Elec Standards

7/29/2019 Elec Standards

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Electrical Standards

MODULE 10


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Hazard Brainstorming

Where are electrical hazards on oil and

gas well sites?


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Statistics

Electrocution: Among most frequent

causes of occupational injury death in

US 295 fatalities/year; 4309 lost time

1992-2002: 9% decrease

Most frequent cause: Overhead powerlines


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Factors in Fatal Electrocutions

Safe work practices implemented and

followed?

Adequate/required PPE provided and worn? Lockout/tagout procedures implemented and

followed?

OSHA, NEC, NESC compliance?

Worker and supervisor training adequate?

(from NIOSH)


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Types of Electrical Injuries

Electrocution (death due to electrical

shock)

Electrical shock

Burns (ugly pictures here)

Falls
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction/electrical_incidents/burn_examples.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction/electrical_incidents/burn_examples.html


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Hazard Recognition

How can you sense electrical danger?

Cannot see, smell, taste, or hear danger

Can recognize unsafe conditions


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Electrical Terminology

Current movement of electrical charge

Resistance opposition to current flow

Voltage measure of electrical force Conductors substances with little

resistance to electricity (such as metals)

Insulators substances with high resistance

to electricity (such as wood, rubber, glass, &bakelite)

Grounding a conductive connection to theearth (which acts as a protective measure)


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Electrical Shock

Received when current passes through

body

Severity depends on: Path of current through body

Amount of current flowing through body

Length of time body is in circuitAlso: voltage, moisture, heart cycle, health

Low voltage is NOT low hazard!


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Dangers of Electrical Shock

Currents >75 mA* can cause ventricular

fibrillation (rapid, ineffective heartbeat)

mA = milliampere = 1/1,000 of an ampere Death within minutes unless a defibrillator

is used

75 mA is not much current(a small power drill uses 30 times as much)


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Effects of Current on Body

1 mA: Perception level, slight tingling.

5 mA: Slight shock; not painful.

Can usually let go.

Involuntary reactions can cause injuries.

6-30 mA: Painful shock

Muscular control lost

Freezing current or let-go range


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Effects of Current on Body

50-150 mA: Extreme pain

Respiratory arrest; cannot let go

Death possible

1000-4300 mA: Ventricular fibrillation

Muscular contraction; nerve damage

Death likely

10000 mA: Cardiac arrest

Severe burns, probable death


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How Shock Happens

Connection between:

2 wires of energized circuit

1 wire of energized circuit and ground Metallic part in contact with energized wire

and ground


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Inadequate Wiring Hazards

What happens when a wire is too small

to carry the current safely?

Overheating Risk of fire or short circuit

Fuse acts as sacrificial

weak link Fuse too strong?

Other parts of the system

break first

Wire Gauge

WIRE


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29 CFR 1910 and 29 CFR 1926

1910 Subpart S = Electrical

Revised 2/14/2007; effective in 180 days

1910 Subpart I = PPE 1910.137 Electrical Protective Devices

1926 Subpart K = Electrical

Protect against recognized hazards


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Other Standards

NFPA 70E enacted to help meet CFR

Revised Subpart S based heavily on 2000

version 2004 version now published

OSHA chose which provisions of 70E to

adopt


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29 CFR 1910 Subpart S

Electrical standards for general industry

302-308 and 399 updated: PM App. C

5 main groups of standards:

Design safety standards 302-330

Safety-related work practices 331-360

Reserved: maintenance, special equipment

Definitions: 399


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1910.302 Electric utilization

systems (PM Appendix C)

Applicability of regulations

By type of installation

By installation date


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General

1903.303


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1910.303 (a) Approval

Conductors and equipment acceptable

only if approved

Note: If installation is made in accordancewith NEC or ANSI/NFPA it will be deemed

in compliance.

See definitions


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1910.303(b) Examination,

installation, and use of equipment

Examinationshall be free of

recognized hazards

Suitability (check listing/labeling) Other factors listed in regulation

Installation and use by instructions

Insulation integrity Interrupting rating (fuses, breakers)


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Circuit impedance

Deteriorating agents water, gases,

excessive temperature, corrosives Mechanical execution of work

Close unused openings for protection

Conductors racked for safe access

Internal parts not contaminated

No damaged parts


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Mounting and cooling

Firmly secured

Air circulation; clearance Ventilation openings not obstructed


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1910.303(c) Electrical

connections

General dissimilar metals

Terminals connections

Splices correctly performed, insulated


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1910.303(d) Arcing parts

Some electrical equipment normally

produces arcs, sparks, flames, molten

metal Keep isolated from combustible material


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1910.303(e) Marking

Manufacturer and ratings must be

marked

Voltage, current, wattage, etc. Durable markings in environment

1910 303(f) Di i


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1910.303(f) Disconnecting

means and circuits

Legibly marked to indicate purpose

Unless purpose is evident

Durable Able to be locked open

Series combination rating = special

marking


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Subtitles & Transitions

FOR EXAMPLE

Example of properly labeled

electric service: motors,

disconnects and breakers

1910 303( ) 600 V lt i l


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1910.303(g) 600 Volts, nominal,

or less

1. Space about electric equipment

Space, not used for storage

Guarded when parts exposed Entrances

Illumination

Headroom

Control boards in dedicated, protected

space

1910 303( ) 600 V lt i l


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1910.303(g) 600 Volts, nominal,

or less

2. Guarding of live parts

Live parts 50 volts protected from

people Protection from damage

Warning signs for unqualified persons

1910 303(h) O 600 lt


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1910.303(h) Over 600 volts,

nominal

2. Enclosure / access control

3. Work space about equipment

4. Entrance and access to work space

5. Working space and guarding


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Wiring Design and Protection

1903.304

1910 304( ) U d id ifi i


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1910.304(a) Use and identification

of grounding conductors

1. Grounded & equipment groundingconductors identifiable &distinguishable

Grounded = white or gray

Equipment grounding = green, or greenwith yellow strips, or bare

2. Polarity may not be reversed3. Grounding devices not used for other

purposes


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Subtitles & Transitions

FOR EXAMPLE





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1910.304(b) Branch circuits

1. Identification of multiwire branch

circuits

For >1 voltage system in a building ID phase and system

Permanently posted at each panelboard


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2. Receptacles and cord connectors

i. Grounding type for 15A & 20A circuits

Receptacles only on circuits matching voltageand current rating

ii. Grounding contacts grounded

Except portable / vehicle-mounted generators

Except replacement receptacles

iii. Grounding contact connected to

equipment grounding conductor


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2. Receptacles and cord connectors

iv. Replacement of receptacles

Grounding-type where grounding meansexists

GFCI where required

Options for lack of grounding means

v. Plugs not interchangeable for differentvoltage, frequency, type of current


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3. Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)

i. Bathroom or rooftops

ii. Temporary wiring: Including extension cords

If unavailable for less-usual type of

receptacle: assured equipment grounding

conductor program.


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4. Outlet devices

i. Heavy-duty lampholders for >20A

ii. Receptacle outlets: Receptacle ampere rating branch circuit

For2 outlets on branch circuit: Table S-4


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For2 outlets on branch circuit: Table S-5

50 A: receptacle branch-circuit rating

5. Cord connections: Outlet whereflexible cords with plugs used

1910 304(c) Outside conductors


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1910.304(c) Outside conductors,

600 volts, nominal, or less

Clearance

1. Power conductors on poles

2. Clearance of open conductors fromground:

10 feet above sidewalk, grade, platform

12 feet vehicular traffic 15 feet truck traffic

18 feet public streets, alleys, driveways

1910 304(c) Outside conductors


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1910.304(c) Outside conductors,

600 volts, nominal, or less

3. Clearance from building openings

No outer jacket: 3 foot clearance, except

above window Not beneath or obstructing openings

where materials may be moved

4. Above roofs: 8 ft above, 3 ft from edge

Pedestrians? Platform

Exceptions for slope, attachment

1910 304(d) Location of outdoor


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1910.304(d) Location of outdoor

lamps

d. Location of outdoor lamps

Under energized equipment unless

Equipment can be locked out or

Clearance/other safeguards adequate


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1910.304(e) Services

Disconnecting means

Main switch disconnects all, indicates

on/off Services over 600 volts, nominal

Accessible only to qualified; warning

signs

1910 304(f) Overcurrent


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1910.304(f) Overcurrent

protection

1. 600 volts, nominal, or less

i. Protect conductors and equipment

iv. Overcurrent devices readily accessible To employees & building management

Not exposed to damage or ignitable material

v. Located/shielded to avoid injury/burns

vi. On/off position clearly indicatedvii. Vertical: up = on

2. Special rules for over 600 volts


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1910.304(g) Grounding

1. Systems to be grounded

i. 3-wire DC: neutral conductor

ii. 2-wire DC, >50V-300V, with exceptionsiii. AC


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2. Conductor to be grounded

3. Portable and vehicle-mounted

generators: frame as groundingelectrode

4. Grounding connections

5. Grounding path: permanent,continuous, effective


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Grounding

One conductor of the circuit

intentionally grounded to earth

Protects circuit from lightningor other high voltage contact

Stabilizes the voltage in the system so

expected voltage levels are notexceeded under normal conditions


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Grounding

Metal frames / enclosures of equipmentgrounded by permanent connection orbond

Equipment grounding conductorprovides path for dangerous faultcurrent to return to ground

If damage, corrosion, loosening, etc.impairs continuity, shock and burnhazards will develop


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Grounding Path

Shall have capacity to conduct safely

any likely fault current.

Fault currents may be many timesnormal currents; can melt points of poor

conductivity

High temperatures = hazard; candestroy ground-fault path


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6. Supports, enclosures, equipment

vi. Exposed non-current-carrying metal

parts of cord- and plug-connectedequipment

7. Nonelectrical equipment

8. Methods of grounding fixed equipment9. Grounding of systems and circuits

1000 volts and over (high voltage)

Ground fault circuit interrupters


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Ground fault circuit interrupters

(GFCIs)

GFCI overcurrent device like a fuse or

circuit breaker

Designed to sense an imbalance incurrent flow over the normal path

Opens circuit if current in hot and

grounded wires differ by 5mA 1mA Must be installed correctly and tested


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Wiring Methods, Components, andEquipment for General Use

1903.305


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1910.305(a) Wiring methods

Not applicable to factory-assembled

1. General requirements

i. Metal parts as grounding conductors:effectively bonded

ii. Internal insulated grounding conductor

for isolated enclosure

iii. No wiring systems in ventilation ducts


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2. Temporary wiring

Restricted uses

Removed after project completion

Requirements for feeders and branch

circuits

Grounding receptacles

No bare conductors or earth returns

Disconnecting switches


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2.Temporary wiring, continued

Lamps protected from contact or breakage

Flexible cords protected from damage

Cables supported

1910 305(b) Cabinets boxes


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1910.305(b) Cabinets, boxes,

and fittings

1. Conductors entering boxes, cabinets,or fittings

Must be protected from abrasion

Openings must be closed, with or withoutwires running through

2. Covers and canopies

Metal covers must be grounded >600V: complete, secure, marked

enclosure


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1910.305(c) Switches

Gravity must not close switches

Warning if power may still be available

while switch is closed Faceplates where appropriate

Grounding

Switchboards panelboards and


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Switchboards, panelboards, and

enclosures for damp locations

Switchboards and panelboards

Switchboards with exposed live parts: indry places accessible only to qualified

persons

Panelboards: in enclosures with no liveparts on front

Switches dead when open Enclosures for wet locations

Airspace, weatherproof

1910 305(f) Conductors for


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1910.305(f) Conductors for

general wiring

Insulated unless otherwise permitted

Approved type for use

Distinguishable by color or other means Grounded

Ungrounded

Equipment grounding

1910 305(g) Flexible cords and


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1910.305(g) Flexible cords and

cables

In general much more easily damaged

Should not be used if recognized

options can be used instead Must be approved for conditions and

location

Allowable purposes listed

1910 305(g) Flexible cords and


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1910.305(g) Flexible cords and

cables

May not be substituted for fixed wiring

May not be run through walls, ceilings, floors,

doors, windows

May not be attached to buildings

May not be concealed in walls, ceilings, floors

May not be spliced, except hard service #14

Strain relief needed on connections


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Flexible cords: Acceptable?

Short cord as part of a tool? Yes.

Temporary use of extension cord for

tool/appliance? Yes. Obviously not temporary? No.

Extended over distance to avoid

installing fixed outlet? No.

1910.305(j) Equipment for


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1910.305(j) Equipment for

general use

1. Lighting fixtures, lampholders, lamps,receptacles

2. Receptacles, cord connectors, and

attachment plugs (caps)3. Appliances

4. Motors

5. Transformers6. Capacitors

7. Storage batteries


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Specific Purpose Equipment andInstallations

1903.306

1910.306 Specific purpose


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1910.306 Specific purpose

equipment and installations

a. Electric signs and outline lighting

b. Cranes and hoists

d. Electric weldersdisconnectingmeans

g. Induction and dielectric


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Hazardous (Classified) Locations1903.307

1910.307 Hazardous (classified)


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locations

Classification based on flammablevapors, liquids, gases, combustibledusts or fibers

Each area considered individually

Classified by classes and divisions orzones

Documentation available for users,designers, installers, maintainers ofelectric equipment



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locations

Definitions of classes and divisions in

1910.399, Definitions

Class I: flammable gases/vapors; explosiveor ignitable mixtures

Class II: combustible dust

Class III: easily ignitable fibers or flyings;

not likely to be in suspension

Division 1 & 2 for each; Zones 0-2 for

Class I


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C d it d i t


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Conduits and equipment

d. Conduits: threaded, wrench-tight or

bonding jumper

e. Equipment in Division 2 locations: Division 1 approved equipment = OK

General-purpose equipment OK if

demonstrably not a source of ignition

1910.307(f) Protection


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1910.307(f) Protection

techniques

Explosionproof

apparatus

Dust ignitionproof

Dust-tight

Purged and

pressurized

Nonincendive circuit

Nonincendive

equipment

Nonincendive

component

Oil immersion

Hermetically sealed

Other protectiontechniques

1910.307(g) Class I, Zone 0, 1,


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(g) , , ,

and 2 locations

Zone = alternative to divisions for Class

1

Classified by chemical properties andlikelihood of combustible atmosphere

Proper installation of conduit &

equipment to avoid sparks inflammable/combustible atmosphere

Protection techniques for certain zones

1910.307(g) Class I, Zone 0, 1,


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(g) , , ,

and 2 locations

Special precaution: PE must classify

areas and specify equipment

Listing and marking: Listed for Zone 0 = OK for Zone 1-2

Listed for Zone 1 = OK for Zone 2

(For same gas or vapor) Marking requirements & exemption

More information in NFPA 70

1910 307( ) Cl I Z 0


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1910.307(g) Class I, Zone 0


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Special Systems1910.308

1910 308 Special s stems


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1910.308 Special systems

a. Systems over 600 volts, nominal

b. Emergency power systems

c. Remote control, signaling, and power-limited circuits

d. Fire alarm systems

e. Communications systems

f. Solar photovoltaic systems

g. Integrated electrical systems


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Definitions1910.399

1904 399 Definitions


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1904.399 Definitions

New version supersedes older version

in CFR book


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References for Further Information1910 SUBPART S APPENDIX A

1910 Subpart S Appendix A


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1910 Subpart S Appendix A

Nonmandatory references aid in

understanding

Not a substitute for compliance with CFR

Appendices B and C removed


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Safety-Related Work Practices1910.331-1910.335

1910 331 Scope


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1910.331 Scope

Qualified persons (who have training inavoiding the electrical hazards)

Unqualified persons (with little or nosuch training)

Working on or near:

Premises wiring

Wiring for connection to supply

Other wiring

Vehicles excluded

1910 332 Training


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1910.332 Training

a. Scope: employees with electric shock

risk not reduced to safe level by

installation requirementsb. Training content:

Work practices for job assignments

1910.331-335 and others necessary Qualified vs. unqualified

c. Classroom or on-the-job; risk based

Employees to be Trained


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Employees to be Trained

Electricians and welders

Any others if:

work they do or supervise

comes close enough to exposed parts of

electric circuits 50V

for hazard to exist


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Selection and Use of WorkPractices

1910.333

1910.333 (a)(1) Deenergized


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parts

Live parts deenergized before employee

works on or near them:

Unless infeasible or causes greater hazard


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exposed deenergized parts

If not locked out or tagged out, treated

as energized

Lockout/tagout rules followed in order

1910.147 provisions may also be OK

Written copy of procedures available

1910.333(b) Working on or near


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exposed deenergized parts

Lockout/tagout steps in section (2):

ii. Deenergizing equipment

iii. Application of locks and tagsiv. Verification of deenergized condition

v. Reenergizing equipment after work

1910.333(c) Working on or near


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exposed energized parts

Only qualified persons may work on

energized electric circuit parts

For work near overhead lines: Lines deenergized and grounded, or

Other protective measures provided

Working near overhead power


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lines

Unqualified person near energized lines

Person and longest conductive object notcloser than 10 ft, + 4 in/10kV above 50kV

For elevated or ground work

Qualified person:

Closer approach only with insulation

Table S-5: distance varies by voltage Equipment: same distance as

unqualified

Working near overhead power


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lines

Equipment: same distance asunqualified, with exceptions:

In transit, structure lowered: 4 ft +4 in/10kV

Insulating barriers, not part of vehicle

Aerial lift, insulated, with qualified person

Ground employees may not contact

equipment without protection or distance Employees may not stand at grounding

location when line contact possible



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4. Illumination must allow safe work

may not reach blindly in

5. Confined space work requiresprotective insulation & secured doors

6. Conductive materials: prevent contact

with energized parts7. Portable ladders: nonconductive

siderails



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8. Conductive apparel not worn, or

insulated

9. Housekeeping near live parts: Requires safeguards

No conductive cleaning materials,

including liquid solutions

10. Interlocks may only be defeated

temporarily by qualified person


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Use of Equipment1910.334

1910.334(a) Portable electric


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equipment

Handled in a manner to not cause

damage

Cords not used to raise/lowerequipment

Cords not stapled or hung in ways that

damage insulation



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equipment

Visual inspection required before use:

Portable cord / plug connected equipment

Extension cords

For external defects and evidence of internal

damage

If not exposed to damage, only when relocated

Defect or damage: remove, do not use until

repaired and tested

Plug and receptacle checked for compatibility



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equipment

Grounding type equipment: groundmust be maintained

Conductive work locations (e.g. wet)require approved equipment and cords

Connecting plugs:

Never plug or unplug live equipment with

wet hands Protect hands from conductive path (water)

Locking connectors: properly secured

1910.334(b) Electric power and


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lighting circuits

Never reenergize a blown fuse

Never reenergize a circuit breaker until

it is safe (Overload or fault?) Never modify overcurrent protection

beyond 304 requirements

1910 334(c) and (d)


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1910.334(c) and (d)

c. Test instruments and equipment

Only qualified persons may test electriccircuits or equipment

Test instruments must be visuallyinspected

Must be rated for circuits & environment

d. Occasional use of flammable andignitable materials: Do not useequipment that could ignite them


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Safeguards for PersonnelProtection

1910.335

1910.335(a) Use of protective


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equipment

Personal protective equipment

Must be provided with & use equipment

Maintained, inspected, and tested

Insulating material protected

Nonconductive head protection

Eye or face protection for arcs, flashes,

flying objects from explosions Insulated tools or handling equipment

Shields, insulation for heating/arcing

1910.335(b) Alerting techniques


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1910.335(b) Alerting techniques

Techniques to warn and protect

employees:

Safety signs and tags Barricades

Attendants

Relevant Standards Outside 29

CFR 1910


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CFR 1910

29 CFR 1926 Subpart K: construction

API RP 54

Section 9.14 Generators, Motors, andLighting

Section 10: Drilling and Well Servicing Rig

Electrical Systems

API RP 14F for offshore wiring

API RP 500 and 505: area classification

Clues that Electrical Hazards

E i t


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Exist

Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses

Warm tools, wires, cords, connections,

or junction boxes GFCI that shuts off a circuit

Worn or frayed insulation around wire or

connection


electric service: motors


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Subtitles & TransitionsFOR EXAMPLE






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OSHA Resources


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Pub 3075 Controlling Electrical Hazards

Small Business Handbook section

Inspection Procedures Electrical Safety-Related Work Practices --

Inspection Procedures and Interpretation

Guidelines

Interpretations
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3075.pdfhttp://www.osha.gov/dcsp/smallbusiness/small-business.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=DIRECTIVES&p_id=1750http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=DIRECTIVES&p_id=1750http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=DIRECTIVES&p_id=1750http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=DIRECTIVES&p_id=1750http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=DIRECTIVES&p_id=1750http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=DIRECTIVES&p_id=1750http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=DIRECTIVES&p_id=1750http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=DIRECTIVES&p_id=1750http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=DIRECTIVES&p_id=1750http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=DIRECTIVES&p_id=1750http://www.osha.gov/dcsp/smallbusiness/small-business.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3075.pdf


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p

Training requirements for employeeswho perform non-electrical work onelectrical equipment

Qualifications for resetting circuits orreplacing fuses; electrical enclosuresmust be approved

Use of compressed air above 30 p.s.i.for cleaning purposes; nonmetallic-sheathed cable for temporary wiring
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Documents

Elec Standards