesofbutterthatIwasusing.So,Iputthebutterinanoven,thatwasatatemperaturethatwouldboil,butnotbrown,thebutter,andmakethewaterevaporate.AfterIknewhowmuchwaterwasinmythreetypesofbutter,Ihadtobakethecookies.SoIbakedsixbatchesofcookies;threebatcheswithbutterthathadwater,andthreebatcheswithbutterthatIhadremovedthewaterfrom.(Thiswouldbethecontrolgroup.)WhenIfinallyhadallmydata,Ilearnedthatthecheapestbutterdidhavethemostwater,andthatthisdidresultinmorespreading.Ialsonoticedthateveninthecontrolgroup,themostexpensivebutterstillspreadoutsignificantlyless.Toconclude,Ilearnedthatthewaterinbutterdoesaffecthowmuchcookiesspreadout,andthecheaperthebutter,themorethecookiesspreadoutbecausethecheapbutterhasthemostwaterinit.

GabriellaSchwindaman J 6 CH 419RiseMuffinsRiseMyprojectisabouthowtheamountofbakingpowderaffectstheheightofamuffin.Ihadmuffinswithnobakingpowder,1tsp.bakingpowder,2tsp.bakingpowder,and4tsp.bakingpowder.

HaileyAbbott J 6 CH 420WhichMeltsIceFaster;SaltorSugar?Haveyoueverwalkedonanicysidewalk?Haveyouseenbusinessesusingspecialchemicalstomelttheice?WellwhatifItoldyouthatyoucouldusesomethinginyourownhometomelttheice?Iwillbetestingtwothingsinyourkitchen.Iamgoingtoseewhichmeltsicefaster,sugarorsalt.Ithinkthinksaltwillmelticefaster.IwillpoursomewaterintotwodifferentcookiepansthenIwillfreezethemovernight.NextIwillputsomesugarontheiceinonepanthenputsaltontheotherpan.FinallyIwillseewhichmakesicemeltfaster.Iplantocollectmydatabytimingtoseewhichmakesicemeltfaster.Thisisimportanttotestbecauseinthewinteritcangetveryicy.Soyouwanttoknowwhattoputontheicetomakeitmeltveryfast.Thechemicalsusedbybusinessesandschoolsareexpensive.Ifsomethingmuchlessexpensive,thateveryonehasintheirkitchen,worksjustaswellitwouldalsomeanahugesavingsforsomeschoolsandbusinesses.

BILLYCRONKHITE J 7 CH 421Whatmakesicemeltthefastestinwater?Myprojectiscalled“WhatMakesIceMeltTheFastestInWater?”Thepurposeofthisprojectistofindoutifsaltisaseffectiveasitisontheroadsasitisinwater.ThewayIdesignedmyprocedurewastoget½tablespoon(7.4Ml)ofeachvariable,includingplainwater(the

constant),andthenpoureachmaterial,intoadifferentbowl.Ithenadded½cup(125Ml)ofwatertoeachbowl.Aftermixingthematerialsineachbowltogether,Igot5icecubesfromthefreezerandquicklyplaced1intoeachbowl.Ithenstartedatimertorecordthetimeittookforeachicecubetomelt.AfterIdidallthis,myresultswereforthefirst-round,1stvinegar,2ndplainwater,3rdsalt,4thbakingsoda,and5thsugar.Thesecond-roundresultswere,1stplainwater,2ndvinegar,3rdsalt,4thsugar,and5thbakingsoda.Forthethird-roundresults,Igot,1stplainwater,2ndvinegar,3rdsalt,4thsugar,and5thbakingsoda.So,overall,itturnsoutmyhypothesisthat“saltwouldbethebestatmeltingiceinwater”waswrongbecausesaltgotthirdineveryroundwhileplainwaterandvinegarwerebothmoreeffective.IfIweretoredothisproject,Iwouldcomparehowlongeachmaterialtakestomelticeoutofthewater.

MYLESSANFORD J 6 CH 422TempeatureEffectonRateofDissolution&ReactionSeveraldatapointswerecollectedforthreedifferenttemperaturestotestmyhypothesis.Myhypothesiswasthattheboilingwaterwillreactanddissolvefasterbecauseithasmoreenergythanthetheothertemperaturessoitwilldissolvethetabletfaster.Theboilingtemperaturehadtheshortestreactiontime,andthecoldertemperatureproducedlessCO2bubblesinitially.TheexperimentwascarefullydesignedtocontrolLe’Chatillier’sprinciplefromsignificantlyaffectingtheresultsbycontrollingconcentrationandtemperature.Thesamplesolvent(purifiedwater)waskeptat75degreesforfourdaysbeforedatawascollectedsothatallofthedissolutionandreactionoccurredatthesametemperature.Alltentrialswerepouredatdifferenttime,toensurethedifferenttemperaturecouldstayconsistent.alkaseltzertabletswereaddedtoexactsametemperatureofwater.Thisexperimentexaminedtheeffectsoftemperatureondissolutionofthreechemicalsintosolution,andthereactionoftwosodiumbicarbonateandcitricacidtoproduceCO2gasbubblesobservedasfizz.Therateofdissolutioncontrolledthekeycompoundsconcentrationwhichaffectedthereactiontimeforeachtemperaturesexamined.

DEREKSTANFORD J 7 EN 430SweetEarthquake

AmandaMcGuire J 6 EN 431StoppingErosion14823-1516994234Erosionisabigproblemallaroundtheworld.Waystohelpstoperosionareverylimited.Soforourprojectwetestedwhichobjectinnature,suchasrocksorplantswouldstoperosionthebest,butwealsotestedobjectsyouwouldn'tfindinnaturesuchasnetting.Forourprocedurewefirst,gotabigcontainerthenfilleditwithdirt.Thenweputwhateverobjectlikerocks,plants,ornetting,inoraroundthedirt.Nextweproppedthecontainerup4inchesoffthegroundusingbooks,andpouredtwocupsofwateroverthedirt.Last,wecollectedourdataby

takingpicturesbeforeandafterwepouredthewateroverthedirt.Wemeasuredhowmuchwatercollectedatthebottom.Inconclusionbasedonourdatawecantellthatthenettingworkedthebesttohelpstoperosion.

MirandaPlank J 6 EN 431StoppingErosion14823-1516994234

SethBadics J 7 EN 432GeodesicDomesTrianglesarethestrongestshapebecausetheyhavefixedangles.Thisprojectlooksatstructuresbuiltusingtriangles,geodesicdomes,todeterminewhichtypeofdomeisthestrongest.Thebestconstructiontechniquewasdeterminedthroughtesting.Therefore,threegeodesicdomeswereconstructedusingmulticoloredstrawsandtape.Thecolorsrepresentedthedifferentlengthsofeachstrawthatwerecalculatedbyapredeterminedformula.Oncethetriangularshapeswereconnectedtogetherbythetape,weightwasappliedtothetopsupportofeachdome.Theweightwasdefinedbyusingcoins(nickels).Istartedwithtwentycoinsandincreasedtheweightinincrementsoftwentyuptoonehundredcoins.Myhypothesiswasthatthedomewiththemosttriangularstructureswouldbethestrongest.Theexperimentalresultsdidnotsupportmyhypothesis.Themostsimplegeodesicdome,the1v,supportedthemostweightwiththeleastamountofdeflection.Testingshowedthattheinitialbuild,tousepaperandglueinsteadofstrawsandtape,wasnotbeneficial.Itwasverytimeconsumingandthegluedidnotholdthestructuretogetherverywell.Iconcludedthatusingthetapetoconnectthestrawsworked,butitprobablyreducedthestrengthofthedomes.

ConnorMiller J 6 EN 433DIYHexBugMyprojectisaboutlittlerobotbugsthatjigglearoundalittlebit.Ihadtobuildthemstepbystepwithavibrationmotor,atoothbrushhead,andacoincellbattery.IquestionedmyselfandIwonderedwhichrobotcouldmovearoundmore.HowIfoundthisoutwasthatImadeasquareonapieceofpaperandwhicheverrobotgoesoutofthesquarefirstwasthebetterrobot.

SkylarKempf J 8 EN 434PaperTowelWars

CarterBobson J 6 EN 435ThecentrifugalclutchThesciencefairprojectthatIdidwasthecentrifugalclutch.Iwastestinga10,12,anda15toothmax-torqueclutchtoseewhitchoneranthefastesttimeina30.48meterstandingstartrace.Ithoughtthatthe15toothclutchwouldbethefasterstlookingpastthehorrideexelerationbutthatendedupcominginlast.Itwasreallyfastbuttookalotofspacetogetuptomaxumumspeed(withthe32toothrearstrocketandthepreditor212engine).The12tooththatIrellythoughtwouldcomeinlastcameinsecondanditwaslikeaperfectmixbetweenthe10and15toothclutches.Finallythe10toothclutchcameinfirstandhadboisticexeleration.IreallylikeitbutIthinkoverallIfiweretoleaveonoftheclutchesonmygokartitwouldbethe15tooth.

RaymundCatral J 7 EN 436WhatistheLeidenFrostEffect?MysciencefairprojectisabouttheLeidenfrosteffect.WhatistheLeidenfrosteffectyoumayaskyourself?WelltheLeidenfrosteffectiswhenwaterrepelsfromahotsurfacethathasatemperatureabovetheboilingpointofwater.Thisisbecausethewaterwillcreatealayerofvaporbetweenthewaterandhotsurface,andthismakesthewaterrepealthesurface.Thequestionformyprojectisdoesmilk,applecider,vinegar,orangejuice,carbonatedwater,andwaterdemonstratetheLeidenfrosteffect.ThewayIconductedtheexperimentwasIusedadropper,andIsuckedupeachliquidthatwas75degreesFahrenheit.ThenIdroppedinontoahotpanthatwas236degreesFahrenheit,tentimesforeachliquid.Thentalliedeachliquidonhowmanytimestheliquidworked.Thenusedtheequation(tallyx10=percent)andgottheresults.Afterdoingtheexperimentthetheresults.Milkworked10%ofthetime,appleciderworked10%ofthetime,vinegarworked20%ofthetime,orangejuiceworked40%ofthetime,carbonatedwaterworked90%ofthetime,andwateronlyworks70%ofthetime.Thisisshowninthegraph.Myhypothesiswas10%off,andinconclusion,carbonatedwaterworkedbetterthanallotherliquids.InconclusionmysciencefairprojectisontheLeidenfrosteffectandwhatliquidsdemonstratetheLeidenfrosteffect.TheliquidsItestedweremilk,applecider,vinegar,orangejuice,carbonatedwater,andwater.Myhypothesiswas10%off,andthewayIgottheideawasfromwatchingaYouTubevideo.

LORRINSMITH J 7 EN 437Doesthesizeofafruitdeterminehowwellenergyflowsthroughit?Thisprojectwasperformedtodetermineifsmallerfruitsarebetterenergyconductorsthanlargerfruits.Todothis,rollthelemononatabletogetthejuicesflowinginsideit.Then,insertthecopperandzincnailsintothelemon,about2inchesapart.Removetheinsulationfromaroundthelight’slead.Wraptheexposedwirearoundbothnails,andthiswilllightthelightbulb.Useatimertocomparehowlongeachfruitkeepsthebulblit.Recordyourobservations.Repeatwithagrapefruitandpineapple.Iobservedthatnoneofthefruitslitthelightbulb,sowetriedusingazincboltandazincblocktoseeifeitherofthemwouldlightthebulb.However,noneofthemdid.So,weusedavoltmetertomeasuretheelectriccurrentflowing

throughthecopperandthezinc.ItturnsoutthatthesmallestfruitItested(alemon)wasthebestenergyconductor.Thelemonproduced0.25vofpower,thegrapefruit,slightlylarger,produced0.24v,andthepineappleproduced0.23v.Thesmallestfruitwasthebestenergyconductor,butnoneofthefruitsproducedenoughpowertolightalightbulb.

JamesHenning J 6 EN 438BubbleWrapTestThisexperimentistestingwhichtypeofbubblewrapworksthebest.Ithinkthelargebubblewrapwillworkthebest.FirstIwrappedeacheggwithbubblewrapandleftoneswithoutwrapforcontrol.ThenIdroppedanunwrapped,asmallbubblewrapped,andalargebubblewrappedeggfromthesameheight.Irepeatedthisforfourdifferentheights.Theeggwiththelargebubblewrapworkedthebest.Thisisbecausethelargebubbleslowedtheeggwhentheeggishittingtheground.

WilliamMichalski J 6 EN 439DesalinationDilemaMyprojectistestingwhetherawhitebottompaperorablackbottompaperonadesalinationdevicewithhomemadefeaturesaffectsitsefficiency.mythoughtswerethatIwouldgetmorecollectedwaterfromthedevicewiththeblackbottom.

ALEXGERMAIN J 7 ET 440WhatevertheWeatherThepurposeofmyprojectwastofindouthowtemperatureaffectshowmuchenergyisproducedbyasolarpanel.TodothisIfirstneedtobuildainsulatedbox,temperaturecontrolbox,tomakesurethatthecooltemperatureandthewarmtemperaturewouldstayinthebox.OnceIgottothedesiredtemperatureIturnedonthelightandthemultimeter.Thenwhenthemultimetergottoaconsistentnumber,Iwouldrecordthatnumber.WhatIobservedwaswhenIturnedonthelightforthefirsttime,itreadasmallervoltagethanwhenIranitthesecondorthirdtime.Myresultsfromthisprojectwerethattemperatureactuallyaffectstheenergyasolarpanelproduced.Thecolderthetemperatureisthemoreenergyitproduces.IfIweretodothisexperimentagain,Iwoulduseadifferenttypeofsolarpaneltoseeiftheresultsdifferfordifferenttypes.

AnneMalott J 6 ET 441ProducePowerThestoredenergyinapotatocanbeusedasabatterytopoweralightbulb,butIwonderedwhichotherfruitsandvegetablescouldpoweralightbulb.Todeterminethis,IconstructedapotatolightbyconnectinganLEDlightbulbtotwocopperwires,oneattachedtoapennyinsertedintoapotatoandtheotherattachedtoagalvanizedsteelnailinsertedintothepotato.Iplannedtoconnectseveralfruitsandvegetablesincludinggoldenbeet,redbeet,butternut

squash,carrot,sweetpotato,turnip,avocado,orange,apple,banana,pear,kiwi,andmango(independentvariable)tothislightindividuallyandobservethebrightnessofthelightbulb(dependentvariable)witheach.WhileIwasdoingmyexperimentation,Idiscoveredthatonepotatoalonewouldnotcausethelightbulbtolightupbecausethepotatodidnothaveenoughstoredpower.Mysolutiontothisproblemwastouseamultimetertomeasurethevoltageofeachfruitorvegetableinstead.Myhypothesiswasthatstarchyandrootvegetableswouldpoweralightbulbmoreoftenthanotherfruitsorvegetables.Imeasuredeachiteminmillivolts.Thedatapartiallysupportedmyhypothesisbecausemyrootvegetablesseemedtohavemorepowerthanotherproducedid,butthestarchesdidnot.Also,sizeandfreshnessseemedtoberelevanttohowmuchpowereachfruitorvegetablehad.Forinstance,mygoldenbeetwassmallsothereadingsshowedlesspoweravailable.Mypotatowasold,sothemeasurementswereinconsistent.

EmmaLawton J 6 ET 442WhichMaterialistheBestConductor?Myhypothesisisthatifsomethingmetal,inthiscaseaquarter,iswiredtoalightbulbthenthelightbulbwillturnon.However,whenyouconnectsomethingmadeofwood,likeapopsiclestick,thelightbulbwillnotworkevenafterthecircuitisclosed.Myprojecttriestofindoutwhichtypesofmaterialsarebetterconductors.Youputthestickinthealligatorclipsonthepopsiclesticks,andifitweretoworkitwillturnthelightbulbon.Thenyouwilltestthequarter.Totestthequarterallyoudoistakethepopsiclesticksoutandputinthequarterintothecircuitintheirplace.Ifthebulblightsupthenyouwillnowknowthatthequartersendselectricitytothebulb.TherearemanyotheritemsIcouldtestaswell,insteadofaquarterandthepopsiclestick.Youcanusefoilorapieceofplastic.Itisimportanttoknowwhatmaterialsconductelectricitytokeepsafewhenyouareworkingonhousesorwiring-don’ttouchmetalladderstotheelectricwires.Itisalsoimportanttoknow,soyoucanusetheleastexpensivematerialstobuildcircuits.

MackenzieOrnat J 6 ET 443ABatteryThatMakesCentsHaveyoueverwonderedhowthefirstbatterywasfirstmade?Inthisproject,Iwillrecreatehowthiswasdonebyusingtwodifferenttypesofcoins.Iwillmakeacellbystackingapennyandanickelwithapieceofpapertowelsoakedinavinegarandsaltsolutionbetweenthem.HOwmanycoinsinapilewillproducethemostelectricity?Myhypothesisisifyouincreasethenumberofcellsinabattery,thentheamountofelectricityproducedwillincrease.Iamgoingtotestmyhypothesisbymakingbatterieswithdifferentnumbersofcells.ThedatathatIwillcollectisthenumberofcoins/cellsusedandtheamountofelectricityproduced.Thisquestionisimportantbecauseitcanhelpyoubuildyourownbatterythatwouldlastlongerthanoneboughtinastore.Mynextexperimentwouldbetofindoutifpenniesfromearly1982orafterwouldproducemoreelectricitythanpenniesfrom1962-1981.From1962toearly1982,pennieswere95%copperand5%zinc.Sinceearly1982,theyare97.5%zincandonly2.5%copper.

MorganKotinek J 6 ET 444FruitPowerIinvestigatedtheabilitytousefruitasanalternativeenergysourceinsteadoffossilfuels

BenjaminPamachena J 8 ET 445OneMan'sJunkisanotherMan'sInsulation14507-1512587918Currently,recreationalvehicle(RV)companiesthrowawaywindowanddoorcutoutsbecausetheythinkitisscrapmaterial.RVcutoutsarethescrapmaterialthatiscutoutofthewallsduringconstructionofthemotorhomesandtrailers.TheRVcutoutsarefillinguplandfillswhentheydothis.Byrecyclingthismaterial,wecanhelptheenvironment.OurgroupwaswonderingifRVcutoutswouldprovidebetterinsulationforresidentialhomesthantheotherformsofinsulationsuchascellulose,fiberglass,styrofoam,andsidinginsulation.Inaddition,ourgroupdecidedtofindtheheatresistanceorR-valueofeachmaterialtodeterminethebestinsulationtouseinhousing.Inthisexperiment,wetookourselectedinsulationandplaceitinbetweentwoplywoodboards.Afterweplacedtheselectedmaterialinbetweenthetwoboards,wepreheatedthefan.Finally,wemeasuredtheheatedandcoldsidebetweenboardsasitwasbeingheatedbythefanfor18minutes.OurgrouppredictedtheRVcutoutstobethebesttypeofinsulationtouseinhousing.Afterfinishingtheexperiment,wefoundthattheRVwallmaterialhadthesecondtoworstR-valuethantheothermaterials.WhatmakesRVmaterialbetter,isthatitisthecheapestofthematerialsatafreeprice.OursciencefairprojectcontributestotheenvironmentbyreducingtheamountoftrashinlandfillsbyrecyclingRVwallinsulationtouseinatticsandforgeneralinsulation.

JacobDixon J 8 ET 445OneMan'sJunkisanotherMan'sInsulation14507-1512587918

LoganKuzdas J 6 ET 446CanYouMakeElectricityUsingWiresandMagnets?Ifirstchosetobuildamagneticgeneratorduetomyinterestinelectricity.OnceIstartedresearching,Ilearnedhowimportantmagneticgeneratorscanbeintermsofsavingcostonhomegenerators,helphurricanehitareaslikePuertoRicoandtheimportanceofsavingresources.Magneticgeneratorsareanalternativeenergysourceandrenewableenergysource.WithmyprojectIdemonstratehowasimple1to2voltsACgeneratorworks.Iwonderedcanyoumakeelectricityusingwiresandmagnets.SoIfoundanideaonlineandstartedcreatingthegenerator.ItusesnorthandsouthpolarizedmagnetswithincoiledwiresthathookuptoanLEDlightbulbandvoltagemeter.ThenItestedthemagneticgeneratorwithonemagnetoneach

timeandspunitaround4timesandrecordingmyresults.Ididthis2moretimesbutaddedonemagnettoeachsideeverytime.ThenIdidthisalloveragainbutthistimeIusedadrilltospinthemagnet.Myresultsendedupbeingthatvoltagewentup½avolteverytimeIaddedanothermagnet.Andthelightbulbwentoneverysingletimeexceptwiththedrillwithonemagnet.(itdidn’thaveenoughvoltagetolightup.)Inconclusion,Iwascorrect,youcancreateelectricityusingmagnetsandwiresbyspinningpolarizedmagnetsinsidecoiledwires.Myhypothesiswascorrectyoucanmakeelectricityandusingthreemagnetsgavethebestvoltage.

ColeKlinedinst J 7 ET 447HowdoesWaterFlowEffectElectricityGeneratedbyaKelvinElectrostaticGeneratorThisexperimentwasaboutbuildingandtestingaKelvinElectrostaticGenerator,whichisatypeofelectricgeneratorfrom1867thatusesfallingwaterandnomovingpartstocreatesmallsparks.TheproblembeingsolvedwashowwillwaterflowrateaffectthetimebetweensparksproducedbyaKelvinElectrostaticGenerator?Itwashypothesisedthatiftheamountofwatergoingthroughthegeneratorisraised,theelectricityproducedwillincrease.Also,timebetweensparkswilldecreaseby15%everytimetheflowrateincreasesby10%.Theprocedurebeginswithbuildingthegenerator.Tofindtheflowratefortesting,placetwocupsunderthenozzlesandholdthemforoneminute.Measurethemloutputandfinetunetheflowrate.Recordthetimesbetweensparksfor15sparks.Repeatatfivedifferentflowrates.Theresultspartiallyprovedthehypothesis.Thepredictionthatmorewaterequalslowertimebetweensparkswascorrect.Thepredictedpercentswereoffby18.92%.Duringthisexperiment,muchwaslearnedaboutpropertiesofelectricityandtravelingofions,amongotherthings.

CadenBorntrager J 6 ET 448BlockingtheSignalThisyearmysciencefairprojectisabouttestingainternetsignal.Iblocktherouterwithvariousitemsthatyoucanfindaroundthehouse.Iputtheseitemsinbetweentherouterandadevicethatcanreadtheincominginternetsignal.Itesteachobjectthreetimessothedataismoreaccurate.ThenItakeanaverageandwhicheverobjecthasthelowestamountofsignal,isthewinner.

LizzieBall J 8 ET 449itsaTeslaCoil! IchosetobuildandtestaTeslacoilbecauseIwasinterestedinNikolaTeslaandhisexperimentswithalternatingcurrentsandthepotentialforwirelessenergyusage.IwasextremelycuriousaboutthecapabilitiesoftheTeslacoilsoIdecidedtoexperiment.IbegantheexperimentwithbuildingtheTeslacoilkitthatIpurchasedandmeasuringoutdistanceswitharulerandmarkingitoutonmytablethenIrealizedthatIcouldonlyturnontheTeslacoilforabouttwominutesatatimebeforeitoverheatedthenItoooneofthelightbulbsandhelditupthefarthestmeasurementpointandworkedmywayinrecordingthedataIgatheredrepeatingthesestepsforthedurationoftheexperiment.Ifoundthatonlyfluorescentlight

bulbscouldbepoweredbytheTeslacoil.

JordanNimon J 6 ET 450PowerGeneration

GabrielWood J 7 ET 451EddyWho?Iwasinterestedinobservingwhatmetaloutofaluminium,steel,orcopperslowedacarwithmagnetsonitthemost.Ithoughtthataluminumwouldhavethelongesttime,andIwaspartlycorrectithadthelongestaveragebutnotthelongesttime.Steelhadthelongesttimebecauseitcausedthecartocompletelystop.

EliasLucas J 6 MS 460Freezin'forareason!Question:Docertainliquidsexpandorcontractwhenfrozen?Hypothesis:MyhypothesisabouttheliquidsfreezingisthattheywillfreezeinthisorderPepsi,Water,RedBull,Milk,Strawberrylemonade.IthinkPepsiwillexpandthemostafterfreezing.Idon'tthinkanywillcontract.Iknowwaterwillexpandwhenfrozen.Materials:WholeMilk,Pepsi,Water,Strawberrylemonade,RedBull,5bottles-samesize,Ruler,Freezer,andPermanentmarker.Procedure:Iwillfirst,fillbottleswithdifferentliquids.Second,placebottlesinfreezerorflatsurface.Third,putbottlesinfreezerontheflatsurface.Thenmeasurebottles[heightwithoutfreezingis4'tall']Next'freezebottlesfor24hours.After,24hourtimeperiodends,takebottlesout.Last,measureliquidswithruler.Compareheightfrombeginningresults.Repeatprocedure3times.Recordyourrecordandcompare.Conclusion:Pepsiexpandedthemostwhenfrozen.Strawberrylemonadedidnotfreezetosolidstateatallbutdidnotcontracteither.Wholemilkhadthesameexpansionofwater.

JACKWATSON J 6 MS 461PackingHeat;WhichmaterialRetainstheMostheat,PaperorFoam?Doesapapercuporafoamcupkeepahotbeverage(likehotcocoa)hotlonger?Purpose:Iwantedtofindoutwhichworksbestforahotdrinklikehotcocoa-apapercuporafoamcup.It’salwaysabummerwhenIgetaStarbuckshotcocoaandthedrinkgetstoocoldtoofastandit’slikedrinkingchocolatemilkinsteadofhotcocoa.Also,oncewhentheywereoutofthepaperjackets,IkindofburnedmyhandholdingtheStarbuckscup.Summary:Ibeganwiththreedifferentpapercupsandthreefoamcups,allwithlids.Oneof

thepapercupsdidn’thaveapaper“jacket”togoalongwithit(Sometimes,Starbucksrunsoutofthesejackets!)Iadded8ouncesofhotwaterintoeachcupandtooktheinsideandoutsidetemperaturesevery10minutes.Data/Results:Iobservedthatthefoamcupshadahigherhotwatertemperatureinsidethecupandalsoacooleroutsidetemperaturecomparedtopapercups.Conclusions:Iprovedthatmyhypothesiswasright;foamperformsbetterthanpaper.IalsolearnedthatEPSfoamisveryrecyclableandthatpapercupscannotberecycledduetothewaxontheinsideofthecup.IfIweretodothisexperimentagain,Iwouldtrydoingthesameexperiment,butI’dusecoldoricedwaterratherthanhot.

ElisaRodriguez-Avila J 6 MS 462Margarinevs.ButterWhichmeltsfaster?Butterormargarine?Formyhypothesis,butterandmargarinecanbothmeltatthesamespeed.Margarineisanotherwayofsayingbutter,kindof.Theremightbeacertaintemperatureforbuttertomeltquickly.Itwouldalsoworkonmargarine.Butterandmargarinecanmeltfast!I’mgoingtotestitbyputtingbutterinapan,puttingitinthestoveandtimeit.Whenit’smeltedItakeitoutthenputthebutterinajar,andthenIputmargarineinthepananddothesamething.ThenIcomparewhichonemeltedfasteroriftheyhadtheexacttime.Iplantocollecthowlongittookforthebutterandmargarinetomeltcompletelyintoaliquid.Thisisimportantbecausebutterandmargarineareusedforthesamepurposesbutaren'tquitethesamething.Iwascurioustofindoutwhichonemeltsfaster.Margarineismadeoutofoil,butterismadeoutofmilk.Ithinkitistheingredientswhichaffectthemeltingtime.Inarecipeyoucaneitherusebutterormargarine.Itdependswhenyouwanttoget,whatever,youcooked.Maybemargarinemeltsfasterandifyouusebutteritwilltakeawhile.Ortheotherwayaround.Whichevermeltsfastercouldsaveabusypersontime.

GraydenArtusi J 8 MS 463FabricFlames

OliviaSchroeder J 8 MS 464ElasticPlasticFormyproject,IamlearningaboutHooke’sLawandmaterialpropertiesintheelasticandplasticregionsofmetals.Myquestionwastofindthetransitionpointbetweentheelasticandplasticregionsofaluminum.Hooke’sLawstatesundercertainconditiontherelationshipbetweenforceanddeformationwillremainconstantintheelasticregion.TheYieldpointdefinesthetransitionfromelastictoplasticforagivenmaterial.Forceappliedgreaterthantheyieldpointwillresultinpermanentdeformation.Myexperimentwasconductedbyapplyingweighttotheendofthealuminum,thenmeasuringthedeflectionandstrainofthematerialwithboththeweightappliedandaftertheweightwasremoved.Myexperimentresults

demonstrateHooke’sLawupto42#whichisthepointwhenthematerialtransitionsintotheplasticregion.

ChristianMartinez J 6 MS 465WhatErodesQuicker:MetalorSteel?Myprojectisabouthowcorrosionanderosioneffectsmetalandsteel.Ihypothesizedthatsteelwouldbestrongerthanmetalbecausesteelhasamoreprotectiveoxidecoatorlayeronit'ssurface.Iputthemetalsandsteelsin1gallonofwaterfulledwith3teaspoonsofsaltfor72hours.Therewassomecorrosionwiththecolorofthemetalsandtheirtexturesbutnothingextremelynoticeable.Therewasnocorrosioninthesteelsatthatpoint.Thenafterthose72hoursIputthemetalsandsteelsinacupsofhydrochloricfor24hours.Theresultswerecool.Thecolorscompletelychangedtextureswererockyandrough,butmyhypothesiswasrightandthesteelsdidbetterthanthemetals.

EmmaKnowlton J 6 MS 466StriketheSpike

NoahSchafer J 6 PH 470HowDoesDensityAffecttheSuccessofWaterBottleFlipping?Waterbottleflippingisapopularactivitythatkidsacrossthenationaredoingforfunintheirsparetime.Theobjectiveofwaterbottleflippingistoflipthebottleandhaveitlandupright.Themostcommonstrategyistoholdthebottlebythecapandflipthebottlewithaflickofthewrist.Thedensityofliquidisdefinedashowmuchmassiscontainedwithinagivenvolume.Thus,Iwasinterestedinhowthedensityofliquidswouldaffectindividual’ssuccessatwaterbottleflipping.Thepurposeofmyexperimentistotestthehypothesisthatliquidswithlessdensitywouldenablemoresuccessfulwaterbottleflipping.Myprocedurewastoacquiresixliquidsofvaryingdensities,fillsixemptyDasaniwaterbottleswitheachliquid,andhavemultipleindividualsflipeachofthewaterbottles.Mydatasuggestthatliquiddensitydoesnothaveaneffectonsuccessfulwaterbottleflipping.However,myconclusionisthatthereareadditionalvariablesthatcouldaffectmydataandtherefore,Iwouldneedtoincreasemysamplesizetodefinitivelyruleoutarolefordensityinthesuccessofwaterbottleflipping.

AndrewGingerich J 6 PH 471Whatmaterialproducesthemostintensesoundwhenhitwithadrumstick?Thepurposeforthisexperimentistolearnaboutwhatyoucandrumontomaketheloudestsound.Thehypothesisisthatthewoodwillproduceamoreintensesoundthantherubber,steel,plastic,cardboard,paperplate,oryarn.Tostart,astandmustbebuilt.Thenadrumstickattachedtothestandaidsinhittingthematerial.Thereadingdisplayedonthedecibelmeteris

whatisrecorded.Theresultsshowedthatthesteelproducedamoreintensesoundthantherubber,wood,plastic,cardboard,paperplate,oryarn.So,thesteelistheloudestmaterialthatisavailabletodrumoninanaveragehouse.

EvelynShrout J 6 PH 472LightBeamsIwonderedhowlightpassesthroughliquid.Thepurposeofthisprojectwastomeasureintensitiesofdifferentcolorsoflightastheypassthroughwater.Myhypothesiswasthatmoreredlightwilltravelthroughwaterthanbluelight.Itestedmyhypothesisbymeasuringlightintensityfromdifferentlightcolors.Ifurthertestedtheintensityofthesecolorsfilteredthroughred,orange,yellow,green,andbluetransparencies.Myhypothesiswascorrectaslightintensityreadingsfromredlightwere11timeshigherthanreadingsfrombluelight.Itwasinterestingthatorangelighthadthehighestlightreadingfollowedbyred,yellow,andthenwhite.Therewasagreatdifferenceinlightintensityfromyellowtogreen.Alllightcolorsexceptforredshowednon-visibleinfraredlightintensity(approximately950-1050nm).Whenusingmycolorfilters,theyellowfiltergavethehighestreadings(afternofilter).

MADELYNCANTZLER J 8 PH 473HarmoniousKeysThepurposeofmyprojectwastofindoutwhichnoteswouldhavethelongestsympatheticvibrationswithC.AfterconductingtheexperimentIfoundthatthethreenoteswiththelongestsympatheticvibrations,werethethreenotesthatmakeatriad,orchord.Myhypothesiswascorrectandwithitmyexperimentprovedthatthehighestsympatheticvibrationscomefromnotesthatareharmonicwithothernotes.DuringthisprojectIlearnedallabouthowcorrespondingmusicalnotessharemusicalpropertiesthatallowthemtotransfertheirsounds,creatingsympatheticvibrations.

LinkinDeNeve J 7 PH 474FindingtheCenteroftheMilkyWayGalaxyUsingGlobularStarClustersFindingthecenterofthegalaxygivestheperspectiveonhowlargethegalaxyis.Knowingwherethegalacticcenterismightleadtomorediscoveriesaboutthehistoryofourgalaxy.Ibeganwithfindingtheconstellationswiththemostglobularstarclusters.Afteridentifyingtheseconstellations,IusedGoogleEarth.comtoidentifythesepointsandpredictthecenterofthegalaxy.Ialsousedconstellationswiththeleastamountofglobularstarclustersandconstellationswithanaverageamountstarclusters.UsingGoogleEarth.comIwasabletopredictwhereIthoughtthecenterofthegalaxymightbe.Myhypothesisstatesthattherearemorestarsnearthecenterofthegalaxy.Mypredictionsprovethatthemoreglobularstarclustersinaconstellationtheclosertothegalacticcenteritis.Usingconstellationswiththemostglobularstarclusterswillallowyoutofindthecenterofthegalaxy.Myobservationsprovedthatmyhypothesiswascorrect,andthattherearemorestarsnearthegalacticcenter.

PerryWatson J 7 PH 475L.I.G.O(LaserInterferometerGravitational-WaveObservatory)andWavesThepurposefordoingthisexperimentwastoseeifitwaspossibletomakeasmallerversionofthemassiveL.I.G.Oinstrumentandhaveitwork.IwasalsotryingtofindoutiflightshaveanyeffectonL.I.G.O.InorderforL.I.G.Otooperateitneedsthepurestlightthatismadeinalaboratory.Unfortunately,IdonothavethepurestlightbutIcanstillgetascloseaspossible.Thereasonthepurestlightisneededisbecausethepurerthelighttheeasieritistoseethedifferencesinthelight.Thedifferencesinthelightarethegravitationalwaves.L.I.G.OcanbeusedtoobservethingsliketheripplesoftheBigBangorBlackHolescolliding.SinceL.I.G.OcanobservethesekindofthingswecanexperimenttoseehowtousetheenergyoftheBigBang.ThereasonthisresearchisimportantisbecauseifwelearnmoreabouttheBigBangwecanpotentiallylearnhowtoharnesstheenergyoftheBigBangsinceits’“ripples”canstillbeobservedtoday.TheresultswerethatIcouldmakeaminiatureL.I.G.O.However,myL.I.G.Ominiwasunabletofindanygravitywaves.MyconclusionwasthatitisimpossibletomakeasmallerL.I.G.Oworkbecausethephotodetector,thedevicethatmeasuresthelengthofthelight,wasunabletobecomesmaller.

StephenIvancsics J 6 PH 476ColorColorEverywhereDocolorslookdifferentunderdifferentlights?Myhypothesisisthatsomecolorswilllookdifferentunderdifferentlightsources.ThematerialsIusedwerecamera,PhotoshopCC,X-ritecolorchecker,candles,LEDlights,CFlamp,sunlight,photolamp,HIDcarheadlightandHPsodiumstreetlight,SpectrometerandThereminosoftware.ItookapicturesoftheX-ritecolorcheckerinthelistedlightsourcesandviewedtheminPhotoshop.Iusedthesunlightasareferencetocomparetotheotherpictures.Isuperimposedswatchesfromthecolorcheckerphotoshotwithsunlightontopoftheothersamplestohelpcompare.Resultsshowedsomeofthecolorschangedforthedifferentlights,especiallytheHPsodiumstreetlight,whichchangedthemost.Thetestshowtherewasadifferencebutdidn'tknowwhy.Ithenusedaspectrometertoanalyzewhythelightsaredifferent.Thespectrometershowedthelightsourceshaddifferentamountsofcolorintheirspectrumwhencomparedtosunlight.TheHPsodiumlightonlyhadredandasmallamountofgreenwhilesunlighthadred,green,andbluelight.Myhypothesiswasprovencorrectbyshowingthatcolorsdolookdifferentunderdifferentlightsources.

JuliannaPrzybylski J 6 PH 477PinholeCamera Apinholecameraisasquareboxwithapinholeopeningtoexposelighttofilmorphotopapertocreateanimageorphotograph.Thegoaloftheexperimentistotestdifferentexposuretimeswithdifferentfilmspeedstoproducethesharpestimage.Picturesweretakeninsunnyandcloudylocationsusing100sand400sblackandwhitefilm.Thisprocesswasrepeatedthreetimesineachlocationperfilmspeed,foratotalof12rollsoffilm.OnceI

receivedthenegatives,itwasdiscoveredthatnoneofthefilmsproducedanyimages.Afteraninvestigation,Idiscoveredthatthelocationofthepinholewasincorrect.Thismeansnolightwasabletoreachthefilmandapicturedidn’tcomeout.Ireassembledthepinholecameraandrepeatedtheexperimentonemoretime.Thistimeeachrollproducedpictures.

AlexLenig J 7 PH 478HowtoBuildtheBestCloudChamberThepurposefordoingmyprojectistolearnaboutacloudchamberandtoseewhichmaterialsworkbesttobuildacloudchambertoproducethebestresults.Radioactiveparticlesaretoosmalltoseebuttheycanbedetectedbythepresenceofiontrailsorcondensationtrailsproducedinsideacloudchamber.Peoplewhoworkwithradioactiveparticleswouldbenefitfrommyprojectbecauseitwouldhelpthemtodesignacloudchambertotestwhichmaterialsareradioactive.Myexperimentshowshowtobuildacloudchamberandhowtomakeitworktoproducethebestresults.Procedures:Iputblackconstructionpaperonthebottomofapetridishandthickfeltaroundtheinsideedgesofapetridish.ThenItestedtwodifferentradiationsources(Lead210andAmericium),threedifferentconcentrationsofisopropylalcohol(71%,91%,99.9%)andtwodifferentkindsofice(dryice-CO2andwaterice)indifferentcombinationswiththecloudchambers.Itestedtheseindifferentcombinationstoseewhichproducedthemostcondensationtrails.Icountedthenumberoftrailsperminute.Results:Myresultsshowedthatusing99.9%isopropylalcohol,ondryicewithLead210producedthehighestnumberofiontrailsperminute,about32perminute.Myresultsshowedthatusing99.9%isopropylalcohol,ondryicewithAmericiumproducedfewertrails,about9perminute.Myresultsshowedthatallothercombinationsproduced0trails.Conclusions: Iconcludedthat71%and91%isopropylhadtoomuchwaterinthemtoallowthemtosaturateenoughtobeabletocondenseintoiontrails.Ialsoconcludedthatthetemperaturemustbebelow0Celsiusforthetrailstoform,whichonlythedryicecoulddo.Iconcludedthatbothradioactivesourcesproduceparticles,butLead210produces3timesasmanytrailsperminuteasAmericium.

RyanBrown J 6 PH 479TheForceofhitstohelmetsInmysciencefairprojectIwillbetestingafootballhelmet,hockeyhelmet,andabaseballhelmet.Iwillputanaccelerometerinsideastyrofoamheadthentheheadinthehelmetandhaveabaseballhitthehelmetat38mphandIwillmeasuretheforcebymultiplyingpeakaccelerationtimesmass.Myresultswherethatthehockeyhelmetexperiencedthemostforce,followedbythebaseballhelmet,thenthefootballhelmet.Ithinktheresultswherethiswaybecausethehockeyhelmetweighedtheleastsoitjerkedbackalotandthebaseballhelmetwhichweightsthemiddlemostkindofjerkedbackthenthefootballhelmetwhichweighedthemosthelpedkeeptheheadinplace.Irealizedmyhypothesiswaswrong.

CaseyZielke J 7 PH 480HoleinOneIsetouttodeterminewhatputterwouldhittheballthefarthestandposedthequestionwhatputterheadcanhitaballthefarthestwiththesameamountofforce?Istartedtousepriorknowledgeandpastexperiencetohypothesizethatabrassputterheadwillhitagolfballfartherthanputterheadsmadeofdifferentmaterial.Ibelievethistobetruebecausebrassvibratesandthatshouldmakethegolfballmovefarther.Thisshouldmovetheballforwardfartherbecausewhenanobjectvibratesitwilltransfermoreenergytotheballcausingtheballtogofarther.AnotherreasonIbelievethisiswhenIplaygolfwithmydadhecanhittheballfartherwithabrassputterthanmysteelputter.WhenIfinishedmyhypothesisIstartedtocomeupwithaprocedurewhichwastoloadtheputterintothemechanism.ThenIpulledbackthespringandplacedtheballinfrontofthespring.FinallyIreleasedthespringandrecordedthedistancetheballtraveled.Ididthismultipletimesforeachputter.AfterIfinishedcollectingthedataIfoundinterestingresultsthatstatedthattheputtersrankedindescendingorderstartingwithwood,iron,brass,andfinallysteel.FinallyIreviewedovereverythingthatIhadalreadydoneandconcludedthatMyexperimentturnedoutthewayitdidbecausewhenthespringpropelsthewoodputterforwarditwentfasterbecausethewoodputterweighsless.Thisletstheputterhittheballatafasterspeed.Thewaythisexperimenthasgonemakestheresultsimportantbecausepeoplemightthinkthatthewoodputterisworse,buttheseresultsaretellinguswoodhitstheballfarther.Whilethewoodputterhitsitthefarthesttheresultsalsoshowthatthebrasshadthemostconsistentshotofthemall.KnowingtheresultsnowhelpsmethinkaboutwhatImightdonexttime.NexttimeIwoulddomorehitsforeachputter,findawaytomakethespring’spowermoreconsistent,andIwouldtrymoreputters.KnowingtheresultsandthinkingaboutwhatIwoulddonexttimereallyhelpsmethinkaboutotherquestionsIwanttolearnaboutlikewhatkindofputterhasthemostconsistentshotordoeshittingtheballonthesweetspotreallyhittheballfarther.DoingthisexperimenthasmademewonderandIcan’twaittofiguretherestofmyquestionsout.

AndrewGeiger J 8 MA 490CorrelationInBaseball MyScienceFairprojectisaboutfindingwhetherornotyoucanusecorrelationanalysistodeterminewhichteambattingstatbestpredictsruns.Ihypothesizedthatbattingaverage(BA)wasthebestpredictorofruns.WhenIranmyexperimentIusedcorrelationanalysisoneachbattingstatforthreedifferentyears.Intheendthedatashowedthatsluggingpercentage(SLG)bestpredictedruns.Thisexperimentdidmeetmyobjective,itshowedmethatyoucanusecorrelationanalysisonbattingstatsandfindthebestpredictorofruns.Thisexperimentcouldhelpbaseballscoutswhentheyarelookingforanewplayer.

ArdaKurama J 7 CS 491CanIGuessYourPassword?Cyber-securityisbecominganescalatingprobleminrecentyears.Datafrombanks,orgovernmentsarebeingstolenbycyber-criminals,andthereneedstobeastoptoit.This

projectistakingastepintherightdirection,andinformingpeopleonhowtohaveasafercyberlife.Themaingoalofthisprojectistofindoutwhatmakesasafeandsecurepassword,butthequestionbeingansweredis:“Whattypeofpasswordistheeasiesttohack?”Thehypothesisisthatacompletelyrandompassword(madeofletters,numbers,andpunctuation)willbethehardesttocrackbecauseofitsuseofallcharacters.Tosolvethisquestion,aprocedurewasneeded.First,tohackthepasswords,aPython3codewastakenfromScienceBuddies,thenalteredandenhancedtomeetwhatwasrequiredforthescienceproject.Then,thepasswordswerecreated,convertedintoMD5hash,andtestedinmixedorder,tomaintainaccurateresults.Someotherconstantsusedthroughoutthisprojectwerecomputer,code,andthelengthofthepassword.Furthermore,thepasswordswerenottestedontheamountoftimetoguess,buttheamountofguessesthecomputertooktohackthepassword.Theguesseswereused,andnotthetimebecausethetimetoguesscanbeswayedfromtheamountofloadonthecomputer,andresultscanbedifferentonmore/lesspowerfulmachines.Aftertestingthepasswordsandrecordingthedata,resultswereobtainedandconclusionsweremade.Thehypothesiswasincorrect.Intheend,thepronounceablerandom(createdwithonlyletters,ispronounceable,butnotawordintheEnglishlanguage)passwordactuallytookmoreguessesthanthecompletelyrandompassword(madeofletters,numbers,andpunctuation),andforaveryspecificreason.Thecodeandthepassword.Therearemanydifferentmethodswhenguessingpasswords,butthemethodthattakesthemostamountofguesseswasusedforthesetwopasswords.Thismethod,theBruteForceattack,spinsa74characterdial,fromA-Z,a-z,0-9,thenpunctuation,tryingeverypossiblecombinationuntilitfindsthepassword.Sincethepronounceablerandompasswordstartedwiththelettert,ittookalongertimetoguessthanthecompletelyrandompassword,startingwithambecausethelettertislateronthealphabet/dialthantheletterm.Thismeansthattheprogramfindsthelettertaftertheletterm,makingthepronounceablerandomneedmoreguesses.Aftertheseresultswereanalyzed,theconclusionsweremade.OncethepasswordneedstousetheBruteForcemethod,itdoesnotmatterwhetherthepasswordhaspunctuationornumbers.Theonlythingthatmattersiswhichcharactercomesfirst.Moreconclusionsmadeindependentlyfromthemainquestion,yetstillhelpingcreatesaferpasswordswerethoughtduringtheanalyzingprocess.First,passwordlengthisthemostimportantpartinmakingapassword.Simplyaddingonecharactertoapasswordcanincreasethetimetocrackitexponentially.Next,passwordsmadeusingonlynumbersisincrediblyweakandeasilyguessed,soitisadvisednobodyusepasswordswithonlynumbers.Finally,neverusecommon,dictionarywordswhencreatingpasswordsbecausethesecanbeguessednearlyinstantaneously,whethertheyarelongorshort.